CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js b-pw-1280 b-reith-sans-font b-reith-serif-font b-reith-serif-loaded b-reith-sans-loaded"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","20200923083018","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1600849818"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta data-rh="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="google-site-verification" content="I0_h0oRDIOewanIX2SQEN0-dHGdH6uBQT7V9l_WqRY8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="worklife,ARTICLE,story,influencers-tag/social-media"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Spooked by plummeting advertising revenue, content creators are hoping that loyal fans will pay up to watch their videos."/><meta data-rh="true" name="author" content="Chris Stokel-Walker"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Would you pay to follow an influencer?"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Spooked by plummeting advertising revenue, content creators are hoping that loyal fans will pay up to watch their videos."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:author" content="Chris Stokel-Walker"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p08rkcts.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:width" content="624"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:height" content="351"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:pages" content="133536249999517"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@BBC_Worklife"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Would you pay to follow an influencer?"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="Spooked by plummeting advertising revenue, content creators are hoping that loyal fans will pay up to watch their videos."/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p08rkcts.jpg"/> <title data-rh="true">Would you pay to follow an influencer? - BBC Worklife</title> <link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/worklife/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/worklife/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/worklife/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/worklife/favicon.ico"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/worklife/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#063d90"/><link data-rh="true" rel="manifest" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/assets/worklife/site.webmanifest"/> <script> window.orb_fig_blocking = true; </script> <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace('no-js', '');</script>         <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/b3428ed36e7e195dbf298117ef155a8f/css/orb-ltr.min.css"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ window.orb = { lang: 'en', bbcBaseUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk', bbcUrlPrefix: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.', staticHost: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/b3428ed36e7e195dbf298117ef155a8f', figUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://fig.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/fig/2/fig.js', partialCookieOvenUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://cookie-oven.api.bbc' }; document.documentElement.className += (document.documentElement.className? ' ' : '') + 'orb-js'; window.orb.worldwideNavlinks = '<li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/reel">Reel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">Worklife</a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/travel">Travel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/future">Future</a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/culture">Culture</a></li><li class="orb-nav-music"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/culture/music">Music</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li>'; /*]]>*/</script><script>// Promise polyfill from https://github.com/bramstein/promis (function(){'use strict';var f,g=[];function l(a){g.push(a);1==g.length&&f()}function m(){for(;g.length;)g[0](),g.shift()}f=function(){setTimeout(m)};function n(a){this.a=p;this.b=void 0;this.f=[];var b=this;try{a(function(a){q(b,a)},function(a){r(b,a)})}catch(c){r(b,c)}}var p=2;function t(a){return new n(function(b,c){c(a)})}function u(a){return new n(function(b){b(a)})}function q(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;var c=!1;try{var d=b&&b.then;if(null!=b&&"object"==typeof b&&"function"==typeof d){d.call(b,function(b){c||q(a,b);c=!0},function(b){c||r(a,b);c=!0});return}}catch(e){c||r(a,e);return}a.a=0;a.b=b;v(a)}} function r(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;a.a=1;a.b=b;v(a)}}function v(a){l(function(){if(a.a!=p)for(;a.f.length;){var b=a.f.shift(),c=b[0],d=b[1],e=b[2],b=b[3];try{0==a.a?"function"==typeof c?e(c.call(void 0,a.b)):e(a.b):1==a.a&&("function"==typeof d?e(d.call(void 0,a.b)):b(a.b))}catch(h){b(h)}}})}n.prototype.g=function(a){return this.c(void 0,a)};n.prototype.c=function(a,b){var c=this;return new n(function(d,e){c.f.push([a,b,d,e]);v(c)})}; function w(a){return new n(function(b,c){function d(c){return function(d){h[c]=d;e+=1;e==a.length&&b(h)}}var e=0,h=[];0==a.length&&b(h);for(var k=0;k<a.length;k+=1)u(a[k]).c(d(k),c)})}function x(a){return new n(function(b,c){for(var d=0;d<a.length;d+=1)u(a[d]).c(b,c)})};window.Promise||(window.Promise=n,window.Promise.resolve=u,window.Promise.reject=t,window.Promise.race=x,window.Promise.all=w,window.Promise.prototype.then=n.prototype.c,window.Promise.prototype["catch"]=n.prototype.g);}()); // Polyfill Event constructor for IE ref: https://jira.dev.bbc.co.uk/browse/ORBITEN-919 // see: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26596123 (function () { if (typeof window.CustomEvent === "function") { return false; } function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: undefined }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.Event = CustomEvent; })(); //Element.prototype.matches polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/matches#Polyfill if (!Element.prototype.matches) { Element.prototype.matches = Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector || Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector; } //NodeList.forEach Polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NodeList/forEach#Polyfill if (window.NodeList && !NodeList.prototype.forEach) { NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; } // Object.assign polyfill from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign#Polyfill if (typeof Object.assign != 'function') { // Must be writable: true, enumerable: false, configurable: true Object.defineProperty(Object, "assign", { value: function assign(target, varArgs) { // .length of function is 2 'use strict'; if (target == null) { // TypeError if undefined or null throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object'); } var to = Object(target); for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) { var nextSource = arguments[index]; if (nextSource != null) { // Skip over if undefined or null for (var nextKey in nextSource) { // Avoid bugs when hasOwnProperty is shadowed if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(nextSource, nextKey)) { to[nextKey] = nextSource[nextKey]; } } } } return to; }, writable: true, configurable: true }); } // window.fetch polyfill https://github.com/github/fetch/blob/v0.11.0/fetch.js - chosen for IE9 compatibility if(typeof window.fetch !== 'function') { (function(self){"use strict";if(self.fetch){return}function normalizeName(name){if(typeof name!=="string"){name=String(name)}if(/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.\^_`|~]/i.test(name)){throw new TypeError("Invalid character in header field name")}return name.toLowerCase()}function normalizeValue(value){if(typeof value!=="string"){value=String(value)}return value}function Headers(headers){this.map={};if(headers instanceof Headers){headers.forEach(function(value,name){this.append(name,value)},this)}else if(headers){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(headers).forEach(function(name){this.append(name,headers[name])},this)}}Headers.prototype.append=function(name,value){name=normalizeName(name);value=normalizeValue(value);var list=this.map[name];if(!list){list=[];this.map[name]=list}list.push(value)};Headers.prototype["delete"]=function(name){delete this.map[normalizeName(name)]};Headers.prototype.get=function(name){var values=this.map[normalizeName(name)];return values?values[0]:null};Headers.prototype.getAll=function(name){return this.map[normalizeName(name)]||[]};Headers.prototype.has=function(name){return this.map.hasOwnProperty(normalizeName(name))};Headers.prototype.set=function(name,value){this.map[normalizeName(name)]=[normalizeValue(value)]};Headers.prototype.forEach=function(callback,thisArg){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this.map).forEach(function(name){this.map[name].forEach(function(value){callback.call(thisArg,value,name,this)},this)},this)};function consumed(body){if(body.bodyUsed){return Promise.reject(new TypeError("Already read"))}body.bodyUsed=true}function fileReaderReady(reader){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){reader.onload=function(){resolve(reader.result)};reader.onerror=function(){reject(reader.error)}})}function readBlobAsArrayBuffer(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsArrayBuffer(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}function readBlobAsText(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsText(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}var support={blob:"FileReader"in self&&"Blob"in self&&function(){try{new Blob;return true}catch(e){return false}}(),formData:"FormData"in self,arrayBuffer:"ArrayBuffer"in self};function Body(){this.bodyUsed=false;this._initBody=function(body){this._bodyInit=body;if(typeof body==="string"){this._bodyText=body}else if(support.blob&&Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyBlob=body}else if(support.formData&&FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyFormData=body}else if(!body){this._bodyText=""}else if(support.arrayBuffer&&ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){}else{throw new Error("unsupported BodyInit type")}if(!this.headers.get("content-type")){if(typeof body==="string"){this.headers.set("content-type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8")}else if(this._bodyBlob&&this._bodyBlob.type){this.headers.set("content-type",this._bodyBlob.type)}}};if(support.blob){this.blob=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as blob")}else{return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText]))}};this.arrayBuffer=function(){return this.blob().then(readBlobAsArrayBuffer)};this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return readBlobAsText(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as text")}else{return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}}else{this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);return rejected?rejected:Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}if(support.formData){this.formData=function(){return this.text().then(decode)}}this.json=function(){return this.text().then(JSON.parse)};return this}var methods=["DELETE","GET","HEAD","OPTIONS","POST","PUT"];function normalizeMethod(method){var upcased=method.toUpperCase();return methods.indexOf(upcased)>-1?upcased:method}function Request(input,options){options=options||{};var body=options.body;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)){if(input.bodyUsed){throw new TypeError("Already read")}this.url=input.url;this.credentials=input.credentials;if(!options.headers){this.headers=new Headers(input.headers)}this.method=input.method;this.mode=input.mode;if(!body){body=input._bodyInit;input.bodyUsed=true}}else{this.url=input}this.credentials=options.credentials||this.credentials||"omit";if(options.headers||!this.headers){this.headers=new Headers(options.headers)}this.method=normalizeMethod(options.method||this.method||"GET");this.mode=options.mode||this.mode||null;this.referrer=null;if((this.method==="GET"||this.method==="HEAD")&&body){throw new TypeError("Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests")}this._initBody(body)}Request.prototype.clone=function(){return new Request(this)};function decode(body){var form=new FormData;body.trim().split("&").forEach(function(bytes){if(bytes){var split=bytes.split("=");var name=split.shift().replace(/\+/g," ");var value=split.join("=").replace(/\+/g," ");form.append(decodeURIComponent(name),decodeURIComponent(value))}});return form}function headers(xhr){var head=new Headers;var pairs=xhr.getAllResponseHeaders().trim().split("\n");pairs.forEach(function(header){var split=header.trim().split(":");var key=split.shift().trim();var value=split.join(":").trim();head.append(key,value)});return head}Body.call(Request.prototype);function Response(bodyInit,options){if(!options){options={}}this.type="default";this.status=options.status;this.ok=this.status>=200&&this.status<300;this.statusText=options.statusText;this.headers=options.headers instanceof Headers?options.headers:new Headers(options.headers);this.url=options.url||"";this._initBody(bodyInit)}Body.call(Response.prototype);Response.prototype.clone=function(){return new Response(this._bodyInit,{status:this.status,statusText:this.statusText,headers:new Headers(this.headers),url:this.url})};Response.error=function(){var response=new Response(null,{status:0,statusText:""});response.type="error";return response};var redirectStatuses=[301,302,303,307,308];Response.redirect=function(url,status){if(redirectStatuses.indexOf(status)===-1){throw new RangeError("Invalid status code")}return new Response(null,{status:status,headers:{location:url}})};self.Headers=Headers;self.Request=Request;self.Response=Response;self.fetch=function(input,init){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var request;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)&&!init){request=input}else{request=new Request(input,init)}var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest;function responseURL(){if("responseURL"in xhr){return xhr.responseURL}if(/^X-Request-URL:/m.test(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders())){return xhr.getResponseHeader("X-Request-URL")}return}xhr.onload=function(){var status=xhr.status===1223?204:xhr.status;if(status<100||status>599){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"));return}var options={status:status,statusText:xhr.statusText,headers:headers(xhr),url:responseURL()};var body="response"in xhr?xhr.response:xhr.responseText;resolve(new Response(body,options))};xhr.onerror=function(){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"))};xhr.open(request.method,request.url,true);if(request.credentials==="include"){xhr.withCredentials=true}if("responseType"in xhr&&support.blob){xhr.responseType="blob"}request.headers.forEach(function(value,name){xhr.setRequestHeader(name,value)});xhr.send(typeof request._bodyInit==="undefined"?null:request._bodyInit)})};self.fetch.polyfill=true})(typeof self!=="undefined"?self:this); } if (typeof window.CustomEvent !== 'function') { function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; } (function() { var language = 'en'; language = 'en'; var modal = false; var istatsLabels = {name: '' || undefined}; function getMetaValue(propertyName) { var metaTag = document.querySelector( "meta[property='" + propertyName + "'], " + "meta[name='" + propertyName + "']"); if (metaTag) { return metaTag.getAttribute("content"); } else { throw new Error('No meta tag called: ' + propertyName) } } function generateCountername() { if (window.location.protocol === 'file:') { return 'local.file'; } var pathName = window.location.pathname .replace(/\/$/, "") .replace(/^\//, "") .replace(/\//g, '.'); return pathName + '.page'; } var additionalPageProperties = {}; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_5'] = '6156'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_1'] = '22-09-2020 00:02'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_3'] = 'influencers|social_media'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_9'] = '1'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_10'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_6'] = ''; var page = { name: 'worklife.article.20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer.page' || istatsLabels.name || generateCountername(), destination: 'FEATURE_SITES_GNL' || null, producer: 'GNL_CAPITAL' || null, section: '' || null, site: '' || istatsLabels.bbc_site || istatsLabels.app_name || istatsLabels.prod_name || null, contentId: '' || null, contentType: 'article' || null, edition: '' || null, additionalProperties: additionalPageProperties }; function updatePageData(newData) { page = Object.assign(page, newData); } document.addEventListener('bbc-page-reset', function(event) { if (event.detail && event.detail.page) { updatePageData(event.detail.page); } document.dispatchEvent(new Event('bbc-page-updated')); }); window.bbcpage = { loadModule: function(deps) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { window.require(deps, function () { resolve.apply(this, arguments); }, function (error) { reject(error); }); }) }, loadCSS: function (url, timeout) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/lib/_$']) .then(function($) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { var stylesheet = loadCSS(url); $.onloadCSS(stylesheet, function() { resolve(); }); if (timeout) { setTimeout(function () { reject(); }, timeout); } }); }); }, isModal: function () { return Promise.resolve(modal); }, getLanguage: function () { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { resolve(language); }); }, trackRegion: function (region, labels) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { var trackLabels = { region: region }; for (var label in labels) { trackLabels[label] = labels[label]; } var linkType = labels.linkType || 'internal'; istats.track(linkType, trackLabels); }); }, getName: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.name); }, getDestination: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.destination); }, getProducer: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.producer); }, getSite: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.site); }, getSection: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.section); }, getContentType: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentType); }, getContentId: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentId); }, getEdition: function() { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { if (page.edition) { resolve(page.edition); return; } try { resolve(getMetaValue('x-audience').toLowerCase()); } catch (err){ // This property is related to Chartbeat; see http://support.chartbeat.com/docs/ if (window._sf_async_config) { resolve(window._sf_async_config.region || null); } } resolve(null); }); }, getReferrer: function() { return Promise.resolve(window.orb && window.orb.referrer !== null && window.orb.referrer !== undefined ? window.orb.referrer : document.referrer); }, getAdditionalProperties: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.additionalProperties); } }; var USERINFO_PREFIX = "www." || "www."; function initUserCache(orbitUser) { var availableAttr = [ 'X-Country', 'X-Ip_is_advertise_combined', 'X-Ip_is_uk_combined' ]; var userCache = availableAttr.reduce(function(user, curr, i) { if (!orbitUser[curr]) { return user; } var res = Object.assign({}, user); res[curr] = orbitUser[curr]; return res; }, {}); if (Object.keys(userCache).length !== availableAttr.length) { userCache._partial = true; } return userCache; } var user = initUserCache({ }); function checkStatus(response) { if (response.status >= 200 && response.status < 300) { return response; } else { var error = new Error(response.statusText); error.response = response; throw error; } } function parseJSON(response) { return response.json(); } var supportsCors = function() { return typeof XMLHttpRequest !== 'undefined' && 'withCredentials' in new XMLHttpRequest(); }; var getUserInfoFallback = function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/fig']) .then(function(orbFig) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { orbFig.load(function(fig) { var getCountryFallback = function() { if (fig.geo.isUK()) { return 'GB'; } else if (fig.geo.isEU()) { return 'EU'; } }; resolve({ 'X-Country': user.country || getCountryFallback(), 'X-Ip_is_uk_combined': fig().uk ? 'yes' : 'no', 'X-Ip_is_advertise_combined': fig().ad ? 'yes' : 'no' }); }, function () { reject('Error determining country. Timeout?'); }); }); }); }; var _userInfoRequest; var getUserInfo = function() { var host = window.location.host.toString().match(/bbc\.com$/) ? 'bbc.com' : 'bbc.co.uk'; var userInfoUrl = "https://" + USERINFO_PREFIX + host + '/userinfo'; if (!user._partial) { return Promise.resolve(user); } if (!_userInfoRequest) { if (typeof window.fetch === 'undefined' || !supportsCors()) { _userInfoRequest = getUserInfoFallback(); } else { _userInfoRequest = window.fetch(userInfoUrl, { credentials: 'same-origin' }) .then(checkStatus) .then(parseJSON) .then(function(userInfo) { user = userInfo; return user; }); } } return _userInfoRequest; }; var USER_PROFILE_URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/userprofile";; var _helloRequest; var getSegmentations = function() { if (user.ageBand) { return Promise.resolve(user); } if (!_helloRequest) { if (typeof window.fetch === 'undefined' || !supportsCors()) { return Promise.resolve(user); } else { _helloRequest = window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']).then(function(idcta) { return idcta.initiateTokenRefresh().then(function() { return window.fetch(USER_PROFILE_URL, { credentials: 'include' }) .then(checkStatus) .then(parseJSON) .then(function(profileInfo) { Object.assign(user, profileInfo); return user; }); }); }); } } return _helloRequest; }; window.bbcuser = { getHashedId: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return idcta.getCookieInstance().getHidFromCookie(); }); }, getAgeBand: function() { if (user['X-Age-Band']) { return Promise.resolve(user['X-Age-Band']); } return bbcuser.isSignedIn().then(function(isSignedIn) { if (isSignedIn) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { user['X-Age-Band'] = idcta.getUserDetailsFromCookie().ab; if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u13') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '0-12'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u16') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '13-15'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u18') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '16-17'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else { user['X-Age-Band'] = undefined; return getSegmentations().then(function(userInfo) { user['X-Age-Band'] = userInfo['X-Age-Band']; return user['X-Age-Band'] || undefined; }).catch(function(error) { return user['X-Age-Band'] || undefined; }); } }); } else { return undefined; } }); }, getCountry: function() { if (user['X-Country']) { return Promise.resolve(user['X-Country']); } return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { return userInfo['X-Country'] || 'GB'; }); }, isUKCombined: function() { return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { if (!userInfo['X-Ip_is_uk_combined']) { throw new Error('missing isUKCombined from userinfo response'); } return userInfo['X-Ip_is_uk_combined'].toLowerCase() === 'yes'; }) }, canSeeAdverts: function() { return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { if (!userInfo['X-Ip_is_advertise_combined']) { throw new Error('missing canSeeAdverts from userinfo response'); } return userInfo['X-Ip_is_advertise_combined'].toLowerCase() === "yes"; }); }, isSignedIn: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return (idcta && idcta.getCookieInstance().hasCookie()); }); }, allowsPerformanceCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('performance'); }); }, allowsFunctionalCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('personalisation'); }); }, getCookieValue: function(cookieName) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return bbccookies.get(cookieName); }); }, resetCookiesPreferences: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { bbccookies.setDefaultCookiesSingleDomain(); }); }, hasCookiesEnabled: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled(); }); }, hasSeenCookieBanner: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function (bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.isCookiePolicySet(); }); }, logEvent: function (verb, noun, extraLabels) { return window.bbcuser.hasCookiesEnabled() .then(function(allowsCookies) { if (allowsCookies) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { istats.log(verb, noun, extraLabels); }); } else { throw new Error('User cannot be tracked due to cookies preferences.'); } }); }, }; }());</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/b3428ed36e7e195dbf298117ef155a8f/js/require.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-519.49515ce/cookie-banner/cookie-library.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.define !== undefined) { define('orb/cookies', function() { return window.bbccookies; }); }</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/b3428ed36e7e195dbf298117ef155a8f/js/api.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.bbcFlagpoles_istats="OFF",require.config({paths:{"istats-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-519.49515ce/istats/istats-1"}}),require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(t,a){if(a.isAllowed("s1")){var e=(o=document.location.href.match(/^(?:https|http):\/\/\w*\.(?:(int|test|stage|live|)\.)?bbc\.(?:co\.uk|com)/))?void 0===o[1]||""===o[1]||"live"===o[1]?"//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/"+o[1]+"/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/test/s";t.addCollector({name:"default",url:e,separator:"&"});var s="unknown";t.setCountername(s),window.istats_countername&&t.setCountername(window.istats_countername),t.addLabels("ml_name=webmodule&ml_version=0.0.2-519.49515ce&blq_e=orbit&blq_r=orbit&blq_s=orbit&blq_v=default&language=en")}var o});</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.49.0/style/id-cta.css"><script type="text/javascript">(function() {if (!window.require) {throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module');}if (typeof(map) == 'undefined') {var map = {};}if (!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg').createSVGRect) {document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg';}var ptrt = new RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&]*)").exec(document.location.href);var ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://idcta.api.bbc.co.uk';var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback=&ptrt=' + encodeURIComponent((ptrt ? ptrt[1] : document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&');var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback=';function hasPromise() {var P = window.Promise;var promiseToString = null;if (P) {try {promiseToString = Object.prototype.toString.call(P.resolve());} catch(e) {/*silently ignored*/}}return (promiseToString === '[object Promise]' && !P.cast);}if (hasPromise()) {define('idcta/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});define('idcta-v2/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});}map['idcta-v2'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.49.0/modules/idcta-v2';map['idcta-v2/config'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG;map['idcta-v2/translations'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS;map['idcta'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.8.2/modules/idcta';map['idcta-v2/idcta-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.49.0/modules/idcta-v2/dist/idcta-1.min';map['idcta-v2/experiment-snippet'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/idcta_live';const idctaShim = {deps: ['idcta-v2/idcta-1'],};require({shim: {'idcta-v2/statusbar': idctaShim,'idcta-v2/id-config': idctaShim},map: {'*': {'idcta/idcta-1': 'idcta-v2/idcta-1','idcta': 'idcta-v2',}},paths: map});window.idctaBaseUrl = ENDPOINT_URL;define('idcta/config', ['idcta-v2/config'], function(data) {return data;});define('idcta/translations', ['idcta-v2/translations'], function(data) {return data;});})();</script> <style type="text/css">.bbccom_display_none{display:none;}</style><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcomConfig, googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [], bbcdotcomScripts = [], tp = window.tp || []; var bbcdotcom = false; (function(){ if(typeof require !== 'undefined') { require({ paths:{ "bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.7.1147/script" } }); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcom = { adverts: { keyValues: { set: function() {} } }, advert: { write: function () {}, show: function () {}, isActive: function () { return false; }, layout: function() { return { reset: function() {} } } }, config: { init: function() {}, isActive: function() {}, setSections: function() {}, isAdsEnabled: function() {}, setAdsEnabled: function() {}, isAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAssetPrefix: function() {}, setFlagpoles: function() {}, setVersion: function () {}, setJsPrefix: function() {}, setSwfPrefix: function() {}, setCssPrefix: function() {}, setConfig: function() {}, getAssetPrefix: function() {}, getJsPrefix: function () {}, getSwfPrefix: function () {}, getCssPrefix: function () {}, isOptimizelyEnabled: function() {}, isThirdPartyDisabled: function() {}, isThirdPartyDisabledEU: function() {}, setEU: function() {} }, survey: { init: function(){ return false; } }, data: {}, init: function() {}, objects: function(str) { return false; }, locale: { set: function() {}, get: function() {} }, setAdKeyValue: function() {}, utils: { addEvent: function() {}, addHtmlTagClass: function() {}, log: function () {} }, addLoadEvent: function() {} }; /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb !== 'undefined' && typeof orb.fig === 'function') { if (orb.fig('ad') && orb.fig('uk') == 0) { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: (orb.fig('ad') ? 1 : 0), stats: (orb.fig('uk') == 0 ? 1 : 0), statsProvider: orb.fig('ap') }; } } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/data">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb === 'undefined' || typeof orb.fig !== 'function') { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: bbcdotcom.data.a, stats: bbcdotcom.data.b, statsProvider: bbcdotcom.data.c }; } if (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/flag">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (window.bbcdotcom && (typeof bbcdotcom.flag == 'undefined' || (typeof bbcdotcom.data.ads !== 'undefined' && bbcdotcom.flag.a != 1))) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 0; } if (/[?|&]ads/.test(window.location.href) || /(^|; )ads=on; /.test(document.cookie) || /; ads=on(; |$)/.test(document.cookie)) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 1; bbcdotcom.data.stats = 1; } if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcom.assetPrefix = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.7.1147/"; if (/(sandbox|int)(.dev)*.bbc.co*/.test(window.location.href) || /[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ads-debug=') !== -1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.7.1147/script/dist/bbcdotcom.dev.js">\x3C/script>'); } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.7.1147/script/dist/bbcdotcom.js">\x3C/script>'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://me-cdn.effectivemeasure.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/">'); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.googletagservices.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/">'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<meta name="google-site-verification" content="auTeTTwSt_KBY_4iDoR00Lwb7-qzx1IgzJy6ztaWgEI" />'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ var GDPR_COUNTRIES = ['AT', 'BE', 'BG', 'HR', 'CY', 'CZ', 'DK', 'EE', 'FI', 'FR', 'DE', 'GR', 'HU', 'IE', 'IT', 'LV', 'LT', 'LU', 'MT', 'NL', 'PL', 'PT', 'RO', 'SK', 'SI', 'ES', 'SE', 'IS', 'LI', 'NO', 'CH']; if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcomConfig = {"adFormat":"standard","adKeyword":"","adMode":"smart","adsEnabled":true,"appAnalyticsSections":"","asyncEnabled":true,"disableInitialLoad":false,"advertInfoPageUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923083018\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/privacy\/cookies\/international\/","advertisementText":"Advertisement","analyticsEnabled":true,"thirdPartyDisabled":false,"sherlockEnabled":false,"permutiveEnabled":false,"appName":"","assetPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923083018\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/4.7.1147\/","customAdParams":[],"customStatsParams":[],"headline":"","id":"","inAssociationWithText":"in association with","keywords":"","language":"","orbTransitional":false,"optimizelyEnabled":true,"palEnv":"live","productName":"","sections":[],"comScoreEnabled":true,"comscoreSite":"bbc","comscoreID":"19293874","comscorePageName":"","slots":"","sponsoredByText":"is sponsored by","adsByGoogleText":"Ads by Google","summary":"","type":"","features":{"testfeature":{"name":"testfeature","envs":["sandbox","int","test"],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null},"lxadverts":{"name":"lxadverts","envs":[],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null}},"staticBase":"\/bbcdotcom","staticHost":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923083018\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk","staticVersion":"4.7.1147","staticPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200923083018\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/4.7.1147","dataHttp":"tps.bbc.com","dataHttps":"www.bbc.com","flagHttp":"www.bbc.co.uk","flagHttps":"www.bbc.co.uk","analyticsHttp":"sa.bbc.com","analyticsHttps":"ssa.bbc.com"}; bbcdotcom.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig, bbcdotcom.data, window.location, window.document); bbcdotcom.config.setFlagpoles(bbcdotcom.flag || {}); bbcdotcom.config.setAssetPrefix("https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.7.1147/"); bbcdotcom.config.setVersion("4.7.1147"); if (window.bbcuser && window.bbcuser.getCountry && typeof(window.bbcuser.getCountry) === 'function') { window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(countryCode) { var isEU = countryCode ? GDPR_COUNTRIES.indexOf(countryCode.toUpperCase()) !== -1 : false; bbcdotcom.config.setEU(isEU); }); } else if (window.orb && window.orb.fig && typeof(window.orb.fig) === 'function') { bbcdotcom.config.setEU(window.orb.fig('eu')); } document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); if (/[?|&]ex-dp/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ex-dp=') !== -1) { bbcdotcom.utils.addHtmlTagClass('bbcdotcom-ex-dp'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled() && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && !bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService() ) { var gs_channels="DEFAULT"; (function () { var gsurl = window.location.href.split("?")[0]; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/?url='+encodeURIComponent(gsurl)}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameActive && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameActive()&& bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled()){ (function () { var clientId, lotameUrl, lotameAudienceUrl; clientId = (bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService()) ? '10826' : '10816'; lotameUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/c/'+clientId+'/cc.js?ns='+clientId; lotameAudienceUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/5/c=10815/pe=y/var=ccauds'; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameUrl,id:"LOTCC"+clientId}); bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameAudienceUrl}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isPermutiveEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isPermutiveEnabled() && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && !bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService()){ (function () { !function(n,e,o,r,i){if(!e){e=e||{},window.permutive=e,e.q=[],e.config=i||{},e.config.projectId=o,e.config.apiKey=r,e.config.environment=e.config.environment||"production";for(var t=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],c=0;c<t.length;c++){var f=t[c];e[f]=function(n){return function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);e.q.push({functionName:n,arguments:o})}}(f)}}}(document,window.permutive,"e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491","1bb84885-9325-4fef-adda-a208032b2715",{"consentRequired":true}); bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://cdn.permutive.com/e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491-web.js'}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /** * ASYNC waits to make any gpt requests until the bottom of the page */ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync() && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled() ) { (function () { bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js'}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /* Load Lotame, Grapeshot and GPT without blocking rendering but executing in order */ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcomScripts.length > 0 ) { (function () { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(function(){ if (!bbcdotcom.config.isThirdPartyDisabledEU()){ bbcdotcomScripts.forEach(function(item) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = false; if(item.id) script.id = item.id; script.src = item.src; document.head.appendChild(script); }); } }); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.head = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script> <script type="text/javascript">// Globally available search context window.SEARCHBOX={"variant":"default","locale":"en","feature":"legacy,","navSearchboxStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/cc76233e65b4b0f6df359d0fe351ce51/","searchboxAppStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/cc76233e65b4b0f6df359d0fe351ce51/drawer","searchFormHtml":"<div tabindex=\"-1\"><div><section class=\"se-searchbox-panel\"><div class=\"se-g-wrap\"><div class=\"se-g-layout\"><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox-title\" aria-hidden=\"true\">search</div><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox\"><form accept-charset=\"utf-8\" id=\"searchboxDrawerForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"https://search.bbc.co.uk/search\"><label class=\"se-searchbox__input\" for=\"se-searchbox-input-field\"><span class=\"se-sr-only\">Search Term</span><div><input type=\"text\" name=\"q\" value=\"\" id=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" class=\"se-searchbox__input__field\" maxLength=\"100\" autoComplete=\"off\" autoCorrect=\"off\" autoCapitalize=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"/></div></label><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" value=\"\"/><button type=\"submit\" class=\"se-searchbox__submit\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"search-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::1"}\" data-bbc-personalisation=\"{"QRY":""}\">Search</button><button type=\"button\" class=\"se-searchbox__clear se-searchbox__clear--visible\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"clear-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::2"}\" data-bbc-personalisation=\"{"QRY":""}\">Close</button></form></div></div></div></section><div aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" class=\"se-suggestions-container\"><section class=\"se-g-wrap\"></section></div></div></div>","searchScopePlaceholder":"","searchScopeParam":"","searchScopeTemplate":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperStart":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperEnd":""}; window.SEARCHBOX.suppress = false; window.SEARCHBOX.searchScope = SEARCHBOX.searchScopeTemplate.split('-')[0];</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/cc76233e65b4b0f6df359d0fe351ce51/css/main.css"> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";!function(){window.__reverbStaticLocation="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/",window.__smarttagVersion="5.22.0",window.__reverb={},window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise=new Promise(function(e,n){window.__reverb.__resolveReverbLoaded=e,window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded=n}),window.__reverb.__reverbTimeout=setTimeout(function(){window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded()},5e3);var n=function(r,d){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){if(r&&r.detail){var n=r.detail.label,t=r.detail.type,i=r.detail.elem,o=r.detail.originalEvent;r.detail.isClick&&(d=r.detail.isClick),e.userActionEvent(t,n,r.detail,i,o,d)}},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})};document.addEventListener("bbc-user-event",function(e){n(e,!1)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-user-click",function(e){n(e,!0)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",function(){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})})}();</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/reverb-1.6.0.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">window.__detectview={clickManagementEnabled:false};</script> <style>.article-intro { position: relative; } .article-intro__line { margin-top: 24px; } .styled-line { background-color: #8beed9; height: 3px; width: 72px; } .styled-line--small { width: 45px; } .styled-line--medium { width: 135px; } .styled-line--large { height: 1px; width: auto; } .styled-line--height--large { height: 5px; } .styled-line--height--small { height: 1px; } .styled-line--xs-small { width: 25px; } .styled-line--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-line--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-line--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-line--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--white { background-color: #fff; } .styled-line--dark-grey { background-color: #6a6a6a; } .styled-line--grey { background-color: #dedede; } .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { color: #6a6a6a; font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } @font-face { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/curious-sans-bold.ba46d70f.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-core'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-core.5435c223.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-media'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-media.28e9b877.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-social'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/media/gelicons-social.407b297d.ttf) format("truetype"); } .gelicon { font-family: 'gelicons-core'; } .gelicon, .gelicon::before { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; speak: none; text-decoration: none !important; } .gelicon--leading::before { margin-right: 8px; } .gelicon--trailing::before { margin-left: 8px; } .gelicon--social { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } .gelicon--core { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Set font on all icons (need to do this as Opera doesn't fallback per Glyph) */ /* On the icon, not ::before as IE7 hack injects the icon into the element instead of a pseudo element */ .gelicon--iplayer, .gelicon--iplayer-radio, .gelicon--previous, .gelicon--up, .gelicon--down, .gelicon--next, .gelicon--tobottom, .gelicon--totop, .gelicon--zoomin, .gelicon--zoomout, .gelicon--search, .gelicon--print, .gelicon--print-invert, .gelicon--yes, .gelicon--no, .gelicon--add, .gelicon--help, .gelicon--info, .gelicon--alert, .gelicon--expires, .gelicon--duration, .gelicon--alarm, .gelicon--countdown, .gelicon--grid, .gelicon--chapters, .gelicon--list, .gelicon--listthumb, .gelicon--lock, .gelicon--unlock, .gelicon--home, .gelicon--new, .gelicon--vocab, .gelicon--degraded, .gelicon--calendar-mini, .gelicon--calendar, .gelicon--mail, .gelicon--location, .gelicon--load, .gelicon--settings, .gelicon--embed, .gelicon--external, .gelicon--traffic, .gelicon--refresh, .gelicon--link, .gelicon--point, .gelicon--upload, .gelicon--download, .gelicon--finder, .gelicon--stations, .gelicon--untitled, .gelicon--untitled-2, .gelicon--quote, .gelicon--calendar-30, .gelicon--download-desktop, .gelicon--map, .gelicon--previous-alternative, .gelicon--next-alternative, .gelicon--arrow-down { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--iplayer::before { content: '\e000'; } .gelicon--iplayer-radio::before { content: '\e001'; } .gelicon--previous::before { content: '\e002'; } .gelicon--up::before { content: '\e003'; } .gelicon--down::before { content: '\e004'; } .gelicon--next::before { content: '\e005'; } .gelicon--tobottom::before { content: '\e006'; } .gelicon--totop::before { content: '\e007'; } .gelicon--zoomin::before { content: '\e008'; } .gelicon--zoomout::before { content: '\e00a'; } .gelicon--search::before { content: '\e009'; } .gelicon--print::before { content: '\e00b'; } .gelicon--print-invert::before { content: '\e00c'; } .gelicon--yes::before { content: '\e00d'; } .gelicon--no::before { content: '\e00e'; } .gelicon--add::before { content: '\e00f'; } .gelicon--help::before { content: '\e010'; } .gelicon--info::before { content: '\e011'; } .gelicon--alert::before { content: '\e012'; } .gelicon--expires::before { content: '\e013'; } .gelicon--duration::before { content: '\e014'; } .gelicon--alarm::before { content: '\e015'; } .gelicon--countdown::before { content: '\e016'; } .gelicon--grid::before { content: '\e017'; } .gelicon--chapters::before { content: '\e018'; } .gelicon--list::before { content: '\e019'; } .gelicon--listthumb::before { content: '\e01a'; } .gelicon--lock::before { content: '\e01b'; } .gelicon--unlock::before { content: '\e01c'; } .gelicon--home::before { content: '\e01d'; } .gelicon--new::before { content: '\e01e'; } .gelicon--vocab::before { content: '\e01f'; } .gelicon--degraded::before { content: '\e020'; } .gelicon--calendar-mini::before { content: '\e021'; } .gelicon--calendar::before { content: '\e022'; } .gelicon--mail::before { content: '\e023'; } .gelicon--location::before { content: '\e024'; } .gelicon--load::before { content: '\e025'; } .gelicon--settings::before { content: '\e026'; } .gelicon--embed::before { content: '\e027'; } .gelicon--external::before { content: '\e028'; } .gelicon--traffic::before { content: '\e029'; } .gelicon--refresh::before { content: '\e02a'; } .gelicon--link::before { content: '\e02b'; } .gelicon--point::before { content: '\e02c'; } .gelicon--upload::before { content: '\e02d'; } .gelicon--download::before { content: '\e02e'; } .gelicon--finder::before { content: '\e02f'; } .gelicon--stations::before { content: '\e030'; } .gelicon--untitled::before { content: '\42'; } .gelicon--untitled-2::before { content: '\43'; } .gelicon--quote::before { content: '\22'; } .gelicon--playlister-add::before { content: '\e031'; } .gelicon--calendar-30::before { content: '\e032'; } .gelicon--download-desktop::before { content: '\e033'; } .gelicon--map::before { content: '\e034'; } .gelicon--previous-alternative::before { content: '\e035'; } .gelicon--next-alternative::before { content: '\e036'; } .gelicon--arrow-down::before { content: '\e038'; } /* Media icons */ .gelicon--menu, .gelicon--live, .gelicon--subtitles, .gelicon--ws, .gelicon--sd, .gelicon--hd, .gelicon--bsl, .gelicon--ad, .gelicon--3d, .gelicon--tv, .gelicon--radio, .gelicon--mobile, .gelicon--desktop, .gelicon--game, .gelicon--tablet, .gelicon--quiz, .gelicon--guidance, .gelicon--record, .gelicon--listen, .gelicon--play, .gelicon--pause, .gelicon--rewind, .gelicon--forward, .gelicon--restart, .gelicon--image, .gelicon--document, .gelicon--slideshow, .gelicon--activity, .gelicon--360, .gelicon--podcast, .gelicon--newsletter, .gelicon--rss, .gelicon--fullscreen, .gelicon--expand, .gelicon--popout, .gelicon--mute, .gelicon--music-on, .gelicon--music-off, .gelicon--windows, .gelicon--apple, .gelicon--interactive { font-family: 'gelicons-media' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--menu::before { content: '\e900'; } .gelicon--live::before { content: '\e100'; } .gelicon--subtitles::before { content: '\e101'; } .gelicon--ws::before { content: '\e102'; } .gelicon--sd::before { content: '\e103'; } .gelicon--hd::before { content: '\e104'; } .gelicon--bsl::before { content: '\e105'; } .gelicon--ad::before { content: '\e106'; } .gelicon--3d::before { content: '\e107'; } .gelicon--tv::before { content: '\e108'; } .gelicon--radio::before { content: '\e109'; } .gelicon--mobile::before { content: '\e10a'; } .gelicon--desktop::before { content: '\e10b'; } .gelicon--game::before { content: '\e10c'; } .gelicon--tablet::before { content: '\e10d'; } .gelicon--quiz::before { content: '\e10e'; } .gelicon--guidance::before { content: '\e10f'; } .gelicon--record::before { content: '\e110'; } .gelicon--listen::before { content: '\e111'; } .gelicon--play::before { content: '\e112'; } .gelicon--pause::before { content: '\e113'; } .gelicon--rewind::before { content: '\e114'; } .gelicon--forward::before { content: '\e115'; } .gelicon--restart::before { content: '\e116'; } .gelicon--image::before { content: '\e117'; } .gelicon--document::before { content: '\e118'; } .gelicon--slideshow::before { content: '\e119'; } .gelicon--activity::before { content: '\e11a'; } .gelicon--360::before { content: '\e11b'; } .gelicon--podcast::before { content: '\e11c'; } .gelicon--newsletter::before { content: '\e11d'; } .gelicon--rss::before { content: '\e11e'; } .gelicon--fullscreen::before { content: '\e11f'; } .gelicon--expand::before { content: '\e120'; } .gelicon--popout::before { content: '\e121'; } .gelicon--mute::before { content: '\e122'; } .gelicon--music-on::before { content: '\e123'; } .gelicon--music-off::before { content: '\e124'; } .gelicon--windows::before { content: '\e125'; } .gelicon--apple::before { content: '\e126'; } .gelicon--interactive::before { content: '\e900'; } /* Social Icons */ .gelicon--share, .gelicon--recommend, .gelicon--comments, .gelicon--blog, .gelicon--smiley, .gelicon--love, .gelicon--twitter, .gelicon--facebook, .gelicon--google-plus, .gelicon--google, .gelicon--spotify, .gelicon--pinterest, .gelicon--tumblr, .gelicon--stumbleupon, .gelicon--linkedin, .gelicon--reddit, .gelicon--digg, .gelicon--instagram, .gelicon--whatsapp { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } /* GEL */ .gelicon--share::before { content: '\e200'; } .gelicon--recommend::before { content: '\e201'; } .gelicon--comments::before { content: '\e202'; } .gelicon--blog::before { content: '\e203'; } .gelicon--smiley::before { content: '\e204'; } .gelicon--love::before { content: '\e205'; } /* THIRD PARTY */ .gelicon--twitter::before { content: '\e300'; } .gelicon--facebook::before { content: '\e301'; } .gelicon--google-plus::before { content: '\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0 12px; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; padding: 22px 10; } .inline-video__description--desktop { padding: 28px 16px; } .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; padding: 20px 10px 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { padding: 20px 18px 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } .inline-audio-player { height: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player__container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #4a4a4a; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__played { background-color: #ededed; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .bookmark-icon { background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; height: 54px; padding: 0; width: 54px; } .bookmark-icon svg { height: 15px; margin: 15px; stroke: #949494; stroke-width: 40; -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform: scale(0.8); width: 15px; } .bookmark__icon--true-white svg { fill: #fff; } .bookmark__icon--black svg, .bookmark__icon--black path { fill: #000 !important; stroke: #000; } .bookmark__icon--light-grey svg { fill: currentColor !important; } .tooltip-box__container { position: relative; } .tooltip-box__message { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: -80px; width: 215px; z-index: 1; } .tooltip-box__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 21px; position: absolute; top: -15px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-135deg); transform: rotate(-135deg); width: 12px; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close { border: 0 !important; height: 15px !important; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 5px; top: -75px; width: 15px !important; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close:hover .tooltip-box__close-icon { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .tooltip-box__close-icon { color: #444; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__remove-bookmark-btn { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #adadad; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: left; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #000; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 38px 0 32px; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .similar-articles-list { background-color: #f9f9f9; position: relative; text-align: center; } .similar-articles-list__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: -50px; } .similar-articles-list__collection { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__header { background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 36px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.19px; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .similar-articles-list__number { color: #000; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0; margin-right: 26px; opacity: 0.18; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 262px; padding-bottom: 32px; position: relative; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article:last-child { padding-bottom: 58px; } .similar-articles-list__number, .similar-articles-list__text { display: inline-block; } .similar-articles-list__text { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 210px; text-align: left; } .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--estimated { height: 64px; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--estimated { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .basic-button__text--estimated-text { font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-black { background-color: #000; } .basic-button--background-black:hover { background-color: #494646; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } .inline-html { display: block; } .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; }html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .article__main { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px) { .article__main { width: 80%; } } .article__subcontainer { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } @media (max-width: 1667px) and (min-width: 1194px) { .article__subcontainer { width: 97%; } } @media (min-width: 1680px) { .article__subcontainer { justify-content: center; width: 80% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .article__subcontainer { margin: auto; width: 71% !important; } } .article__side-mpu { min-height: 810px; } .article__side-mpu > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; padding: 0 8px 8px 8px; } .article__body { background-color: #fff; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: -56px; max-width: 700px; width: 100%; } .article__body-content { overflow-wrap: break-word; } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin: 0 auto; position: relative; top: -56px; width: 82%; z-index: 100; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1180px) { .article__body { margin-left: 3%; width: 97%; } } @media (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } .article__mpu { flex-basis: 333px; flex-grow: 0; height: auto; } .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0 10px; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 18px; } } @media (min-width: 1023px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 6% 0 18px; } } .article__container { display: flex; justify-content: center; width: 100%; } .article__intro { color: #4d4d49; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.36px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 14px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__intro { font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1.63px; line-height: 37px; } } .article__end { clear: both; padding-top: 20px; } .article__fade-story { background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, #fff 100%); bottom: 0; height: 210px; position: absolute; width: 100%; z-index: 1501; } .article__fade-story--show { display: block !important; } .article__body--short { height: 700px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .article__body--short { height: 800px; } } .article__load-more { bottom: 24px; display: block !important; -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 1; grid-column: 1 / span 1; left: 50%; position: absolute; transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 1502; } .article--hidden { display: none !important; } .article__similar-articles { flex: 1 0 333px; max-width: 333px; } .article__similar-articles--hidden { display: none; } .article__similar-articles--show { display: block; } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .hero-video__video { max-height: 534px; width: 73.5% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .hero-video__video { left: 5.5%; max-height: 534px; max-width: 949px; width: 70% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1668px) { .hero-video__video { left: 14%; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .hero-video__video { left: 18.5%; } } .inline-audio { display: none; padding-top: 8px; } .inline-audio__visible { display: block; } .inline-audio__below { border-bottom: 1px solid; border-top: 1px solid; padding: 10px 0; } @media (min-width: 1280px) { .article-header .article-headline__text { font-size: 48px !important; } } .article-header__leaderboard > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; min-height: 100px; } .article-header__hero-ad { display: flex; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .article-header__hero-ad > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; } .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 100%; margin: auto; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1179px) and (min-width: 768px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; width: 64%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; margin-left: 0; width: 90%; } } @media (min-width: 1181px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; width: 64%; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) { .article-header__video--ads .article-video__video { margin-left: 0; width: calc(100% - 333px); } } .article-body-native-ad > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 0 8px; } @media screen and (max-width: 320px) { .article-body-native-ad { margin-left: -10px; width: 320px; } } .article-body__iframe { padding-top: 20px; } .article-body__pull-quote { clear: both; margin: 20px 0; padding-top: 0; } .article-body__video-text { clear: both; margin: 0; padding: 20px 0 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article-body__video-text { margin-left: -10px; width: 107%; } } .article-body__image-text { padding: 0; } .article-body__mpu-title { color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; } .article-body__image-text--portrait { margin: 20px 0; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .article-body__image-text--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .article-body__image-text img { width: 100%; } .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -39%; width: 139%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -52%; width: 152%; } } .article-body__image-gallery .swipe-items__container, .article-body__image-gallery .swipe-items__gallery { padding: 0; } .article-body__image-gallery { margin: 20px 0; } .around-the-bbc-swimlane { margin-top: auto; } </style> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/features_prod.js"></script> </head> <body> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=worklife.article.20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer.page&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[article]&x8=[reverb-1.6.0-nojs]&x11=[FEATURE_SITES_GNL]&x12=[GNL_CAPITAL]" height="1" width="1" alt=""></p></noscript> <div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_interstitial'); }); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { var wallpaper; if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { if (bbcdotcom.config.isAsync()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_wallpaper'); }); } else if (typeof googletag !== "undefined" && typeof googletag.display === "function") { googletag.display("wallpaper"); } wallpaper = bbcdotcom.adverts.adRegister.getAd('wallpaper'); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAdsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAnalyticsEnabled()) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAnalyticsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } }()); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyFirst = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" aria-label="BBC"><div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-white orb-nav-empty" dir="ltr"><div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Homepage</a></div><section><div class="orb-skip-links"><h2>Accessibility links</h2><ul><li><a href="#orb-modules">Skip to content</a></li><li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li></ul></div></section><div id="mybbc-wrapper" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-id orb-nav-focus orb-nav-id-default"> <div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-focus" data-bbc-container="id-cta" data-bbc-event-type="click" data-bbc-ignore-views="1" data-bbc-metadata="{"id-cta-type": "statusbar-orb"}" data-bbc-source="responsive_web" data-bbc-title="id-cta-sign-in"><a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://account.bbc.com/account"><span id="idcta-username">BBC Account</span></a></div><script type="text/javascript">require(['idcta/statusbar'], function (statusbar) {new statusbar.Statusbar({id: 'idcta-statusbar', publiclyCacheable: true});});</script><a id="notification-link" class="js-notification-link animated three" href="#" style="display: none"><span class="hidden-span">Notifications</span><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><span id="not-num"></span></a> </div><nav role="navigation" aria-label="BBC" class="orb-nav"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-links orb-nav-focus" id="orb-nav-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li><li id="orb-nav-more" style="width: 88px" aria-controls="orb-panel-more"><a href="#orb-footer" data-alt="More" class="istats-notrack">Menu<span class="orb-icon orb-icon-arrow"></span></a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search"> <a class="orb-search__button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" title="Search the BBC">Search</a><form class="b-f" id="orb-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"><div><label for="orb-search-q">Search the BBC</label><input id="orb-search-q" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" maxlength="100" name="q" placeholder="Search"><button id="orb-search-button" class="orb-search__button">Search the BBC</button><input type="hidden" name="suggid" id="orb-search-suggid"></div></form> </div></div><div id="orb-panels"></div></div></header>  <div id="orb-modules"> <div id="root"><div id="ad-portal"></div><nav class="navigation navigation--display"><div class="nav-bar"><div class="nav-build-bar nav-build-bar--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__branding"><a class="branding branding--worklife branding--medium" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife"><span class="branding__icon branding__icon--worklife branding__icon--medium"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 107.9 15.8" style="enable-background:new 0 0 107.9 15.8;" xml:space="preserve"><style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style><g><g><path class="st0" d="M12.9,15.5c-0.5-1.8-1-3.6-1.5-5.4c-0.5-1.8-1-3.6-1.5-5.5c-0.5,1.8-1,3.6-1.5,5.5c-0.5,1.8-1,3.6-1.5,5.5 H4.1C3.3,13,2.6,10.5,1.9,8C1.3,5.4,0.6,2.9,0,0.3h2.9c0.4,2.1,0.8,4.1,1.3,6.2c0.5,2.1,0.9,4.1,1.5,6.1c0.5-1.9,1.1-3.9,1.6-5.8 c0.5-1.9,1-3.9,1.5-5.8h2.6c0.5,1.9,0.9,3.8,1.4,5.7c0.5,1.9,1,3.8,1.5,5.7c0.5-2,1-4,1.4-6c0.5-2,0.9-4.1,1.3-6.1h2.8 c-0.6,2.6-1.3,5.1-1.9,7.6c-0.7,2.5-1.4,5-2.1,7.5H12.9z"></path><path class="st0" d="M28.2,0c1.1,0,2.1,0.2,3.1,0.6c0.9,0.4,1.7,0.9,2.3,1.6c0.7,0.7,1.2,1.5,1.5,2.5c0.3,1,0.5,2.1,0.5,3.3 c0,1.2-0.2,2.3-0.5,3.3c-0.3,1-0.8,1.8-1.5,2.5c-0.6,0.7-1.4,1.2-2.3,1.6c-0.9,0.4-1.9,0.6-3.1,0.6c-1.1,0-2.1-0.2-3.1-0.6 c-0.9-0.4-1.7-0.9-2.3-1.6c-0.7-0.7-1.2-1.5-1.5-2.5s-0.5-2.1-0.5-3.3s0.2-2.3,0.5-3.3s0.8-1.8,1.5-2.5c0.6-0.7,1.4-1.2,2.3-1.6 C26.1,0.2,27.1,0,28.2,0z M28.2,13.5c1,0,1.8-0.2,2.5-0.7c0.7-0.4,1.2-1.1,1.6-1.9c0.4-0.8,0.6-1.8,0.6-3c0-1.2-0.2-2.2-0.6-3 c-0.4-0.8-0.9-1.5-1.6-1.9c-0.7-0.4-1.5-0.7-2.5-0.7c-1,0-1.8,0.2-2.5,0.7c-0.7,0.4-1.2,1.1-1.6,1.9c-0.4,0.8-0.6,1.8-0.6,3 s0.2,2.2,0.6,3c0.4,0.8,0.9,1.5,1.6,1.9C26.4,13.2,27.3,13.5,28.2,13.5z"></path><path class="st0" d="M41,9.7v5.8h-2.6V0.3h5.2c2,0,3.5,0.4,4.5,1.2c1,0.8,1.6,2,1.6,3.5c0,1-0.3,1.9-0.8,2.6 c-0.5,0.7-1.2,1.2-2.2,1.6c0.7,1,1.3,2,2,3.1c0.6,1,1.3,2.1,1.9,3.2h-3.1c-0.6-1-1.1-2-1.7-2.9c-0.6-1-1.2-1.9-1.7-2.9 c-0.2,0-0.3,0-0.5,0H41z M41,2.5v5.1h2.4c1.2,0,2.1-0.2,2.6-0.6c0.6-0.4,0.9-1,0.9-1.9c0-0.9-0.3-1.5-0.9-1.9 c-0.6-0.4-1.5-0.6-2.6-0.6H41z"></path><path class="st0" d="M55.9,8.7h-0.8v6.8h-2.7V0.3h2.7v6.1H56c1-1.1,2-2.1,2.9-3.1c0.9-1,1.8-2,2.8-3.1h3.3 c-1.1,1.2-2.2,2.4-3.3,3.6c-1.1,1.2-2.3,2.4-3.4,3.6c1.2,1.3,2.4,2.6,3.7,3.9c1.2,1.3,2.4,2.7,3.7,4H62c-1-1.1-2-2.3-3-3.4 C58,11,57,9.8,55.9,8.7z"></path><path class="st0" d="M67.3,0.3H70v12.8h7.5v2.3H67.3V0.3z"></path><path class="st0" d="M79.4,0.3h2.7v15.1h-2.7V0.3z"></path><path class="st0" d="M85.5,0.3h9.8v2.3h-7.1v4.3h6.3v2.3h-6.3v6.3h-2.7V0.3z"></path><path class="st0" d="M97.3,0.3h10.1v2.3H100v3.9h6.6v2.3H100v4.4h7.8v2.3H97.3V0.3z"></path></g></g></svg></span></a></div><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav-button"><button class="open-nav" aria-label="Open more navigation" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="open-nav"><div class="open-nav__label"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Menu</p></div><div class="open-nav__icon"><div class="burger-nav gelicon--menu burger-nav--worklife"></div></div></button></div></div></div></div></nav><div class="app__body"><div class="loader loader--is-active"><div class="loader__body loader__body--show-loader"><div class="loading-spinner"><span class="loading-spinner__image"><span class="spinner--worklife"><svg class="spinner__image" viewbox="0 0 32 32" id="gel-icon-loading" width="100%" height="100%"><path d="M29.8 8l-3.5 2c1 1.8 1.6 3.8 1.6 6 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12S4 22.6 4 16 9.4 4 16 4V0C7.2 0 0 7.2 0 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16c0-2.9-.8-5.6-2.2-8z"></path></svg></span></span><span class="loading-spinner__message b-reith-sans-font">Loading</span></div></div></div><main class="main"><div class="WaypointsList"><div class="WaypointsList__item WaypointsList__item--is-active"><section class="article" id="worklifearticle20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer"><div id="headline-worklifearticle20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer"><div class="article-headline article-headline--mobile article-headline--tablet article-headline--largeTablet"><div class="article-headline__line--short"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--xs-small"></div></div><div class="article-headline__collection"><div class="article-labels b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300"><a class="article-labels__text b-reith-sans-font" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/small-business">Small Business</a></div></div><div class="article-headline__text b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Would you pay to follow an influencer?</div><div class="article-share-tools"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/mailto:/?subject=Shared from BBC:Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.email" class="email-icon gelicon--mail" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share using Email</span><div id="EmailIcon"></div></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.twitter&via=BBC_Worklife" class="twitter-icon gelicon--twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="TwitterIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Twitter</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.facebook&t=Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?" class="facebook-icon gelicon--facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="FacebookIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Facebook</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.linkedin&title=Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?" class="linkedin-icon gelicon--linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Linkedin</span><div id="LinkedInIcon"></div></a><div class="tooltip-box__container"><button class="bookmark-icon bookmark__icon--true-white" aria-label="bookmark button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 312.746 312.746"><path d="M40.347 0v312.452l117.734-120.247 114.318 120.541V0H40.347z"></path></svg><span class="screen-reader-only">Bookmark this article</span></button></div></div></div><div class="hero-image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08rkcts.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08rkcts.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08rkcts.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08rkcts.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkcts.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkcts.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08rkcts.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08rkcts.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Four of the five on-screen members of Sorted Food" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkcts.jpg" alt="Four of the five on-screen members of Sorted Food" id=""/></picture></div></div><div class="article__container"><div class="article__main"><div class="article__subcontainer"><article class="article__body"><div class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit author-unit--smal-mobile"><div class="author-unit__container author-unit__container--desktop"><a class="author-unit__text b-font-family-serif" target="" rel="" id="">By Chris Stokel-Walker</a><span class="b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">22nd September 2020</span></div><div class="author-unit__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article__body-content"><div class="article__intro"> Spooked by plummeting advertising revenue, content creators are hoping that loyal fans will pay up to watch their videos. </div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="drop-capped b-reith-sans-font drop-capped--worklife">T</div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>The creators of Sorted Food, a YouTube cooking channel with 2.4 million subscribers, recognised they were falling into the trap so many digital content makers do. Their channel was hugely popular, but they weren’t doing things the way they wanted, instead posting videos designed to please YouTube’s algorithm.</p> <p>“We realised if we weren’t careful, we could find ourselves playing to create content by the rules of the platform, rather than what our community and audience wanted,” explains Ben Ebbrell, one of the co-founders of Sorted, which has five on-screen members and 18 behind the scenes. They had seen the popularity of their videos wax and wane on YouTube, and didn’t want to be beholden to its whims. It’s a feeling almost every YouTuber has, but few do anything about it.</p> <p>Sorted did, coming up with a solution that would support their business whether YouTube promoted them or not. Alongside their free channel, they set up a paid membership club, which gave people access to exclusive apps, a weekly podcast and original content. They advertised the club in their videos and across their existing social media platforms.</p> <p>Launched in 2019 after a year of development, The Sorted Club was one of the first of its kind. It was a gamble for the YouTubers, who bet that their audience would follow them off the platform. So far, they’ve been right: they have thousands of members, and between March and May 2020, the number of club members paying £4.99 a month grew 37%.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 inline-quote--worklife"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-header--large">Could membership clubs be the route to a sustainable business for influencers whose income has long depended on yo-yoing policies of bigger platforms?</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Now, Sorted are hardly alone with their membership club model. In the past year, other big YouTubers, including NELK, a collection of prank-focused YouTubers based in Canada, and Logan Paul, whose 22.3 million fans make him one of YouTube’s most recognised names, have set up their own membership schemes. For Paul’s Maverick Club and NELK’s Send Club, members pay $20 for access to exclusive content and the opportunity, in both cases, to win potentially huge prizes.</p> <p>Could membership clubs be the route to a sustainable business for influencers whose income has long depended on yo-yoing policies of bigger platforms? Done right, they could chart a new future for social media superstars, and a way for them to more directly make connections with their audiences. Done wrong, they’re the latest way to cash in on online fame.</p> <p><strong>Seeking the security of steady income</strong></p> <p>Creators often rely on platforms to provide them with a baseline of revenue from advertising income, or direct funding from the sites themselves – such as TikTok, which recently <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-gb/creator-fund-first-recipients">launched a $1bn fund</a> to support its users financially.</p> <p>However, the promises and the reality of programmes like these can be quite far apart.</p> <p>For TikTok, many creators on the site report they are receiving between two and five cents for every 1,000 views they receive – hardly enough to support their lifestyle, even at scale. And on YouTube, a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://onezero.medium.com/as-youtube-traffic-soars-youtubers-say-pay-is-plummeting-30dc1ba444db">drop in advertising revenue </a>over the last six months has meant creators have taken a hit; in April, YouTubers received around 50% of what they would have done in February from adverts.</p> <p>“Content creators, or influencers, have long been searching for ways to stabilise their incomes in a feast-or-famine industry rife with uncertainty,” says Zoe Glatt, a researcher of online culture at the London School of Economics.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08rkdnc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08rkdnc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08rkdnc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08rkdnc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkdnc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkdnc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08rkdnc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08rkdnc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Many influencers have diversified into selling merchandise to bolster their income" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkdnc.jpg" alt="Many influencers have diversified into selling merchandise to bolster their income" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Many influencers have diversified into selling merchandise to bolster their income</p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>They’ve toyed with fan support, direct sponsorship and brand deals in which they mention products in exchange for money. Many have set up their own merchandise lines, selling apparel to fans. Following 2017’s YouTube “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/12/can-youtube-survive-the-adpocalypse.html">adpocalypse</a>”, in which a number of large advertisers decided to pull their money in response to their products being promoted against extremist recruitment videos, several creators joined Patreon, a website that allows fans to support their favourite creators with a regular stipend, of which Patreon takes a cut.</p> <p>Unlike some of these alternatives, however, memberships give creators recurring, dependable and direct revenue, says Aaron McClendon of Detroit Venture Partners, a technology-centric venture capital fund, who has been monitoring the trend of such clubs. “If you can build a subscription business without doing that much more work, that’s great,” he explains. “It also gives the creator a way to directly access their super-fans.”</p> <p>But of course, developing your own independent membership club is costly. True independence is only available to the largest digital creators who can afford to make such an investment – and they’re often the ones who already have diverse income streams beyond simply advertising revenue. This may leave some creators out in the cold, widening the gap between those able to make a living from content versus those who are still grinding to break even.</p> <p><strong>Who benefits most?</strong></p> <p>The ability to more closely track users – a key element of understanding what kind of content they like, and how to present it to audiences – is also possible from membership clubs.</p> <p>“They’re able to have complete ownership of their audience and the data that comes with it,” says independent YouTube audience development consultant Leslie Datsis, based in Arlington in the US state of Virginia. “Not just revenue growth and audience growth, but things like where on their website people are clicking, or what merch or perks they spend a lot of time looking at.”</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08rkdt8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08rkdt8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08rkdt8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08rkdt8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkdt8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkdt8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08rkdt8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08rkdt8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Sorted Food say their membership club gives them more freedom to make the kind of content their fans want" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08rkdt8.jpg" alt="Sorted Food say their membership club gives them more freedom to make the kind of content their fans want" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Sorted Food say their membership club gives them more freedom to make the kind of content their fans want</p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>This can help drive future success for creators, but also be beneficial for audiences, giving them more content that they like, rather than what sites like YouTube demand. Sorted’s Club made more formal what they had long been doing on YouTube, and continue to do: creating videos based on audience feedback and often, direct suggestions.</p> <p>But although loyal followers can benefit from potentially better content in membership clubs, there can also a notable downside for fans, who end up having to shell out for highly mediated “personal” contact with their favourite influencers. Glatt says that Logan Paul is an example of a creator “packaging his membership with the same community spirit of authenticity and intimacy that is ubiquitous amongst influencers”, but who is ultimately doing so in a transactional way to profit. After all, no matter how close to a creator a fan feels, proprietors have set up their clubs to generate as much revenue as possible.</p> <p>Those who spend hours consuming videos may quickly find themselves supporting their favourite online creators via membership fees. As the amount of time and effort that goes into producing YouTube videos increases to levels akin to a traditional television show, so do the expectations of many creators to get a meaningful financial return from their hard work. And, in a world where we pay for multiple subscriptions to streaming services anyway, creators may be able to tap into the habits so many have already built.</p> <p>As such, fans may have to get used to paying for premium content on social media – and with every membership club that crops up, the initial ideal of social media fades a little more into the background.</p> <p>“For me, what these membership schemes signal is yet another step towards the influencer industry looking increasingly like the traditional media that it originally bucked against,” says Glatt. “There’s a slickness and commercialism that jars against the homemade quality that most content creators still strive towards, no matter how big their operation has become.”</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article__end"><div class="article-end"><div class="article-end__line--long"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife styled-line--medium"></div></div><div class="article-end__share-tools"><div class="article-share-tools article-share-tools--popout article-share-tools--dark"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/mailto:/?subject=Shared from BBC:Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.email" class="email-icon gelicon--mail" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share using Email</span><div id="EmailIcon"></div></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.twitter&via=BBC_Worklife" class="twitter-icon gelicon--twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="TwitterIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Twitter</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.facebook&t=Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?" class="facebook-icon gelicon--facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="FacebookIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Facebook</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.linkedin&title=Would%20you%20pay%20to%20follow%20an%20influencer?" class="linkedin-icon gelicon--linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Linkedin</span><div id="LinkedInIcon"></div></a><div class="tooltip-box__container"><button class="bookmark-icon bookmark__icon--true-white" aria-label="bookmark button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 312.746 312.746"><path d="M40.347 0v312.452l117.734-120.247 114.318 120.541V0H40.347z"></path></svg><span class="screen-reader-only">Bookmark this article</span></button></div></div><div class="redesign-article-end__share"><div class="share-button-with-popout"><button class="share-button b-reith-sans-font"><span class="gelicon--share"></span>Share</button></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><aside class="article__similar-articles"><div class="article__similar-articles--show"><div class="similar-articles-list b-reith-sans-font"><h3 class="similar-articles-list__header">Similar Articles</h3><div class="similar-articles-list__articles"><div class="similar-articles-list__articles-article"><div class="similar-articles-list__text"><a class="similar-articles-list__collection" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">worklife</a><div class="similar-articles-list__container"><span class="similar-articles-list__number">1</span><a class="similar-articles-list__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers">The woman building a house on Instagram</a></div></div></div><div class="similar-articles-list__articles-article"><div class="similar-articles-list__text"><a class="similar-articles-list__collection" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">worklife</a><div class="similar-articles-list__container"><span class="similar-articles-list__number">2</span><a class="similar-articles-list__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important">The secret to Instagram captions</a></div></div></div><div class="similar-articles-list__articles-article"><div class="similar-articles-list__text"><a class="similar-articles-list__collection" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">worklife</a><div class="similar-articles-list__container"><span class="similar-articles-list__number">3</span><a class="similar-articles-list__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube">The big business of virtual celebrities</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside></div></div></div></section></div></div><div class="around-the-bbc-swimlane"><div class="swimlane"><div class="swimlane-inner swimlane-inner--small"><div class="swimlane__content"><span class="swimlane__title b-reith-sans-font">Around the BBC</span><div class="swimlane__items"></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--atb" style="background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 100%), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06dkks1.jpg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover"></div></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"router":{"location":{"pathname":"\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","search":"","hash":"","state":undefined,"key":"h285h7"},"action":"POP"},"config":{"version":"rc-81.0","adsEnabled":false,"domain":"www.bbc.com","env":"live","clientApiUrl":"\u002Fdata","faqsUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffaqs","imageRecipe":{"recipePrefix":"live\u002F"},"analytics":{"ati":{"destination":"FEATURE_SITES_GNL","producer":"GNL_HOMEPAGE"},"chartbeat":{"uid":50924,"domain":"bbc.co.uk"}},"entityRouterProtocol":"https","swimlanes":true,"future":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Future","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_FUTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCFuture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbcfuture_official","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official"}},"facebookPageIds":"279678448760878"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"BBC Future Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp08gp0tv.jpg"},"future-planet":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0836dcl.jpg"},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.future","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"future"},"metaData":{"description":"You’ll find stories on BBC Future on almost every topic that matters: psychology, food, climate change, health, social trends, technology and more.","titleDefault":"BBC Future","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_FUTURE"}}},"worklife":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCWorklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCWorklife"},"instagram":{"username":"BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"}},"facebookPageIds":"133536249999517"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"image"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06dkks1.jpg"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.worklife","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"worklife"},"metaData":{"description":"The latest insight and advice from BBC Worklife: careers, milestones, leadership, personal finance, economy, future of work, wellness, professional life abroad - everything you need to upgrade yourself.","titleDefault":"BBC Worklife","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CAPITAL"}},"swimlanes":[{"id":"office-space","title":"Office Space","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp00sm03v.jpg"},{"id":"work-ethic","title":"Work Ethic","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06yflr4.jpg"}]},"culture":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_CULTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCCulture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCulture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbc_culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_culture"}},"facebookPageIds":"237388053065908"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"BBC Culture Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp08bmlwb.jpg","title":"Around the BBC background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.culture","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"culture"},"metaData":{"description":"Covering the latest in global arts and culture in all its forms, BBC Culture gives an international view of film and TV, books, art, music and style.","titleDefault":"BBC Culture","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CULTURE"}}},"moduleId":"worklife","isUk":false,"cacheExpiryMs":600000},"entities":{"authors":{"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c2303","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Chris Stokel-Walker","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-02-15T20:52:08.264729Z","entity":"author","guid":"24bb463d-1812-4b99-a3a9-a616e6fb81ca","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker","modifiedDateTime":"2019-02-15T20:52:08.264729Z","project":"worklife","slug":"chris-stokel-walker","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c1a84","assetImage":[],"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Bryan Lufkin","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"@bryan_lufkin","creationDateTime":"2017-06-21T19:26:43.557098Z","entity":"author","guid":"dd191c86-15a6-4d6b-9803-4a7abf5e6f01","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin","modifiedDateTime":"2020-03-12T23:47:36.061496Z","project":"worklife","slug":"bryan-lufkin","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fedd-gent":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fedd-gent","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c30d2","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Edd Gent","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-07-19T02:59:31.351637Z","entity":"author","guid":"e0bccd97-93e9-4b46-a1e1-0f148883a0bc","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fedd-gent","modifiedDateTime":"2019-07-19T02:59:31.351637Z","project":"worklife","slug":"edd-gent","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818904},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristian-jarrett":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristian-jarrett","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c23c1","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Christian Jarrett","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-12-19T18:12:59.751598Z","entity":"author","guid":"711955b4-fc45-4875-9a76-dca676de6c81","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristian-jarrett","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-19T18:12:59.751598Z","project":"worklife","slug":"christian-jarrett","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818905},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2456","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Christine Ro ","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-04-08T13:10:40.34141Z","entity":"author","guid":"add467f9-6d61-466a-9e44-c85bdc9c5316","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro","modifiedDateTime":"2019-04-08T13:10:40.34141Z","project":"worklife","slug":"christine-ro","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2561","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Mark Johanson","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"author","guid":"b12553b6-79cc-4829-b869-44dcde33211a","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"worklife","slug":"mark-johanson","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fian-leslie":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fian-leslie","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c23e7","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Ian Leslie","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-07-03T20:51:23.098263Z","entity":"author","guid":"0dabebc4-bf7b-4594-be6e-26c3345d87c6","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fian-leslie","modifiedDateTime":"2019-07-03T20:51:23.098263Z","project":"worklife","slug":"ian-leslie","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c2255","assetImage":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EMaddy Savage is a British journalist based in Stockholm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","email":"","links":null,"name":"Maddy Savage","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"@maddysavage","creationDateTime":"2015-11-24T13:58:54.488691Z","entity":"author","guid":"8d16c897-9b6e-4751-955e-bb80a2d9e179","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-18T17:17:20.620564Z","project":"worklife","slug":"maddy-savage","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmanyu-jiang":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmanyu-jiang","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c23b0","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Manyu Jiang","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-04-21T17:26:45.361063Z","entity":"author","guid":"4e3d8bc2-def9-477b-b7bd-b2bfc32a65ea","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmanyu-jiang","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-21T17:26:45.361063Z","project":"worklife","slug":"manyu-jiang","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fashifa-kassam":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fashifa-kassam","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2efb","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Ashifa Kassam ","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-08-19T13:38:09.533796Z","entity":"author","guid":"80f4386c-c47a-4443-b5ba-1bc60d877871","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fashifa-kassam","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-19T13:38:09.533796Z","project":"worklife","slug":"ashifa-kassam","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fanisa-purbasari-horton":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fanisa-purbasari-horton","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2ad7","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Anisa Purbasari Horton","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-02-12T15:14:09.665964Z","entity":"author","guid":"df63e92f-8652-49b7-b500-092631b32e65","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fanisa-purbasari-horton","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-12T15:14:09.665964Z","project":"worklife","slug":"anisa-purbasari-horton","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdamian-fowler":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdamian-fowler","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c289d","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Damian Fowler","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2018-02-05T05:10:56.514834Z","entity":"author","guid":"465ebfe4-160f-440f-b445-783190cbb31e","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdamian-fowler","modifiedDateTime":"2018-02-05T05:10:56.514834Z","project":"worklife","slug":"damian-fowler","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-mudditt":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-mudditt","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2a67","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Jessica Mudditt","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-05-14T13:09:55.098101Z","entity":"author","guid":"ec64aed0-307d-44f9-af03-9f35d8905b21","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-mudditt","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-14T13:09:55.098101Z","project":"worklife","slug":"jessica-mudditt","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"wwcapital\u002Fauthor\u002Feleonore-voisard":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:wwcapital\u002Fauthor\u002Feleonore-voisard","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c23b8","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Eleonore Voisard","primaryVertical":"wwcapital","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-05-01T14:30:08.745424Z","entity":"author","guid":"02d2cf97-c3f8-4159-9f25-581af9d3f8ec","id":"wwcapital\u002Fauthor\u002Feleonore-voisard","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-01T14:30:08.745424Z","project":"wwcapital","slug":"eleonore-voisard","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsally-meeson":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsally-meeson","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c2207","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Sally Meeson","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-09-09T16:52:27.645971Z","entity":"author","guid":"5904ad39-5efc-4999-b90c-4f1fc11effb3","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsally-meeson","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-09T16:52:27.645971Z","project":"worklife","slug":"sally-meeson","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvittoria-traverso":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvittoria-traverso","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c1d9d","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Vittoria Traverso","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-05-04T16:49:57.651763Z","entity":"author","guid":"6d0d4345-7c1d-4a1f-b538-70d4f7e65ca4","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvittoria-traverso","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-04T16:49:57.651763Z","project":"future","slug":"vittoria-traverso","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchermaine-lee":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchermaine-lee","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c2174","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Chermaine Lee","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-08-31T09:02:32.57081Z","entity":"author","guid":"0fa98988-23bf-448f-9c69-3bd864d4f5da","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchermaine-lee","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-31T09:02:32.57081Z","project":"worklife","slug":"chermaine-lee","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-jones":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-jones","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c29a8","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Jessica Jones","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2018-12-15T00:36:58.195973Z","entity":"author","guid":"08c51901-0782-4ebf-812e-81a800318062","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-jones","modifiedDateTime":"2018-12-15T00:36:58.195973Z","project":"worklife","slug":"jessica-jones","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsheryl-nance-nash":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsheryl-nance-nash","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c27a4","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Sheryl Nance-Nash","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-07-24T19:21:54.345331Z","entity":"author","guid":"1c4a58e8-9e1b-4d93-993a-3f31392fe070","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsheryl-nance-nash","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-24T19:21:54.345331Z","project":"worklife","slug":"sheryl-nance-nash","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Ffelice-klein-boise-state-university":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Ffelice-klein-boise-state-university","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c1de7","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Felice Klein, Boise State University ","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-08-06T19:33:44.557571Z","entity":"author","guid":"af3c9823-4fd1-4f37-b9cb-48d0f26ab448","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Ffelice-klein-boise-state-university","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-06T19:33:44.557571Z","project":"worklife","slug":"felice-klein-boise-state-university","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818928},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhetty-roessingh-university-of-calgary":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhetty-roessingh-university-of-calgary","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c22f7","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Hetty Roessingh, University of Calgary","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-09-10T19:54:53.594274Z","entity":"author","guid":"cd3314ef-50e9-48ac-85c5-c24072fd98e0","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhetty-roessingh-university-of-calgary","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-10T19:54:53.594274Z","project":"worklife","slug":"hetty-roessingh-university-of-calgary","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhilary-george-parkin":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhilary-george-parkin","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c2381","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Hilary George-Parkin","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-07-03T14:04:15.085657Z","entity":"author","guid":"7ce0b641-8695-48ae-b049-408ee7dc5b4b","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhilary-george-parkin","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-03T14:04:15.085657Z","project":"worklife","slug":"hilary-george-parkin","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931}},"collections":{"worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control","_id":"5f632a03fdd05dcd259c5795","adTargeting":"","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"premium-collection","description":"More than ever before, we’re working, living and staying connected with people in new and sometimes unsettling ways. Here’s how to make sense of what’s happening – and gain back some control through a period of unprecedented change.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":true,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Remote Control","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","theme":"#4ec5a5","title":"Remote Control","creationDateTime":"2020-04-15T19:22:39.022189Z","entity":"collection","guid":"9b6ca583-cac6-4970-9427-a7a3d214d2c1","id":"worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-27T02:47:14.938096Z","project":"worklife","slug":"premium-collection\u002Fremote-control","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fbeyond-the-9-to-5":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fbeyond-the-9-to-5","_id":"5f632a03fdd05dcd259c56bb","adTargeting":"Beyond the 9-to-5","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"premium-collection","description":"Leaps in technology and a fundamental shift in attitudes concerning working life have disrupted the way we work and communicate. BBC Worklife will explore how the traditional 9-5 style of work is being redefined today.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":true,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Beyond the 9-to-5","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","theme":"#fe7666","title":"Beyond the 9-to-5","creationDateTime":"2020-01-17T19:06:48.866867Z","entity":"collection","guid":"9490f665-c737-47ce-8a85-0122d3718812","id":"worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fbeyond-the-9-to-5","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-03T21:44:12.490807Z","project":"worklife","slug":"premium-collection\u002Fbeyond-the-9-to-5","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911}},"images":{"p08rkdnc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rkdnc","_id":"5f693f1dfdd05dcd253d409f","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":255140,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Fkd\u002Fp08rkdnc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Many influencers have diversified into selling merchandise to bolster their income","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rkdnc.jpg","title":"Influencersellingmerchandise Alamy2 ATNJTPx","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rkdnc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rkdnc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"p08rkdt8":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rkdt8","_id":"5f693f1dfdd05dcd253d40a5","copyright":"Sorted Food","fileSizeBytes":357997,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Fkd\u002Fp08rkdt8.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Sorted Food say their membership club gives them more freedom to make the kind of content their fans want","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Sorted Food)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rkdt8.jpg","title":"Sortedfoodfilmingx","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rkdt8","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rkdt8.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"p08rkcts":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rkcts","_id":"5f6a5ca8fdd05dcd25af50ee","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":407266,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Fkc\u002Fp08rkcts.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Four of the five on-screen members of Sorted Food","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rkcts.jpg","title":"Cheers Sorted Foodx","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rkcts","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rkcts.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"p07t6nqm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07t6nqm","_id":"5f68d75efdd05dcd25116143","copyright":"Kate Rumson","fileSizeBytes":596156,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7t\u002F6n\u002Fp07t6nqm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Rumson describes her new dream home as a crowdsourced house built by over 2 million people on Instagram (Credit: Kate Rumson)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Kate Rumson)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6nqm.jpg","title":"ighouse0.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07t6nqm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6nqm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07t6yx2":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07t6yx2","_id":"5f670932fdd05dcd250ed158","copyright":"Kate Rumson","fileSizeBytes":159607,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7t\u002F6y\u002Fp07t6yx2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Kate Rumson is the creator of The Real Houses of Instagram - now she's asking her 2+ million followers to help build her own house (Credit: Kate Rumson)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Kate Rumson)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6yx2.jpg","title":"kate.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07t6yx2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6yx2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07t6nny":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07t6nny","_id":"5f678996fdd05dcd255aeeaa","copyright":"BBC","fileSizeBytes":335417,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7t\u002F6n\u002Fp07t6nny.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Rumson giving a tour of the construction so far in her new home (Credit: BBC)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: BBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6nny.jpg","title":"ighouse3.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07t6nny","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6nny.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07t6w3d":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07t6w3d","_id":"5f632aa3fdd05dcd25a16052","copyright":"Architect Dan D’Agostino","fileSizeBytes":397236,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7t\u002F6w\u002Fp07t6w3d.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A rendering of what the finished home will look like - it's located in New Jersey about an hour south of New York City (Credit: Architect Dan D’Agostino)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Architect Dan D’Agostino)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6w3d.jpg","title":"ighouse8.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07t6w3d","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6w3d.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07t6nl8":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07t6nl8","_id":"5f6967f9fdd05dcd254bed93","copyright":"Architect Dan D’Agostino","fileSizeBytes":441508,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7t\u002F6n\u002Fp07t6nl8.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A rendering of what the finished home will look like - it's located in New Jersey about an hour south of New York City (Credit: Architect Dan D’Agostino)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Architect Dan D’Agostino)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6nl8.jpg","title":"ighouse9.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07t6nl8","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07t6nl8.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07vg6rk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07vg6rk","_id":"5f644d02fdd05dcd257fb331","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":460431,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7v\u002Fg6\u002Fp07vg6rk.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In a viral Instagram video, American hip-hop star Cardi B says it's the text parts of Instagram that are bad for mental health, not the number of 'likes' (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg6rk.jpg","title":"insta cardi b.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07vg6rk","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg6rk.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07vg76h":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07vg76h","_id":"5f641841fdd05dcd2552e03e","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":255390,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7v\u002Fg7\u002Fp07vg76h.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"This photo's caption urged viewers to 'like' it, in an efffort to become the most-liked image on Instagram — it did (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg76h.jpg","title":"insta world record egg.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07vg76h","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg76h.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07vg7gx":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07vg7gx","_id":"5f67653cfdd05dcd25440a12","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":308064,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7v\u002Fg7\u002Fp07vg7gx.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Queen Elizabeth's narrative-style caption accompanied her first-ever Instagram post in 2019: an old letter to Prince Albert (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg7gx.jpg","title":"insta captions royal family.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07vg7gx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg7gx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p07vg6hq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07vg6hq","_id":"5f640f54fdd05dcd254b9a6e","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":273420,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7v\u002Fg6\u002Fp07vg6hq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg6hq.jpg","title":"insta captions instagram silhouette.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07vg6hq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07vg6hq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"p06msqhr":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msqhr","_id":"5f68a258fdd05dcd25f97418","copyright":"A.I.Channel","fileSizeBytes":310923,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsq\u002Fp06msqhr.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Kizuna Ai is a virtual YouTuber who uploads videos like human vloggers do. She's now a spokeswoman for the Japan National Tourism Organization (Credit: A.I.Channel)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: A.I.Channel)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msqhr.jpg","title":"vtuber11.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msqhr","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msqhr.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msp20":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msp20","_id":"5f658efdfdd05dcd2540a773","copyright":"Ami Yamato","fileSizeBytes":736912,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsp\u002Fp06msp20.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Not all virtual YouTubers are based in Japan. Bilingual Ami Yamato \"lives\" in London and interacts in the non-virtual world (Credit: Ami Yamato)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Ami Yamato)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp20.jpg","title":"vtuber3.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msp20","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp20.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msp71":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msp71","_id":"5f689cadfdd05dcd25f6f1fb","copyright":"A.I.Channel","fileSizeBytes":469572,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1081,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsp\u002Fp06msp71.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Virtual YouTubers often collaborate in the same video with humans or other virtual YouTubers (Credit: A.I.Channel)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: A.I.Channel)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp71.jpg","title":"vtuber1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msp71","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp71.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msp55":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msp55","_id":"5f670ecffdd05dcd2511e7b8","copyright":"Barbie YouTube Channel","fileSizeBytes":637721,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsp\u002Fp06msp55.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Mattel's iconic Barbie character has been connecting with fans as a virtual YouTuber since 2015, before many Japanese VTubers became famous (Credit: Barbie YouTube Channel)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Barbie YouTube Channel)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp55.jpg","title":"vtuber2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msp55","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp55.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msncn":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msncn","_id":"5f68f75ffdd05dcd251fd29f","copyright":"IKinema","fileSizeBytes":356986,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsn\u002Fp06msncn.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Virtual avatars like VTubers come alive by mixing voice actor performances and body movements tracked with motion-capture technology (Credit: IKinema)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: IKinema)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msncn.jpg","title":"vtuber10.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msncn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msncn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msnxt":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msnxt","_id":"5f658efefdd05dcd2540a79a","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1351408,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsn\u002Fp06msnxt.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Japanese pop culture commands massive global interest, which is slowly increasing popularity in virtual YouTubers outside Japan (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msnxt.jpg","title":"vtuber7.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msnxt","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msnxt.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msngq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msngq","_id":"5f658efdfdd05dcd2540a77e","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":2489864,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsn\u002Fp06msngq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Akihabara, a neighbourhood in Tokyo, is the epicentre for Japan's anime and gaming culture that has spread all over the world and fueled VTuber popularity (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msngq.jpg","title":"vtuber9.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msngq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msngq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msnlt":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msnlt","_id":"5f658efdfdd05dcd2540a74a","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1732241,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsn\u002Fp06msnlt.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Cosplayers in Los Angeles at Anime Expo 2018. Companies funding VTubers hope the desire to cosplay mirrors a desire to create a virtual avatar of oneself (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msnlt.jpg","title":"vtuber8.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msnlt","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msnlt.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msp96":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msp96","_id":"5f670d9cfdd05dcd25113ac2","copyright":"A.I.Channel","fileSizeBytes":562302,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsp\u002Fp06msp96.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Kizuna Ai performs for fans at her birthday party in Tokyo in June (Credit: A.I.Channel)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: A.I.Channel)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp96.jpg","title":"vtuber4.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msp96","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msp96.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p06msn99":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06msn99","_id":"5f63aee5fdd05dcd25f928a7","copyright":"A.I.Channel","fileSizeBytes":594028,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6m\u002Fsn\u002Fp06msn99.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: A.I.Channel)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msn99.jpg","title":"vtuber6.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06msn99","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06msn99.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"p08s3rcj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08s3rcj","_id":"5f6a6422fdd05dcd25b2673c","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":459539,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8s\u002F3r\u002Fp08s3rcj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"While about 97% of legal work and 88% of jobs in business and finance could be done remotely, only 3% in transport and 1% in farming, fisheries and forestry could (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rcj.jpg","title":"F4ANCA.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08s3rcj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rcj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818905},"p08s3rgc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08s3rgc","_id":"5f6a6423fdd05dcd25b26742","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":570067,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8s\u002F3r\u002Fp08s3rgc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Less than 50% of the world has a computer at home, and only about 60% has access to the internet (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rgc.jpg","title":"DHPC7E.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08s3rgc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rgc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818905},"p08s3rhl":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08s3rhl","_id":"5f6a6423fdd05dcd25b26748","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":268587,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8s\u002F3r\u002Fp08s3rhl.jpg","sourceWidth":1916,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The jobs best suited to going remote were well-paid, white-collar occupations in big cities (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rhl.jpg","title":"2BG9HNJ.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08s3rhl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rhl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818905},"p08s3rkt":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08s3rkt","_id":"5f6a6423fdd05dcd25b26750","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":248980,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8s\u002F3r\u002Fp08s3rkt.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rkt.jpg","title":"2C7KJDW.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08s3rkt","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08s3rkt.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818905},"p08bl0g3":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08bl0g3","_id":"5f649322fdd05dcd25ade556","copyright":"Piero Zagami","fileSizeBytes":404672,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002Fl0\u002Fp08bl0g3.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Piero Zagami)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bl0g3.jpg","title":"Remote control promo 2","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08bl0g3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bl0g3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"p08fs8yk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fs8yk","_id":"5f691481fdd05dcd252c6a65","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":399774,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fs8\u002Fp08fs8yk.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"It’s much easier to work together remotely if you already know your colleagues and their working styles (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8yk.jpg","title":"table soccer BPBMK2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fs8yk","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8yk.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"p08fs8yc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fs8yc","_id":"5f6788aafdd05dcd255a3fad","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":375847,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fs8\u002Fp08fs8yc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"If you value chance meetings as a way to collaborate in person, you might have to schedule time for that online, as counter-intuitive as that seems (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8yc.jpg","title":"Colleagues looking at computer H8MT2A.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fs8yc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8yc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"p08fs8z3":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fs8z3","_id":"5f6af7d1fdd05dcd25e76b88","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":417836,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fs8\u002Fp08fs8z3.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Virtual teamwork seems to blunt the more extreme personality traits – this may be because working remotely requires more collaboration and compromise (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8z3.jpg","title":"Video screens theatre GettyImages-1213056795.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fs8z3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8z3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"p08fs8xh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08fs8xh","_id":"5f697650fdd05dcd255115bf","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":473549,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8f\u002Fs8\u002Fp08fs8xh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8xh.jpg","title":"Promo GettyImages-1211906122.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08fs8xh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08fs8xh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"p08pj4tj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj4tj","_id":"5f632aadfdd05dcd25a1b3bc","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":141131,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1077,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj4\u002Fp08pj4tj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Even those physically in the office should take calls on their own devices, so everyone is communicating in the same way, advises researcher Anita Williams Woolley (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj4tj.jpg","title":"2BT5P35.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj4tj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj4tj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"p08pj42f":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj42f","_id":"5f652d3cfdd05dcd250e97cb","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":203815,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj4\u002Fp08pj42f.jpg","sourceWidth":1914,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Under a hybrid model, a head office could have a disproportionate share of power, and office regulars will have the edge over home workers (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj42f.jpg","title":"2C6BKW5.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj42f","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj42f.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"p08pj3yg":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj3yg","_id":"5f672264fdd05dcd251c8bf0","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":197573,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj3\u002Fp08pj3yg.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"There are hidden inequalities in working from home, as workers with spotty internet or childcare duties may have a much harder time completing tasks (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj3yg.jpg","title":"2BR05PE.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj3yg","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj3yg.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"p08pj4v0":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj4v0","_id":"5f6a8940fdd05dcd25c003c3","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":194839,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj4\u002Fp08pj4v0.jpg","sourceWidth":1915,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj4v0.jpg","title":"2C6BKF0.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj4v0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj4v0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"p08pj31l":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj31l","_id":"5f68a559fdd05dcd25face94","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":471839,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj3\u002Fp08pj31l.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"With Bermuda's Work from Bermuda programme, remote workers can get a one-year residential certificate to work – and play – on the island (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj31l.jpg","title":"CFEYGX.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj31l","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj31l.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"p08pj8n8":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj8n8","_id":"5f69730efdd05dcd254fdf5b","copyright":"Sadie Millard","fileSizeBytes":926336,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj8\u002Fp08pj8n8.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Manhattan resident Sadie Millard is among the workers applying for a visa to stay in Bermuda for a year (Credit: Sadie Millard)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Sadie Millard)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj8n8.jpg","title":"image0.jpeg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj8n8","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj8n8.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"p08pj34c":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj34c","_id":"5f632aadfdd05dcd25a1b2d5","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":629108,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj3\u002Fp08pj34c.jpg","sourceWidth":1919,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Estonia's Digital Nomad Visa programme, which went into effect 1 August, was in the works before the coronavirus hit – and now may be even more desirable (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj34c.jpg","title":"C5XYRF.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj34c","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj34c.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"p08pj2z1":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj2z1","_id":"5f6b03acfdd05dcd25ebce1d","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":641935,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj2\u002Fp08pj2z1.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Beginning 24 July, Barbados implemented a Welcome Stamp plan to allow visitors to work from the Caribbean island for 12 months (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj2z1.jpg","title":"PGGD24.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj2z1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj2z1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"p08pj8l2":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj8l2","_id":"5f6aeac0fdd05dcd25e297c9","copyright":"Sadie Millard","fileSizeBytes":235859,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj8\u002Fp08pj8l2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Sadie Millard)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj8l2.jpg","title":"image2.jpeg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj8l2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj8l2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"p08rtg44":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rtg44","_id":"5f6827b2fdd05dcd25b91a27","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":945927,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Ftg\u002Fp08rtg44.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Spaces like museums or art galleries provide the material you need to create a \"shared reality\" with another person, which is what helps you both click (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rtg44.jpg","title":"people clicking crowd at art gallery.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rtg44","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rtg44.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"p08rtg89":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rtg89","_id":"5f6827b1fdd05dcd25b91a16","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1220392,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Ftg\u002Fp08rtg89.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Experts say it's not enough to have common interests with a date or new friend to click – shared reality theory is thought to play a bigger role (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rtg89.jpg","title":"people clicking friends sharing a drink.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rtg89","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rtg89.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"p08rtg3c":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rtg3c","_id":"5f6827b2fdd05dcd25b91a21","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1138841,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Ftg\u002Fp08rtg3c.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rtg3c.jpg","title":"people clicking couple on a date hero.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rtg3c","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rtg3c.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"p08g38qn":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g38qn","_id":"5f6386ecfdd05dcd25d4a5bf","copyright":"Amber, surname withheld","fileSizeBytes":297537,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F38\u002Fp08g38qn.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Amber says there are tensions in her friend groups as they attempt to hang out in a pre-vaccine world (Credit: Amber, surname withheld)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Amber, surname withheld)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38qn.jpg","title":"social distance Amber on a walk in Madrid.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g38qn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38qn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"p08g38m8":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g38m8","_id":"5f699e8bfdd05dcd255fe037","copyright":"Gravin Wolfe van Dernoot","fileSizeBytes":269174,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F38\u002Fp08g38m8.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"\"People are acting like for them, the pandemic is over,” says Gravin Wolfe van Dernoot, a student in the US state of Colorado (Credit: Gravin Wolfe van Dernoot)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Gravin Wolfe van Dernoot)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38m8.jpg","title":"social distance garvin pic.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g38m8","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38m8.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"p08g38yv":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g38yv","_id":"5f65a71ffdd05dcd254d1b62","copyright":"Jessica Pevzner","fileSizeBytes":167725,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F38\u002Fp08g38yv.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"\"Express that this is coming from a place of care and concern, as opposed to a moral high ground,\" says Miriam Kirmayer, a psychologist in Montreal (Credit: Jessica Pevzner)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Jessica Pevzner)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38yv.jpg","title":"social distance Miriam-Kirmayer-c.Jessica Pevzner.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g38yv","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38yv.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"p08g38l5":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08g38l5","_id":"5f632aadfdd05dcd25a1b420","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":286711,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8g\u002F38\u002Fp08g38l5.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38l5.jpg","title":"social distance bartender drinks.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08g38l5","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08g38l5.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"p08b3dk7":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08b3dk7","_id":"5f691609fdd05dcd252d0099","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1385919,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002F3d\u002Fp08b3dk7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A 2014 study found that delays on phone or conferencing systems shaped our views of people negatively (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08b3dk7.jpg","title":"zoom call outside GettyImages-1210057500.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08b3dk7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08b3dk7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"p08b3h47":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08b3h47","_id":"5f66524afdd05dcd25ab7f1a","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1138431,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002F3h\u002Fp08b3h47.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08b3h47.jpg","title":"kid watching the screen.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08b3h47","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08b3h47.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"p07sj8fm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07sj8fm","_id":"5f632aa3fdd05dcd25a16535","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":258021,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7s\u002Fj8\u002Fp07sj8fm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Personality tests may seem silly or, in some cases, daunting, but experts there’s more to them if you know how to use them properly (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj8fm.jpg","title":"personality-test-sheetRG65TC.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07sj8fm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj8fm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"p07sj8br":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07sj8br","_id":"5f67a769fdd05dcd256cddf5","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":401550,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7s\u002Fj8\u002Fp07sj8br.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"If little else personality tests can give you and your colleagues something to talk about – or help you guess the most outgoing person at the work holiday party (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj8br.jpg","title":"office-party-HG4PKY.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07sj8br","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj8br.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"p07sj88f":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07sj88f","_id":"5f68e26ffdd05dcd25167831","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":308142,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7s\u002Fj8\u002Fp07sj88f.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Personality tests are often used in interview settings, which, instead of being discriminatory, can actually be helpful tools for recruiters (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj88f.jpg","title":"interview-EXDTBJ.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07sj88f","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj88f.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"p07sj8j9":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07sj8j9","_id":"5f67e8a8fdd05dcd25936117","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":342403,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7s\u002Fj8\u002Fp07sj8j9.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj8j9.jpg","title":"team-at-table-FHHHAE.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07sj8j9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp07sj8j9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"p08rsvl1":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rsvl1","_id":"5f63d987fdd05dcd252072ed","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1421367,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Fsv\u002Fp08rsvl1.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Restaurant workers in Cape Town protesting alcohol restrictions during the pandemic (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rsvl1.jpg","title":"alcohol ban south africa protest.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rsvl1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rsvl1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818919},"p08rsvnc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rsvnc","_id":"5f63d987fdd05dcd252072d7","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1052780,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Fsv\u002Fp08rsvnc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The end of prohibition in the US in 1933. The banning of alcohol had actually led to more violence once an underground market emerged amid nationwide restrictions (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rsvnc.jpg","title":"alcohol ban end of US prohibition bar.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rsvnc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rsvnc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818919},"p08rsvcw":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08rsvcw","_id":"5f63d987fdd05dcd252072e2","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":2579169,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002Fsv\u002Fp08rsvcw.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rsvcw.jpg","title":"alcohol ban aisle supermarket HERO.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08rsvcw","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08rsvcw.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818919},"p08p1qwm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08p1qwm","_id":"5f67550cfdd05dcd253a1889","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":448942,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002F1q\u002Fp08p1qwm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Officials in Magaluf have explored various ways, including drafting in British police, to better manage the young tourists","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1qwm.jpg","title":"Magalufpolice Alamy F0 MPF8","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08p1qwm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1qwm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"p08p1r53":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08p1r53","_id":"5f6981e8fdd05dcd25555427","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":475564,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002F1r\u002Fp08p1r53.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Being a stag-do hot-spot comes with a downside, some Prague residents feel","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1r53.jpg","title":"Prague stag do Alamy GB1 N5 M","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08p1r53","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1r53.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"p08p1r9d":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08p1r9d","_id":"5f68ef21fdd05dcd251c02e0","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":470214,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002F1r\u002Fp08p1r9d.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Some local officials want to attract a new kind of tourist to enjoy Magaluf's natural beauty","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1r9d.jpg","title":"Magalufbeach Alamy2 C6 PF2 H","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08p1r9d","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1r9d.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"p08p1pyb":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08p1pyb","_id":"5f6afe3cfdd05dcd25e9e97c","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":498739,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002F1p\u002Fp08p1pyb.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"File image of young tourists in Magaluf's main strip","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1pyb.jpg","title":"Mainstrip Alamy E7 EAMP","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08p1pyb","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p1pyb.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"p08bqtmz":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08bqtmz","_id":"5f64e118fdd05dcd25e05b33","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":404123,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002Fqt\u002Fp08bqtmz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Birthday parties, like the one seen here in California this month, have largely taken to video chats as much of the planet shelters in place (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqtmz.jpg","title":"zoom social guide bday party.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08bqtmz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqtmz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"p08bqtrb":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08bqtrb","_id":"5f672e39fdd05dcd25237fb3","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":246713,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002Fqt\u002Fp08bqtrb.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A virtual dinner party in France last month. Experts say basic social etiquette transfers to this new era of socialising, too (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqtrb.jpg","title":"zoom social guide dinner party.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08bqtrb","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqtrb.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"p08bqttq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08bqttq","_id":"5f632aaafdd05dcd25a19a66","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":236684,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002Fqt\u002Fp08bqttq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Just as video calls for work have become the norm for many of us, so too have they now defined social interactions with friends and family (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqttq.jpg","title":"zoom social guide facetime.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08bqttq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqttq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"p08bqw9x":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08bqw9x","_id":"5f66e8acfdd05dcd25fd2910","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":781648,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1797,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002Fqw\u002Fp08bqw9x.jpg","sourceWidth":3195,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"From virtual happy hours with colleagues to wine nights with friends, most of us have taken all our social activities to Zoom (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqw9x.jpg","title":"zoom social etiquette wine.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08bqw9x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bqw9x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"p08px58r":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08px58r","_id":"5f683978fdd05dcd25c370b0","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":673181,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fx5\u002Fp08px58r.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Experts fear that the economic damage caused by Covid-19 could lead to long periods of underemployment for some","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08px58r.jpg","title":"Empty park avenue2 B7 R4 E2x","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08px58r","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08px58r.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"p08px5sk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08px5sk","_id":"5f675b26fdd05dcd253dada8","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":369011,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fx5\u002Fp08px5sk.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The impact on sectors like hospitality is being particularly hard, with a knock-on effect on jobs","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08px5sk.jpg","title":"Closed Alamy2 BBH0 GFx","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08px5sk","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08px5sk.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"p08px484":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08px484","_id":"5f65e66bfdd05dcd256eb353","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":407977,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fx4\u002Fp08px484.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Isaac Freeman","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08px484.jpg","title":"Isaac Freeman Copyright IF x","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08px484","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08px484.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"p087kp5k":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p087kp5k","_id":"5f632aa8fdd05dcd25a18ede","copyright":"NurPhoto\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":2453926,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F87\u002Fkp\u002Fp087kp5k.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: NurPhoto\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisMedium":"Paris is under lockdown during the coronavirus crisis (Credit: NurPhoto\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Paris is under lockdown during the coronavirus crisis","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087kp5k.jpg","title":"Paris is under lockdown during the coronavirus crisis","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p087kp5k","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087kp5k.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"p01cnqds":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p01cnqds","_id":"5f6424cdfdd05dcd255d8a69","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":1803309,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F1c\u002Fnq\u002Fp01cnqds.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Dean Treml\u002FRed Bull via Getty)","synopsisMedium":"Copenhagen Metro","synopsisShort":"Copenhagen Metro","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp01cnqds.jpg","title":"The Copenhagen Metro","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p01cnqds","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp01cnqds.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p087xznr":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p087xznr","_id":"5f648f68fdd05dcd25abd710","copyright":"Manyu Jiang","fileSizeBytes":189732,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F87\u002Fxz\u002Fp087xznr.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"As people lose jobs, and thus income and security and status, the psychological impact on those hurt by this economic crash can be immense. (Credit: Manyu Jiang)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Manyu Jiang)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xznr.jpg","title":"plot_Manyu.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p087xznr","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xznr.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p087xyl0":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p087xyl0","_id":"5f6649eefdd05dcd25a6d99f","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1066980,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F87\u002Fxy\u002Fp087xyl0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"US unemployment claims in the third week of March passed 3 million, a record-breaking number which far surpasses the previous high of 695,000 in 1982. (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xyl0.jpg","title":"store closed GettyImages-1214230849.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p087xyl0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xyl0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p087xyy0":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p087xyy0","_id":"5f658c9afdd05dcd253f5ae1","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1163370,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F87\u002Fxy\u002Fp087xyy0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The current crisis evokes bad memories of the 2008 recession, which was the largest economic upheaval in the United States since the Great Depression. (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xyy0.jpg","title":"delivery cyclists GettyImages-1208229247.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p087xyy0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xyy0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p087xcxs":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p087xcxs","_id":"5f640fb4fdd05dcd254be7ab","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":2010536,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F87\u002Fxc\u002Fp087xcxs.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xcxs.jpg","title":"closing store GettyImages-1208237468.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p087xcxs","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp087xcxs.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p08n1hb4":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08n1hb4","_id":"5f670d6afdd05dcd251124c9","copyright":"Jafery","fileSizeBytes":630869,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8n\u002F1h\u002Fp08n1hb4.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Reza Jafery, a 27-year-old professional working in cryptocurrency, says he chooses to work weekends and late nights nearly all of the time (Credit: Jafery)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Jafery)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1hb4.jpg","title":"productivity reza jafery.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08n1hb4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1hb4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p08n1mps":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08n1mps","_id":"5f679f30fdd05dcd2567c49d","copyright":"University of Texas at Dallas","fileSizeBytes":1043723,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8n\u002F1m\u002Fp08n1mps.jpg","sourceWidth":1025,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Cognitive neuroscientist Sandra Chapman says productivity addiction has the same brain effects as addictions to drugs, eating or shopping (Credit: University of Texas at Dallas)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: University of Texas at Dallas)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1mps.jpg","title":"productivity Chapman photo blue closeup.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08n1mps","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1mps.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p08n1m91":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08n1m91","_id":"5f688f4bfdd05dcd25f0c446","copyright":"Church","fileSizeBytes":723791,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1081,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8n\u002F1m\u002Fp08n1m91.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A self-described 'recovering productivity junkie’, Matthew Church, 24, went from 70-hour-workweeks to healthier, manageable schedules with the help of therapy (Credit: Church)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Church)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1m91.jpg","title":"productivity Church.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08n1m91","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1m91.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p08n1n1k":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08n1n1k","_id":"5f677f95fdd05dcd2554637d","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1241067,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8n\u002F1n\u002Fp08n1n1k.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1n1k.jpg","title":"productivity junkie hero.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08n1n1k","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08n1n1k.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"p08bmrrn":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08bmrrn","_id":"5f64a45dfdd05dcd25b810c5","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":1473633,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":4480,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8b\u002Fmr\u002Fp08bmrrn.jpg","sourceWidth":6720,"synopsisLong":"Alamy","synopsisMedium":"How to deal with uncertainty","synopsisShort":"How to deal with uncertainty","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bmrrn.jpg","title":"How to deal with uncertainty","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08bmrrn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08bmrrn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"p08c0n03":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08c0n03","_id":"5f666f67fdd05dcd25bcce31","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":954726,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002F0n\u002Fp08c0n03.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c0n03.jpg","title":"woman meditating - JN29YD.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08c0n03","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c0n03.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"p08qzkvg":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qzkvg","_id":"5f67577cfdd05dcd253b72f4","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":193588,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fzk\u002Fp08qzkvg.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Long days spent in front of video calls have prompted many – including men – to consider cosmetic surgery procedures (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzkvg.jpg","title":"2BC6BHK.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qzkvg","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzkvg.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"p08qzksf":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qzksf","_id":"5f66cab4fdd05dcd25ed742a","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":152544,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1081,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fzk\u002Fp08qzksf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"During lockdown, the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons says its doctors reported a 70% increase in requests for virtual consultations (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzksf.jpg","title":"2BGTY0X.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qzksf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzksf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"p08qzl3b":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qzl3b","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1be67","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":133457,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fzl\u002Fp08qzl3b.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Zoom Boom is driving interest in non-invasive facial procedures that correct lines caused by the facial expressions we notice on video calls (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzl3b.jpg","title":"2B8CXBF.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qzl3b","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzl3b.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"p08qzkwh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qzkwh","_id":"5f6a55c0fdd05dcd25ac8f8e","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":271078,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fzk\u002Fp08qzkwh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzkwh.jpg","title":"2CD8PX7.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qzkwh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qzkwh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"p08l222w":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08l222w","_id":"5f6578fcfdd05dcd2535beeb","copyright":"Stephanie Manns","fileSizeBytes":294402,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002F22\u002Fp08l222w.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Stephanie Manns was one of many to try out video dating during the long weeks of lockdown","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Stephanie Manns)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l222w.jpg","title":"Stephanie Manns","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08l222w","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l222w.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"p08l22bg":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08l22bg","_id":"5f632aadfdd05dcd25a1b1e5","copyright":"Nyana Ficot","fileSizeBytes":367549,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002F22\u002Fp08l22bg.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Nyana Ficot had a good experience with video dating, even though it didn't result in a serious relationship after lockdown","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Nyana Ficot)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l22bg.jpg","title":"Nyana Ficot","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08l22bg","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l22bg.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"p08l9315":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08l9315","_id":"5f682c68fdd05dcd25bbbb2f","copyright":"Jai Andrews and Karen Mendoza","fileSizeBytes":491833,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002F93\u002Fp08l9315.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Jai Andrews and Karen Mendoza)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l9315.jpg","title":"Jai and karen 2","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08l9315","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l9315.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"p08l22nh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08l22nh","_id":"5f632aadfdd05dcd25a1b239","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":280533,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002F22\u002Fp08l22nh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Post-lockdown video dating could serve as screening, a money-saving way to meet or a quick catch up for busy people, experts say","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l22nh.jpg","title":"Coupledating Alamy2 BNXBBC","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08l22nh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l22nh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"p08l22f9":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08l22f9","_id":"5f68fea1fdd05dcd252308b9","copyright":"Jai Andrews and Karen Mendoza","fileSizeBytes":391703,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002F22\u002Fp08l22f9.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Jai Andrews and Karen Mendoza now plan to make a long-distance relationship work, after meeting via video chat","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Jai Andrews and Karen Mendoza)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l22f9.jpg","title":"Jai Andrews and Karen Mendoza","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08l22f9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08l22f9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"p088xw6r":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p088xw6r","_id":"5f653ba7fdd05dcd2516722a","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":282336,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F88\u002Fxw\u002Fp088xw6r.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A man in Italy chatting on a WhatsApp video call with his grandfather in March. Lighting and angle are key ways to look great on a video call (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xw6r.jpg","title":"look good on zoom facetime.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p088xw6r","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xw6r.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p088xwwj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p088xwwj","_id":"5f672bcffdd05dcd2521f41f","copyright":"Susan Yara","fileSizeBytes":172656,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F88\u002Fxw\u002Fp088xwwj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A former TV reporter and now a popular YouTuber who runs a digital production company, Susan Yara emphasies using natural light and minimising distractions (Credit: Susan Yara)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Susan Yara)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xwwj.jpg","title":"look good on zoom yara.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p088xwwj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xwwj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p088xw56":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p088xw56","_id":"5f698b01fdd05dcd2558a421","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":460817,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F88\u002Fxw\u002Fp088xw56.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"G20 leaders hold a video conference in March. From politics to business to happy hour, video chats are now how many of us communicate all day, each day (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xw56.jpg","title":"look good on zoom world leaders.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p088xw56","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xw56.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p088xw0n":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p088xw0n","_id":"5f632aa8fdd05dcd25a18ad1","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":320845,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F88\u002Fxw\u002Fp088xw0n.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A teacher in the US state of Virginia leads a class over video chat app Zoom amid the pandemic on 1 April (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xw0n.jpg","title":"look good on zoom teacher class.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p088xw0n","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp088xw0n.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p08qymyd":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qymyd","_id":"5f67b584fdd05dcd257561d9","copyright":"Studio 5•5","fileSizeBytes":2053160,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1142,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fym\u002Fp08qymyd.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The wave-shaped markers in Paris are a nod to the city’s motto “Fluctuat net mergitur”, or “floating but not sinking” (Credit: Studio 5•5)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Studio 5•5)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qymyd.jpg","title":"PAris4_©Studio 5•5.JPG","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qymyd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qymyd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p08qymcz":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qymcz","_id":"5f658a3cfdd05dcd253e5517","copyright":"Francesco Noferini, Caret Studio","fileSizeBytes":1883901,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fym\u002Fp08qymcz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The cobblestones of Piazza Giotto in Tuscany have been marked to create a social distancing grid (Credit: Francesco Noferini, Caret Studio)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Francesco Noferini, Caret Studio)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qymcz.jpg","title":"Caret_Studio_Vicchio_Tuscany_By Francesco Noferini © Caret Studio.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qymcz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qymcz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p08qywtp":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qywtp","_id":"5f6801a0fdd05dcd25a256dd","copyright":"Berny Tan","fileSizeBytes":795327,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fyw\u002Fp08qywtp.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"On her Instagram account @tape_measures, Berny Tan has been documenting citizen-made signs, such as these in Singapore (Credit: Berny Tan)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Berny Tan)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qywtp.jpg","title":"Singapore_Star_Vista_Berny Tan via @tape_measures on Instagram.jpeg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qywtp","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qywtp.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p08qymjq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qymjq","_id":"5f64b715fdd05dcd25c41da6","copyright":"Lukasz Kotynski","fileSizeBytes":921647,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fym\u002Fp08qymjq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Architect Ada Kotyńska of art gallery Galeria EL in Elblag, Poland, mowed the gallery’s garden into a checkerboard pattern to promote distancing (Credit: Lukasz Kotynski)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Lukasz Kotynski)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qymjq.jpg","title":"ArtGAllery_EL_Elblag_Poland_ Lukasz_Kotynski.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qymjq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qymjq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p08qywlf":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qywlf","_id":"5f67a059fdd05dcd25687871","copyright":"Marcella Winograd","fileSizeBytes":613511,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fyw\u002Fp08qywlf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In New York City's Domino Park, visitors have taken to setting up inside the white circles to socially distance (Credit: Marcella Winograd)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Marcella Winograd)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qywlf.jpg","title":"NYC_Domino_Park2_Marcella_Winograd.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qywlf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qywlf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"p08qyx2b":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qyx2b","_id":"5f6687affdd05dcd25ca6cd7","copyright":"Caret Studio","fileSizeBytes":1624533,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fyx\u002Fp08qyx2b.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In collaboration with Forte Design, Florence-based Caret Studio's has created a free and easy-to-assemble kit for standardised social-distance markers (Credit: Caret Studio)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Caret Studio)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qyx2b.jpg","title":"Proximity_Caret_Studio_© Caret Studio.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qyx2b","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qyx2b.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08qywls":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08qywls","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1ba79","copyright":"Marcella Winograd","fileSizeBytes":643659,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1125,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fyw\u002Fp08qywls.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Marcella Winograd)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qywls.jpg","title":"NYC_Domino_Park_Marcella_Winograd.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08qywls","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qywls.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08q34b9":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08q34b9","_id":"5f689da8fdd05dcd25f768cf","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":650956,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F34\u002Fp08q34b9.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A decision to ban in-restaurant dining to curb the spread of Covid-19 had to be quickly reversed when it emerged outdoor workers had nowhere else to go (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Construction workers eating","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34b9.jpg","title":"2C9NGPA.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08q34b9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34b9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08q34ws":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08q34ws","_id":"5f6aff3cfdd05dcd25ea4874","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":843837,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F34\u002Fp08q34ws.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The many malls occupying commercial space has seen Hong Kong dubbed a 'shopper's paradise' (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Hong Kong malls","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34ws.jpg","title":"KW3M1E.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08q34ws","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34ws.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08q340b":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08q340b","_id":"5f6806ecfdd05dcd25a5a1e1","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":659947,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F34\u002Fp08q340b.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong gather in the Central district on their weekly day off (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q340b.jpg","title":"2C4XWWJ.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08q340b","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q340b.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08q34dw":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08q34dw","_id":"5f67745cfdd05dcd254d67ea","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":389748,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F34\u002Fp08q34dw.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Experts emphasise the importance of public spaces for 'placemaking' as well as promoting good mental health (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"tai-chi in the park","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34dw.jpg","title":"CBD7R5.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08q34dw","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34dw.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08q34vn":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08q34vn","_id":"5f6ae546fdd05dcd25e0b5c4","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1064720,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F34\u002Fp08q34vn.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Although 40% of Hong Kong is made up of green spaces, accessability can be an issue for those living in the densely populated areas (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Hiking in Hong Kong","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34vn.jpg","title":"JMBPF7.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08q34vn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34vn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08q34nc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08q34nc","_id":"5f66d392fdd05dcd25f26c4f","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1792557,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F34\u002Fp08q34nc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Hong Kong is home to 7.5 million people most of whom live on just a quarter of the land (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Buildings in HK","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34nc.jpg","title":"HERJ08.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08q34nc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q34nc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08q3brh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08q3brh","_id":"5f66caecfdd05dcd25ed9238","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":516568,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F3b\u002Fp08q3brh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Dining in restaurants gave workers some much needed respite from extreme heat or rain (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"workers eating","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q3brh.jpg","title":"2CBWWFM.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08q3brh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q3brh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08pb1br":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pb1br","_id":"5f655ff0fdd05dcd2528e455","copyright":"Reyaz Limalia","fileSizeBytes":3139760,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2854,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fb1\u002Fp08pb1br.jpg","sourceWidth":5073,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In Gloucester, members of the Fair Shares time bank made food parcels for those hardest-hit by the crisis (Credit: Reyaz Limalia)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Reyaz Limalia)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb1br.jpg","title":"_S5D7379 crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pb1br","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb1br.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08pj1yx":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pj1yx","_id":"5f638ef3fdd05dcd25dbe281","copyright":"Marlene Dutta","fileSizeBytes":243354,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1278,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fj1\u002Fp08pj1yx.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"More than 20% of Fiji's population has joined the Barter for a Better Fiji group to trade goods (Credit: Marlene Dutta)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Marlene Dutta)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj1yx.jpg","title":"fiji-credit-marlene-dutta.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pj1yx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pj1yx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08pb2cg":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pb2cg","_id":"5f69eba5fdd05dcd257f1619","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":3680963,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3631,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fb2\u002Fp08pb2cg.jpg","sourceWidth":6455,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Members of time banks offer and receive services such as music lessons, painting services or language instruction (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb2cg.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1215092579crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pb2cg","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb2cg.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08pb2tm":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pb2tm","_id":"5f66f2b7fdd05dcd250277e5","copyright":"Reyaz Limalia","fileSizeBytes":2968794,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2755,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fb2\u002Fp08pb2tm.jpg","sourceWidth":4898,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Bartering meals is a popular option for those who don't have the time or energy to cook (Credit: Reyaz Limalia)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Reyaz Limalia)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb2tm.jpg","title":"_S5D7888crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pb2tm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb2tm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08pb21y":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pb21y","_id":"5f661213fdd05dcd25871d29","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":4143962,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3069,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fb2\u002Fp08pb21y.jpg","sourceWidth":5456,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The most popular barter items have been hard-to-find groceries like flour, yeast and eggs as well as baby wipes, disinfecting spray and masks (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb21y.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1214185739crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pb21y","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pb21y.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"p08pnxxl":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pnxxl","_id":"5f6a2b1dfdd05dcd259b06a9","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":383562,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fnx\u002Fp08pnxxl.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Black Lives Matter protests around the world have sparked many companies to quickly create diversity, equity and inclusion programmes (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnxxl.jpg","title":"GD0R3R.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pnxxl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnxxl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"p08pnykz":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pnykz","_id":"5f6a2b1dfdd05dcd259b06a3","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":285194,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fny\u002Fp08pnykz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Workers of colour are often volunteered to draft diversity programme strategies – in many cases without extra compensation or recognition (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnykz.jpg","title":"S2RM9J (1).jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pnykz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnykz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"p08pnyc8":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pnyc8","_id":"5f6a2b1dfdd05dcd259b069d","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":203043,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fny\u002Fp08pnyc8.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"It can be incredibly taxing to take on the burden of leading diversity initiatives, as these employees shoulder expectations of both bosses and colleagues (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnyc8.jpg","title":"T5NKG7.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pnyc8","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnyc8.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"p08pnxn4":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pnxn4","_id":"5f6a2b1dfdd05dcd259b0697","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":285664,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fnx\u002Fp08pnxn4.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnxn4.jpg","title":"EH864T.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pnxn4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnxn4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"p08ls6n3":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ls6n3","_id":"5f657b5cfdd05dcd2536f1e0","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":450851,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002Fs6\u002Fp08ls6n3.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"CEOs who are women of colour are still rare. Xerox's Ursula Burns was the only black, female CEO of a Fortune 500 firm, who left the company in 2016 (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ls6n3.jpg","title":"imposter syndrome xerox ceo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ls6n3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ls6n3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"p08ls6rh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ls6rh","_id":"5f688f55fdd05dcd25f0c9a2","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":452900,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002Fs6\u002Fp08ls6rh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Though society is changing, girls are often conditioned to think that they shouldn't go into maths or science, which can manifest as imposter syndrome in adulthood (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ls6rh.jpg","title":"imposter syndrome girls stem.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ls6rh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ls6rh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"p08ls6f8":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08ls6f8","_id":"5f673b35fdd05dcd252ac39f","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":385061,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8l\u002Fs6\u002Fp08ls6f8.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ls6f8.jpg","title":"imposter syndrome hero.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08ls6f8","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08ls6f8.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"p08my3l6":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08my3l6","_id":"5f65c99dfdd05dcd255f5c29","copyright":"Klein, Hill, Hammond, and Stice-Lusvardi","fileSizeBytes":379671,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8m\u002Fy3\u002Fp08my3l6.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The researchers' findings reveal that, all other things being equal, candidates with gender-typical female names were given fewer equity-based awards based on retention","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Klein, Hill, Hammond, and Stice-Lusvardi)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08my3l6.jpg","title":"gender gap chart.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08my3l6","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08my3l6.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818928},"p08mz0w4":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08mz0w4","_id":"5f6338fdfdd05dcd25a43b29","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1225731,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8m\u002Fz0\u002Fp08mz0w4.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mz0w4.jpg","title":"gender pay gap dolls on coins.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08mz0w4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mz0w4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818928},"p08nx6s5":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08nx6s5","_id":"5f638b34fdd05dcd25d872aa","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1438617,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8n\u002Fx6\u002Fp08nx6s5.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Outdoor advertising deepens inequalities in locations where it's more prevalent, experts say - like how fast food makes poorer people less healthy (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08nx6s5.jpg","title":"ads mcdonald's billboard.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08nx6s5","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08nx6s5.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"p08nx6nk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08nx6nk","_id":"5f68b6adfdd05dcd250322b6","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1831535,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8n\u002Fx6\u002Fp08nx6nk.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Regulation that cracked down on tobacco adverts was a long fight, but some public health experts think that the fight to regulate junk food ads will be even harder (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08nx6nk.jpg","title":"ads cigarette ad.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08nx6nk","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08nx6nk.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"p08nx6pb":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08nx6pb","_id":"5f662858fdd05dcd2593e611","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1812739,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8n\u002Fx6\u002Fp08nx6pb.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Junk food adverts across public transport networks in London were banned last year - foods high in sugar and fat are especially common in low-income, urban areas (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08nx6pb.jpg","title":"ads coke ad on bus stop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08nx6pb","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08nx6pb.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"p08p37cl":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08p37cl","_id":"5f632aadfdd05dcd25a1b47f","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":2020000,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002F37\u002Fp08p37cl.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p37cl.jpg","title":"advert hero.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08p37cl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08p37cl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"p08r3nx0":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08r3nx0","_id":"5f665be7fdd05dcd25b14c7d","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1247923,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002F3n\u002Fp08r3nx0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Experts say taking notes by hand engages your brain in different ways, makes you interact with the material in different ways, and overall, deepens understanding (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08r3nx0.jpg","title":"note-taking girl at school.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08r3nx0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08r3nx0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08r3pc2":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08r3pc2","_id":"5f68eb53fdd05dcd251a4da0","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1498144,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002F3p\u002Fp08r3pc2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Note-taking by hand also allows you to be more detailed, original and observational in how you document information, experts say (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08r3pc2.jpg","title":"note-taking woman on couch.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08r3pc2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08r3pc2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08r3nt1":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08r3nt1","_id":"5f68f4a4fdd05dcd251e7c46","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1164199,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8r\u002F3n\u002Fp08r3nt1.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08r3nt1.jpg","title":"note-taking man at computer.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08r3nt1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08r3nt1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p03gtb7m":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p03gtb7m","_id":"5f632a60fdd05dcd259f3ca3","copyright":"The Conversation","fileSizeBytes":22782,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":549,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F3g\u002Ftb\u002Fp03gtb7m.jpg","sourceWidth":976,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: The Conversation)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp03gtb7m.jpg","title":"conversation_logo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p03gtb7m","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp03gtb7m.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08c80bq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08c80bq","_id":"5f68a818fdd05dcd25fc19e2","copyright":"Alamy\u002FBBC","fileSizeBytes":1712773,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002F80\u002Fp08c80bq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"\"Fitness\" as a concept is less than 200 years old, and early portable exercise equipment in Victorian England was only used by the rich (Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c80bq.jpg","title":"book_alamy_wellcome_collection.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08c80bq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c80bq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08c7zcy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08c7zcy","_id":"5f64e505fdd05dcd25e2e5bd","copyright":"Alamy\u002FBBC","fileSizeBytes":1515313,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002F7z\u002Fp08c7zcy.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Starting in the 1950s, home fitness was originally a pastime geared toward housewives as part of a beauty routine (Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c7zcy.jpg","title":"50S_getty_alamyee222.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08c7zcy","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c7zcy.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08c80n2":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08c80n2","_id":"5f66a2c1fdd05dcd25d8d864","copyright":"Alamy\u002FBBC","fileSizeBytes":622506,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002F80\u002Fp08c80n2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The rise of the VHS and Jane Fonda's workout tapes fueled a revolution, leading to TV fitness personalities and buy-at-home gadgets like the Thighmaster (Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c80n2.jpg","title":"vhs_ane_alamy2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08c80n2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c80n2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08c80rx":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08c80rx","_id":"5f663819fdd05dcd259cd693","copyright":"Alamy\u002FBBC","fileSizeBytes":1587515,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002F80\u002Fp08c80rx.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Before Covid-19, the fitness and \"wellness\" industries seeped into our tech, fashion and mental health pursuits. But in quarantine, home fitness is the focus (Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c80rx.jpg","title":"smart_phone_alamy2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08c80rx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c80rx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08c7yy7":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08c7yy7","_id":"5f6517d5fdd05dcd2502579d","copyright":"Alamy\u002FBBC","fileSizeBytes":1648154,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002F7y\u002Fp08c7yy7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy\u002FBBC)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c7yy7.jpg","title":"hero_fiitness_getty_alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08c7yy7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08c7yy7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"p08pm0hn":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pm0hn","_id":"5f63fc21fdd05dcd253c40d9","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":535723,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fm0\u002Fp08pm0hn.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The high-rise buildings on Toronto's Bay Street that usually bustle with thousands of workers now sit mostly empty – meaning few customers for the shops below (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0hn.jpg","title":"C3NGG8.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pm0hn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0hn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"p08pm0s3":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pm0s3","_id":"5f6985c5fdd05dcd2556b1a4","copyright":"Hilary George-Parkin","fileSizeBytes":647253,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fm0\u002Fp08pm0s3.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The underground network of shops along Toronto's PATH are suffering as foot traffic from the office buildings above has all but disappeared (Credit: Hilary George-Parkin)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Hilary George-Parkin)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0s3.jpg","title":"path-1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pm0s3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0s3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"p08pm0w3":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pm0w3","_id":"5f66c950fdd05dcd25ecbfa8","copyright":"Hilary George-Parkin","fileSizeBytes":496876,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fm0\u002Fp08pm0w3.jpg","sourceWidth":1021,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Andre Vassi has seen his sales at high-end clothing shop Vassi plummet by 90% since reopening in June (Credit: Hilary George-Parkin)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Hilary George-Parkin)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0w3.jpg","title":"vassi-1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pm0w3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0w3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"p08pnq13":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pnq13","_id":"5f6822e4fdd05dcd25b67f08","copyright":"Hilary George-Parkin","fileSizeBytes":624467,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fnq\u002Fp08pnq13.jpg","sourceWidth":1919,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Even though lockdown restrictions have relaxed, the PATH halls are nearly empty as there are no Bay Street workers to do their errands or grab lunch (Credit: Hilary George-Parkin)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Hilary George-Parkin)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnq13.jpg","title":"path-3.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pnq13","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pnq13.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"p08pm0tf":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08pm0tf","_id":"5f654093fdd05dcd2518fb9c","copyright":"Hilary George-Parkin","fileSizeBytes":1546051,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8p\u002Fm0\u002Fp08pm0tf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Hilary George-Parkin)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0tf.jpg","title":"vassi-2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08pm0tf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08pm0tf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931}},"articles":{"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2aeb","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"When social media personality Kate Rumson decided to build a new home, she enlisted the help of millions of people: her followers on Instagram.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI am walking around the wooden frame of a five bedroom, five-and-a-half bathroom house that’s being raised in a secluded New Jersey township near New York City. Surrounding the site are bundles of nails, stacks of wood, and ladders for the construction crew. But the builders aren’t the only ones constructing this 4400-sq-ft (409-sq-m) house: more than two million people around the world can have their say on how it will look, feel and function.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s being built by Kate Rumson, an Instagram influencer who runs the account The Houses of Instagram, a curated collection of photos of beautiful homes and interior design. When the 35-year-old decided to build a new house last year, she decided to ask her fans to help – letting them decide things like the type of roof shingles, all the way to major structural designs. She describes the project as “a crowdsourced home created by two million people” that she hopes to complete within 18 months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Instagram posts, she asks her fans to vote on different options (for example, whether the kitchen sink should be in an island or under the window). Whichever gets the most votes, Rumson will use. For the past year-and-a-half, she has posted about each step of the build on her personal Instagram page, from planning to excavating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It will play out on Instagram,” Rumson says. “From start to finish.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It will play out on Instagram, from start to finish - Rumson","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe followers have already made major decisions for her, like deciding the property should have a three-car garage instead of a two-car garage, which led to a redesign of the entire house. Granted, with each vote, it’s a choice between a few things she’ll like no matter what – her followers can’t sabotage the home with shag carpeting or leopard-print loveseats, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s the larger-scale extension of a similar project Rumson completed last year, when she renovated her townhouse, also in New Jersey, enabling her followers to choose details including lighting fixtures, the kitchen backsplash and furniture. She’d let people vote and then post pictures of the winning choice, and says her fans went crazy for it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInfluencers depend on not just their number of followers, but also how engaged and active they are, which is what piques the interest of brands. What better way to engage followers than asking them to help you navigate a major life milestone like building a home?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07t6nqm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwo million cooks in the kitchen\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs an influencer, Rumson earns money by working long-term with brands who want to reach her significant audience, through projects like product design or hosting events.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost of her funds come from brand ambassadorships with home décor and improvement companies, who are looking for big reach but looking for something cheaper than magazine or TV adverts, which is common with influencers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor this project, Rumson is partnering with a long list of major brands who will supply flooring, cabinets, appliances and more. She might, for example, ask for votes between two rugs from the same rug company, or a choice of doors from Masonite. Rumson says around 25% of the materials for the new home come from brands she partners with.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERumson says she isn’t making money from this project specifically – she was planning on building a new home anyway, and her business extends well beyond Instagram posts to things like product design, photoshoot styling, and hosting new product launches. Because her contracts are long-term, some of the services will be tied to the house but not all of them, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, Rumson hopes to create a step-by-step guide to building a house that will work as a resource for anyone wanting to build a home. Her Instagram feeds show high-production, time-lapse drone footage of land being cleared, construction crews laying foundations, as Rumson’s voice narrates: “In this video, I’ll share how we built our poured-concrete basement foundation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s hunger for this kind of thing on social media – it’s “an intense content journey,” says Mae Karwowski, CEO of Obviously, a social media agency in New York. Buying and building a home brings a “learning curve, headaches, and costs are too much. So we go for the next best thing – watch others do it on Instagram.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07t6yx2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYuval Ben-Itzhak, CEO of SocialBakers, a Prague-based social media marketing company, says “home influencers” get high engagement on the highly visual platform of Instagram, which is also attributed to “a combination of relevance – most of us have a home – and the real-time inspiration it provides.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome estimates put the US home décor market to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alliedmarketresearch.com\u002Fhome-decor-furnishing-market\"\u003Ebe worth $660 billion by next year.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E And this kind of content has been popular long before Instagram. The US home and garden television network HGTV, with its house-hunting and home-building programmes, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Flifestyle\u002Fstyle\u002Ffor-20-years-house-hunters-has-been-reliable-reality-tv-for-millennials-it-feels-more-like-a-fantasy\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F26\u002Ff054f768-d33c-11e9-9610-fb56c5522e1c_story.html\"\u003Eis wildly popular\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as are reality shows like The Apartment, a phenomenon in Asia in which contestants compete to decorate a luxury flat and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.netflix.com\u002Ftitle\u002F80989867\"\u003Ehas just been released on Netflix\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite the templatised success of many of these shows, Rumson actually hopes the more straightforward, educational nature of her Instagram project will be an antidote to the manufactured drama of reality TV. Once the house is complete, she wants it to function as a living resource for all future homeowners – not something that’s just “shaky Instagram Stories, but professional videos,” for every step from plotting a site to framing to decorating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I want it to be something that people reference for many years to come: ‘How did Kate do this foundation? I remember her saying something – let me go back and re-watch it.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Experts say 'home influencers' see engagement that’s higher than other categories of social media personalities","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDesign tendencies\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERumson came to Instagram fame on a windy path: she spent a decade in finance, and also did construction and renovation at night and on weekends for private clients. She didn’t like her day job of as an advisor at an investment banking company. But she loved every aspect of her side gig, from designing a home, building it, decorating it and everything in between.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2013 she made a habit of taking screenshots on her phone of design inspiration she’d find around the internet. She says at that time, the only social media account she had was Facebook, and that she didn’t use Pinterest. Eventually, she ran out of space on her phone with all those pics, so she opened an Instagram account to store the extras. On a whim, she started posting them on an anonymous Instagram account: The Real Houses of Instagram, a riff on the popular American reality franchise, The Real Housewives. She suddenly found herself amassing tens of thousands of followers because she was one of the first to post popular home-décor content.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore long, household brands were reaching out to try and partner with Rumson for business opportunities. Companies messaged her asking for contact info and where she was based, but she was still anonymous, because she was more interested in being a behind-the-scenes curator of eye-catching images.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07t6nny"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen she finally hit 700,000 followers and started working with a sponsor, she revealed her identity, which she said was “the most nerve-wracking moment of my life.” She decided to quit her full-time career in finance – her mum cried when Rumson told her, she says. But “once I learned brands paid to advertise and market [with influencers], I realised there is a future here,” says Rumson, who sought to structure her own business model after the conventional magazine advert format: working with brands long term to reach big audiences, not just sell one-off sponsored Instagram posts like many influencers do. “I’m learning there are people making millions of dollars. My mind [was] blown.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea to involve her followers for a real-life build came a few years ago when she was still decorating for private clients. In one house, Rumson was torn between two wallpapers for their powder room. So she whipped out a quick post on Instagram and asked her fans to pick for her. “My client got this universally appealing powder room, my followers got to participate, I got this feedback – I thought it was so cool,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESocialBakers’ Ben-Itzhak says it’s a smart move: “Polls encourage interaction and people are keen to take part because they are curious about the result and how their opinion fares against others.” And for influencers, user engagement is what builds active communities, which are what brands covet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07t6w3d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EExperts say “home influencers” see engagement that’s higher than other categories of social media personalities, possibly due to the visual nature and relatability of their posts. “Home and design influencers are some of the OGs on the scene,” says Karwowski. (Rumson started posting anonymously to Instagram back in 2013, when the app was still somewhat new.) “Most started with blogs a decade ago and built really strong, engaged communities that followed them to other platforms like Instagram and Pinterest. [Their] high average engagement rate of 4.6% is impressive, and their average follower count is about 39,000, which is also high.” That means if you have 100,00 followers, Karwowski says, 4,600 of them engaged with the post, and she says overall average is around 2%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat initial polling experiment is what led to Rumson crowdsourcing her own townhouse renovation. Then the brands started contacting her – which then led to her current crowdsourcing, house-building project. She may have a bevy of sponsors and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190307-the-hidden-armies-that-power-the-internets-new-stars\"\u003Ea full team behind her \u003C\u002Fa\u003E(including a videographer and an agent) but such an ambitious project is still a lot of work. And, like all influencers, the infrastructure she’s built to complete the project (and pay her own bills) is ultimately tied to a platform she doesn’t even own or control: Instagram.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s personal, and it’s business – I’m nervous all the time. I don’t sleep,” she laughs. “We’re building a house in real-time.” And yet, the former finance professional – who at first avoided the internet spotlight – says she eventually came around to the roller-coaster career of being an influencer. And to making her followers her real estate consultants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If I take a step back, ‘this is why people follow me, this is what they value’ – if I can just continue sharing more of it, and I really enjoy doing it, there is a business model here.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Worklife's features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The house built by 2 million Instagram followers","headlineShort":"The woman building a house on Instagram","image":["p07t6nl8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07t6yx2"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"When social media personality Kate Rumson decided to build a new home, she enlisted help from a surprising group of consultants: her millions of Instagram fans.","summaryShort":"How one influencer’s millions of followers helped design her real home","tag":["tag\u002Finfluencers"],"creationDateTime":"2019-11-06T20:56:55.565437Z","entity":"article","guid":"30e6d7eb-fc93-4ff3-a886-f0a7e5301e77","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-07T19:57:48.677073Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c1925","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"We're several weeks into Instagram's new initiative of hiding 'likes' to users in certain countries. How have influencers reacted, and does it do anything good for their mental health?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvery day, some 95 million photos and videos are uploaded to Instagram. And every day, Instagram users can scroll through those pictures and videos’ 4.2bn ‘likes’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOr, they could.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn July, Instagram announced it would remove the visible ‘like’ counts in six countries, including Australia and New Zealand, following a trial in Canada. While users can see their own like counts, their followers cannot.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe’re several weeks into the ban – has it changed how Instagram works? Depends on who you ask.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome Australian influencers criticised the move. Jem Wolfie, a food and fitness influencer from Perth with 2.7 million followers,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Ftriplej\u002Fprograms\u002Fhack\u002Finfluencers-and-agencies-react-to-instagram-hiding-likes-count\u002F11322832\"\u003E complained on national radio that Instagram had taken away a critical tool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A young Melbourne Instagrammer, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.news.com.au\u002Flifestyle\u002Freal-life\u002Fnews-life\u002Fbacklash-over-instagram-influencers-tearfilled-break-down\u002Fnews-story\u002Fab879cb79e9e6d8cbda0e9af10f84c52\"\u003EMikaela Testa, tearily took to YouTube denouncing the platform’s move\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Both women were immediately bombarded with jibes from across social and mainstream media to ‘get a real job’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor them, however, and many others, Instagram is a real job. Some, like Australian fitness influencer Kayla Itsines, can amass significant wealth. Itsines, who has nearly 12m followers and a fitness app and program, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fkayla-itsnines-finance-tobi-pearce-homeless-to-millionaire-2018-5\"\u003Ewas reported to be worth more than 46 million Australian dollars ($31 million) last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, combined with her Instagramming fiancé.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy did Instagram turn likes invisible? To create a “less pressurised environment” and to address mental health concerns for its users, Instagram head Adam Mosseri \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2019\u002F04\u002F30\u002Finstagram-hiding-like-counts-in-test.html\"\u003Esaid at a conference in California earlier this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Cyberbullying is rampant, and many influencers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Ftechnology-46816928\u002Fyoutube-influencers-inside-the-weird-world-of-social-media-burnout\"\u003Echase likes to the point of burnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But some fear the move makes it harder for them to make a living.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, a month into the change, many influencers – at least publicly – are welcoming the move, and shrugging off concerns about the threat to their income.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ‘like’ ban\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstagram influencers make money by partnering with advertisers to promote their goods within their posts or through temporarily visible ‘Stories’. Influencer Carmen Huter says a general rule of thumb is that a creator with 100,000 followers might be able to ask for $1,000 a post, but that can vary dramatically based on the level of user engagement: the more ‘likes’, comments and shares from their following, the more valuable the influencer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn Instagram, fitness influencers might promote their own meal-planning programme, a travel influencer might sell prints of their work, or fashion influencers may partner with large lines or brands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETammy Hembrow, a fitness and beauty Instagrammer with 9.7 million followers on her main account, has her own athletic line and fitness app, and partners with brands to promote them on her feed. She says that the change had not impacted the way she does business.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Now people focus on the photos and videos you share, not how many ‘likes’ there are – Tammy Hembrow","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“‘Likes’ became more of a popularity contest,” she says. “But what I feel companies are really interested in are the impressions and actions taken from the posts.” For example, demographics and locations of her followers, or impressions – how many times a post has been viewed. She also thinks the ‘like’ ban means her followers can better appreciate her work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Now people focus on the photos and videos you share, not how many ‘likes’ there are.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMax Doyle, managing director of a Sydney-based influencer marketing agency, says that it is too early to determine results from the trial, but does forecast “a reduction in engagement” if ‘likes’ are invisible to fans. “And engagement is like digital currency for influencers,” he says. “It will just mean that marketers [working with influencers] will have to be a bit more savvy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe days of an influencer simply posing with some chewing gum with a caption about how she loves her fresh minty breath are over, he says. People will need to get more creative: maybe photographing that gum in a beautiful display of the inside of an Instagrammer’s handbag of essential daily items.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJoe Gagliese, co-founder of a global influencer agency based in Canada, says that for influencers, the removal of ‘likes’ is “more of a shock to their ego than their trade”. It has been years since he has seen any agencies pay influencers based on how many ‘likes’ a post gets, mainly because that system was so easily corrupted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Having to re-strategise every time a platform changes in order to continue working is probably adding more mental strain to influencers – Crystal Abidin","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGagliese agrees with Doyle that the main impact will be encouraging influencers into the comments to promote other forms of engagement. However, Gagliese has concerns that it is in the comments and direct messages where the bulk of the damaging bullying and harassment takes place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlready some fans have begun to subvert the ‘invisible likes’ system, says Crystal Abidin, senior research fellow in internet studies at Curtin University in Western Australia. “We see fans strategising by leaving multiple comments. Perhaps instead of leaving one comment saying ‘I love you so much’, they’ll put one word into each line, leaving five comments to create that bulk of activity.” This strategy is to create more comments. They’re still trying to play a numbers game, hoping that it reflects well on their favoured influencer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says that the change forces users to reflect more on whether and why they ‘like’ a piece of content, rather than just jumping on the bandwagon of a well-liked picture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMental health concerns\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA spokesperson for Facebook, Instagram’s owner, told BBC Worklife that “This test only makes your like count private to others, so that you’re able to focus less on likes and more on telling your story.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJoanne Orlando, a senior lecturer in education and digital lifestyle at the University of Western Sydney, says the change will possibly “allow people to feel that they don’t have to be overly glamourous or overly beautiful to be able to post content on Instagram.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Things change and feeling like you own Instagram is very dangerous because, really, Instagram owns you – Carmen Huter","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Abidin says that by changing the way the platform functions, there could be added strain to some who make their living on the platform. “Removing the public likes probably reduces the pressure to be ‘on show’ to others, but the basal anxieties and precarity of the industry as a whole is still there,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Having to re-strategise every time a platform changes in order to continue working is probably adding more mental strain to influencers,” she says – they are reliant on the whims of the platform. “As much as they’d like to think of themselves as independent entrepreneurs in this space, all it takes is for the people in charge of the platforms to make a decision for everything to change.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘We don’t own Instagram’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECarmen Huter takes beautiful pictures from beautiful places. With 132,000 followers, the New Zealand-based Austrian is a micro-influencer in the travel world, partnering with organisations ranging from tourism boards to camera companies and adventure wear labels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHuter believes that changes won’t impact her income, but her value may be measured differently. Instagram, she says, has no obligation to its users, and it is a folly to think so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Things change and feeling like you own Instagram is very dangerous because, really, Instagram owns you. We are all a product. Whether we make money out of it or not, we are all a product and they monetise us every single day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a fine line to walk, because I owe so much of my success to this platform,” she says. “But, at the end of the day, I also owe so much of it to the time I put into it, and I can’t forget that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How turning ‘likes’ invisible is changing Instagram","headlineShort":"When Instagram takes your 'likes' away","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Instagram app logo phone screen","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"We're several weeks into Instagram's new initiative of hiding 'likes' to users in certain countries. How have influencers reacted, and does it do anything good for their mental health?","summaryShort":"How influencers have reacted to 'likes' on their posts going invisible to fans","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-23T08:52:13.221916Z","entity":"article","guid":"05dd93c7-bb44-4de3-9d69-db1d238ede68","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram","modifiedDateTime":"2019-08-26T14:11:04.830962Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c27ad","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The influencer lifestyle can look amazing, but uncertain incomes, performative vulnerability and the hustle for sponsorship can take a toll. Meet the people who walked away.","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt didn’t take long for Jessica Zollman to amass a giant following on Instagram. As the company’s fifth employee and 95th user of the app in 2011, she was in on the ground floor of the tech giant a year after its launch, advising users on best practices that are now ingrained in social media’s DNA. Naturally, scores of followers flocked to her account.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA photographer by trade, Zollman, 34, soon found herself swimming in opportunities for commercial work. So she left Instagram in 2013 and joined a photo and advertising agency, where she became a roving photographer shooting on behalf of brands and endorsing products with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FBnHnkRqDhg-\u002F\"\u003Eoccasional #sponsored post\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer newfound Insta-fame quickly earned her a ride on a “beautiful, mysterious train, making a really, really impressive amount of money” as an influencer, she says. But four years later, the train had sputtered to a halt, leaving her scrambling financially.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Market saturation happened,” she says. “People started noticing how lucrative doing that kind of work was, and so there became this new goal of becoming the influencer.” Brands weren’t paying as much because people would work for less – or even for free. “I had to lower my day rate. I had to work twice as hard for twice as less,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I had to lower my day rate. I had to work twice as hard for twice as less – Jessica Zollman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe psychological impact of struggling for work, coupled with the surge of competition, was enough for Zollman to quit the influencer lifestyle and transition back to the polar opposite: a traditional nine-to-five job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Jessica Zollman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I just had this moment where I was like: ‘Why am I so ashamed of the idea of having to get a job?’” she says. Relying on Instagram for creative validation and regular income had left her emotionally exhausted, and getting a steady job felt like the best thing for her mental health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZollman isn’t the only influencer who’s grown disillusioned with what she calls the “song and dance performance” of the industry. Experts say it’s evidence of change; a sort of fatigue affecting not only influencers, but brands and consumers, who are justifiably sceptical of many of the sponsored posts cluttering their newsfeeds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESaturated, evolving market\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe industry remains huge: influencer marketing is projected to become a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fthe-2019-influencer-marketing-report-2019-7\"\u003E$15 billion business by the year 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and brands are more poised than ever to throw their cash at the next Kim Kardashian. Yet amid the influx of capital, companies are becoming increasingly cautious about selecting influencer talent, according to Karen Doolittle, social media director at an advertising firm in Los Angeles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA few high-profile cases of influencer fraud – when influencers have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbsnews.com\u002Fnews\u002Finfluencer-marketing-fraud-costs-companies-1-3-billion\u002F\"\u003Eartificially inflated the reach of their accounts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thecut.com\u002F2019\u002F09\u002Fthe-story-of-caroline-calloway-and-her-ghostwriter-natalie.html#_ga=2.146808951.1928330241.1570567236-1724313065.1549567547\"\u003Efabricated personal narratives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – have helped the public become “more shrewd and discerning”, she says, and there’s now a “hesitancy and almost mistrust on behalf of both consumers and brands” when it comes to influencers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne PR agency in Australia \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prweek.com\u002Farticle\u002F1591917\u002Fagency-thrives-ditching-social-media-influencers-focus-traditional-pr\"\u003Eeven dropped influencers altogether\u003C\u002Fa\u003E earlier this year, saying influencer campaigns were too expensive and often provided false or misleading metrics about brands’ online reach. Influencers, the agency noticed, were liking and commenting on each other’s posts to artificially boost their performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Lauren Doolittle","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet despite these sporadic signs of industry pushback, Doolittle says brands remain willing to invest in influencers with huge followings. “As far as leaning into those types of creators who’ve been able to generate these substantial audiences, I think that will only continue to grow,” she says. Demand for content also continues to increase, she says, but as competition grows among mid-level and micro-influencers, “a steady influencer gig will be harder to come by for many”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis oversaturated market, combined with the incessant demand for content, has forced some influencers to ask if the hustle is worth the limited payoff.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This oversaturated market, combined with the incessant demand for content, has forced some influencers to ask if the hustle is worth the limited payoff.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDaniel Volland, 35, certainly felt that way. He left his job as an optometrist to become an influencer in 2014, swept up in the hype of Instagram’s early days. But a year later, after travelling the US on two sponsored photography road trips, he found himself living in an Airbnb in Los Angeles, embodying a cliché as an underemployed freelance creative in the world’s show business capital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A big component for me was the financial stress – not being able to plan a future,” he says. Instagram’s move away from a chronological newsfeed boded poorly for his account – he was consistently shedding followers and losing engagement. “My audience was continuously declining. I think at a certain point I was kind of just, like: ‘What's the point?’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also felt the platform had changed. Instagram began as something of a creative playground for photographers, but Volland felt that artistic freedom was stifled as it evolved into a more commercialised platform structured around celebrities and advertisers. “What’s glorified on Instagram now is drastically different from what was glorified on Instagram in 2012,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, Volland is now back in optometry full-time, running his own practice in Anchorage, Alaska. Though he still dabbles in the occasional paid post on his \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fdrvolland\u002F?hl=en\"\u003E81,000 follower-strong account\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he’s now thousands of miles away from the world of sponsored content.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Instagram photo room","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPerforming, endorsing\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven those still living the lifestyle can resent it on occasion. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbriannamadia\u002F?hl=en\"\u003EBrianna Madia, \u003C\u002Fa\u003E29, currently lives the #vanlife that’s come to represent the epitome of a millennial influencer, documenting her travels through the desert with her husband and two dogs. While her itinerant lifestyle might seem like a dream to followers, Madia says she’s grown tired of catering to an audience of “285,000 bosses”. She says deleting her Instagram is something that she dreams about frequently. “I know this is a flash in the pan, and I know that it’s not going to be forever,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe takes particular issue with the kind of “vulnerability porn” she says her audience demands, saying: “How vulnerable can you be? What piece of information can I expose about myself? How wide can I rip my chest open for all of these people?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJessica Zollman can relate to this idea of performative vulnerability; she says that fans crave relationships with influencers and celebrities who display candidness online. But she says there’s a fine line between relatable truthfulness and trading vulnerability for likes and engagement. Fans, on the other hand, can be quick to level criticism when a post doesn’t meet expectations: “It can sometimes feel like [fans] are waiting for people they admire or look up to to publicly fail for entertainment,” she says. “There’s something kind of really screwed up about that being normal and acceptable.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It can sometimes feel like [fans] are waiting for people they admire or look up to to publicly fail for entertainment – Jessica Zollman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMadia also says she’s been asked to endorse all sorts of products she’d never use: diet pills, tasers, “pink handguns designed for women on the go”. Since her husband earns a steady paycheck, she’s able to turn misguided pitches down. But not all influencers have that luxury –  if Madia won’t endorse a product, someone else will. And the hunt for viral endorsements has created something of a market frenzy, with brands farming their products out to an ever-wider net of influencers. This has created a greater possibility for fakery in campaigns – more influencers endorsing products they might not actually use, which is something fans are quick to notice and denounce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"Selfie","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“It’s true that audience trust towards influencers has eroded as the market has become more saturated,” Doolittle says. If sponsored content “resonates and feels relevant, people will engage. If it doesn't, they unfollow.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJasmine Sandler, a digital marketing expert in New York, has seen influencer campaigns fail when brands “chose the wrong influencer that wasn’t relatable to the audience”. As influencer marketing moves forward, she says it’s going to be about fostering a greater sense of “trust and credibility” between brands and consumers. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As influencer marketing moves forward…it’s going to be about fostering a greater sense of “trust and credibility” between brands and consumers.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFewer mid-tier niches\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoolittle agrees. To allay growing public scepticism, brands will be looking for “partnerships that demonstrate the kind of authenticity” that’s lacking with the “one and done, hit it and quit it content deals” you might see scattered across your Instagram feed today, she says. To that end, there will be more long-term campaigns in the vein of traditional brand ambassadorships, and also a focus on micro-influencers whose smaller audiences are more relatable to consumers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it will likely make it increasingly difficult for mid-tier creators like Zollman and Volland to carve out a niche as the financially precarious influencer world irons out its kinks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Zollman, leaving it behind has been a great decision. She now oversees photography and marketing for a Los Angeles coffee company as its visual coordinator, and no longer feels her self-esteem is so intertwined with her job. She still maintains an Instagram page and publishes the occasional sponsored post for her 216,000 followers, but does so on her own terms.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t feel like I gave something up,” she says. “I feel like I have a day job so I can still make art, and make art that makes me feel good.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-21T20:33:07.772Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The fatigue hitting influencers as Instagram evolves","headlineShort":"‘Why I quit being an influencer’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Makeup lady in front of camera","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The influencer lifestyle can look amazing, but uncertain incomes, performative vulnerability and the hustle for sponsorship can take a toll. Meet the people who walked away.","summaryShort":"Why some influencers are abandoning the Instagram lifestyle","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-22T20:17:20.526551Z","entity":"article","guid":"4dc46df5-6e3f-45a6-a7d5-caf498ff6156","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-22T20:17:20.526551Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2ec7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"With ‘likes’ on the platform being hidden to users in more countries, text could pull more weight on the very visual social media behemoth.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey can be funny or serious, short or sprawling, cryptic or self-deprecating. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey can be punny: “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FB3o8vWDhlOh\u002F?utm_source=ig_embed\"\u003EAnd now we’re Instagram FRIENDS too,”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E said Jennifer Aniston. They can be straightforward: “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FB4SDDWCAWbd\u002F\"\u003EHappy Halloween everyone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” said Cristiano Ronaldo. Or they can be blatant stunts: “Let’s set a world record together and get the most liked post on Instagram,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FBsOGulcndj-\u002F?utm_source=ig_embed\"\u003Esaid a picture of a brown egg\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey’re all captions on Instagram. And though images are the main attraction on the extremely visual social media platform, that little bit of text can go a long way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat could become even more true as Instagram enters a new chapter; in parts of the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-us-canada-50382311\u002Finstagram-is-trialling-removing-likes-on-some-us-posts\"\u003Ethe platform will start hiding how many ‘likes’ a post gets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  Only the author will be able to see how popular their post is, in a test aimed at decreasing competition and improving users’ mental health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe move follows similar trials in other countries, including Australia, Japan and Brazil. And even as some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Finstagram-tests-taking-away-likes-celebrities-influencers-reactions-kim-kardashian-2019-11\"\u003Einfluencers and celebrities bemoan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the fact that it could make their job harder, experts say it will shift the spotlight from ‘likes’ to captions – and the comments and community they create.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom a few pithy words to soul-baring confessions, captions help determine which influencers thrive, and with the changes, the text posted alongside photos will have to start doing a heavier lift. But what exactly is the power of the Instagram caption – and how could this play out?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07vg6rk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe power of captions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA simple Google search shows just how much people already value captions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt brings up millions of results like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhostelgeeks.com\u002Fbest-instagram-captions\u002F\"\u003E1,000+ Beautiful Instagram Captions – A collection of Lyrics and Quotes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.boardandlife.com\u002Finstagram-captions-for-boys\u002F\"\u003E31 Of The Best Instagram Captions For Boys To Use Right Now\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abetterlemonadestand.com\u002Finstagram-captions\u002F\"\u003Esuggestions for all contexts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: friends (“The yin to my yang”), fitness (“Stronger than yesterday”), and food (“But first, coffee”). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of these, of course, are aimed at amateur Instagrammers who just want to make a halfway decent post and need a little caption inspiration. But there’s a serious side to it: if you’re savvy and work in the business as an influencer, you know that the caption isn’t just an emoji dumping ground. It’s the place to get more people to interact with the post.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Captions help determine which influencers thrive","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"p1\"\u003E“I’ve often used captions with a beautiful image to drive home hard truths, like in the case of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-india-49659525\"\u003Erecent Kashmir lockdown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” says Siddhartha Joshi, a Mumbai-based travel photographer. In his case, captions carry an informational weight that wouldn’t exist with the image alone, causing people to be more invested in his account (although Joshi says he still considers the image itself more important).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p1\"\u003ECaptions aren’t tacked-on afterthoughts; they’re what add context and shape your voice, all of which drive up follower count.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's like the cherry on top,” says Chicago-based influencer Mariko Dennis, who uses Instagram to promote her jewellery business. For her, the caption is also about building a connection with her followers, letting them “learn more about who you are and what your thought process is like, rather than just see your physical self”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor influencers, captions fuel what they live or die by: engagement. This is measured by how many people ‘like’ a post, comment on it or share it. Simply seeing a post isn’t enough. The higher the engagement, the more likely brands are to do sponsorship or business deals with influencers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“On Instagram, strong imagery is what stops users in their feed. However, captions are what drive engagement,” says Stephanie Cartin, co-CEO at Socialfly, a New York City agency that connects influencers with big corporations. “Sharing candid personal stories, asking for specific feedback, presenting thoughtful or playful questions are a great way to start a conversation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07vg76h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnalyses show that Instagram images with captions or text embedded in them get more interactions than those that don’t. Socialbakers, an international social media marketing firm, looked at six major media companies, like BuzzFeed and HuffPost, and found that posts \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.socialbakers.com\u002Fblog\u002F2758-how-to-get-more-likes-on-instagram-as-a-media-brand\"\u003Ewith explanatory text overlay generated 41% more interactions on average over the course of 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor marketers, “dialogue is what fosters community, placing significant value on thoughtful captions,” says Cartin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA way to connect\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the power of captions is that sense of community they cultivate. Experts say they serve as the bridge that makes us feel more connected to the person we’re following.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPaul Benzon, a professor of English at Skidmore College in upstate New York who specialises in internet culture and digital identity, says that captions help perpetuate the loop that locks us into social media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The stated idea of social media is to level the plane between us, the users, and celebrities. The very idea of an influencer is someone whose job is to make money [doing that],” he says. “If that’s the model, so much of that hinges on getting people to interact and engage.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Strong imagery is what stops users in their feed. However, captions are what drive engagement – Stephanie Cartin","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat makes a good caption? Advice includes using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flater.com\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-ultimate-guide-to-writing-good-instagram-captions\u002F\"\u003Ea call to action to like or tag friends\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.shopify.com\u002Fblog\u002Finstagram-captions\"\u003Eusing emoji and hashtags\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.socialinsider.io\u002Fblog\u002Finstagram-captions\u002F\"\u003Eshooting for either super short or super long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.socialchefs.com\u002Finstagram-drafts-guide\u002F\"\u003Edrafting several versions before posting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (Or when in doubt, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fone-week-in.com\u002Finstagram-captions-cool-best\u002F\"\u003Eturn to one of those countless sites for inspiration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut their real use is to connect better with the audience, something which has contributed to the evolution of Instagram captions from serviceable afterthoughts to – in some cases – “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2019\u002F03\u002F27\u002Fstyle\u002Finstagram-long-captions.html\"\u003Emegacaptions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” long, deeply personal statements driven by celebrities like Lena Dunham or Taylor Swift.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07vg7gx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis mirrors the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkhn.org\u002Fnews\u002Fcoming-out-about-mental-health-on-social-media\u002F\"\u003Ebroader social media trend\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of celebrities and influencers being more vulnerable and opening up online about struggles like mental health issues. But it could also cause a new kind of Instagram rat race, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1632589\u002Fcan-influencers-ever-be-authentic\u002F\"\u003Ewhere influencers feel an increased need to be vulnerable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and bare their souls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, those comment-triggering captions can rebound. American rapper Cardi B, who has 54 million Instagram followers, decried the move to hide ‘likes’, saying that comments were actually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Farchive\u002F2018\u002F10\u002Finstagram-has-massive-harassment-problem\u002F572890\u002F\"\u003Ethe most problematic element of Instagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, especially the fact that the comments themselves can receive individual ‘likes’ and replies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstagram users, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FB4qm1B7A-6B\u002F\"\u003Eshe said in her video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have “been starting the craziest arguments, been starting to race bait, all because of comments – because they want to get to the top, they want to get the most reactions”. (The more ‘likes’ a comment receives, the higher in the list of comments it appears on a specific post.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome media outlets agreed with her: “Cardi has a better analysis of an issue than the majority of people who are paid to make these decisions,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjezebel.com\u002Finstagram-is-starting-to-hide-likes-and-cardi-b-is-uni-1839761470\"\u003Efeminist site Jezebel wrote\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Followers also backed her up, saying Instagram should focus more on removing bot accounts and trolls instead of hiding likes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Only as big as your community’ \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome industry analysts, like New York-based AdExchanger, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fadexchanger.com\u002Finfluencer\u002F3-ways-influencer-marketing-will-change-if-instagram-removes-public-likes\u002F\"\u003Epredict that when ‘likes’ are no longer the measure for the reach of a post\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it could benefit people much less famous than the Kylie Jenners or Justin Biebers of Instagram. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The push for better metrics and insights will drive more business toward microinfluencers – people with large, loyal followings – rather than celebrities that get lots of ‘likes’, but don’t have a personal connection with their audience,” reads a blog post on its website.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInfluencers may be worried that the changes will affect their livelihoods. Back during the pilot, the move \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.news.com.au\u002Flifestyle\u002Freal-life\u002Fnews-life\u002Fbacklash-over-instagram-influencers-tearfilled-break-down\u002Fnews-story\u002Fab879cb79e9e6d8cbda0e9af10f84c52\"\u003Edrove some to tears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, saying hiding ‘likes’ would tank engagement. Yet experts say it’s just a matter of being more creative in other ways – like writing better captions that keep people interested and involved.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Influencers are only as valuable as the communities they've created,” Cartin says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Are Instagram captions more powerful than pics?","headlineShort":"The secret to Instagram captions","image":["p07vg6hq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-how-turning-likes-invisible-is-changing-instagram","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With ‘likes’ on the platform being hidden to users in more countries, text could pull more weight on the very visual social media behemoth.","summaryShort":"How to craft better text in an era of invisible 'likes'","tag":["tag\u002Finfluencers"],"creationDateTime":"2019-11-19T21:05:33.369729Z","entity":"article","guid":"f1d7c7e8-430e-41b5-809b-fe7ad0827949","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-20T14:50:13.586822Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818914},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c1f10","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Husband and wife team Rachel and Jun are \"J-vloggers\": YouTubers who film their lives, decoding for the masses a nation that's seeing big spikes in tourism and global interest.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvery country in the world merits books and articles devoted to unpacking the nuances and quirks of its culture. But on YouTube, interest in one particular country is pervasive: Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=92wtDKCtOiU\"\u003EThis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E video of a red-headed woman playing with dozens of squealing foxes in Japan’s “fox village” has more than six million views. The “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=fCTKDn3Q8xQ\"\u003EIdiot’s Guide to Japanese Squat Toilets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” has three million, and “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=uhs30vkXlAE\"\u003EModern Japanese Table Manners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” has almost two million views.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey’re all created by Nagoya-based husband-and-wife vlogging duo Rachel and Jun Yoshizuki, who run the YouTube channel Rachel and Jun. Their on-the-ground accounts of daily life in Japan have been viewed more than 200 million times.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey belong to a community of “J-vloggers”: YouTubers who attract millions of views by sharing their insights into Japanese culture. Often (but not always) expats, these users upload anything from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=TqGdraz2764\"\u003Ea tour of a Japanese high school\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to what it’s like to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=U7Q3sKNuZA0\"\u003Estay in a tiny room in a capsule hotel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=MpDF_uV_J1M\"\u003Ewhat it’s like to be multiracial in Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe rise in J-vlogging is part of a bigger trend: YouTube is more popular in Japan than ever. “The hours of content uploaded from YouTube channels in Japan has more than doubled between 2016 and 2017,” says Marc Lefkowitz, YouTube’s head of creator and artist development for Asia-Pacific.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Rachel and Jun, making videos about Japan for their 1.8 million subscribers is a way they make a living. They’ve also launched spin-off channels, like the cooking-centred Jun’s Kitchen, which has two million subscribers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe pair decline to share how much money they earn from YouTube, and say that it varies widely depending on factors like the amount of views and the ad rates in the various countries their viewers reside in, which is the case for many YouTubers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey say J-vlogging has opened doors to other work: the couple has been offered voice acting roles in video games and Rachel has been approached to do modelling. That, plus sponsorships and donations from viewers on crowdsourcing site Patreon (two staples for many successful YouTubers), all help bring in cash.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People want to virtually travel here, learn more about the food, customs and culture - YouTube's Marc Lefkowitz","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the couple never set out to become internet famous. When they started their channel in 2012, they were in a long-distance relationship (Jun is Japanese and Rachel is American) and used the platform to share videos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt didn’t take long for others to get interested. They only had a dozen or so subscribers when they made “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=uIyIZZQnuDQ\"\u003EWhat NOT to do in Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” early in 2012, which quickly racked up hundreds of thousands of views.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the road to vlogging success is not an easy one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“There was a period of maybe two or three years where we had no days off – it was seven days a week. Every waking hour was devoted to video-making, editing videos, thinking of ideas, filming, social media, going to meet-ups. We ended up so sick,” Rachel says. “I was getting sick every couple of weeks and pulling all-nighters several times a week to make my arbitrary deadlines that I set for myself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBurnout \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Ftechnology\u002F2018\u002Fsep\u002F08\u002Fyoutube-stars-burnout-fun-bleak-stressed\"\u003Eamong YouTubers is not uncommon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the thing that kept Rachel and Jun going was making videos they genuinely cared about – and the Japan-hungry internet responded.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“All of us [J-vloggers] get comments from our audience that they went to Japan because of us, or they started studying Japanese because of our videos, or they visited this city because we made a video about it,” Rachel says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDoes that make them grassroots cultural ambassadors? “I personally don’t consider myself an ambassador,” Jun says, and Rachel agrees. “We started YouTube just because we wanted to.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"[J-vloggers] get comments from our audience that they went to Japan because of us, or they started studying Japanese because of our videos - Rachel Yoshizuki","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey say one of their most recent videos, “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=URDXZSJZ2ME\"\u003E50 Facts About Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, took over 250 hours to make, longer than any of their past videos. The 11-minute long list covers road construction barriers shaped like cute animals, how Japanese people still buy CDs, how birth control pills are widely unpopular – all things the couple have thought about for years but that might be little-known among their audience, which represents 190 countries and territories. It’s about 30% in the US, and the rest is everywhere from Japan itself (where many Japanese speakers watch to learn English, the pair say) to Taiwan, Germany, Brazil, Spain and Sweden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo, why do so many people love watching J-vloggers?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGlobal interest and international visitors could have something to do with it. Tourism numbers are rising at lightning speed – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1283090\u002Fgoing-to-japan-youre-not-alone-tourism-is-booming-at-unprecedented-levels\u002F\"\u003E250% between 2012 and 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The World Tourism Organization says that Japanese tourism has seen \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww2.unwto.org\u002Fpress-release\u002F2018-08-27\u002Funwto-highlights-confirm-another-record-year-2017\"\u003Esix straight years of double-digit growth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fnational\u002Fforeign-visitors-japan-hit-20-million-2018-record-pace\u002F#.W6JWClJRdTZ\"\u003Ewith a record 28 million foreign visitors travelling to Japan within the last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a figure especially powered by China. The government aims to attract 40 million visitors in 2020 for the Tokyo Olympics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This is particularly interesting to me as it correlates with the rise of J-vlogging,” YouTube’s Lefkowitz says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe adds that popularity of Japan’s pop culture and interest in its cuisine and history play a big part in both tourism and J-vlogging's rise to prominence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“People want to virtually travel here, learn more about the food, customs and culture,” he says. “It has also translated into incredible growth on our platform.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut foreign visitors expecting to stroll through Tokyo and spot androids or Pokémon cosplayers at every turn are going to be disappointed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile misconceptions about every country exist, Japan in particular seems to get a specific portrait painted of itself in international media, which likes to focus on the country’s weirder elements. Example: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=ik1faeDt2P4\"\u003Egame shows in which contestants blow a live cockroach through a plastic tube into each other’s mouths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I think it’s really nice for [viewers] to get a down-to-earth, genuine perspective from actual people,” Rachel says – many people think Japan is “a crazy place, and then they get here and it’s just another country.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, their channel sometimes touches on the more negative aspects of life in Japan. When Tokyo Medical University admitted earlier this year that it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-45108272\"\u003Erigged test scores to admit fewer women,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Rachel and Jun made a video \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=T-HWoLVJdoY\"\u003Echronicling dozens of Japanese women’s reactions on social media\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, shining a spotlight on sexism in a country that’s been slow to fully embrace the #MeToo movement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut much of the channel is about cultural differences. During my Skype interview with them, I got to see in real time the cross-cultural back-and-forth that’s coloured so many of their videos. At one point, Rachel started speaking about how the world is often fed the image of “wacky Japan” with its slapstick game shows and boisterous comedians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJun interrupts: “I thought you guys thought Japanese people were shy?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERachel: “Well, there’s that, but…”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd voila: there's the type of the interaction that characterises so many bicultural relationships – asking each other why you do this, why you think that. It sparks the same kind of conversations between partners as it does among the global audience watching J-vloggers' videos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s really helpful to have both perspectives in a video,” says Rachel. “I think that’s one of the reasons our channel has managed to do relatively well.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Capital’s features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-09-20T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The YouTube stars who teach the world about Japan","headlineShort":"The YouTube stars demystifying Japan","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Husband and wife team Rachel and Jun are \"J-vloggers\": YouTubers who film their lives, decoding for the masses a nation that's seeing big spikes in tourism and global interest","summaryShort":"A husband-and-wife vlogging duo with 200m views","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2018-09-19T22:59:20.237573Z","entity":"article","guid":"d3451374-986e-4ea7-9cc8-7d25f95d5dea","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan","modifiedDateTime":"2018-09-19T22:59:20.237573Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818916},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires","_id":"5f6329f9fdd05dcd259c0e2b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From making their own games, to broadcasting live online, to playing professionally in packed stadiums – how entrepreneurs in their teens and twenties earn a living on video games.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlex Balfanz is an 18-year-old student at Duke University in North Carolina. Every day he has lectures or seminars, followed by assignments. Like many students his age, he devotes a couple of hours per day, and many more at weekends, to video games.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut he’s not just playing them – he’s making them. And making a lot of money doing it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In the 10 months that Jailbreak has been released, it has already yielded seven figure profits,” Balfanz says of his cops-and-robbers adventure game released last year. A few weeks ago, it was played for the billionth time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBalfanz is just one of thousands of young gaming entrepreneurs in their teens or twenties making money in an industry that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theesa.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-video-game-industry-revenue-reaches-36-billion-2017\u002F\"\u003Emade $36 billion last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt's offering new ways to make a living that didn’t exist 10 or even five years ago, even within the games industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother 18-year-old student, Andrew Bereza, is the creator of Miner’s Haven and Azure Mines, two games he made over the last two years for Roblox, a kids-focused platform that allows children to build their own games and publish them online – it's the same platform that houses Balfanz’s Jailbreak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There are new ways to make a living that didn’t exist 10 or even five years ago, even within the games industry","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“While I’m not in the annual millions like a couple of my colleagues have recently hit, I’ve been steadily earning six figures every year since I started,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe is using his earnings to pay for university, where he is studying computer science.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf he didn’t have a platform to distribute his games, “I don’t know how I ever would have been able to afford college or the ability to do full-time game development”, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMaking and selling your own games\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToday, thanks to online sales platforms like the App Store, Steam or Roblox, anyone with the right idea and some development nous can reach more than a billion people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut while the technology and ecosystem to reach this vast customer base has only appeared in the last decade, the DIY mentality of young app developers is nothing new: it’s actually not too different from wannabe rock stars starting bands in their garages in the 1970s, or aspiring directors filming home movies on a VHS camcorder in the 1980s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I’ve been steadily earning six figures every year since I started - Andrew Bereza","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“With creative industries, that’s always been the case, particularly in young people,” says Roger Altizer, co-founder of the entertainment arts and engineering programme at the University of Utah. He says that young people have always come up with creative expressions and have tried to monetise them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith video games specifically, Altizer points out that in the 1980s, young designers made their own video games, stored them on floppy disks and put them in plastic bags, then sold them physically at stores, capturing a certain entrepreneurial spirit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToday? We have \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-26224428\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eindie games like Flappy Bird\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that become worldwide sensations, achieving overnight success. However, there are now so many being published, it’s becoming an ever-more crowded market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, the idea of possible success in this field fuels dreams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnthony Tan is a high-school student in Australia whose surreal adventure game, Way to the Woods, is due out next year, and has already generated a lot of excitement among games journalists. “You play as a deer and their fawn trying to find their way home in a sleepy, abandoned world,” Tan says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I think I’d like to go to uni after my completing my current project,” says 18-year-old Tan, who “started off making crappy little Flash games on the side for fun in about Year 8 or 9.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile not everyone is going to make millions off their own game, it still scratches an entrepreneurial itch, Tan says: “Video games are fun for me because I get to dip my toes into all of those fields: creating, designing, modelling, sculpting, painting, engineering, composing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Serious games’ to promote a cause\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA lot of young people have used this democratisation of resources to be innovative in a particular way: promoting ideas to improve society. Games that touch on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2016\u002F09\u002F01\u002Ftechnology\u002Fpersonaltech\u002Fvideo-games-allow-characters-more-varied-sexual-orientations.html\"\u003Egender identity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, cultural politics or \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fstore.steampowered.com\u002Fapp\u002F270170\u002FDepression_Quest\u002F\"\u003Emental health care\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs a concept, this isn’t new, either. The World Food Programme released what it described as “the world’s first humanitarian video game” nearly 13 years ago: called Food Force, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wfp.org\u002Fnews\u002Fnews-release\u002Fworlds-leading-humanitarian-video-game-now-seven-languages\"\u003Eit was released in seven languages and aimed to teach kids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about world hunger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut what \u003Cem\u003Eis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Enew is that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180228-this-13-year-old-makes-apps-to-teach-others-about-his-autism\"\u003Eyoung budding video game developers are doing this on their own\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and even pursuing careers doing so at university.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We have people coming to school to make serious games because they want to make games that make a difference,” Altizer says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAltizer himself does this at the Therapeutic Games and Apps lab at the University of Utah, which focuses on creating games that help spinal cord injury patients do exercises that prevent pressure sores from wheelchair use, or games that give social workers VR tours of fictional homes to spot dangers for children inside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We have people coming to school to make serious games because they want to make games that make a difference - Roger Altizer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe internet doesn’t just allow today’s teens and young adults to make their own games to spread a message, though: a charismatic few are using it to make a living as performers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStreaming online in front of millions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA relatively new way of making money is by playing video games – and getting strangers on the internet to watch you do it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Let’s Play” videos, in which an online personality films themselves playing a video game as they add colour commentary for viewers, is a trend that grew so popular, it eventually led to a new platform, Twitch – an entire site devoted to streaming videos of other people playing video games. It is now \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alexa.com\u002Fsiteinfo\u002Ftwitch.tv\"\u003Eone of the most popular websites on the internet globally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and was bought by Amazon in 2014 for nearly $1 billion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeing a streamer on a place like Twitch requires entrepreneurial skills, scrappiness and a tolerance for risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EElspeth Eastman, a Twitch streamer with 103,000 followers, says that after university she spent $2,000 on a new computer to try her hand at streaming. Today, she says she makes a living doing what she loves full-time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Right now, I’m sitting in a room that’s 90% wires and computers,” Eastman says over the phone from her filming studio. “It’s absolutely your own business. You have to do everything at once: you’re the lights guy, and you’re also the person on stage.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEventually, it can lead to advertising partnerships, or paid subscriptions, with a cut of the funds going to the streamers. But for a lot of newer streamers, it’s asking for donations from subscribers. It takes a while to get enough viewers to be able to monetise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This patronage model where people would sponsor artists is very common,” Altizer says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEastman and another streamer, who goes by Valkyrae who has 200,000 followers and has had a full-time job streaming for three years, point to the importance of networking and self-promoting yourself on social media, or filming videos with streamers who have more subscribers than you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s absolutely your own business - Elspeth Eastman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd like DIY app development, the community-centred nature of streaming can also drive a greater good. Valkyrae mentions a charity stream that she participated in last Christmas that raised $8,700 in six hours for St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“One of my subscribers had cancer and he needed surgery,” she says. “And we raised enough money for his surgery, which was like $8,000. You can help people financially – I’m helping my mum financially because of all this extra income I’m getting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProfessional video game players\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut perhaps the most ambitious – and lucrative – avenue to success that didn’t exist in the mainstream a decade ago is the rise of the professional video game player. Many of these people are in their 20s or younger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe sport is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fsport\u002F39119995\"\u003Eestimated to attract 600 million viewers and be worth £1 billion ($1.4bn) by 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fsport\u002Folympics\u002F41790148\"\u003EInternational Olympics Committee is even thinking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about adding it to the official roster of events.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESumail Hassan \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com\u002Fworld-records\u002F393807-youngest-gamer-to-earn-1-million-in-esports-winnings\"\u003Eis the youngest gamer to win $1 million in eSports winnings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. He’s made more than $2.5 million playing Dota, an online multiplayer game. He calls it a full-time job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“ESports have only gotten bigger since my career started in 2015,” Hassan says. He’s 19 now but has been gaming since he was seven. “I knew video games were the thing I was best at and so went pro.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAltizer says that the University of Utah offers eSports scholarships, and that the university has a varsity eSports programme that pits players against each other in games like League of Legends and Overwatch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELike professional athletes, the chances of becoming a world-renowned eSports player are very slim. “It might not be a path to fame and riches of winning the international tournament. That’s the same thing as going to school and playing lacrosse – there aren’t many people making millions of dollars as lacrosse players,” Altizer says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I knew video games were the thing I was best at and so went pro - Sumail Hassan","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHassan says he’s going to stay focused on his gaming career for now, but advises others looking to follow in his footsteps to stay in school and get an education. (This is a sentiment echoed by streamers Eastman and Valkyrae.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Don’t bet on making a living playing games,” Hassan says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPlans for the future?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether it’s eSports, streaming or developing indie video games out of your bedroom, the games industry has evolved rapidly over the last couple of decades, and many of these new career paths were born alongside the growth of the internet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeing successful here calls upon lots of skills beyond computer programming: having a bubbly on-air personality, marketing yourself on social media and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut most won’t end up in a big studio making the next Call of Duty, or becoming the next champion World of Warcraft player, or a Twitch streamer with millions of followers. And that’s not a bad thing, because young people today have more opportunities to enter the industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAltizer likens it to music: “There are probably more people working in the industry supporting music rather than making money as musicians,” he says. “It’s easier to get a job at the music store tuning guitars than opening for a band on stage.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Capital’s features writer. Follow him on Twitter \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@bryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E  page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires-22"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-03-23T17:11:58.407Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How video games turn teenagers into millionaires","headlineShort":"The teenage gamers earning six figures","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From making their own games, to broadcasting live online, to playing professionally in packed stadiums – how entrepreneurs in their teens and twenties earn a living on video games.","summaryShort":"Teens and twenty-somethings make their own games and play in packed stadiums","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2018-03-23T19:16:09.475453Z","entity":"article","guid":"56bc94cd-6508-480c-80a5-9faf37eee197","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires","modifiedDateTime":"2018-03-23T19:16:09.475453Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818916},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c19d3","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A term that is easy to find but hard to define – and goes a long way in any type of situation.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are some languages where deploying one tiny little phrase unlocks doors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a phrase that “makes Japan go around,” according to Shihoko Goto, senior associate at the Woodrow Wilson Center, a US think tank, referring to a commonplace (yet ambiguous) Japanese phrase: ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a crucial term in Japan heard every single day in thousands of contexts. But it’s really hard to come up with a simple, easily translatable definition. And some foreigners might find it completely baffling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a phrase to convey respect and appreciation. It’s usually accompanied by a bow that can range from a little tilt of the head to a full sweeping bow.” Goto adds: “Yoroshiku onegaishimasu is critical to ensure that everyone is appreciated for their different skills. I would say it to the hair stylist that I am planning to see tomorrow. But I would say it much more seriously with desperation if I needed to go see a doctor tomorrow for a medical emergency. Both the stylist and the doctor play a role in society that makes the world go round and it’s really a sort of verbal lubricant.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough commonly translated in Japanese class textbooks or travel guides as ‘nice to meet you’ or ‘please take care of me’, these fall far short of truly encompassing its diverse uses and how it embodies Japanese culture and its people.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESlippery to define, it is a form of greeting unique to the language. Broken down, ‘yoroshiku’ means ‘appropriately’ (or ‘as you see fit’) and ‘onegaishimasu’ (a verb form) comes from ‘onegai’ which means a request. A literal translation would be something to the extent of ‘please respond to my request appropriately’.  In casual settings such as when speaking to friends or families, a short form ‘yoroshiku’ will suffice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf you can get the hang of the phrase’s use and nuance, your time in Japan will instantly go more smoothly. That’s because the phrase’s meaning is a peek into Japanese values.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Saying yoroshiku onegaishimasu in advance is an attempt by the requester to admit the imbalance within the situation and to repair it in order to maintain a positive relationship,” says Kei Ishiguro, a sociolinguist and a professor at National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the book, To Talk or Not to Talk: Essays on Verbal Communication in Japanese and Chinese, by Masaru Inoue, he likens the Japanese communication style to a tenbin (or a traditional scale), where people seek to balance out any imbalance in relationships or situations. Can this be said about yoroshiku onegaishimasu? Experts thinks so; that in an act of requesting a favour, you are putting a certain burden on the opponent to complete the task for you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut its use is like a Swiss Army knife. In addition to favours, you can also use it after an interaction has been completed, one in which you’ll likely interact with that person again down the road.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Ever since I became acquainted with the Japanese business culture, I say ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’ at the end of any meeting. I think it helps everyone leave the room feeling pleasant,” adds Adam Gries, the founder and CEO of OKpanda, a company that develops digital English-learning services. He has worked in Japan over the last five years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIshiguro describes the effect of yoroshiku onegaishimasu as paying respect to the other person and showing your trust in their competency to complete your request. “If you’re a foreigner, unfamiliar with the diverse rules of Japanese society, say ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’. People would never be offended and would likely serve you right,” he advises.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Hiroaki Iima, a lexicographer of Japanese dictionaries, the initial usage of the phrase can be traced as far back as the Edo period (1603-1868) when it appeared in a dialogue within a kabuki show (a traditional Japanese form of theatre).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, several hundred years later, the phrase is still very rarely found in dictionaries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Iima, it’s a self-explanatory greeting similar to ‘how are you’, “so lexicographers saw no need for an explanation in the past.” However, Japan’s general-purpose dictionary, Sanseido Kokugo Jiten, is considering adding the phrase in its next update.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":" Saying yoroshiku onegaishimasu in advance is an attempt by the requester to admit the imbalance within the situation and to repair it in order to maintain a positive relationship","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a sociolinguist, Ishiguro studies the evolving meanings of words and the word choices we make day in and day out. From his perspective, the ultimate definition of yoroshiku onegaishimasu is this: to entrust yourself to the other person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe believes that the phrase serves two types of requests: when entrusting yourself to another person or entrusting a task to another person. “In both cases, the underlying aim of the phrase is to establish or build a trustable relationship.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe first way of using yoroshiku onegaishimasu is as a type of greeting either at the beginning or at the end of a relationship or a situation. You would use it if meeting someone for the first time, for instance, or when starting or ending a business meeting, or when parting with someone. Players of martial arts or shogi (a Japanese board game), for example, start their match by saying ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’ to the opponent to establish a relationship – for the duration of the match, at least.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe second type of yoroshiku onegaishimasu is used when you are asking someone to do a task for you, perhaps a favour. This would often be at work either in person or in emails.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother way to request something in Japanese is to use kudasai (conjugated form of ‘kudasaru’ which means ‘to give’).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The problem with kudasai is that it can be too direct and might come off as being rude. Yoroshiku onegaishimasu is a politer and more convenient alternative,” explains Ishiguro. “You are showing your complete trust in the other person to complete the task, leaving the relationship on a good note.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat being said, the phrase isn’t a simple swap-out for the Japanese textbook version of ‘please’. It’s more nuanced than that – but the more you use it, the better you understand it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“For me, I think of it as a way of saying ‘please’ when asking for something,” says David Corbin, the CEO of Tech in Asia Japan, a networking organisation for Japanese startups. He has lived in the country for over nine years. After years of working in Japan or with Japanese people, Corbin has come to learn that “in emails, you must include yoroshiku onegaishimasu at the end of the message, even if there is no specific request being made.” Iima agrees: “It is frequently used not for its literal meaning of requesting something, but for the purpose of showing respect and is a counterpart to with regards or best regards in English.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJoji Fujinaga, an English teacher, remembers a Japanese student who translated yoroshiku onegaishimasu as ‘I will beg for your kindness.’ But “this is way too polite in spoken conversation, but I can see what the student was trying to convey.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe main takeaway of the phrase, in terms of how it fits into Japanese culture? “In our society, in any given situation, the person you are talking to is more important than yourself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIshiguro believes using this phrase “puts emphasis on ‘how’ (your attitude) it is being said rather than ‘what’ (your request) is being said”. In other words, how polite you are matters more than what you actually say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis does not seem too crazy, considering the Japanese language has three types of conjugations alone for a form of the language called keigo (a respectful form of Japanese used for strangers, elders or in formal situations that is used on a daily basis).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I found ‘looking forward to’ the best translation,” says Nils Valentin, a German expat currently living in Tokyo. “When you use it, you are already indirectly anticipating there might be some type of conflicts to be solved in future, or you simply need a helping hand, or it’s a polite way of implicitly saying, ‘Sorry for bothering you with this task, I know it’s a lot to ask, but please help me, I could really need your help right now.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn short? “The phrase is used very generally just to keep a good relationship with the people around you,” he says. “As such it can have so many meanings.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite its complexity, perhaps the way this phrase is used is something we should all keep in mind to remind us of the indispensable role respect and trust plays in any good relationship. And that’s something people value – no matter how you say it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese-6"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-08-22T00:01:20Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Is this phrase the Swiss Army knife of Japanese?","headlineShort":"This single phrase makes Japan go round","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A term that is easy to find but hard to define – and goes a long way in any type of situation.","summaryShort":"Understanding the Swiss Army knife of the Japanese language","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2018-08-21T21:15:27.309062Z","entity":"article","guid":"291ad77d-da35-4268-a8a2-1ee83c1a5518","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese","modifiedDateTime":"2018-08-21T21:15:27.309062Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818916},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor","_id":"5f6329f8fdd05dcd259c0a20","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From entertainment to electronics, companies still turn to the human voice to sell products and tell stories.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fcolumns\u002Fvoice-power\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp0696k11.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Voice & Power\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou may not know their faces, but you know their voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey’re voice actors. And if you’re like me, they shaped your early years: I grew up on Looney Tunes. Mel Blanc was a wizard – I was shocked as a kid when my dad told me Blanc voiced nearly every single character on screen. I woke up at 6am on Sundays to watch Count Duckula (when it aired in the US). I had my parents tape Japanese anime (which was not as popular in the West as it is today) on our VCR every weekday morning as I headed off to school. Those characters’ voices were the soundtrack to my childhood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFast forward some 20 years later, and it’s clear I’m not alone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFan conventions like Comic-Con, which celebrate cartoons old and new, now pop up on every continent, and some performers who voice popular characters have huge followings on social media platforms like Twitter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s a pretty anonymous profession – or it used to be – Rob Paulsen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EVoice actors have power. Whether you hear them through the voice-activated assistant in your kitchen, the navigation system in your car, a cartoon you watch with your child, or a video game you play alone, their voices inject humanity into the experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd while voice actors at the top of the industry \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com\u002Flive-feed\u002Ffamily-guy-voice-actors-score-657429\"\u003Ecan earn salaries as high as film stars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, their real influence is more profound. They conjure an emotional connection and bond between you and the work or product.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo what’s it like to be one – and how have changes in technology and the industry shaped the career?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe growing power of voice actors\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a pretty anonymous profession – or it used to be,” says Rob Paulsen. He’s a voice actor who’s starred in Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, and both the ‘80s and 2010s version of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He also runs a regular podcast on the voice acting industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENow? The once-invisible performers lead panels in packed convention centres at events the world over, and can command massive social media followings. For example, Tara Strong has over 350,000 Twitter followers – she’s starred in animations like The Fairly OddParents, Rugrats, The Powerpuff Girls, as well as the Final Fantasy video game series.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s really, really hard to break in,” says Strong. “You have to know that’s all you want to do. You need to make sure to have a lot of acting training: scene study, improv classes, and singing lessons to learn what your instrument can do.” Voice actors mention meeting fans at conventions who want to become voice actors themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe also says “it doesn’t matter what you look like – you get to play all kinds of characters.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd while many voice actors have done plenty of on-camera, sometimes voice acting opens even more doors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I didn’t have to worry about my ethnicity in terms of getting cast, or physicality: I’m extremely short. I’m under five feet,” says Stephanie Sheh. She’s an actor whose voice has appeared in English dubs of nearly 300 Japanese anime series. That includes the most recent English dub of the iconic magical girl superhero show, Sailor Moon, as well as the 2014 reboot, Sailor Moon Crystal. “I’m very specific physically, so that really limits a lot of roles that you’re up for as an actor.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I didn’t have to worry about my ethnicity in terms of getting cast, or physicality: I’m extremely short. I’m under five feet - Sheh","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut many of them began careers as actors, and fell into voice acting – and they caution fans who want to follow in their footsteps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“A misconception is that it’s easy [to break into] because it’s just your voice,” says Sheh. “So you have a lot of non-actors trying to pursue it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s crucial for aspiring voice actors to perfect their actual acting skill, to take smaller gigs, and be willing to do less glamourous work such as corporate videos as they work their way up, according to the professionals. And even in an age of flashy video games, talking robots and films with computer-generated imagery, lots of clients still need a voice artist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Honestly, anywhere you hear a voice? It was probably created by a human,” says Tara Platt, who wrote a book about the career with fellow voice actor Yuri Lowenthal. “Your vocal signature is like your vocal fingerprint. There’s something very human about that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe rise of anime\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo get a sense of the scale of the voice acting industry, we need to look at Japan: according to the Association of Japanese Animations, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Faja.gr.jp\u002Fenglish\u002Fjapan-anime-data\"\u003Ethe anime industry set a record in 2016 when it generated revenues of ¥2.01 trillion ($17.7 billion)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That total comes from TV, film, internet distribution and merchandising – all driven by overseas sales, which made up the majority of revenue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAll that popularity overseas means more opportunities for actors, even outside Japan. They're needed for dubbing: that’s when actors take a translated script and dub over the characters’ speech in a film or show into the local language with their own performance. Some actors who dub Japanese shows started out as fans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I did come from fandom,” says Sheh. Being a fan, “I was a little bit more well-versed in the material, or the tropes, or what they were trying to get at.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBecoming a seiyuu (voice actor) in Japan, like in other countries, requires formal training. In Japan, there are nearly 50 academies specifically for aspiring seiyuu. The Tokyo School of Anime is one of them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAround five years ago the video game industry started hiring more voice actors, which has increased demand, says Hironori Kagawa, a voice acting teacher at the school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe institution offers several academic programmes for students who want to work in the anime industry, from illustration to sound engineering. The voice programme offers five majors and currently has 100 enrolled students. Many overseas students from the likes of China, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, India and Canada are enrolled, too. All classes are given in Japanese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It takes one to five years to become a professional anime voice actor","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStudents on the voice acting course take 15 classes a week for 90 minutes apiece, focusing on breathing, enunciation, learning how to work the mic, and even dancing and singing to develop a good ear and sense of rhythm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYui Fukushima says she was inspired to become a voice actor by watching Yo-Kai Watch, an anime that’s a mix of Ghostbusters and Pokémon that took Japan by storm a couple of years ago. She especially looks up to Aya Endou, a voice actor who played a main role in the series, but also several of the show’s colourful monsters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I was so surprised that voice actors make a lot of different kinds of voices in front of the mic – it was a big shock,” she says. Her dream? “In the credits, I want to see my name for not just one character – I want it next to two or three characters.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe field is fiercely competitive. On average, Kagawa says it takes one to five years to become a professional anime voice actor – those years are spent honing the craft, as well as taking gigs like TV adverts or radio spots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBreaking in\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWinning roles in globally-recognised franchises like Sailor Moon takes years of experience, hard work and hours spent performing much smaller roles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd there are a lot of other voice work gigs out there: TV adverts, corporate training videos, public transportation announcement systems, YouTube explainers, audiobooks, podcasts. Even digital voice assistants like Siri and Alexa, in their many languages and dialects, require human voice actors to supply all the audio.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, the bulk of voice work is in the entertainment industry. A 2017 report from Voices.com, a Canadian company that connects voice talent to clients, found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.voices.com\u002Fcompany\u002Freports\u002F2017-global-voice-over-market-report\"\u003E53% of the total global voice work is in animation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Honestly, anywhere you hear a voice? It was probably created by a human - Tara Platt","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Most commonly, people think of radio and television commercials because that’s what the origin and genesis of the industry is,” says Voices.com CEO David Ciccarelli. “But nowadays that accounts for about 10% of the market.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s no shortage of people looking to make it. Voices.com alone has 400,000 registered users, with over 100 dialects and languages represented and 4,000 jobs posted a month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut many of today’s top voice actors say they didn’t pursue voice acting specifically.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA common theme among voice actors is that they identify as actors first and foremost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“That’s what I tell people: come on out here [to Los Angeles], there’s plenty of room,” Paulsen says. “Be a voice actor. But it’s small ‘v’, large ‘a’. It’s about acting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s a common refrain among nearly all voice actors: “The acting element always trumps the voice element,” Sheh says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also a reason why students at places like the Tokyo School of Anime learn singing and dancing – it’s all part of performing. “You’ll never see a voice actor standing completely still behind the mic,” Strong says. “They’re moving their arms and getting into it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd voice actors may soon have to bring all that gesticulating into other gigs besides the recording booth for cartoons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVideo games turning cinematic\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EVideo games have started to generate profits that rival Hollywood blockbusters. That, alongside the rising popularity of anime, means more jobs for more voice actors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs the budgets have increased, the technology used in these games has become more sophisticated and storytelling more complex, so there’s been an increased demand for voice work to bring game characters to life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“As graphics have improved, so has the desire for more believable and meaningful performances from voice actors,” says Roger Altizer, associate director of the University of Utah’s entertainment arts and engineering programme. “While it is more expensive to have voice actors in games than not, players have come to expect it as a staple. This may be why famous voice actors have huge fan followings.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETara Platt and Yuri Lowenthal point out that more video games are using performance-capture technology: which means voice actors' \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Ftechnology-26287986\u002Ffacing-up-to-motion-capture-technology\"\u003Emovements and physical actions are also recorded and digitally recreated in the game\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They keep increasing the amount of dialogue and the branching possibilities that a player can get into - Yuri Lowenthal","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“For us, it’s a return to theatre,” Lowenthal says. “A lot of us started in theatre. And then for a long time we’re in the [voice recording] booth, where you don’t use your body and face as much. Now it’s come full circle.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a far cry from when games first started hiring voice actors, when they were simply expected to do dozens of takes of throat-burning shrieks, groans and other death sounds to capture their characters’ untimely demise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut now? Lowenthal recalls a game he recently worked on that required 60,000 lines of real dialogue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“With technology, the more information they can put on a disc or in a cartridge, the more performance they can pack into there,” he says. “And now with the kinds of stories they’re telling, they keep increasing the amount of dialogue and the branching possibilities that a player can get into.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs Platt says, as a voice actor who's worked in games, “you’re filling out the world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe power of the voice\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether it’s out of a cartoon character or out of an iPhone’s Siri, hearing a human voice elicits a powerful response within us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Adding a human voice to digital assistants can act as a double-edged sword,” says Rhonda Hadi, associate professor of marketing at the University of Oxford’s Saïd Business School.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“On the one hand, consumers generally respond more positively to human voices, and tend to converse with voice-activated assistants in a more natural way than they would with robotic voices. However, human voices also lead consumers to anticipate high levels of understanding and empathy from digital assistants. When the assistants fall short – for example, not understanding what the consumer says or not providing an adequate response – this expectancy violation leaves consumers feeling more disappointed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s a responsibility. We associate a brand with a particular voice - David Ciccarelli","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat goes for technology like video games, too: “Poor voice acting will break immersion far more quickly than bad graphics,” says the University of Utah’s Altizer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd the same danger even rings true in the corporate world. “When they do a project, they become that audio ambassador – they become the voice of that company,” says Voices.com’s Ciccarelli. “There’s a responsibility. We associate a brand with a particular voice.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut for many voice actors, they’re well aware of the responsibility – and well aware of the very real, deep bond they develop with their audiences, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPaulsen speaks about meeting fans at conventions who say Ninja Turtles got them through their parents’ divorce, or the Iraq vet whose fallen comrade loved Pinky and the Brain. “I never in a million years would have known that, ever.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt even affects voice actors themselves when they meet voices from their own childhoods, like when Tara Strong says she sang in The Little Mermaid 2 with Jodi Benson, the original Ariel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I burst into tears when I met her,” Strong says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo be sure, each work is the product of multiple talents, from animators to writers to musicians and more. But there’s something about voices people can’t seem to forget.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“When it’s done correctly, it’s the best of all worlds,” Paulsen says. “It connects with people on a deep level, it gets them through difficult circumstances, it reminds them of their childhood, they’re able to share it with their own children. It never gets old.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt seems that, regardless of technological advances and complications in industries, the power of the human voice holds strong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“What makes voice unique is that it is genuinely human,” Ciccrallei says. “It’s not an extension of yourself. It \u003Cem\u003Eis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eyourself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Capital’s features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?lang=en\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor-24"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-06-12T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The enduring magic of the voice actor","headlineShort":"The famous actors you never see","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From entertainment to electronics, companies still turn to the human voice to sell products and tell stories.","summaryShort":"Even in an age of talking robots and CGI, the human voice still resonates","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2018-06-12T06:50:30.647422Z","entity":"article","guid":"8342171c-e99c-4892-9cb1-6be50b9b22b1","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor","modifiedDateTime":"2018-06-12T06:50:30.647422Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818916},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c22e6","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"From Japanese anime characters to Barbie, virtual YouTubers talk and act just like people — and they could change the way we all interact forever.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA young Japanese woman sporting a giant pink bow and white opera gloves looks into the camera and gleefully greets her YouTube audience. She’s about to try and solve a puzzle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBefore diving into the game, she boasts with a smile: “Well, compared to all you humans, I can clear it much faster. No doubt about it!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYes, this YouTube personality isn’t a real person. While she’s voiced by a human, she’s a digital, anime-style cartoon. Her name is Kizuna Ai, and she has more than two million subscribers to her channel. She’s the most-watched “virtual YouTuber” on the site.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msqhr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One company is investing tens of millions into ‘virtual talent’ and talent agencies are being established to manage these avatars","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKizuna Ai is part of an emerging trend where 3D avatars – rather than humans – are becoming celebrities on YouTube, with dedicated fanbases and corporate deals. It’s becoming so popular that one company is investing tens of millions in “virtual talent” and talent agencies are being established to manage these avatars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a movement that has big implications for the future – it could change how brands market their products and how we interact with technology. It could even let us live forever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThey act and sound just like humans\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUsually, vloggers are people who speak directly into the camera to their fans, sharing things like beauty tips, product reviews and pop culture rants. But in the past year they have had to contend with “VTubers” like Kizuna Ai.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We saw this start to take off right at the end of 2017… and it’s continued to grow,” says Kevin Allocca, head of culture and trends at YouTube. He points to Kizuna Ai’s channel as an example of the spike in VTuber popularity: it had around 200,000 subscribers last December, but well over two million just 10 months later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGoogle’s Earnest Pettie says the amount of daily views of VTuber videos this year \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thinkwithgoogle.com\u002Fconsumer-insights\u002Fseptember-youtube-video-trends\u002F\"\u003Eis quadruple\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last year’s figure. And while there’s no easy way to measure exactly how many VTubers there are, User Local, a Tokyo-based web analytics site, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvirtual-youtuber.userlocal.jp\u002F\"\u003Ecounts at least 2,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msp20"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese include Nekomiya Hinata, a peach-haired character who plays combat video games, sprinkling in niceties in Japanese while gunning down foes. Another, Ami Yamato, is a British virtual vlogger based in London who has a penchant for Starbucks and strolls around in the “real” world, occasionally alongside live humans. She's been vlogging since 2011.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis isn’t yet a global trend – Allocca says VTubers are popular mostly in Japan. But in that country, the futuristic videos have got the attention of companies, keen to help these characters find popularity beyond YouTube.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new industry?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGree, one of Japan’s biggest mobile app developers, plans to invest 10bn yen ($88m) over the next two years into developing virtual talent, creating more live-streaming opportunities, building filming and animation studios, and giving creators resources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We believe that 3D avatar characters and their activities in virtual worlds will take people to the next stage of the internet – Kensuke Sugiyama","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We believe that human beings need avatars beyond nicknames and profile pictures,” says Gree spokesman Kensuke Sugiyama. “Although virtual talent is currently only a niche area of entertainment, we believe that attractive 3D avatar characters and their activities in virtual worlds will take people to the next stage of the internet.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msp71"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESugiyama says that as virtual and augmented reality technologies continue to develop, more vloggers and internet users could transform into fantastical and colourful characters – which in turn could become brands themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just Gree, either. Kao, a Japanese cosmetics and chemicals company, “hired” VTuber Tsukino Mito at a live event in Tokyo to appear \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com\u002Finterest\u002F2018-08-04\u002Flaundry-detergent-partners-with-virtual-youtuber-for-washing-machine-event\u002F.135010\"\u003Eon a washing machine’s smart screen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to sell laundry detergent. The Ibaraki prefectural government created a virtual influencer last month \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F08\u002F23\u002Fnational\u002Fibarakis-virtual-youtuber-first-japan-used-promote-prefecture\u002F#.W7OQDlJReCR\"\u003Eto appear in tourism campaigns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and Kizuna Ai herself was selected \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fus.jnto.go.jp\u002Fcometojapan\u002F\"\u003Eby the national tourism board\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to appear in videos to lure foreign visitors to Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis demand is driving associated industries: a talent agency in Japan launched \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fentum.jp\u002F\"\u003Ein April that caters exclusively to virtual avatars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’ll help clients organise events, video collaborations with other creators and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHow did we get here?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA star is ‘born’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAn early adopter of this trend is a character that’s almost 60 years old.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBarbie, the doll that has appeared across toy lines and TV programmes for decades, made her own virtual vlogging debut back in 2015, before the rise of the Japanese VTubers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Hi – uh, OK, let’s see, where should I start?” Barbie says as she leans back into her seat after switching on a webcam.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“My name is Barbie Roberts, I have three sisters and we live in Los Angeles – well, Malibu, but I’m originally from Wisconsin. We moved here when I was eight years old.” She sounds and looks like many other teen vloggers on YouTube. She talks about everything from personal style, to more complex topics like why girls say “sorry” so much.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msp55"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia-based toy company Mattel, which owns the Barbie brand, noticed the rise in popularity of vlogging and saw an opportunity to reach kids who want to buy Barbie products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Barbie puts out two vlogs a month and it takes about four weeks for each new episode,” says Lisa McKnight, senior vice president and global general manager for Barbie. “A team develops each script based on topics that are relevant to a girl and authentic to Barbie the character – some vlogs tackle relevant and cultural conversations, and some vlogs play on a YouTube trend.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether it’s Barbie or Kizuna Ai, many VTubers use similar technology to transform a human performer into a digital influencer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow YouTubers transform\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHere’s how it often works. First, an actor stands in a studio and her head, elbows and hands are outfitted with motion trackers. As the actor moves, her motions are recorded by software that recreates full body actions from just these handful of trackers. These actions are then mapped over the shape and proportions of an animated character, which can finally be rendered on a background or live-streamed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, a professional voice actor or human vlogger supplies the character’s speech.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msncn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe teams behind many VTubers don’t like to give away much more about how characters like Kizuna Ai come to life. In fact, sometimes the team themselves refer to their creations as though the characters are real people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“All we can say is that we met each other through destiny two years ago,” says Masashi Nakano, co-founder of Tokyo-based Activ8, the digital production company that brings Kizuna Ai to life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile some content creators keep their process secret, other companies producing similar content, like Gree, are more transparent. They’re working with IKinema, a UK-based animation company that provides software to clients in a number of fields to produce animated or virtual reality content. (For example, non-VTuber actors outside and inside Japan\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor\"\u003E are increasingly using this kind of motion-capture technology as part of their performances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in film and video games.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlexandre Pechev is CEO of IKinema. He says demand out of Japan for this kind of technology has dramatically increased over the past year, and that the company now works with dozens of Japanese content creators making virtual avatars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe says this new brand of interactive, virtual characters is new and gives YouTube entrepreneurs an opportunity to create content that couldn’t exist on platforms like TV.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msnxt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow we’ll accept digital influencers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo what’s the appeal?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYouTube’s Allocca credits communities that build around them. We see these around VTubers, who often hold live chats with viewers, and fan communities on Reddit and Wikia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“There's a unique quality to the content that virtual YouTubers offer… it isn't directly tethered to the problems of a real individual or identity,” says Reddit user David Kim, who’s a contributor to the Virtual YouTuber subreddit. “It's got the intrigue of character writing with the lackadaisical feel of live, organic, self-driven content.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I would say that the biggest contributor to the rise of virtual YouTube is the huge audience outside Japan who normally have interest for Japanese media and culture, such as anime,” says another fan, Kit Hakansson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe trend within Japan of preferring digital over live-action personalities can be traced back four decades, says Izumi Tsuji, a sociology and culture professor at Chuo University. Tsuji points to a famous Japanese sociologist, Munesuke Mita, who posited that as a result of the slowed economic growth following the global oil crisis in the 1970s, many in the nation might have developed a listlessness with reality that could last to this day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“From the latter half of the 1970s, we Japanese lost a certain goal or future of our society,” Tsuji says. “We tended to love the world of fiction. From this period, we tended to love enthusiastically anime, [video] games and idols instead of realistic movie and music stars.” One example of this, Tsuji says, is Hatsune Miku, the famous holographic pop star in Japan whose voice is digitally produced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msngq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPechev says people choose to accept virtual YouTubers at face value. When we meet real people “what we see is their personality”, he says, not the internal workings. “We accept them as real human beings. I think the same happens at the moment with virtual YouTubers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENowadays, we’re seeing more comfort in interacting with digital avatars in place of people outside Japan too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This is changing expectations. Our kids will be more comfortable to be communicating with avatars - Alexandre Pechev","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECompanies cashing in on the VTuber trend follow a similar pattern to those \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180402-the-fascinating-world-of-instagrams-virtual-celebrities\"\u003Ecreating Instagram models to showcase various fashion brands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Last year, Apple announced the Animoji feature on iPhones \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theverge.com\u002F2017\u002F9\u002F12\u002F16290210\u002Fnew-iphone-emoji-animated-animoji-apple-ios-11-update\"\u003Ethat scans your face to create a cartoon animal avatar that uses your own facial expressions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. IKinema’s Pechev says it’s a step towards accepting more complex digital characters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This is changing expectations. Our kids will be more comfortable to be communicating with avatars,” Pechev says. “It will be accepted in the future the same way users in Japan accept virtual YouTubers to be influential.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msnlt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECould they replace human YouTubers?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut why replace human vloggers in the first place?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter all, vlogging is one of the cheapest forms of making video – switch the camera on, talk, and upload. While there might be some editing involved, it doesn’t involve costly effects or set design. So why replicate a talking head with another – more expensive – version?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s because the virtual character can be used at scale in ways that human characters can’t: they can appear in video games and apps outside YouTube, and as VR and AR technology improves, they can even hold virtual reality concerts. (VTuber Kaguya Luna \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyoutu.be\u002FpeDh46iR3tc?t=4m24s\"\u003Edid just that earlier this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAmerican comedian duo Rhett & Link published \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=7OjCPGeq6ZU\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea vlog that’s been viewed 2.5 million times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, voicing concerns that virtual YouTubers could replace humans. After all, they never get tired. Their appearances can be changed on a whim. They never demand payment or more Patreon donations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We could train avatars to act like us without having to re-record our movements","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut never fear, humans – there are cheaper, lower-quality apps YouTubers can use on their smartphones to make virtual vloggers of themselves. FaceRig, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.indiegogo.com\u002Fprojects\u002Ffacerig#\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea crowdfunded facial recognition app from Romania\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is a cheap way for people to turn their facial expressions into digital cartoons and animals on their smartphone, similar to Apple’s Animoji.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis autumn, Gree is releasing a live-streaming application in which users can create a VTuber of themselves on their smartphone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Many people have the desire to ‘want to be characters’,” says Gree’s Sugiyama, pointing to the global popularity of cosplay at fan conventions. And VTubers’ success in Japan goes deeper than fandom, Sugiyama posits. “Japanese are not good at expressing themselves openly, and I think that there are many people who really want to send out [their message] to the world, but do not want to reveal their appearance.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPechev wonders just how far the digitisation of ourselves could go.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf this develops in the future, he says, we could train avatars to act like us without having to re-record our movements. “It doesn’t have to do 100% of what we do, or even 80%,” he says – a character could be programmed with our voice and just enough of our actions, so that it could interact with friends and family after we die. “It could interact with other virtual avatars, or real people. Can we live forever?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENakano of the Kizuna Ai team says something similar: “We would like to create a world just like Ready Player One,” he says, referring to the film and novel set in a massive virtual dimension.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06msp96"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s next for Ai-chan, as her fans call her? Nakano mentions TV adverts, a global music festival that’s held online in VR and becoming a top idol in the virtual world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd for now, you can keep up with your favourite VTuber throughout their day-to-day life or buy T-shirts from their merch shop.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut as Sugiyama says of the VTuber trend – that it “will allow all human beings to be released from physical constraints” – it could be a matter of time before you become one yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Capital’s features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-25"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The virtual vloggers taking over YouTube","headlineShort":"The big business of virtual celebrities","image":["p06msn99"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p06msp96"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180919-the-vlogging-duo-on-youtube-who-teach-the-world-about-japan","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180323-how-video-games-make-some-teens-millionaires","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-is-this-phrase-the-swiss-army-knife-of-japanese","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From Japanese anime characters to Barbie, virtual YouTubers talk and act just like people — and they could change the way we all interact forever.","summaryShort":"From Japanese anime characters to Barbie, they talk and act just like people","tag":["tag\u002Fjapan","tag\u002Finfluencers","tag\u002Fnew-economy-entrepreneurs"],"creationDateTime":"2018-10-02T21:23:07.154946Z","entity":"article","guid":"e33f52f9-6fc3-4486-8be0-323d9e2a18db","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-06T21:02:53.834076Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","_id":"5f693f1dfdd05dcd253d40af","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker"],"bodyIntro":"Spooked by plummeting advertising revenue, content creators are hoping that loyal fans will pay up to watch their videos.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe creators of Sorted Food, a YouTube cooking channel with 2.4 million subscribers, recognised they were falling into the trap so many digital content makers do. Their channel was hugely popular, but they weren’t doing things the way they wanted, instead posting videos designed to please YouTube’s algorithm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We realised if we weren’t careful, we could find ourselves playing to create content by the rules of the platform, rather than what our community and audience wanted,” explains Ben Ebbrell, one of the co-founders of Sorted, which has five on-screen members and 18 behind the scenes. They had seen the popularity of their videos wax and wane on YouTube, and didn’t want to be beholden to its whims. It’s a feeling almost every YouTuber has, but few do anything about it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESorted did, coming up with a solution that would support their business whether YouTube promoted them or not. Alongside their free channel, they set up a paid membership club, which gave people access to exclusive apps, a weekly podcast and original content. They advertised the club in their videos and across their existing social media platforms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELaunched in 2019 after a year of development, The Sorted Club was one of the first of its kind. It was a gamble for the YouTubers, who bet that their audience would follow them off the platform. So far, they’ve been right: they have thousands of members, and between March and May 2020, the number of club members paying £4.99 a month grew 37%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Could membership clubs be the route to a sustainable business for influencers whose income has long depended on yo-yoing policies of bigger platforms?","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow, Sorted are hardly alone with their membership club model. In the past year, other big YouTubers, including NELK, a collection of prank-focused YouTubers based in Canada, and Logan Paul, whose 22.3 million fans make him one of YouTube’s most recognised names, have set up their own membership schemes. For Paul’s Maverick Club and NELK’s Send Club, members pay $20 for access to exclusive content and the opportunity, in both cases, to win potentially huge prizes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECould membership clubs be the route to a sustainable business for influencers whose income has long depended on yo-yoing policies of bigger platforms? Done right, they could chart a new future for social media superstars, and a way for them to more directly make connections with their audiences. Done wrong, they’re the latest way to cash in on online fame.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESeeking the security of steady income\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECreators often rely on platforms to provide them with a baseline of revenue from advertising income, or direct funding from the sites themselves – such as TikTok, which recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewsroom.tiktok.com\u002Fen-gb\u002Fcreator-fund-first-recipients\"\u003Elaunched a $1bn fund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to support its users financially.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the promises and the reality of programmes like these can be quite far apart.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor TikTok, many creators on the site report they are receiving between two and five cents for every 1,000 views they receive – hardly enough to support their lifestyle, even at scale. And on YouTube, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonezero.medium.com\u002Fas-youtube-traffic-soars-youtubers-say-pay-is-plummeting-30dc1ba444db\"\u003Edrop in advertising revenue \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eover the last six months has meant creators have taken a hit; in April, YouTubers received around 50% of what they would have done in February from adverts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Content creators, or influencers, have long been searching for ways to stabilise their incomes in a feast-or-famine industry rife with uncertainty,” says Zoe Glatt, a researcher of online culture at the London School of Economics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08rkdnc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of an influencer holding merchandise as she films herself","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey’ve toyed with fan support, direct sponsorship and brand deals in which they mention products in exchange for money. Many have set up their own merchandise lines, selling apparel to fans. Following 2017’s YouTube “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnymag.com\u002Fintelligencer\u002F2017\u002F12\u002Fcan-youtube-survive-the-adpocalypse.html\"\u003Eadpocalypse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, in which a number of large advertisers decided to pull their money in response to their products being promoted against extremist recruitment videos, several creators joined Patreon, a website that allows fans to support their favourite creators with a regular stipend, of which Patreon takes a cut.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike some of these alternatives, however, memberships give creators recurring, dependable and direct revenue, says Aaron McClendon of Detroit Venture Partners, a technology-centric venture capital fund, who has been monitoring the trend of such clubs. “If you can build a subscription business without doing that much more work, that’s great,” he explains. “It also gives the creator a way to directly access their super-fans.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut of course, developing your own independent membership club is costly. True independence is only available to the largest digital creators who can afford to make such an investment – and they’re often the ones who already have diverse income streams beyond simply advertising revenue. This may leave some creators out in the cold, widening the gap between those able to make a living from content versus those who are still grinding to break even.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho benefits most?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe ability to more closely track users – a key element of understanding what kind of content they like, and how to present it to audiences – is also possible from membership clubs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They’re able to have complete ownership of their audience and the data that comes with it,” says independent YouTube audience development consultant Leslie Datsis, based in Arlington in the US state of Virginia. “Not just revenue growth and audience growth, but things like where on their website people are clicking, or what merch or perks they spend a lot of time looking at.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08rkdt8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Members of Sorted Food filming a segment","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis can help drive future success for creators, but also be beneficial for audiences, giving them more content that they like, rather than what sites like YouTube demand. Sorted’s Club made more formal what they had long been doing on YouTube, and continue to do: creating videos based on audience feedback and often, direct suggestions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut although loyal followers can benefit from potentially better content in membership clubs, there can also a notable downside for fans, who end up having to shell out for highly mediated “personal” contact with their favourite influencers. Glatt says that Logan Paul is an example of a creator “packaging his membership with the same community spirit of authenticity and intimacy that is ubiquitous amongst influencers”, but who is ultimately doing so in a transactional way to profit. After all, no matter how close to a creator a fan feels, proprietors have set up their clubs to generate as much revenue as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose who spend hours consuming videos may quickly find themselves supporting their favourite online creators via membership fees. As the amount of time and effort that goes into producing YouTube videos increases to levels akin to a traditional television show, so do the expectations of many creators to get a meaningful financial return from their hard work. And, in a world where we pay for multiple subscriptions to streaming services anyway, creators may be able to tap into the habits so many have already built.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs such, fans may have to get used to paying for premium content on social media – and with every membership club that crops up, the initial ideal of social media fades a little more into the background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For me, what these membership schemes signal is yet another step towards the influencer industry looking increasingly like the traditional media that it originally bucked against,” says Glatt. “There’s a slickness and commercialism that jars against the homemade quality that most content creators still strive towards, no matter how big their operation has become.”\u003Cspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Would you pay to follow an influencer?","headlineShort":"Would you pay to follow an influencer?","image":["p08rkcts"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Four of the five on-screen members of Sorted Food","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-the-house-built-by-2-million-instagram-followers","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191119-why-instagram-captions-are-important","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fsmall-business"],"summaryLong":"Spooked by plummeting advertising revenue, content creators are hoping that loyal fans will pay up to watch their videos.","summaryShort":"Membership clubs could be the new way to watch your favourite creators","tag":["tag\u002Finfluencers","tag\u002Fsocial-media"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-22T00:02:20.653144Z","entity":"article","guid":"c4ad76c0-c5bf-464d-95e3-ecf99c3ba4b2","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-22T00:02:20.653144Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c1f62","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristian-jarrett"],"bodyIntro":"As we switch to greater virtual working, some of us will find it easier than others. But there are ways to adapt.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany workers around the globe have been forced to embrace the promise and challenges of virtual teamwork – almost overnight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, many companies, especially in IT, have been distributed for years. But many others are more used to working in person and haven’t had the same time to cultivate a healthy and effective remote working culture. Getting into a rhythm of remote collaboration can be difficult, especially when bringing together many different personalities and aptitudes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe only choice? Adapt fast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorking well\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorking at a distance is a challenge at the best of times. Without the social nuances of face-to-face contact, and no chance to check something with Derek or Sheila in another department, virtual teamwork places greater emphasis on communication and organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECan teams quickly rise to the occasion and keep working well? It’s likely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral years ago, Sandy Staples, a professor at Smith School of Business at Queens University, Ontario, and his colleagues conducted a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0378720612000626\"\u003Emeta-analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the evidence from 80 studies looking at what virtual working does to teams. The bad news is that over the short-term (a day or less), newly formed virtual teams experienced more negative outcomes than face-to-face teams, including more team conflict, lower satisfaction, less knowledge sharing and poorer performance. The good news is that this mostly didn’t apply to teams that had worked together for longer, presumably as they adapted. So, even if newly remote teams are experiencing teething problems as they transition, the research suggests they will improve and adapt over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s easier for an established team to adapt to virtual working than it is to form an effective virtual team for scratch","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStaples explains another reason for optimism in the current circumstances – it’s easier for an established team to adapt to virtual working than it is to form an effective virtual team for scratch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[E]ven though the pandemic has made teams adopt virtual work overnight, they would not be newly-formed teams. That implies that they would have knowledge about their teammates, understand the interdependencies of their tasks, etc. Therefore, I would speculate that the causal mechanisms that created the challenges in the short-term teams in the studies we examined would not be the same in our Covid-19 virtual work world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fs8yk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Foosball table","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAdapting quickly\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, even though teams as a whole might be well-primed to adapt to virtual teamwork, aptitude for change may be different on an individual level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt least at first, being plunged into the world of team video meetings and endless relay chats will be a challenge even for team-members who know each other. But, at an individual level, some of us will find it easier than others. A lot, it seems, boils down to whether you’re the kind of person who enjoys new challenges and is prepared to adapt to doing things differently.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"High scorers on openness were the happiest to embrace virtual teamwork – presumably because of their general willingness to experiment with new ways of working","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConsider the findings from a study conducted by Andy Luse, a management scientist at the Spears School of Business at Oklahoma State University. He and his colleagues measured the personality traits and thinking style of more than 150 business students, and then assessed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0747563213000733#b0185\"\u003Etheir preferences for virtual teamwork\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven that virtual work means the loss of chance encounters in the corridor, or camaraderie-building chats around the water-cooler, you might imagine that the introvert-extrovert personality dimension was most important – after all, it’s well-established that extroverts thrive with chance for plenty of face-to-face socialising. But it was actually the key trait of ‘openness’ (which is related to being imaginative and having a love for trying out new things) that was most important. High scorers on openness were the happiest to embrace virtual teamwork – presumably because of their general willingness to experiment with new ways of working.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile less important than openness, one’s level of introversion or extroversion was also a significant factor. Overall, Luse says that although extroverts prefer virtual teamwork compared with working alone, they may struggle with the current situation of enforced remote work in the absence of any face-to-face contact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[Extroverted] individuals would much rather work face-to-face as compared to virtually, which will lessen the energy they get from the interaction,” says Luse. “Conversely, introverts expend energy with social interaction, so while they are more apt to work alone well, they are also better at adapting to a virtual environment given it involves less face-to-face interaction and is thereby less taxing mentally.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Those who like to make quick decisions prefer virtual teams more than those individuals who like long conversations – Andy Luse","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAside from personality traits, Luse observed that your favoured decision-making style is also relevant. “Those who like to make quick decisions prefer virtual teams more than those individuals who like long conversations,” he says. “Given the less rich environment of virtual teams, decisions are typically more abbreviated, which appeals to these types of individuals.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis chimes with a finding from a recent German \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F08959285.2016.1154061?scroll=top&needAccess=true\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that surveyed hundreds of professionals with expertise in either virtual or traditional teamwork, about which of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F7453309_The_Great_Eight_Competencies_A_Criterion-Centric_Approach_to_Validation\"\u003Eeight “great competencies”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are most important for their way of working. Notably, the virtual teamwork experts identified two as being more important than the experts in more traditional teamwork: the Leading and Deciding competency, followed by the Analysing and Interpreting competency. The former incorporates decision making, but also acting with confidence and with one’s own initiative; the latter is largely about writing and expressing oneself clearly and accurately.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fs8yc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"colleagues looking at computer","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChanging personalities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile some of us might be better adapted to the new remote ways of working than others – confident, articulate and decisive introverts might particularly have a chance to shine – there’s a rather unnerving flip side. All of those hours spent jostling for influence in virtual meetings might even be changing us – and not necessarily for the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough research around this isn’t deep, there some initial findings suggest that adapting to this intense period of virtual collaboration might be altering our personalities. Earlier this year, William Swart and Judy Siguaw at East Carolina University \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farticlegateway.com\u002Findex.php\u002FAJM\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F2756\u002F2621\"\u003Estudied\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the experiences of 58 business students engaged in five weeks of intense virtual teamwork. Comparing the students’ personality trait scores before and after the period of virtual working, Swart and Siguaw found that, on average, the students came out scoring lower on one of the main personality trait known as ‘agreeableness’ – essentially, how warm and friendly and trusting of others you are. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers speculated this might have been a consequence of the students becoming more practised at getting their own views across in virtual meetings – it is, of course, difficult to have natural turn-taking in video conversations, and it’s much easier to be left out of the conversation altogether. The students also grew more extroverted and open-minded, which Swart and Siguaw explained as “the students learning to be more vocal and to verbally express themselves so that the team can reach its overarching objectives”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps most intriguing, though, was that the pair observed a kind of convergence effect, so that people with more extreme personality scores (such as low agreeableness or strong extroversion) came out of the experience nearer the average.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESwart says, “The way that I see that is that everybody's in this boat together, and if they don’t compromise and work together and so on, then they [realise] they are not going to meet their goal – with dire consequences.” He’s continuing to collect personality data, so in the near future he will be able to look for changes specifically brought on during the period of lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08fs8z3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOptimising work for all\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of everyone melding into a similar, shoutier personality type as they vie for influence on their webcams is not particularly appealing. Fortunately, there are established ways to cultivate positive team cultures, even at a distance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Essentially, some of the things that happen in an ad-hoc, informal way when we are face-to-face need to become more structured when we operate virtually,” says Staples, giving the examples of a virtual team manager taking the time each day to check in informally on other team-members, and team-members scheduling time for informal virtual coffee chats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of the things that happen in an ad-hoc, informal way when we are face-to-face need to become more structured when we operate virtually – Sandy Staples","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs well as scheduling time for virtual water-cooler moments, it’s also important to take some early simple steps, such agreeing how you’re going to work together (including which online communication tools to use) and what the rules of engagement will be, such as letting different people take turns to lead a meeting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA specific routine that teams could introduce is the ‘daily stand-up meeting’. These are practised widely by so-called ‘agile teams’, which have their roots in software development where the goals and demands of the team are always evolving. It involves a short meeting – no more than 15 minutes – during which each member says what they did yesterday, what they’re doing today and outlines any obstacles in their way. “This is an effective coordination mechanism and it also allows the team to identify issues that need to be dealt with,” says Staples.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe overall aim of stand-up meetings, informal virtual coffee chats and any other new routines that you introduce should be to help people “feel that they are part of a team and that they support each other, so people are willing to ask for help, and know they will get it, and are willing to share both good and bad news”, says Staples.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll this will help to increase what organisational psychologists call ‘psychological safety’ – mutual trust between team-members and the comfort of knowing that you will be forgiven if you slip up. Mutual trust among members is a hallmark of any kind of high-functioning team, virtual or not, and will be vital for our teams to thrive in the challenging months and years ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.christianjarrett.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDr Christian Jarrett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eis a senior editor at \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsyche.co\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAeon+Psyche\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. His next book, about personality change, will be published in 2021.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-14"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fbeyond-the-9-to-5"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-02T10:47:25Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The personalities that benefit most from remote work","headlineShort":"Are introverts better at remote work?","image":["p08fs8xh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As we switch to greater virtual working, some of us will find it easier than others. But there are ways to adapt.","summaryShort":"Some personality traits make people better at virtual teamwork","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-01T19:27:15.370625Z","entity":"article","guid":"137dc8f9-2405-49db-a16a-c68a167a8664","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-01T23:25:36.415385Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818905},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2849","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"For some, working from home is distracting and draining. But one pioneering study that has new relevance found that working from home one day a week boosted output by 13%.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story is from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsounds\u002Fplay\u002Fm000kgsb\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECuring Our Positivity Problem\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, an episode of BBC Sounds. It was presented by Sangita Myska and produced by Sarah Shebbeare. To listen to more episodes of BBC Sounds, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsounds\"\u003Eclick here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Adapted by Bryan Lufkin.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmid the Covid-19 crisis, working from home has become run of the mill for many. But even as remote work has normalised, it’s a recent development: doing your job from your couch was less mainstream before the coronavirus – and even stigmatised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Have you punched into Google image search, ‘working from home’, and looked at the top 20 images? They're basically naked people, a guy drinking champagne in what looks like a jacuzzi. I mean, almost none of them are positive images,” says Nicholas Bloom, a professor at Stanford University in California. He’s made a career out of studying work practices, including remote work. And he thinks the attitudes around working from home are finally changing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One silver lining with the Covid pandemic: it's going to kickstart working from home [moving from the] fringe to a mainstream technology that is commonly used across the country,” he says. That process is already under way; firms including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-53303364\"\u003EFujitsu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-52628119\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have already announced plans to make remote work a permanent option, even after the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA study \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F256051553_Does_Working_from_Home_Work_Evidence_from_a_Chinese_Experiment\"\u003EBloom did back in 2013 somewhat forecast this trend\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: in his experiment, Bloom worked with a Chinese company to study remote-work productivity. Somewhat to Bloom’s surprise, the company’s staff became notably more productive by working from home four days a week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, six months into the global pandemic, an increasing number of companies are asking: should we work from home indefinitely? And if they do decide to make major organisational changes about remote work, could they see similar leaps in productivity?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe experiment\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBloom’s experiment began when James Liang, CEO of Trip.com Group (formerly called Ctrip) – the largest online travel agency in China, founded in 1999 – ended up in one of Bloom’s graduate classes at Stanford. Liang mentioned to Bloom how expensive Shanghai real estate was, how the costs of maintaining company headquarters there were huge and that he was thinking of letting his staff work from home because of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis piqued the interest of Bloom, whose work has long centred around the question of whether big successful companies could support home working and still be productive, and the two teamed up to find out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, they divvied up 1,000 Ctrip employees who volunteered for the study into two teams, separated by birth dates. Those born on even days got to work from home four out of five weekdays for the next nine months. Those born on odd days stayed in the office all week long.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen the two teams were tracked. It was easy to do, as these workers had repetitive, straightforward tasks that could easily be quantified, and whose productivity could easily be measured – making bookings in the system or making phone calls, for example. Nine months passed, and Bloom and Liang discovered workers were 13% more productive at home. That surprised Bloom, who was expecting that efficiency might have dipped, which would have been the trade-off to saving money on office space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Nine months passed, and Bloom and Liang discovered workers were 13% more productive at home. That surprised Bloom, who was expecting that efficiency might have dipped, which would have been the trade-off to saving money on office space.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf that 13% increased output, around 4% of it came from workers being able to cram in more tasks per minute due to fewer distractions. (Bloom says one employee said she was relieved to be spared watching her cubicle-mate clip her toenails at her desk.) The remaining 9% was attributed to workers actually working more minutes per shift. Bloom says this is because commutes were eliminated entirely, lunch breaks were shorter and fewer workers took sick days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter the nine-month-long experiment, Liang ended up rolling out a WFH option permanently. Bloom says he re-interviewed the people who worked from home during the study and then worked from home again after it became policy. He said of that group, half of the workers changed their tune, saying it was harder this time around, reporting feelings of isolation. But for the other half who remained at home, Bloom says they got even \u003Cem\u003Emore\u003C\u002Fem\u003E productive: “their productivity went up by over 20%.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EImportant variables\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBloom’s data suggests a staff could become much more productive while working from home long term – but it’s not so straightforward.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Ctrip experiment, there were caveats as to who could take part in the first place. Participants had to meet three requirements: have no kids, have a room that wasn’t their bedroom and have quality broadband internet on equipment the firm installed for them at home. So there’s no guarantee that, say, parents working from home or those without access to fast internet would see those productivity boosts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s no guarantee that parents working from home or those without access to fast internet would see those productivity boosts","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELynda Grattan, a professor at London Business School who specialises in the future of work, flags up other points; Bloom’s experiment was easy to carry out because it was essentially happening at a call centre. “We have no proper data on the productivity of knowledge workers when they’re based at home,” she says. (In other words, workers whose day-to-day isn’t as repetitive with countable tasks.) However, she says that in her experience with executives during the pandemic, most have said their knowledge workers have become \u003Cem\u003Emore\u003C\u002Fem\u003E productive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGrattan also highlights \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid\"\u003Ethe inequality that becomes visible with remote work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’s harder to be productive when you’re in a less-than-ideal living situation, like a cramped flat with no home office. Remember, those in Bloom’s study had a room to work in that wasn’t their bedroom. For many people, that is simply not the case.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFeeling disconnected\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also the question of the effects of physically seeing colleagues. It’s an important consideration, because if large-scale working from home becomes a reality, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180130-what-if-you-never-saw-your-colleagues-in-person-again\"\u003Eyou may never see your colleagues in person again\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Your day to day could just be Zoom calls – or even virtual on-screen avatars that replace your face, says Grattan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it’s important to have those face-to-face interactions, says Grattan. She doesn’t think all offices in the world could do what Ctrip did. She says that in many offices “serendipity is important: bumping into people, they're seeing people in the corridor. Quite a lot of the ways that we make decisions in organisations aren't made in meetings. They're made in the corridors”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEddie Obeng, founder of Pentacle, a virtual business school, say he’s concerned about remote workers’ feelings of isolation and loneliness, in the absence of those important personal interactions. It’s a point reinforced by Christy Johnson, who runs a US-based consulting company staffed entirely by remote workers. She says that isolation was the biggest source of staff turnover during her first year. She tries to organise annual in-person meetings to compensate for this loss of in-person interaction that could potentially weaken morale or slow productivity. She also tries to replicate ad-hoc conversations on Friday afternoons about people’s fun plans for the weekend, in the way people would speak on a Friday afternoon in a real office.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven Bloom says that that one day a week in the office is vital for team cohesion and human interaction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, he thinks that the gains we could get from widespread WFH – pandemic or not – are important, and the pros outweigh the cons. “In the long run, I think it's huge. Imagine: we go to something like, 20% of our days are spent working from home. That’s 20% less commuting. That's the ability to live further out of city centres to reorganise our lives [and] have some quiet tranquillity. So yes, I think it's an enormous benefit,” he says. “If we get it right.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The remote work experiment that upped productivity 13%","headlineShort":"How remote work can boost output 13%","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"For some, working from home is distracting and draining. But one pioneering study that has new relevance found that working from home one day a week boosted output by 13%.","summaryShort":"The pioneering study that unlocked the benefits of remote work","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-13T09:19:12.4834Z","entity":"article","guid":"927c570d-c696-4f20-8ca7-7479737cd0f4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-13T09:19:12.4834Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2d9f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has grounded business travellers. When the world opens back up, will employees close down Zoom and get back on planes?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen most of us aren’t even travelling to the office, going on a business trip feels about as remote as taking the red-eye to Mars. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the Covid-19 pandemic hit, business travel has ground to a halt. We’ve moved critical client meetings to Zoom, allowed our frequent-flier cards to gather dust and learned how to communicate with colleagues around the world without jumping on a plane. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut is this the start of a new normal for business travel? BBC Worklife spoke to Charuta Fadnis, senior vice-president of research at travel analytics firm Phocuswright; Dave Hilfman, the executive director of the Global Business Travel Association (GBTA); and Susan Liechtenstein, managing partner at US-based consultancy firm DigiTravel, to hear what might be in store. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen will business travel restart?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong the unknowns around a vaccine, how quickly economic recovery sets in and how soon countries roll back border restrictions, travel experts face many unanswerable questions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We’re all struggling a little bit to understand how quickly travel will recover, because there's just no precedent to something like the coronavirus pandemic,” says Fadnis. Recovery from past events like 9\u002F11 or the global financial crisis generally took two to three years, but these events also did not entail the same months-long shutdown of virtually all global travel. Health concerns were not an issue in either event, making it even harder to predict how soon fliers may feel comfortable exposing themselves to strangers once again. “This crisis is really new, in terms of the magnitude of the impact,” she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gbta.org\u002Fblog\u002F56-travel-buyers-have-revised-their-travel-policy-in-light-of-covid-19\u002F\"\u003Ea July survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of more than 2,000 GBTA members, 44% said they expected domestic business travel within the US to resume in the next two to three months. Around a third pegged it at six to eight months, while 15% said they simply didn’t know.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of man looking at the departure board in an airport","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInternational travel is a harder proposition, says Fadnis, particularly “a more smooth travel experience where countries open up their borders and allow a seamless flow”. Airlines such as Australian national carrier Qantas have suspended all international flights, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldnomads.com\u002Ftravel-safety\u002Fworldwide\u002Fworldwide-travel-alerts\"\u003Eborder closures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have prevented the majority of travellers from moving freely around the world. There’s a world of difference between hopping on a Eurostar from Paris to London – already a possibility – and a long-haul flight from Sydney to Dubai or across the Atlantic. New travel corridors, such as the ones suggested between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ttrweekly.com\u002Fsite\u002F2020\u002F07\u002Fvietnam-studies-travel-corridors\u002F\"\u003EVietnam and South Korea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2020\u002Fmay\u002F27\u002Faustralia-new-zealand-travel-bubble-jacinda-ardern-says-plan-will-be-presented-in-june-coronavirus\"\u003ENew Zealand and Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, may support some regional business travel.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDoes anyone even want to travel for work?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Zoom might replicate much of the experience of an in-person chat, for many businesspeople there’s nothing quite like seeing clients in person, especially when building relationships, hashing out the finer details of a sensitive deal or understanding how a business works from the inside. Even a simple handshake helps us to create bonds: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fus\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-moral-molecule\u002F200810\u002Fhandshake-or-hug-why-we-touch\"\u003Ea 2008 study from the University of Iowa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that the gesture helped release oxytocin in the brain, in turn building trust between strangers and helping to sustain co-operation. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than that, it often makes financial sense to invest in sending workers around the world: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oxfordeconomics.com\u002FMedia\u002FDefault\u002FIndustry%20verticals\u002FTourism\u002FUS%20Travel%20Association-%20ROI%20on%20US%20Business%20Travel.pdf\"\u003Eone study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, by forecasting firm Oxford Economics, found that every dollar spent on business travel resulted in $12.50 in incremental revenue. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People getting together face-to-face is the only way, really, to achieve ultimate success in business,” says Hilfman. “Many of my colleagues in the industry, be it on the corporate side, the travel side or supply side, they’re very anxious to get back out on the road again and see their customers and colleagues.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The biggest customers that you have, if they want to have a face-to-face: will you go? Of course you’ll go - Susan Liechtenstein","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBusiness travel can provide the chance to network, see the world and take advantage of fantastic personal development opportunities. But for every person itching to hit the tarmac, there are many others who may be concerned about the risk to their health or simply glad to avoid the stress of international travel. Already, European travellers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2020\u002Fjul\u002F27\u002Fcovid-19-reawakens-europe-sleeper-trains\"\u003Ehave swapped planes for trains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, particularly those that offer a sleeper service with individual cabins. In the US, early indicators suggest that customers aren’t returning to flying as quickly as airlines would like, or expect. The industry group \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usatoday.com\u002Fstory\u002Ftravel\u002Fairline-news\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F29\u002Fairline-industry-expects-rebound-coronavirus-drop-2024\u002F5534055002\u002F\"\u003EIATA now believes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E travel will not return to pre-pandemic levels before 2024. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, for many businesses, what the customer wants will be the deciding factor, says Liechtenstein: “The biggest customers that you have, if they want to have a face-to-face: will you go? Of course you’ll go.” Until those customers are prepared to brave the risks, it’s not worth companies’ while to push it, especially while the majority of employees seem so disinclined to put themselves in close proximity to the flying public. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many cases, the health risks may not be as great as they appear. Flying seems to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52822913\"\u003Elower transmission rates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fwillhorton1\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F22\u002Fhow-coronavirus-spread-in-one-restaurant-shows-why-air-travel-is-safer-than-you-think\u002F#41950e419722\"\u003Einside dining\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F08\u002Fus\u002Fcoronavirus-churches-outbreaks.html\"\u003Ereligious services\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, among other ‘risky’ activities, due to a combination of hospital-grade air filters and the dryness of cabin air. But concerns about being in close proximity to strangers, fellow passengers not wearing masks and general discomfort around flying have together led many to rule it out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Airport worker cleaning the floor at the Hong Kong International Airport on 19 March 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat said, there are reasons beyond the immediate health risks to curb business travel. Technological solutions including video-conferencing and workplace chat platform Slack have helped bolster communication between geographically-distant workers, eliminating some of the need for expensive travel. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wsj.com\u002Farticles\u002Fno-flights-no-problem-investment-bankers-embrace-wfh-11588758917\"\u003EEven investment bankers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, long used to late evenings in the office or travelling at the drop of a hat, are embracing at-home alternatives. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s a financial upside, too. As a looming global recession threatens to squeeze business travel budgets for some time, the standard for what does and doesn’t warrant a trip is all but certain to change. In an April earnings call, Deutsche Bank CEO Christian Sewing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fool.com\u002Fearnings\u002Fcall-transcripts\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F29\u002Fdeutsche-bank-ag-db-q1-2020-earnings-call-transcri.aspx\"\u003Espoke enthusiastically\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about the possibility of cutting both real estate and travel costs via more remote work. “We will change the way we are working, absolutely,” he said. “We even have further ammunition actually to reduce our costs.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnvironmental concerns are yet another reason to stay grounded. While aviation actually only contributes about 2% of global emissions, it’s a pressing issue as an industry that’s particularly hard to decarbonise. Nearly half of UK workers worry about the negative environmental impact of business travel, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.o2.co.uk\u002Fpress-release\u002Fthe-death-of-the-business-trip-workers-set-to-shun-travel-for-remote-working-due-to-environmental-concerns\u002F\"\u003Ea June survey from O2’s Business division\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat will the next iteration of business travel look like?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince 2017, global business travel spending has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gbta.org\u002Fblog\u002Fgbta-forecasts-seven-percent-growth-in-global-business-travel-spend-potentially-signifying-end-to-era-of-uncertainty\u002F\"\u003Eexceeded $1.3tn each year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with China and the US the two largest markets at more than $290bn each. But it could be years before the sector recovers to the same point, if ever.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think business travel will never go back to what it was before, when people easily said, ‘I'm going to meet with somebody,’ got on a plane, and did that, without thinking through what the actual meeting was,” says Liechtenstein. She anticipates that demand might return to about 75% of 2018 levels by 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Business travel is going to go through an evolution here and it is being reshaped, I think for the better - Dave Hilfman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the long run, she says, business travellers may be expected to combine multiple meetings into one trip, especially given \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus\"\u003Ethe likely increase in the cost of travel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Better safety and cleaning protocols will likely contribute to higher prices, especially if \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.express.co.uk\u002Ftravel\u002Farticles\u002F1274885\u002Fflights-coronavirus-plane-ticket-prices-rise-biosecurity-cleaning\"\u003Edeep cleaning planes requires more time on the tarmac between flights\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. After an initial price shock, fares could rise by as much as 54%, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fmarisagarcia\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F05\u002Fairlines-warn-of-54-higher-fares-with-social-distancing-argue-likelihood-of-transmission-in-flight-is-low\u002F#6412f08696e9\"\u003Eaccording to estimates from airline industry group IATA.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome hope that this reset could actually improve business travel, both from a health and safety perspective, and in terms of the actual mechanisms of air travel infrastructure. “Business travel is going to go through an evolution here and it is being reshaped, I think for the better,” says Hilfman. Customers will likely get used to flying on squeaky-clean planes via spotless airport terminals, or accessing rental cars at any time of the day or night through contactless solutions, he says, with many of these changes also benefiting the leisure travel sector. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the upper echelons of the tech and business world, private planes have long been part of the equation, with about 13% of S&P500 companies \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.barrons.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs-p-500-companies-still-use-private-jets-they-just-dont-want-to-talk-about-it-51571832002\"\u003Eeither owning or using a private jet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. While in a pandemic context, they might seem a sensible way to impose social distancing or limit potentially risky contact, it’s hardly a workable financial solution for the majority of businesses. “If it’s the CEO of a tech company, sure thing -- and that happens already, today. But if it’s a team going to a conference? I very much doubt that a company's going to shell out for a private jet,” says Fadnis.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will business travel ever be the same?","headlineShort":"Will we ever travel for work again?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a plane flying over skyscrapers","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has grounded business travellers. When the world opens back up, will employees close down Zoom and get back on planes?","summaryShort":"After Covid, will employees close down Zoom and get back on planes?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-04T19:57:20.276477Z","entity":"article","guid":"e8855d81-bb19-4355-b66f-66488c5d4587","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-05T06:09:50.418974Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid","_id":"5f6329fffdd05dcd259c3439","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro"],"bodyIntro":"Companies are looking to the post-Covid future. For many, the vision is a model that combines remote work and office time.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince Covid-19 upended our lives, employees around the world have settled into the rhythms of mandatory remote work. Now, as companies try to decide the best way forward for their workers, it’s clear that many employees don’t want to stuff the genie entirely back into the bottle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA survey in May showed that 55% of US workers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsiepr.stanford.edu\u002Fresearch\u002Fpublications\u002Fhow-working-home-works-out\"\u003Ewant a mixture of home and office working\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In the UK, employers expect the proportion of regular home workers to double, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cipd.co.uk\u002Fabout\u002Fmedia\u002Fpress\u002Fhome-working-increases\"\u003Efrom 18% pre-pandemic to 37% post-pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In China, employment expert Alicia Tung \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.microsoft.com\u002Fapac\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F29\u002Fmicrosoft-forecasts-a-hybrid-new-normal-of-work-in-asia-pacific\u002F\"\u003Ehas predicted that in 10 years’ time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, there will be a 60\u002F40 split of onsite\u002Fremote work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the moment, companies are managing in varied ways. Some have given employees permission to continue working remotely until at least 2021. Others have recalled staff to the workplace on different schedules and in staggered groups. Still others are leaving it entirely up to individual workers to decide where to base themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut businesses around the world are also starting to think about the longer term, including alternative ways to structure work communication and hours as well as physical presence. And what many are converging on amid the ongoing uncertainty, says Marco Minervini, an organisational design researcher at business school INSEAD in Singapore, is different models of hybrid working: combining remote work with office work.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj4tj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat hybrid work might look like\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile ‘hybrid’ is key to understanding the more flexible future of work, it encompasses many possible systems. Hybrid work \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F3er1viui9wo30pkxh1v2nh4w-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002Fprod\u002Fsites\u002F43\u002F2020\u002F07\u002FWhitepaper-Transitioning-Asia-to-a-New-Normal-of-Work.pdf\"\u003Etends to include more freedom around when to work as well as where\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It generally grants more autonomy to employees to fit work around the rest of their lives, rather than structuring other parts of a weekday around hours logged in an office. Ideally, it’s the best of both worlds: structure and sociability on one hand, and independence and flexibility on the other. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA common procedure of existing hybrid companies, accelerated since the pandemic started, is to designate certain days for in-office meetings and collaboration, and remote days for work involving individual focus. Physical presence might be required for orientations, team-building and project kick-offs, but not necessarily for other work. “We try to use home working days less for video sessions and more for the tasks that require concentration. A task that may take several hours in the office may be completed in just an hour or two at home,” says Baruch Silverman, founder of personal finance website The Smart Investor. His company, which is based in Los Angeles, went hybrid in June. On the other hand, the company aims for sharing and synchronisation on the days when employees come into the office together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome companies are going further. Kissflow, a provider of digital workplace services with offices in the US and India, has introduced a mixed working model called REMOTE+. This combines three weeks of working from anywhere with one week of office-based work. The company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkissflow.com\u002Fnews\u002Fkissflow-launches-remoteplus\u002F\"\u003Ecovers accommodation costs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the office week, and encourages employees to return home the rest of the time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Ideally, hybrid work is the best of both worlds: structure and sociability, and independence and flexibility","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, the Barlow Law Firm in Chicago, which moved away from office-based work during the pandemic, has kept its office for practical reasons; it still has older paper-based files and key equipment there. “Some files contain thousands of pages of discovery. There is no way we would reprint those things at home,” explains lawyer Maria Barlow. The handful of staff go into the office as needed.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, an HR professional association, believes that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-53484767\"\u003Emost companies will retain physical offices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But changes are afoot, as some companies will be reluctant to maintain the same amount of office space for a smaller number of workers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrior to Covid-19, search engine optimisation agency NOVOS had signed a lease with WeWork for office space. But due to the pandemic, it backed out of the lease and moved to We Membership, “where employees can work from home most of the time but are allocated each a monthly budget to spend on booking workspace”, NOVOS CEO Antonio Wedral explains. Pre-pandemic, almost all employees were based in or around London, but recent hires have been located as far away as Poland. Staff are able to use the We Membership credits at any eligible location, but some still appreciate coming to the same branch. “This has worked very well so far, with many enjoying seeing everyone again, the flexibility, and it is much cheaper than a physical office that we wouldn’t be using properly now anyway,” says Wedral.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj42f"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENicholas Bloom, a Stanford University economics professor with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive\"\u003Eexpertise in remote work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, believes that once the pandemic subsides, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsiepr.stanford.edu\u002Fresearch\u002Fpublications\u002Fhow-working-home-works-out\"\u003Eworking from home two days a week will be optimal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for balancing collaborative and quiet work, while benefitting from the reduced stress of less commuting. He suggests companies that want to retain their own space consider moving from tall buildings to spread-out industrial parks or campuses to facilitate social distancing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnita Williams Woolley, who researches organisational behaviour and theory at Carnegie Mellon University, believes that it makes sense for organisations to evaluate their space and consider downsizing, but without eliminating meeting space. “If anything I’d keep the conference room, maybe get rid of some of the cubicles that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170105-open-offices-are-damaging-our-memories\"\u003Enobody likes anyway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and invest in the private workspaces for the people that need to be in the office.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe darker side of hybrid work\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, hybrid working patterns won’t suit everyone. In general, there’s enormous socioeconomic and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200420-coronavirus-why-some-racial-groups-are-more-vulnerable\"\u003Eracial inequality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between who is able to work from home and who is not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Sid Sijbrandij, CEO of web development platform GitLab, calls hybrid remote work “the worst of both worlds”","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic has drawn attention to disparities among those allowed to work remotely, including the spotty quality of internet access; the demands of parenting and caring; and the luxury of roomy homes and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid\"\u003Eoutdoor space\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that make working from home comfortable. Those squashed into overcrowded flats may not relish having to work from home for the bulk of the week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also the question of personality. People who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work\"\u003Eappreciate a fixed routine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, may find it difficult to ping back and forth between work settings. “I thought I’d be happy to go back, but I have to say that it’s difficult,” reflects Nelson Sherwin, a manager at PEO Companies, based in the US state of Nebraska, which advises on HR services. “I think the key is to just be consistent and you can pretty much adjust to anything – office or remote work. But when you do both, you don’t really get a chance to adjust to either. You’re in and out, never quite able to create a consistent routine.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to critics, a hybrid model may also have an in-built inclusion problem. Sid Sijbrandij, CEO of web development platform GitLab, calls hybrid remote work \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fhybrid-remote-work-offers-the-worst-of-both-worlds\u002F\"\u003E“the worst of both worlds”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. GitLab has an entirely remote workforce; it pays for employees to rent office or coworking space should they want it, and to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabout.gitlab.com\u002Fhandbook\u002Fincentives\u002F#visiting-grant\"\u003Evisit each other for work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Sijbrandij has argued that under a hybrid model, a head office will always have a disproportionate share of power, and office regulars will have the edge over home workers. If inadequately planned, this kind of structure would have neither the interaction of face-to-face work nor the egalitarianism that fully remote workforces can aspire to.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj3yg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOrganisational design researcher Minervini agrees, saying: “You run the risk of creating in-group and out-group dynamics in hybrid teams.” In other words, a mixed model can entrench a divide between those in the office and those at home (and potentially \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives\"\u003Emagnify the gender gap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as women are disproportionately expected to take on home-based caring responsibilities). “And there’s consistent evidence to show that in-group and out-group dynamics reduce collaboration and increase conflict.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPartially distributed teams also commonly report communication problems. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fieeexplore.ieee.org\u002Fdocument\u002F6457434\"\u003EConflict is more likely with digital communication\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, partly because social inhibitions are more powerful when working face-to-face. And the lack of shared social identity that is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fieeexplore.ieee.org\u002Fdocument\u002F6457434\"\u003Emore common in partially distributed teams\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can harm team effectiveness and performance, by impairing trust and team spirit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to make hybrids helpful rather than harmful\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorry over the unintentional exclusion of remote workers is behind one of Minervini’s key suggestions: aim towards equalisation. Ideally all workers would be in the office on the same days, although this may be impractical for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change\"\u003Esocially distanced offices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Leaders should be in the same boat as employees, to whatever extent possible, with roughly equal face time. Further, leaders should be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fieeexplore.ieee.org\u002Fdocument\u002F6457434\"\u003Eaware of the harms of in-group dynamics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETransparent communication is also critical. Woolley advises partially distributed companies to have group meetings in a completely distributed way, everyone on their own device. “That way everyone can be seen and heard, so you don’t have the distant conference table with the fuzzy faces,” she explains. “It cuts down on the side conversations, and it forces all of the communication to be much more explicit.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"An efficient hybrid workplace shouldn’t demand that everyone works the same hours, at the same pace","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECommunication doesn’t necessarily have to be as comprehensive as at GitLab, which has a sprawling, public \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabout.gitlab.com\u002Fhandbook\u002F\"\u003Eemployee handbook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But more clarity and consistency around procedures is important to avoid conflict, says Minervini.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt also helps foster more empowered employees, which leads into Minervini’s final suggestion for optimising hybrid work: modularisation. This involves dividing up work into tasks that employees can complete independently and make decisions on quickly, without requiring colleagues to be online simultaneously. “You need to break the temporal chain of synchronicity,” urges Minervini. In other words, an efficient hybrid workplace shouldn’t demand that everyone works the same hours, at the same pace, though occasionally this is necessary. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fieeexplore.ieee.org\u002Fdocument\u002F6457434\"\u003Emix of synchronous and asynchronous communication methods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E helps geographically-distant teams work best.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, Woolley is optimistic about the future. Even before Covid-19, she believed that organisations needed to rethink practices that were conventional but not efficient, like taking a flight for a two-hour meeting. “It just takes a little creativity and comfort, getting used to a new way of doing things. And so for me the silver lining in the pandemic is that it has forced organisations to find ways to do that. And I really hope they never go back, because for people’s wellbeing, work-life balance, etc., it just really is better to have this kind of flexibility.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why the future of work might be ‘hybrid’","headlineShort":"Is ‘hybrid’ work the way of the future?","image":["p08pj4v0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200710-the-remote-work-experiment-that-made-staff-more-productive","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-coronavirus-will-change-business-travel","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Companies are looking to the post-Covid future. For many, the vision is a model that combines remote work and office time.","summaryShort":"The new model for work could be a split between home and office","tag":["tag\u002Fworking-from-home"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-30T23:20:20.994202Z","entity":"article","guid":"91234ef5-e606-4be2-a123-e40fb574b70c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-30T23:20:20.994202Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818911},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c30b9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Swedes have long embraced their version of staycations: hemester. Now, Covid-19 travel restrictions and remote working are reshaping the tradition.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe sweet, refreshing aroma of the surrounding pine forest wafts onto the beach at Årsunda, a lakeside tourist spot in Gävleborg, central Sweden. As in many parts of the world, staycations are popular here this summer, with Covid-19 putting would-be travellers off venturing too far from home. Plus, Swedish tourists are more limited in where they’re allowed to go internationally than many other Europeans, with some countries imposing travel restrictions due to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-53498133\"\u003ENordic nation’s high infection rate in relation to its population size.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We were supposed to go to Sicily earlier in the year, but that didn’t happen, so we came here instead,” says Saga Norman, a student who’s tucking into a salad at a beachside restaurant. “But it’s actually pretty common we are up here in the summer.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 22-year-old lives in Stockholm, but her parents own a traditional Swedish wooden summer house – built by her grandfather – near the lake. \"There's fewer people, it's much quieter and it gives a soothing feeling that you can't get in cities,\" adds her digital-marketer boyfriend Alexander Sandvik, 23, who has joined her for the trip.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven before Covid-19, there was a long-running national obsession with staycations in Sweden. Here, they’re known as ‘hemester’, which comes from the Swedish words for home, ‘hem’\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and holiday, ‘semester’. While hemester can mean you’re simply staying put in your apartment or house during your annual leave, it is also commonly used to talk more generally about taking a vacation anywhere within your own country. Despite a growing trend for international holidays over the past few decades (before the Covid-19 pandemic, Swedes were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.se\u002F20170925\u002Fswedes-the-fourth-best-travelled-in-the-world-report\"\u003Eamong the most-travelled nationalities in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), spending time in summer homes remained a calendar staple for both wealthy families and those on lower incomes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think in the Swedish mentality, it becomes something almost necessary in order to connect with nature and recharge your batteries for long, dark and cold winter,” explains Jennifer Dahlberg, a US-born blogger and author who is currently writing a book set in the Stockholm archipelago, where she’s spent summers for the past two decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERecapturing traditions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a large proportion of Swedes, hemester is an experience similar to Norman and Sandvik’s idyllic lakeside break. Around 20% of the population own a summer cottage or cabin (classified as such because they can’t be used during colder winter months), while more than 50% have access to one via family or friends, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scb.se\u002Fen\u002FAbout-us\u002Fnews-and-press-releases\u002Fhundreds-of-thousands-swedes-own-holiday-homes-in-other-municipalities\u002F\"\u003EStatistics Sweden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile there’s no lack of beauty spots; two-thirds of the country is covered in forest, there are 30 national parks and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scb.se\u002Fen\u002Ffinding-statistics\u002Fstatistics-by-subject-area\u002Fenvironment\u002Fland-use\u002Fland-use-in-proximity-to-shoreline\u002Fpong\u002Fstatistical-news\u002Fcoast-shores-and-islands-in-sweden-2013\u002F\"\u003Enearly 270,000 islands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESwedes have plenty of time for hemester-ing too, with most employers offering staff a minimum of 25 days annual leave. Many companies and organisations also allow employees to take four consecutive weeks off, typically between late June and mid-August. (Cue a deluge of out-of-office responses while attempting to research this article in the middle of the hemester season.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGunnar Andersson, a professor of demography at Stockholm University who replied from his aunt’s summer cottage in Östergötland in southern Sweden, says the hemester tradition is partly linked to the country’s historically rural lifestyle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Only a few generations ago, most people lived out in the forest, in the countryside. And before we were urbanised, we lived on farms that were much, much more scattered than other parts of Europe.” This means that many people still have family roots in rural locations, he says, while others want to keep up the Nordic tradition of spending time close to nature, known as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ffriluftsliv\"\u003Efriluftsliv\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even if they usually live and work in cities. “You also see that when people have children, then suddenly it's very important that [they] should have access to being close to a forest.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDahlberg observes that while owning a second home is viewed as “rather elite” in many countries, Swedes tend not to consider it such a privilege, with properties often passed down through generations. “A lot of these summer residences are things that perhaps were acquired at reasonable prices,” she explains. “Not every home is equipped to the nines. Many of them are very rustic – you may not have indoor plumbing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDahlberg reflects that whatever the size or the price of a staycation property, many Swedes have a similar approach when it comes to hemester activities. While flopping on a lakeside beach might play a role, walks, sport and DIY are also common pastimes, especially among those bunching together four weeks or more off work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They’re very active. Some people paint their houses. There’s boating life, kayaking, windsurfing,” she says. “I think the most exhausting thing can be socialising, because Swedes become very social during this period. There are lots of lunches, dinners or picnics – although social distancing is of course important now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Östergötland, professor Andersson lists mushroom foraging and berry picking as other common staycation pastimes, and says he’s often kept busy doing small-scale renovations and gardening. “There’s a little lake here and we are also going fishing. Last week we were out getting crayfish, which was a kind of enjoyment.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESocial distancing and remote working\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn Hemnet, the country’s largest listings site for properties, summer homes currently for sale in Gävleborg in central Sweden start from one-room renovation projects available for 200,000 kronor ($23,000) to high-spec four-bedroom houses with large gardens fetching 3,000,000 kronor ($344,000). Prices are cheaper in more remote locations further north, but significantly higher in the archipelago surrounding the capital, Stockholm, where a small cabin could set you back more than 1,000,000 kronor ($115,000) and mansions on private islands sell for 30,000,000 kronor ($3,438,000).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite Sweden’s economy experiencing its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-53664354\"\u003Ebiggest hit for at least 40 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, estate agents have reported rising demand for summer houses in 2020. Prices in June were 9% higher than a year ago, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.maklarstatistik.se\u002Fpressmeddelanden\u002Fvillapriserna-fortsatte-uppat-i-juni-sma-prisandringar-pa-bostadsratter-under-stor-omsattning\u002F\"\u003Enational Swedish broker statistics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while villas suitable for year-round living also nudged up by 2%. Separate figures from Hemnet show that between 15% to 25% more vacation homes have been sold each week over the last few months compared to the same period last year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Despite Sweden’s economy experiencing its biggest hit for at least 40 years during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, estate agents have reported rising demand for summer houses in 2020","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAmir Kabbani, an agent at Länsförsäkringar Fastighetsförmedling, a major realtor in Sweden, says it is important to put the summer house boom in the context of several years of low interest rates and a growing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fp078q7fq\"\u003Enational environmental movement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E led by Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg. However, he believes Covid-19 is by far the largest driving factor, with growing numbers of Swedes seeking staycation properties in beauty spots, because travelling abroad remains challenging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You can come out here, to the nature, and it’s very calming and relaxing,” he explains from his office in Gustavsberg, a waterfront town in the Stockholm archipelago. “In the city it’s pretty crowded and if you live in an apartment, if you have children inside playing, it’s a tough environment.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the Public Health Agency advising Swedes to continue working from home, he says the majority of buyers in his region are also looking for properties where they can work efficiently. This means that places with fibre broadband, strong phone signals and suitable home-office space are attracting more attention than rustic retreats. Meanwhile Kabbani says the average age of potential buyers has dropped, with more couples in their 30s showing up for viewings. “It’s become kind of trendy to have a summer house… it’s people having good jobs, having a good cash flow and now [finding it] easier to work outside Stockholm and stay away from the city.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Hemnet, spokesperson Staffan Tell says the listings site has also identified an increasing nationwide interest in homes which optimise the remote working experience. “Detached houses and vacation homes have been in great demand, whereas apartments have been less popular relatively speaking,” he says. “More people are dreaming about having their own garden. Being able to have a home office and more living space also appears to be more popular than before.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPriced out of the market\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are some concerns that the rising interest in summer homes may fuel an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnordregio.org\u002Fnordregio-magazine\u002Fissues\u002Fstate-of-the-nordic-region-2020\u002Fsweden-inequality-in-sweden-grows-much-faster-than-in-the-nordics-overall\u002F\"\u003Ealready growing income gap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Sweden, a country with a reputation for championing equality. Families who own properties are set to benefit from the high demand, since they can sell at inflated prices or make money from renting them out to holidaymakers. But those without second homes could end up even further from entering the market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think there is a risk of getting a difference in how we spend our vacations,” says Lena Lid Falkman, an economist and expert in work-life trends at Stockholm School of Economics. “Since there is such a need and interest for summer homes, prices go up so the people that are less rich don't have the same possibilities.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not every home is equipped to the nines. Many of them are very rustic – you may not have indoor plumbing – Jennifer Dahlberg","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are no national figures on the ethnicity of summer home owners in Sweden, but residents born abroad or with two non-European parents are set to be disproportionately affected. These groups are already less likely to spend time in these kinds of properties compared to native Swedes, according to research for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scb.se\u002Fcontentassets\u002F6834eab09f2c4758bb3fd9c015e765a8\u002Fle0105_2019a01_br_be57br1901.pdf\"\u003EStatistics Sweden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I've been a single mum for about five years and with two kids and a mortgage for our main home, I'm not able to stretch my finances,” says Noor Sisask, 39, an Iraqi-born citizen who works for an e-learning start-up in Stockholm. She and her children are obsessed with nature and would jump at the chance to have their own cabin, but instead typically go camping or stay with friends over the summer. “I still feel we're privileged to be able to afford to do some fun things despite not having our own place,” she reflects. “I think many Swedes have been used to [second home ownership] and don't perhaps see what a luxury it is. That's easier for immigrants to spot and desire.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReviving rural communities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite rising prices and demand for second homes, some experts believe there will be a silver lining when it comes to Covid-19 and the summer property ladder, especially for middle-income, dual-earning couples. This is because the remote-working boom is making it easier to invest in less expensive areas further away from buyers’ base cities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have seen a tendency that more people are searching for homes outside of their county of residence. It is hard to know for certain if this is because of Covid-19, but it is possible that as more people are working from home, proximity to the office becomes less important,” says Staffan Tell at Hemnet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJulian Stubbs, who runs a global branding agency from Stockholm and is an \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.julianstubbs.com\u002F\"\u003Eauthor and speaker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on remote working, believes that will eventually lead to growing numbers of Swedes living in the countryside more permanently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think there’s going to be a trend of people moving out of cities, actually moving to cheaper locations where they can afford a better life,” he says. Although this tendency is also emerging in other countries including the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-53670199\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F02\u002Fus\u002Fcities-population-coronavirus\u002Findex.html\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Stubbs believes it will happen at a more rapid pace in Sweden due to high levels of trust between employers and employees, an existing culture of flexible working and a tech-savvy society with strong infrastructure. “Provided you’ve got great broadband, the right kind of services, schools, all the things those new people are going to want moving out the cities, I think remote places could do rather well out of this.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a prediction Lena Lid Falkman at Stockholm School of Economics agrees with, and one which she hopes will help revive Sweden’s rural communities. But she’s not convinced everyone who’s splashed out on Swedish summer homes in 2020 will embrace countryside living long-term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“To some extent people will start selling, because there is a difference between going somewhere on holiday and having a summer house,” she explains. “You need to cut the grass. You need to paint. You need to fix the water. So both financially and work-related, some people might get tired of having a holiday home, even though this is a tradition.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in the Stockholm archipelago, writer Dahlberg says she’s also sceptical about Swedes sticking purely to staycations in the future, and suspects those who can afford foreign adventures will start taking them again as travel restrictions ease up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think that this summer has been a nice way to kind of reflect and reconnect with a lot of the beauty that's in Sweden,” she says. “But we'll see what happens if we get a handle on this virus. Maybe the ‘wanderlust’ is just too strong.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The Swedish staycation obsession","headlineShort":"The Swedish staycation obsession","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Swedes have long embraced their version of staycations: hemester. Now, Covid-19 travel restrictions and remote working are reshaping the tradition.","summaryShort":"Why summer cottages are more popular than ever, even during Covid-19","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-13T20:23:27.215183Z","entity":"article","guid":"6c9bafc0-a2ee-49bd-8d6b-0202806038b0","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-14T11:58:33.255587Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c210f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Greece banks on its low coronavirus rate and a long list of new safety rules to lure visitors back to its tourism hotspots.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a warm Saturday in Glyfada, south of Athens, Zisimos Zizos is surveying a sandy beach. With remote control in hand, he sends a powerful drone soaring high into the sky. Using the drone’s camera, he scans the beach and spots a group of young people sitting together on towels. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe drone hovers above them, then drops down as a message booms from its speakers: \"We keep our distance. We respect public health.\" Some of the young people look up at the drone and wave. Others just look away. One by one, they slowly peel away from the group. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"On the busy days, I'll be out here checking on things every few hours,\" says Zizos. He works for the municipality as a photographer, but since the coronavirus hit he’s swapped his camera for the drone. His job is to prevent large gatherings on the beach to reduce the spread of Covid-19. If beachgoers ignore his call to disperse, the municipal police step in and can impose fines of up 1,000 euros ($1,120, £894) per person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Understandably, Greece is desperate to get its hospitality business up and running again","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe municipal drone, previously used for search and rescue efforts, is now being used for another salvage operation: the resurrection of the tourism sector. Lockdowns around the world have brought the global travel industry to a standstill. This is particularly bad news for Greece, where tourism \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsete.gr\u002Fen\u002Fstrategy-for-tourism\u002Fpositions-repository\u002F2019\u002Fissues-ministry-of-infrastructure-and-transport\u002F\"\u003Eaccounts for more than 20%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of GDP. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bankofgreece.gr\u002FPublications\u002FSDOS202003-04.pdf\"\u003ESome 33 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E visited in 2019, generating tourism revenue of 19bn euros. Understandably, Greece is desperate to get its hospitality business up and running again. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOutdoor check-in, no cushions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a bid to get the sector moving, the government has put together an ambitious plan aimed at attracting tourists while keeping coronavirus cases low. So far, Greece has weathered the pandemic comparatively well, with around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcoronavirus.jhu.edu\u002Fmap.html\"\u003E3,000 confirmed cases and fewer than 200 deaths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Local officials attribute this to the strict lockdown introduced very early in the outbreak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens, pictured on 25 May 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow, however, the government is easing strict rules, and the tourism sector is preparing to open up. The Acropolis reopened in early May, followed a few weeks later by bars and restaurants. From mid-June, hotels will resume operations, and airlines will gradually restore international flights. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow easy it will be to enter Greece will depend on your departure country; a staggered opening will take place over the next few weeks, but the government has left open the door to restricting travel from nations where transmission numbers remain high, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mfa.gr\u002Fen\u002Fcurrent-affairs\u002Fstatements-speeches\u002Fgreece-welcomes-the-world.html\"\u003Ea Foreign Affairs Ministry statement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce travellers reach their destination, they will encounter rules that the government – in consultation with epidemiologists – has been busy putting in place. Rules for hotels, which take the form of a 17-page action plan issued by the Tourism Ministry, allow them to operate at capacity but contain multiple requirements covering all aspects of operations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach, for example, will be required to train supervisors on how to handle a possible coronavirus outbreak among guests, and to have a doctor on standby. Reception desks must be moved outdoors where possible, and hotels must limit check-in queues to prevent too many people gathering in the same place. Food served in buffets must be placed under protective acrylic screens known as sneeze guards, while rooms must be empty for several hours between guests, allowing them to be aired out. Greek authorities have also strongly advised hotels to remove all non-essential decorative items, such as cushions and magazines. A separate list of instructions has been issued for restaurants, where the number of diners will be limited. One person is allowed in for every two square metres of floor space, and no table can accommodate more than six adults (children are exempt).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A waiter with a face mask serves guests in Athens’ Monastiraki district on 25 May 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith pools, swimmers will have more room than usual; numbers allowed will depend on the size of the pool. Beaches will also be quieter; group events on the sand have been banned. Beach team sports involving body contact are off limits, and water slides may be shut. Drinkers in bars will be required to keep 1.5m from each other, though early scenes from reopened bars shows this rule is being largely ignored. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Game of trust’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo far, hotel owners have welcomed the safety guidelines, with many saying they will go further and introduce their own safety measures. On the island of Santorini, Charlie Chahine, the owner of beach bar Demilmar, is building plexiglass barriers around sun loungers on Perissa’s black-sand beach to protect guests against close interactions with others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We’ll do whatever it takes to make the visitor feel safe - Charlie Chahine","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe sheets of plexiglass, close to 2m high, form a U-shaped protective fence around the sun loungers on three sides, leaving the view to the sea open. Chahine put the panels up to see if they go down well with beach-goers and may add more of them, despite the cost. \"I am thinking about creating a plexi-beach,\" he says. “We’ll do whatever it takes to make the visitor feel safe.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAbiding by the new rules comes with a price tag, of course – and many businesses already weakened by Greece’s 10-year economic slump are poorly positioned to withstand new financial challenges. Spacing out restaurant tables means fewer customers, while each plexiglass protection unit costs up to 1,000 euros. One in three restaurants may not make it through the year, according to the Hellenic Confederation of Professionals, Craftsmen and Merchants (GSEVEE).The costs also add up for local governments; municipal officials in Glyfada have ordered several more drones, each costing about 3,000 euros. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of these costs may end up hitting consumers. But Andreas Andreadis, chief executive of the Sani Ikos group of resorts, one of the largest in Greece, says that now is not the time to skimp on health protection measures as a way of keeping holiday prices low. “It is going to be a game of trust, a game of quality,” he said in an online discussion organised by The Hellenic Initiative, a Greek diaspora group. “This will push tourism towards the high end. The low end of the market will suffer most.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Traditional white buildings in Oia, Santorini island, Greece on 7 November 2019","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe tourism sector is not starting the year from scratch; by the end of February, some 10 million people had booked holidays in Greece this year. Half have since been cancelled, say industry experts, but bookings for five million people are still in place. Whether they come will depend on quarantine restrictions in their home nations and their willingness to travel; government officials privately hope Greece can do half the business it did in 2019. Some tourism officials say they will be popping champagne corks if they get a third of last year’s business. “I’ll be satisfied if I cover my expenses this year,” confirms Chahine. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike any crisis, though, opportunities do arise. Countries in southern Europe are all working hard to show that they have done what it takes to ensure visitors will be safe on their shores. But tourism and government officials believe that Greece has the edge over competing markets, including Spain and Italy, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecdc.europa.eu\u002Fen\"\u003Edue to its low infection rate relative to other EU nations.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Marketing officials are talking about promoting Greece as a place to 'heal' from the pandemic. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIoanna Dretta, chief executive of non-profit group Marketing Greece, says that during the crisis, Greece has strengthened its brand in terms of hospitality and safety, in addition to the generosity and love of life that visitors associate with the country. “It’s an identity that Greece must now build on as it looks to reap what it can from the current tourism season and, of course, prepare for next year,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The Greek plan to bring tourists back","headlineShort":"Greece's Covid-era tourism plan","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Stock image of a woman’s feet by a pool in Greece on 14 July 2019","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Greece banks on its low coronavirus rate and a long list of new safety rules to lure visitors back to its tourism hotspots.","summaryShort":"Plexi-beaches and sneeze guards: Greece plans socially-distanced holidays","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-09T21:00:44.033313Z","entity":"article","guid":"f2f09f6f-51da-4840-a6fe-83a315091c05","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-09T21:00:44.033313Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c309f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"It’s not always easy to be hyper-productive on your own. Could remote ‘work gyms’ be the answer to getting your best work done?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn an otherwise unremarkable Monday, 12 strangers gathered on a Zoom call. From their homes in Australia, the US and Singapore, the participants sat in their kitchens, studies, spare rooms or gardens. Some sported freshly showered hair as they started their day, while others worked under the night-time glare of fluorescent bulbs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt wasn’t a social call; instead, members had entered Ultraworking’s ‘Work Gym’ to focus on projects, spark their creativity and get productive. The US-based company is one of several online communities around the world that offer structured work sessions for people who want to block out distractions and remain productive when working remotely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a monthly membership, participants can work in the company of others on a project of their choosing. Members are encouraged to be productive by accountability, leaving their cameras on as they work (generally using the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffrancescocirillo.com\u002Fpages\u002Fpomodoro-technique\"\u003EPomodoro method\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with work in predefined intervals, or sprints, followed by a break). The aim is that participants not only focus, but also experience ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowledge.wharton.upenn.edu\u002Farticle\u002Fdeep-work-the-secret-to-achieving-peak-productivity\u002F\"\u003Edeep work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’, otherwise known as the ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190204-how-to-find-your-flow-state-to-be-peak-creative\"\u003Eflow state\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’ or ‘the zone’ – a mental state of intense clarity and productivity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach work gym has a different technique to help members achieve this peak productivity. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-the-workspace-that-takes-away-your-phone\"\u003ECaveday\u003C\u002Fa\u003E offers 50-minute sprints, interspersed with inspirational talks and muscle-easing stretches. Focusmate finds users a brainstorming buddy in the same time zone to work alongside them for 50 minutes. Ultraworking offers a rolling schedule of Zoom sessions (work cycles) to enable users to join an online group at any time. Momentum Mornings offers a weekly class every Monday morning, Australian Eastern Standard Time. These services range from free to a monthly fee of up to $50 (£38).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe camera-on accountability for each approach is one of the key elements that sets up members to succeed, says UK business psychologist Felicity Lee. “Being held accountable for an action makes human beings more likely to be successful in a task. Therefore, having a stranger watching makes you focus to a greater extent and, as a result, be more productive,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESingapore-based polyglot YouTuber Lindie Botes joined Focusmate in March 2020. When the island-state went into its lockdown in April 2020 because of the pandemic, Focusmate proved to be a useful tool. “I live alone, so it’s been fun making new friends around the world while at the same time getting tasks done with an accountability partner,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn isolation solution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those who freelance or pursue self-propelled projects, work can be isolating. People who now find themselves working at home following the Covid-19 crisis are also experiencing this challenge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExecutive coach Taylor Jacobson, who co-founded Focusmate in 2016, says the company was created out of his own personal struggles with adapting to home working. Jacobson found when he worked alongside his friend on a Skype call, he was more productive. “We know how valuable it is to have structure, accountability and a bit of camaraderie thrown in,” says Jacobson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some participants say they get so deep into the flow state that they’ll keep working past the timed sprints","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo have a successful session, the work gyms encourage participants to monotask. “Focusing on just one task at a time creates flow, as well as a sense of achievement when they finish that task,” says Madeleine Dore, founder of Momentum Mornings.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAustralian workplace psychologist George Mylonas agrees that monotasking positions you to generate ideas as you are minimising distractions. “Monotasking reduces stress as you won’t be facing multiple tasks, and it reduces mental fatigue as you are not switching from one task to another. This allows you to focus your energy and attention on generating and creating ideas,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis approach works for Cesar Kuriyama, an app developer who joined Caveday when it launched at a co-working space in New York in November 2016. “At Caveday, I enter into a flow that I usually only experience accidentally. Usually if I get stuck on something I’m working on, I’ll use it as an excuse to check social media or scroll through my lunch options, but at Caveday I only have one focus, so I push on.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome participants say they get so deep into the flow state that they’ll keep working past the timed sprints. Dr Ros Barber, author and senior lecturer at Goldsmiths, University of London, who became a member of Ultraworking in April 2019, says she will “abandon work cycles at some point if I’m doing academic research or writing because I get hyperfocused. I don’t want to stop – and indeed, don’t stop. I just quit the session.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFirst-hand experience\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen I joined that Monday morning Ultraworking session, I was intrigued to see how it would affect my focus. I joined several 30-minute work cycles, my fellow participants working on podcasts, PhD dissertation chapters, blogs or even filing taxes. Each session was led by a different moderator but they ran them in the same way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach work cycle would begin with the battle cry ‘Cycle on!’ Participants would work on their chosen projects, then were given a two-minute warning before the 30 minutes ended. In between cycles, the moderator would give a talk peppered with tips for enhancing motivation or productivity – such as finding projects you could complete in the half-hour sprint, or knowing that each small step took you closer to your goal. In the chat box, members were asked to share any productivity or idea-generating issues they were having so the moderator could try and help. Every other cycle the moderator would encourage a member to share what they were working on and how it was going.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat surprised me was how quickly I was able to focus. By concentrating on one task, I was able to dive deeper into the research for an interview I was going to do later that week. When moderators announced the end of each 30-minute session, I was amazed how quickly time had passed. While working on my own project, when I read the motivational messages in the chat box at the end of each work cycle, it felt as if I was part of a community all pulling in the same direction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The camera-on accountability for each approach is one of the key elements that sets up members to succeed","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt may not suit every person craving productivity to enter a work gym. It’s also possible, of course, to replicate the experience on your own terms, whether getting into your own timed sprints, or grabbing a friend to work alongside you over a video call. A key component – whether you join a work gym or do it on your own – is preparing to be productive by blocking out time in your diary and deciding what to work on that day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the motivational talks are missing from the self-created experience, these could be a hindrance anyway, says Professor William Duggan of Columbia Business School and author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FStrategic-Intuition-Creative-Achievement-Publishing\u002Fdp\u002F0231142692\"\u003EStrategic Intuition: The Creative Spark in Human Achievement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Motivational talks are a bad idea,” he says. “You want your mind empty and relaxed during rests between work sprints, not filled with more stuff.” Instead Duggan suggests you do six 30-minute work sprints, where you work in silence or play music quietly in the background, and that in between sprints you go for a short walk, make a cup of coffee or meditate. If you are working with others, he suggests you use the final sprint to discuss any issues. “Talking helps you think things through,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you do choose to work in a group, however, Duggan says you have a stronger chance of being successful if you work with people you know. “You feel group pressure to show up. If the participants don’t know each other, there is no group pressure,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGeorge Mylonas, the workplace psychologist, says that choosing your tasks is the key to success. This is a task only you can do, not a moderator. “Ensure there is some challenge so you don’t get bored, but don’t set too challenging a task as you might become overwhelmed and anxious,” he says. “It is possible to get into the flow state in 30 minutes if the task is not overly complicated.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether you choose to enter a work gym or go it alone, highly-focused productivity is a skill that can be developed. Caveday co-founder Jake Kahana says: “Fighting impulses, staying on task and getting in the flow state are muscles we can build with practice.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The online ‘work gyms’ that help spur productivity","headlineShort":"The online ‘productivity gyms’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"It’s not always easy to be hyper-productive on your own. Could remote ‘work gyms’ be the answer to getting your best work done?","summaryShort":"Exercising with others can boost performance. Does the same go for work?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-12T20:04:46.851469Z","entity":"article","guid":"fc2f1944-cc1f-4b60-8658-bdcbbd444a5f","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-12T20:04:46.851469Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad","_id":"5f6329fffdd05dcd259c33a6","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson"],"bodyIntro":"Amid Covid-19, new programmes are popping up that invite workers to settle abroad and work remotely. Could we all soon become ‘digital nomads’?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn early March, Manhattan resident Sadie Millard was visiting her boyfriend in Bermuda as New York City began shutting down due to Covid-19. Rather than return home, she logged on from her boyfriend’s place to remotely do her job as the chief administrative officer of a broker-dealer on Wall Street.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, Millard is hoping she doesn’t have to return to New York City – at least for a while. She’s applying for a new one-year residential certificate via the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fforms.gov.bm\u002Fwork-from-bermuda\u002F\"\u003EWork from Bermuda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E programme, which went into effect on 1 August. It would allow her to legally live and work remotely for up to 12 months in the British Overseas Territory, which lies in the North Atlantic about 1,050km (650 miles) off the US’s North Carolina coast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“My thought was, if I’m going to be here or there, I’d rather be in Bermuda where I feel much safer given the strong rules and regulations the government has set up for testing and managing the virus,” she explains. “And if I have to get back to New York for any meetings, it’s almost quicker to fly in from Bermuda than to drive in from [New York vacation spot] The Hamptons.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBermuda is among a handful of small territories and nations around the globe which, after successfully managing the first wave of the virus, are now launching year-long remote worker visas in hopes of cushioning battered economies with an influx of monied foreigners. These new visa schemes posit a version 2.0 of the ‘digital nomad’ lifestyle – one that’s slower, more calculated and, in some cases, aimed at an entirely different audience now that remote work has entered the mainstream.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj31l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA mid-pandemic shift\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe corporate world, which has been traditionally resistant to remote work, has become much more willing to offer the option as a result of the pandemic. In a global poll by research and advisory firm Gartner, more than 80% of 127 company leaders \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gartner.com\u002Fen\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fpress-releases\u002F2020-07-14-gartner-survey-reveals-82-percent-of-company-leaders-plan-to-allow-employees-to-work-remotely-some-of-the-time\"\u003Esurveyed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E said they plan to allow remote work at least part time even after it becomes safe to return to the office. It’s good news to the many workers who’ve spent lockdown envisioning ways of working that don’t involve sharing space with their spouse at the kitchen table.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People have spent the past four decades asking for more flexibility to work from home, and the pandemic has done for that remote-work conversation what decades of union bargaining has never been able to achieve,” says Dave Cook, a PhD researcher at University College London’s Department of Anthropology, who specialises in digital nomadism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"These new visa schemes posit a version 2.0 of the ‘digital nomad’ lifestyle – one that’s slower, more calculated an aimed at an entirely different audience","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s why options such as working from Bermuda are not only appealing – but potentially realistic, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGovernment officials in Bermuda, which reopened its borders on 1 July, noticed that tourists were asking how to extend their 90-day entry visas. Meanwhile, the tourism community saw visitors doing things they’d never done before, such as joining gyms and booking villas for months on end.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“That was the lightbulb moment for us,” says Glenn Jones, interim CEO of the Bermuda Tourism Authority. Most of the territory’s 131 remote-worker applicants so far are not the entrepreneurial millennials who have flocked to low-cost digital nomad hubs like Bali, Medellín and Lisbon over the last decade. Rather, they’re much like Millard: well-heeled businesspeople from major East Coast hubs in North America who have been weekending on Bermuda for years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj8n8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther than the $263 (£199) application fee, Bermuda has relatively few restrictions on the visa, which allows for multiple entries and exits. You do have to provide valid health insurance, demonstrate ‘sufficient’ means (though there is no hard figure) and, in the case of students, show evidence of enrolment in a collegiate programme, but are otherwise left to live life as a temporary resident.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We hope this visa can be a test-drive for some business people – even if they haven’t necessarily set out on a test drive – as they might fall in love with the place and want to make it a permanent business home,” says Jones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA unique opportunity \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBermuda is just one example of these emerging remote-work programmes. The Caribbean island of Barbados implemented a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.barbadoswelcomestamp.bb\u002F\"\u003Esimilar 12-month Welcome Stamp plan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on 24 July. It has a higher fee than Bermuda’s scheme ($2,000 for individuals or $3,000 for families) and bar for entry (applicants must make an annual income of at least $50,000). Another tourism-dependent country, Georgia, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagenda.ge\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F2265\"\u003Eannounced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a similar project to lure digital nomads in July, though Economy Minister Natia Turnava has released few details.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"All places offering these new visas have seen relatively few coronavirus infections, and each has enacted strict protocols","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost of these schemes arose as speedy remedies to buffer the hard-hit tourism sector with long-term travellers who pose fewer Covid-19 risks than in-and-out visitors. Yet, in some countries, this new type of digital-nomad offering has been brewing for a while. For instance, the more comprehensive \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fe-resident.gov.ee\u002Fnomadvisa\u002F\"\u003EDigital Nomad Visa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Estonia, where tourism makes up just 8% of the economy, is a project two years in the making. Its 1 August launch date just happened to coincide with the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We launched this visa because we saw an opportunity that no country was addressing,” explains Ott Vatter, managing director at e-Residency for the Republic of Estonia. “There was a substantial amount of people who were working illegally on holiday visas, so we thought, why not have the government solve this?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEstonia commissioned a survey this July within the US market to gauge interest in its Digital Nomad Visa, given the current climate. It showed that 57% of respondents would consider living in another country for remote work, with cheaper cost of living and cultural experiences being the top drivers. That figure was much higher among workers aged 18 to 34 (63%) than those aged 55 and up (38%).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj34c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECountries including the Czech Republic, Mexico and Portugal have all introduced visas in recent years that cover freelancers, but Vatter says the new Estonian Digital Nomad Visa is much broader in scope, allowing teleworking from Estonia for a wide array of location-independent workers, including those with full-time foreign employers. Applicants must pay a 100-euro ($120, £90) fee, provide evidence of health insurance and show proof of at least 3,504 euros ($4,180, £3,164) of monthly income during the six months preceding arrival, but there are no eligibility restrictions based on work sector or country of origin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVatter says the new visa programme aims to attract at least 1,800 applicants, who can easily socially isolate, if desired, with 60% of the nation covered in forest. Like Jones, he hopes the nomads will be enticed to stay on indefinitely, either by renewing their visas or applying for residency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Estonia is a very small country and we don’t have many natural resources to have a major voice in a global economy,” he explains. “What we are good at is being quite efficient and technologically driven, so we think that is an advantage for us and we use that to compete and attract the best talent.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What this term ‘digital nomad’ will mean in a year’s time from now is a big question – Dave Cook","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll places offering these new visas have seen relatively few coronavirus infections, and each has enacted strict protocols – ranging from mandatory 14-day quarantines upon entry to regimented Covid-19 testing before and after arrival – in order to avoid potential outbreaks or local resentment. Yet, with a lack of economic impact studies conducted in advance, it remains to be seen just what effect – if any – these visas may have on the nations and territories promoting them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new type of remote-work culture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s clearer to discern is that the number of people able to apply for these kinds of visas may be growing – at least, among those whose jobs have been less affected by the global economic downturn.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMarilyn Devonish, a flexible-work strategist based in London, says there’s been “a seismic shift in the way the world works, with remote and flexible working likely to become the norm after the pandemic is over once organisations learn how to effectively manage and motivate remote employees”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj2z1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd if these employees can log-on from abroad, she thinks her native Barbados could become a model for others to follow. “The dream used to be to work somewhere like Thailand, but I foresee Barbados and other islands that fit the bill becoming the Caribbean versions once correct standards and procedures are in place.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECook, the anthropologist, isn’t so sure. They remain sceptical about some of the hastily formed remote worker visas, saying the idea of digital nomadism – with all its idealistic images of laptops on beaches – is often used as a lazy marketing tool. Some countries, they say, are “just looking for ways to increase visitor count without really understanding the digital-nomad perspective, or that these people like to go places where there are coworking spaces, networking events and a sort of structure that doesn’t necessarily arise overnight.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut they do think that these new visas suggest “we are going to get a merging of this digital-nomad subculture and this global conversation about remote work”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe emergence of these programmes may mean that an entirely new segment of the workforce that never before considered working from abroad will now realise its potential allure. And, for digital nomads who are already looking abroad, the set-up of these semi-permanent schemes are encouraging them to slow down, settle in one place for a while and use the opportunity as a ‘test drive’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What this term ‘digital nomad’ will mean in a year’s time from now is a big question,” says Cook. “But people are beginning to dream again, and they’re imagining a new and better future.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad-14"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-26T18:25:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The new residency schemes inviting workers abroad","headlineShort":"Remote worker? These nations want you","image":["p08pj8l2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-the-online-work-gyms-that-help-spur-productivity"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Amid Covid-19, new programmes are popping up that invite workers to settle abroad and work remotely. Could we all soon become ‘digital nomads’?","summaryShort":"The new schemes for working abroad","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-25T19:44:33.566025Z","entity":"article","guid":"93f7ae82-f04a-4687-86ac-587132cc8881","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-25T19:51:20.052955Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","_id":"5f6a6423fdd05dcd25b26759","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fedd-gent"],"bodyIntro":"Not every worker in every job can hit the ground running in a home-work set-up. That could be a problem for certain individuals – and even entire economies.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn mid-March, the University of Chicago was among the schools and institutions forced to close amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Students went home; teaching and research had to go remote overnight.  For economists Jonathan Dingel and Brent Neiman, both professors at the university’s Booth School of Business, the hasty transition meant a crash course in giving classes over Zoom, and balancing research with domestic chores.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDingel says he was surprised at how easily he transitioned to online work, but was acutely aware many workers and occupations would be much less able to. As the crisis threatened to stretch many months longer, it became clear those who couldn’t make the switch would be at serious risk of losing their income and even their jobs. That meant working out how many occupations could feasibly be done remotely would be essential for anticipating the long-term impact of the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pair assessed more than 800 occupations to work out which ones could be done remotely, before checking US employment data to see how many of each of these jobs exist in the US. They calculated that up to 37% of jobs in the US could be done from home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbfi.uchicago.edu\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002FBFI_White-Paper_Dingel_Neiman_3.2020.pdf\"\u003Etheir study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also highlighted that the jobs best suited to going remote were well-paid, white-collar occupations in big cities, while those in industries like agriculture and hospitality were much harder to switch. This suggests that the economic impact of the pandemic could be highly unequal, severely impacting some industries and regions while leaving others relatively unscathed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08s3rcj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe ability to transition to remote working also comes with a host of other benefits beyond simply holding onto your job, says Dingel. And with a growing number of companies now committing to remote working for the foreseeable future, there are concerns these advantages may stay unequal long after the current emergency. The sustainability of this remote work revolution remains unclear – but if it becomes the new normal, experts say we may need to intervene to ensure people aren’t left behind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnequal opportunity\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDingel and Neiman’s findings were based on results from two US Department of Labor surveys, in which researchers collected data from more than 25,000 respondents in more than 1,000 occupations on what activities and conditions their jobs involved. They marked occupations as unable to complete from home if respondents reported things like working outdoors, operating heavy machinery or working directly with the public.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The economic impact of the pandemic could be highly unequal, severely impacting some industries and regions while leaving others relatively unscathed","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey found jobs involving “knowledge work”, like those done by office managers and accountants, had a much easier time shifting work online compared to manual or customer-facing occupations like construction workers or hospitality staff. While they estimated that about 97% of legal work and 88% of jobs in business and financial operations could be done from home, only 3% in transportation and 1% in farming, fisheries and forestry could. The 37% of jobs that were remote-friendly were also better paid – accounting for 46% of all wages – and geographically concentrated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile more than 45% of jobs in San Francisco and Washington, DC could be performed at home, in Las Vegas and Florida’s Fort Myers, the figure was less than 30%. These disparities are also evident on a global scale: in Sweden and the United Kingdom, more than 40% of jobs could go remote, but fewer than 25% in Mexico and Turkey could. An EU \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eurofound.europa.eu\u002Fdata\u002Fcovid-19\u002Fworking-teleworking\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in May showed the number of people working remotely in its member states largely matched Dingel and Neiman’s predictions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe main takeaway, says Dingel, is that the burden of the pandemic will disproportionately fall on the least well off. And while wealthier cities and countries can keep large parts of their economies ticking amid lockdowns and restrictions, poorer ones face tough choices on how to balance public health against the economic disruption caused by social distancing. “Inequality both within countries and across countries we would expect would be exacerbated by the crisis,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08s3rgc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe gap between the developed and developing world could be starker, adds Era Dabla-Norris, an economist at the International Monetary Fund. She and colleagues recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FWP\u002FIssues\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F12\u002FWho-will-Bear-the-Brunt-of-Lockdown-Policies-Evidence-from-Tele-workability-Measures-Across-49479\"\u003Eextended Dingel and Neiman’s analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by combining their data with responses to an OECD survey of workers in 35 countries. They found that even within the same occupations, considerably fewer jobs could go remote in less advanced economies than developed ones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA major factor is access to technology – less than 50% of the world has a computer at home, and only about 60% has access to the internet. “An accountant in the US is going to use technology very easily, and she has no problem whatsoever working from home,” says Dabla-Norris. “An accountant in a smaller city in India may be using a pen and paper, and have a ledger instead of a computer.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe impact of these disparities could cast a long shadow. Workers whose careers are disrupted can earn lower wages for decades afterwards, says Dingel, so countries and cities less able to shift to remote work could face severe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epi.org\u002Fpublication\u002Fbp243\u002F\"\u003E“economic scarring”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWidening the divide\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis may not be the only long-term impact, though. Many companies that have long been reluctant to experiment with remote working have seen the pandemic force their hands, says Dingel, and for many the transition went better than expected. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pwc.com\u002Fus\u002Fen\u002Flibrary\u002Fcovid-19\u002Fus-remote-work-survey.html\"\u003EPwC survey from June\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that 83% of US office workers want to work from home at least one day a week after the pandemic, and 55% of employers expect to offer that option.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The 37% of jobs that were remote-friendly were also better paid – accounting for 46% of all wages – and geographically concentrated","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMultinationals including Ford, Google and Amazon will stay fully remote until at least 2021, while others including Facebook, Fujitsu and Siemens have announced permanent shifts to remote-friendly working. Tellingly, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fuk-health-coronavirus-companies-kmpg\u002Fceos-speed-up-digital-push-and-downsize-offices-kpmg-survey-shows-idUKKBN25K2LE\"\u003Erecent KPMG survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of large company CEOs showed more than two-thirds plan to downsize office space. In August, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sfchronicle.com\u002Fbusiness\u002Farticle\u002FPinterest-cancels-huge-SF-office-lease-in-unbuilt-15523170.php\"\u003EPinterest paid nearly $90m (£69m) to cancel a 490,000-square-foot lease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in San Francisco, citing a remote-work future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis could have significant benefits for employees of these transitioning companies, says Dingel. Not traveling to an office lets workers squeeze more hours out of the day, reduces transport costs and could let people escape inflated commuter-belt property prices. Those working from home may also find it easier to fit professional responsibilities around family and social commitments, leading to a better work-life balance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem is that these advantages will accrue to the already privileged, says Juan Palomino, an economist at the University of Oxford. His research shows remote working in Europe is strongly tied to higher earnings, so existing income inequality could be compounded by a widening gap in access to the benefits of remote work. This could also feed back into greater professional success, says Palomino, creating a feedback loop that further widens economic differences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn exodus from the office could also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings\"\u003Eundercut jobs reliant on a bustling urban economy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E like cleaners, taxi drivers and restaurant staff. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gsb.stanford.edu\u002Finsights\u002Fenrico-moretti-geography-jobs\"\u003EResearch by Enrico Moretti\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of California at Berkeley shows that in innovation hubs like Silicon Valley, every high-skilled worker supports three times as many service jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08s3rhl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERebalancing the scales\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are reasons to believe the remote-work revolution won’t be as dramatic as some predict, though, says Dingel. Working from home has been technologically feasible since the advent of high-speed internet 20 years ago, but even in developed countries, the proportion doing it full time has been negligible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We didn't see a mass exodus from cities,” he says. The conventional wisdom among economists is that there are significant benefits to the spontaneous in-person interactions only possible in a shared office.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmployee satisfaction with work-from home arrangements will also largely depend on how companies structure their business processes, says Dingel. Remote work is often conflated with flexible hours, but that relies on asynchronous ways of working where people don’t need to collaborate in real-time. If you still need to be on call for a typical 9 to 5, the benefits of working remotely are significantly reduced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while in most countries the proportion of jobs that go remote long-term is unlikely to get close to the percentages identified in his paper, Dingel expects a significant uptick after the pandemic. And that could require creative approaches to head off a widening gap between remote workers and those clocking in in-person. A government’s standard tool for dealing with inequality is redistribution via the tax system. “There isn't such a tool analogous to the tax system if we're talking about increases in unequal flexibility or unequal life satisfaction,” says Dingel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne option would be to focus policy on problems affecting those unable to work from home, says Palomino. That could include subsidising commuter transport, or incentivising companies to provide better childcare options. “It could be more targeted and nuanced than just giving out money and taxing the people that do telework,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps more important, though, will be helping more people access these higher-paying, remote-friendly jobs. Many countries will require significant investments in infrastructure, such as high-speed internet and reliable power supply, says Dabla-Norris, as well as proper childcare options. When the pandemic shuttered schools and day-care facilities, it highlighted the difficulty of juggling domestic and professional responsibilities without support, particularly for women carrying the bulk of this burden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his research, Palomino also found the biggest factor in whether or not someone can work remotely is access to higher education, which also governs earning potential. That suggests that the most important action governments can take is investing in training. “Looking into the future, I would say the impact of education, which has always been key, is going to be even greater,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-23T14:55:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What remote jobs tell us about inequality","headlineShort":"Who can work remotely long-term?","image":["p08s3rkt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Not every worker in every job can hit the ground running in a home-work set-up. That could be a problem for certain individuals – and even entire economies.","summaryShort":"Why the work-from-home revolution isn't a level playing field","tag":["tag\u002Fworking-from-home"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-22T20:52:34.698283Z","entity":"article","guid":"86593245-b5bc-4eec-b7ef-851ff0e9df8d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-22T20:52:34.698283Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818904},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c275c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Companies around the globe have rolled out mandatory remote work. Whether you’re a newbie or WFH veteran, here’s what you need to do to stay productive.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGoogle, Microsoft, Twitter. Hitachi, Apple, Amazon. Chevron, Salesforce, Spotify. From the UK to the US, Japan to South Korea, these are all global companies that have, in the last few days, rolled out mandatory work-from-home policies amid the spread of Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd it’s realistic to assume that shifting to the ‘home office’ will become the new normal for many of us for a while, given Wednesday’s announcement \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-51839944\"\u003Eby the World Health Organization\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the coronavirus has officially reached ‘pandemic’ status.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome employees will be working from home for the first time, which means figuring out how to stay on task in a new environment that may not lend itself to productivity. But there are ways to deliver results and avoid going stir-crazy, from setting up a good workspace to the way you talk to your team.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECrank up the communication\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoronavirus or not, the key to working from home is clear communication with your boss – and knowing exactly what’s expected of you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Have really clear-set expectations for communications day to day,” says Barbara Larson, a professor of management at Northeastern University in Boston who studies remote working. “Ask [your manager] if they don’t mind having a 10-minute call to kick off the day and wrap up the day. Often times, managers just haven’t thought of it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost people spend their days in close proximity to their boss, meaning communication is easy and effortless. But that’s all out the window with remote work, and communication breakdown is even more likely if your workplace isn’t used to remote working. Your manager might not be used to managing people virtually, for example, or your company might not have a ready-to-go suite of tools for remote workers, like the chat app Slack or video conferencing app Zoom, Larson says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even for those accustomed to it, working from home can feel unstructured and isolating. Last year, a study of 2,500 remote workers by online brand development agency Buffer found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbuffer.com\u002Fstate-of-remote-work-2019\"\u003Eloneliness was the second-most reported challenge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one experienced by 19% of respondents. Loneliness can make people feel \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fastcompany.com\u002F40589281\u002Fremote-workers-share-how-they-conquer-loneliness\"\u003Eless motivated and less productive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Out of sight, out of mind can be a real problem for remote workers – Sara Sutton","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo when you \u003Cem\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fem\u003E communicate with your boss and team from home, it helps if as much of it as possible can be “richer” communication that's face-to-face and instant, Larson says: video calls, Skype, Zoom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Out of sight, out of mind can be a real problem for remote workers,” says Sara Sutton, CEO and founder of FlexJobs, a remote job listing site. “The very best remote workers will reach out to coworkers and managers regularly” through a variety of tools.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Treat it like a real job’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also some timeless WFH tips to call upon. For example, just because you can lounge around in your pajamas doesn’t mean you actually should. “Take a shower and get dressed. Treat it like a real job,” says Larson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you don’t have a home office, do as much as you can to create an ad hoc, bespoke space exclusively for work. “Not having a well-equipped home office space when [people] begin remote working can cause a temporary decrease in productivity,” Sutton explains. She says double monitors and a wireless keyboard and mouse make her more productive at home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo instead of lying in bed with a laptop, try something more deliberate. The fix could be something as simple as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flexjobs.com\u002Fblog\u002Fpost\u002Ftiny-home-offices-ideas-creating-workspace-small-place\u002F\"\u003Emoving a nightstand into a corner far away from distractions, plopping down your computer and sitting in an upright chair\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like you would at your office desk. (Be mindful of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhealthmatters.nyp.org\u002Fhow-to-prevent-tech-neck\u002F\"\u003E‘tech neck’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Faskjack\u002F2019\u002Faug\u002F01\u002Fhow-do-i-set-up-an-ergonomic-home-office\"\u003Eother ergonomic needs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, though.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis also serves as an important signal to those who live with you that you’re ‘at work’. “Create boundaries within your home that your family members understand: ‘When the door is closed, pretend I’m not there,’” says Kristen Shockley, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Georgia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a dedicated workspace where you can concentrate, it becomes easier to unlock the benefits of remote work. In a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flexjobs.com\u002Fblog\u002Fpost\u002Fsurvey-flexible-work-job-choices\u002F\"\u003Esurvey of 7,000 workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last year by FlexJobs, 65% said they’re more productive working from home, citing benefits like fewer interruptions from colleagues, minimal office politics and reduced stress from commuting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"‘Psychological segues’, like a 20-minute morning coffee or afternoon exercise, can put you in the right working mindset","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet it’s also important to bookend your day. In that Buffer survey, the most-cited WFH complaint was the inability to unplug after work. If you can’t commute or enter and leave a physical office, which provides clearer boundaries to the workday, Shockley suggests “psychological segues” that can help put you in the right mindset: like a 20-minute coffee in the morning and then exercise right after work to open and close the day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Even if childcare isn’t an issue, it’s still easy when you’re home [to think]: ‘I have laundry to do, let me do it real quick,’” she says. “You have to [put] yourself in a frame of mind that you’re really working.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAvoid feeling isolated\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, even with these tools, the enforced and abrupt nature of the transition from an office to a home environment could leave some struggling to get accustomed to the change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The coronavirus is pushing everyone into this kind of extreme working from home,” says Nicholas Bloom, a professor of economics at Stanford University in California who’s given TED Talks about remote work. He says there are two types of working from home: short-term or occasional work from home, and permanent or full-time work from home. “It is kind of like comparing light exercise to marathon training,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe latter is still quite rare – Bloom says only 5% of the US workforce, for example, report that they’re full-time remote workers. With coronavirus, it’s not clear how long people will be at home, which poses additional problems. Parents, for example, will find working harder if children are at home because schools are closed, meaning close communication with managers – who will need to be understanding – is vital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EProlonged isolation could also potentially impact on morale and productivity. That’s why Larson suggests teams try to sustain a semblance of normalcy and camaraderie in unconventional ways, like virtual pizza parties or remote happy hours where people dial in and share a cocktail on Slack or Skype.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a good way to bond – it’s kind of weird, but everyone’s feeling weird, so it’s fun,” Larson says, describing the “we’re all in this together” mentality. “It adds a little bit of levity and lightness to the otherwise difficult environment.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESutton also supports the idea of translating in-office social activities to an online environment.  “Celebrate birthdays, give public praise for goals reached and projects completed,” she says. “Make time for casual conversations and ‘water cooler’ chat.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Keep spirits up’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMake no mistake, these are stressful times. Negative headlines, worrying about sick or elderly loved ones and fighting the urge to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200304-coronavirus-covid-19-update-why-people-are-stockpiling\"\u003Ego panic buying for toilet paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can all put answering work emails on the back burner. But the more effort you put into communicating with colleagues, the better chance you have of avoiding feelings of isolation, which can lead to depression.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Overall, a short-run period of say two to four weeks full-time working from home I think would be economically and personally painful, but bearable,” Bloom says. “A longer period of, say, two or three months full-time working from home could lead to serious economic and health costs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Solutions to work-from-home pitfalls include as much face-to-face interaction online as possible","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe agrees that solutions to this include as much face-to-face interaction online as possible through video calls, regular manager check-ins – especially to those employees who live alone and might feel more isolated – and regular meetings with no agenda, like grabbing coffee or a drink.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re a manager, it’s on you to provide clear communication and it’s also crucial to keep up morale. “It’s easy to be stressed out or depressed these days,” Larson says. If you’re a manager, “acknowledge there’s stress and difficulty. Your job is to be a cheerleader for the team.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s particularly key if people end up working from home for more than a few weeks, which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F11\u002Fpolitics\u002Fwhat-matters-coronavirus-is-about-to-change-your-life\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ea distinct possibility\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Set up a norm of some kind,” Larson says. “Keep people’s spirits up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Worklife's features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Coronavirus: How to work from home, the right way","headlineShort":"Working from home amid Covid-19","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Companies around the globe have rolled out mandatory remote work. Whether you’re a newbie or WFH veteran, here’s what you need to do to stay productive.","summaryShort":"What you need to do to stay productive","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-03-12T19:58:29.88702Z","entity":"article","guid":"ade9c4eb-b4ce-409d-bb58-b02c768ce05e","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-03T21:43:10.522967Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c1feb","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Seafood is difficult to veganise well, but some companies are betting on new technologies and customers to overcome the challenges.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESeaweed-wrapped deep-fried tofu, served in newspaper. Marinated aubergine slices pressed over rice. Chunks of legume protein coated in oil and herbs. These products are intended to mimic various fish dishes – fish and chips, unagi, canned tuna – and they’re all available now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFaux seafood isn’t entirely new, but products are limited and many of those that have been available so far have been underwhelming and undermarketed. These range from bland tofish and chips served in pubs to rubbery faux shrimp sold in Chinese grocers’ freezer sections, part of the long tradition of imitation meats in Chinese Buddhist cuisine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese products are ripe for the kind of innovation that has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200202-how-did-the-vegan-sausage-roll-get-so-popular\"\u003Edriven and expanded\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the plant-based meat industry. Yet faux seafood manufacturers seeking to make niche products mainstream face some unique challenges, from cultivating great taste and texture through to scaling costs for ambitious new offerings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmall market, challenging product\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the moment, faux seafood is a tiny sector in the food supply chain. In the US, the country with the most vegan seafood start-ups, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gfi.org\u002Fmarketresearch\"\u003Eplant-based seafood made up only 1% ($9.5m) of the dollar amount\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of all retail sales of plant-based meat in 2019. (And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gfi.org\u002Findustry\"\u003Eplant-based meat, in turn, made up 1%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of total meat sales.) Total research and development on alternative seafood has only amounted to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gfi.org\u002Fseafood\"\u003E$10m–$20m so far\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"fish and chips","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne issue is the technical challenge of replicating flaky, fragile seafood. That means shelf-stable mock tuna has been easier to produce than fillets, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gfi.org\u002Fmarketresearch\"\u003Egreat majority of plant-based seafood retail sales are of frozen products\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The few companies in this space also tend to focus on perfecting a single faux seafood product rather than working on multiple products simultaneously.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother thorny issue is nutrition. “People typically turn to conventional seafood for health benefits. And so being able to come really close to those benefits is extremely important on the plant-based seafood side,” says Jen Lamy, the sustainable seafood manager for the Good Food Institute (GFI).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet that’s been difficult to achieve. Good Catch’s fish-free tuna may come closest, with a legume blend providing protein and algal oil providing a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Perceived health benefit is the main driver of flexitarianism in the UK, and flexitarianism is in turn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200202-how-did-the-vegan-sausage-roll-get-so-popular\"\u003Ethe main driver of mainstream take-up of faux meat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. So nutrition is key if alternative seafood companies want to expand their consumer base for currently niche products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERising demand, rising opportunity\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOverall, it’s taken consumers a while to begin clamouring for plant-based seafood. Nutrition aside, it’s also because animal welfare concerns about \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.columbia.edu\u002F~col8\u002Flobsterarticle.pdf\"\u003Elobsters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fanimalstudiesrepository.org\u002Facwp_sata\u002F15\u002F\"\u003Efarmed fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may not motivate vegetarians and vegans the way \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fanimalstudiesrepository.org\u002Facwp_sata\u002F15\u002F\"\u003Epigs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2076-2615\u002F8\u002F10\u002F171\"\u003Ecows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E do. This is partly cultural and historical: fish aren’t considered meat under Catholicism, for instance, and so their consumption is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fsections\u002Fthesalt\u002F2012\u002F04\u002F05\u002F150061991\u002Flust-lies-and-empire-the-fishy-tale-behind-eating-fish-on-friday?t=1590742351453\"\u003Eacceptable on Fridays during Lent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the UK opened its first pop-up vegan fish and chip shop in 2018, with the vegan menu subsequently being rolled out to all locations of London chippy chain Sutton & Sons. Vegan items now contribute about 20% of their total revenue, reports Sutton & Sons spokesperson Nicholas O’Connor. And the vegan menu continues to expand, from ‘prawn’ cocktail to ‘calamari’ strips and the recently added ‘lobster’ roll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Shellfish allergy is the most common food allergy in many countries, creating space for shellfish simulacra","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn general, alternative seafood poses an enormous opportunity for investors. There’s huge potential for replicating the many types of seafood that end up on dinner plates. As well, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7139905\u002F\"\u003Eshellfish allergy is the most common food allergy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in many countries, creating space for shellfish simulacra (after all, lactose-sensitive people were important to the expansion of dairy-free milk).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome observers believe that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gfi.org\u002Fseafood\"\u003Ethe transition from conventional seafood to plant-based versions will happen more rapidly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than the shift from dairy milk to dairy-free, because of the high demand for seafood and the dwindling wild supply (and as many large fish species can’t be easily farmed). And even if ethical eaters are less concerned about the welfare of marine animals, awareness of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6059758\u002F\"\u003Ehuman rights abuses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in global fishing chains and the potential depletion of certain marine species may be compelling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"bluefin tuna","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScaling the start-ups\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe last 18 months have seen a number of important product launches and fundraising rounds; for instance, the company BlueNalu \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fooddive.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbluenalu-nets-20m-to-produce-cell-based-fish-for-a-test-market-in-2021\u002F573106\u002F\"\u003Ecompleted a $20m fundraising round\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in February 2020. A single company or investor could have an outsize impact on the overall market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo could a government. Singapore, which has been working to move away from its dependence on imported food, has become a leader in alternative seafood. The Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation began collaborating in August 2019 with the Singaporean branch of Sophie’s Kitchen, a US plant-based seafood company, on fermenting microalgae to produce a protein substitute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd Singapore’s Shiok Meats, which is working on cell-based crustacean products, could well become the first cell-based seafood company to enter the market. Sandhya Sriram, the CEO of Shiok Meats, explains that the company has received grants, tax rebates and regulatory assistance from the Singaporean government thus far, and is hoping to obtain additional funding and manufacturing support in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"lab based meat","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-51657573\"\u003ECell-based meat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, sometimes called lab-grown meat or clean meat, has identical cellular structure to animal meat but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Ffood\u002F2020\u002Fjan\u002F19\u002Fcultured-meat-on-its-way-to-a-table-near-you-cultivated-cells-farming-society-ethics\"\u003Edoesn’t require slaughter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Instead cells from initial “donor animals” are grown in a bioreactor. The cell lines can continue to be used over and over, creating great potential to reduce animal suffering – although for the moment the process is energy-intensive and divisive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESriram acknowledges that not all vegetarians and vegans will be on board with this kind of seafood of the future. “At the end of the day, cell-based meats are still very much meats to the biological and cellular level – so if you do not eat meat, for example, for religious reasons, cell-based meats may not suit you. But for me as a vegetarian, for ethical reasons, I can consume cell-based meats without any guilt.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt will take some time to get there, in any case. A single dumpling made with Shiok shrimp would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.channelnewsasia.com\u002Fnews\u002Fcnainsider\u002Flab-grow-stem-cell-based-protein-home-shiok-meats-sandhya-sriram-12511730\"\u003Ecost about S$150\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ($107, or £85). Sriram says that the company is still at the “R&D scale” but has plans to grow operations and reduce costs. In general, cell-based and plant-based meats are still more expensive than the conventional versions; as with Shiok, this is primarily an issue of a smaller scale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Early days’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, Covid-19 has altered everything. The traditional meat supply \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-52575904\"\u003Ehas been disrupted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the spread of infection in crowded processing plants and fishing boats. (Mock meat products are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fcovid-faux-meat\u002F\"\u003Eeasier to produce in socially distanced conditions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne result is that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcard\u002Fen\u002Fc\u002Fca8637en\u002F\"\u003Eseafood consumption is down in some countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Overall, demand for plant-based meats has risen since the start of lockdown. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.self.inc\u002Finfo\u002Fcoronavirus-spending-habits-statistics\u002F#vegetarian\"\u003ESome 23% of surveyed US consumers say they’ve been eating more plant-based meals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to Covid-19 (about twice as many as those eating more meat). The figure is highest among 18-24-year-olds. During the lockdown in the US, both animal-based and plant-based meats have experienced surges in sales growth, but the percentage gains have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.foodnavigator-usa.com\u002FArticle\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F06\u002FHow-is-coronavirus-impacting-plant-based-meat-Impossible-Foods-weighs-in\"\u003Emuch higher for the alternative meats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Plant-based meat has grown a lot relative to this period last year,” says Lamy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it’s hard to predict the long-term effects of the pandemic on innovative seafood companies, which are prone to excessive exuberance about how soon they can reach the market or how quickly they can spread. For one thing, consumers are likely to be very price sensitive, so the higher prices of seafood alternatives may be more of a stumbling block than usual.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet there’s more capital and technology flowing into this area than ever before, and Lamy is particularly enthusiastic about partnerships between established seafood companies like Bumble Bee (famous for canned tuna) and Good Catch (getting more famous for faux tuna). “There’s room for so many more entrants in this market,” she emphasises. “It’s still early days.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-03T03:14:48.816Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Vegan seafood: The next plant-based meat trend?","headlineShort":"Would you buy vegan seafood?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Seafood is difficult to veganise well, but some companies are betting on new technologies and customers to overcome the challenges.","summaryShort":"A single dumpling costs more than $100 to make – but that is set to change","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-03T02:46:15.30256Z","entity":"article","guid":"08cea134-e58d-4fcf-b9fd-5138c37536cf","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-03T03:08:09.871213Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","_id":"5f6329fafdd05dcd259c1605","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmanyu-jiang"],"bodyIntro":"Video chat is helping us stay employed and connected. But what makes it so tiring - and how can we reduce ‘Zoom fatigue’?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYour screen freezes. There’s a weird echo. A dozen heads stare at you. There are the work huddles, the one-on-one meetings and then, once you’re done for the day, the hangouts with friends and family.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the Covid-19 pandemic hit, we’re on video calls more than ever before – and many are finding it exhausting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what, exactly, is tiring us out? BBC Worklife spoke to Gianpiero Petriglieri, an associate professor at Insead, who explores sustainable learning and development in the workplace, and Marissa Shuffler, an associate professor at Clemson University, who studies workplace wellbeing and teamwork effectiveness, to hear their views.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs video chat harder? What’s different compared to face-to-face communication?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeing on a video call requires more focus than a face-to-face chat, says Petriglieri. Video chats mean we need to work harder to process non-verbal cues like facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, and body language; paying more attention to these consumes a lot of energy. “Our minds are together when our bodies feel we're not. That dissonance, which causes people to have conflicting feelings, is exhausting. You cannot relax into the conversation naturally,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Delays on phone or conferencing systems of 1.2 seconds made people perceive the responder as less friendly or focused","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESilence is another challenge, he adds. “Silence creates a natural rhythm in a real-life conversation. However, when it happens in a video call, you became anxious about the technology.” It also makes people uncomfortable. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1071581914000287\"\u003EOne 2014 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by German academics showed that delays on phone or conferencing systems shaped our views of people negatively: even delays of 1.2 seconds made people perceive the responder as less friendly or focused.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus\"\u003EWhy grocery shelves won't be empty for long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200406-coronavirus-isolation-is-creating-new-love-under-lockdown\"\u003ECoronavirus isolation is creating new couples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E•\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic\"\u003E How to work from home, the right way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn added factor, says Shuffler, is that if we are physically on camera, we are very aware of being watched. “When you're on a video conference, you know everybody's looking at you; you are on stage, so there comes the social pressure and feeling like you need to perform. Being performative is nerve-wracking and more stressful.” It’s also very hard for people not to look at their own face if they can see it on screen, or not to be conscious of how they behave in front of the camera.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are the current circumstances contributing? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet if video chats come with extra stressors, our Zoom fatigue can’t be attributed solely to that. Our current circumstances – whether lockdown, quarantine, working from home or otherwise – are also feeding in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08b3dk7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPetriglieri believes that fact we feel forced into these calls may be a contributory factor. “The video call is our reminder of the people we have lost temporarily. It is the distress that every time you see someone online, such as your colleagues, that reminds you we should really be in the workplace together,” he says. “What I'm finding is, we’re all exhausted; It doesn't matter whether they are introverts or extroverts. We are experiencing the same disruption of the familiar context during the pandemic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the fact that aspects of our lives that used to be separate – work, friends, family – are all now happening in the same space. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1986-03748-001\"\u003Eself-complexity theory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E posits that individuals have multiple aspects – context-dependent social roles, relationships, activities and goals – and we find the variety healthy, says Petriglieri. When these aspects are reduced, we become more vulnerable to negative feelings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Imagine if you go to a bar, and in the same bar you talk with your professors, meet your parents or date someone, isn’t it weird? That’s what we’re doing now – Gianpiero Petriglieri","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Most of our social roles happen in different places, but now the context has collapsed,” says Petriglieri. “Imagine if you go to a bar, and in the same bar you talk with your professors, meet your parents or date someone, isn’t it weird? That's what we're doing now… We are confined in our own space, in the context of a very anxiety-provoking crisis, and our only space for interaction is a computer window.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShuffler says a lack of downtime after we’ve fulfilled work and family commitments may be another factor in our tiredness, while some of us may be putting higher expectations on ourselves due to worries over the economy, furloughs and job losses. “There's also that heightened sense of ‘I need to be performing at my top level in a situation’… Some of us are kind of over-performing to secure our jobs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBut when I’m Zooming my friends, for example, shouldn’t that relax me? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELots of us are doing big group chats for the first time, whether it’s cooking and eating a virtual Easter dinner, attending a university catch-up or holding a birthday party for a friend. If the call is meant to be fun, why might it feel tiring?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of it, says Shuffler, is whether you’re joining in because you want to or because you feel you ought to – like a virtual happy hour with colleagues from work. If you see it as an obligation, that means more time that you’re ‘on’ as opposed to getting a break. A proper chat with friends will feel more social and there will be less ‘Zoom fatigue’ from conversations where you’ve had a chance to be yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It doesn't matter whether you call it a virtual happy hour, it's a meeting, because mostly we are used to using these tools for work – Gianpiero Petriglieri","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBig group calls can feel particularly performative, Petriglieri warns. People like watching television because you can allow your mind to wander – but a large video call “is like you're watching television and television is watching you”. Large group chats can also feel depersonalising, he adds, because your power as an individual is diminished. And despite the branding, it may not feel like leisure time. “It doesn't matter whether you call it a virtual happy hour, it's a meeting, because mostly we are used to using these tools for work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESo how can we alleviate Zoom fatigue?  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth experts suggest limiting video calls to those that are necessary. Turning on the camera should be optional and in general there should be more understanding that cameras do not always have to be on throughout each meeting. Having your screen off to the side, instead of straight ahead, could also help your concentration, particularly in group meetings, says Petriglieri. It makes you feel like you’re in an adjoining room, so may be less tiring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases it’s worth considering if video chats are really the most efficient option. When it comes to work, Shuffler suggests shared files with clear notes can be a better option that avoids information overload. She also suggests taking time during meetings to catch up before diving into business. “Spend some time to actually check into people's wellbeing,” she urges. “It’s a way to reconnect us with the world, and to maintain trust and reduce fatigue and concern.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBuilding transition periods in between video meetings can also help refresh us – try stretching, having a drink or doing a bit of exercise, our experts say. Boundaries and transitions are important; we need to create buffers which allow us to put one identity aside and then go to another as we move between work and private personas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd maybe, says Petriglieri, if you want to reach out, go old-school. “Write a letter to someone instead of meeting them on Zoom. Tell them you really care about them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-22T18:25:32Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The reason Zoom calls drain your energy","headlineShort":"Why Zoom calls are so exhausting","image":["p08b3h47"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Video chat is helping us stay employed and connected. But what makes it so tiring - and how can we reduce ‘Zoom fatigue’?","summaryShort":"Video chat is great at keeping us connected - but why is it so tiring?","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-21T19:44:32.538418Z","entity":"article","guid":"a6be2a40-33bd-4f9b-8f7f-a6bfa9f979d1","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-27T00:08:50.94853Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c2048","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"‘Stay at home’ is a simple message, but as countries open up with social distancing guidelines, there’s more room for interpretation – especially among friends.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen people in Madrid were finally allowed to meet with up to 10 friends after six weeks in lockdown, some couldn’t wait to gather over beers back at their favourite bar terrace, or host a dinner at their apartment. But others were unsure about how to socialise, and some even found themselves judging the different behaviours of people in their network.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We’re trying to coordinate meeting a bigger group ‘round a friend’s house this weekend, and I think that is kind of causing some tensions,” says Amber, 40, who asked us not to use her surname in case it creates future conflict.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of her friends, who are all in their 30s or early 40s, are nervous about how flippantly one member of their group has been taking the risks of the virus. The woman told them that it felt “too annoying” to wear a mask in the supermarket despite these being mandatory in Spain. “It is a transition phase.... and, certainly, people are starting to look at each other with a bit more suspicion,” says Amber.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGarvin Wolfe van Dernoot, a 21-year-old student in Colorado’s Avon County, one of the first places in the US to start opening up, has also been anxious about meeting with friends who aren’t as cautious as he is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g38qn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Some people have small parties and get-togethers where all guidelines have gone out the window,” he says. This includes giving each other car rides where people are sat in close proximity, and refusing to wear face coverings, which his state also advises people to wear in public. “It becomes confusing when we’re still seeing deaths.… but people are acting like for them, the pandemic is over,” says Wolfe van Dernoot.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe’s found it difficult to talk to those who have broken guidelines, and ended up leaving sarcastic comments on one girl’s Snapchat, which caused her to remove him from her private story feed. Although they weren’t close, he doesn’t think they’ll talk going forward.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy do we have different boundaries?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Kate Hamilton-West, a health psychologist at the University of Kent in England, argues that whereas most people easily understood the message that “you must stay at home if that is possible” during lockdowns, it is “human nature” that more varied types of behaviours and responses will emerge if governments and institutions give people more choice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is partly because different personality types can be generally more or less risk-averse, or have contrasting value preferences. “Protecting others, for example, is something that people will value to different degrees... for some people, that might be less important to them than things like, for example, having autonomy over your own decision-making.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Sweden, which never had a lockdown, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fideas.repec.org\u002Fp\u002Fzur\u002Feconwp\u002F346.html\"\u003Eresearchers from Lund University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that the strongest indicator of how likely people were to follow voluntary recommendations was their willingness to adapt their actions for the benefit of others. They measured this kind of responsible “pro-social” behaviour through surveys and game-based experiments, focused on how much they would put others at risk in order to win more money for themselves. Being pro-social was a predictor for following physical distancing and hygiene measures, buying a cloth face mask and seeking out health information about Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g38m8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther potential key influences, says Hamilton-West, include the information we get from different media, friends and family or medical professionals, and our own past experiences of illness. For instance, those who are generally well and have not previously had a severe sickness may consider themselves unlikely to catch the virus, regardless of the evidence that even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.advisory.com\u002Fdaily-briefing\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F13\u002Fcovid-young-people\"\u003Eyoung, healthy people have died from Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We tend to form something called a ‘personal model’ of the illness,” she explains. “We all have our own set of perceptions around things like how serious the symptoms would be if we contracted the illness, how long they would last for, how effective treatments would be.” These personal models may also be connected to how closely we have experienced the crisis. For example, living with a relative in a risk group or knowing someone who became ill or died from Covid-19 at the height of the pandemic might play a role in how cautious you are in social interactions once recommendations are lifted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Madrid, where Amber’s been dealing with disagreements between friends, she has already observed a difference between those who went into lockdown in apartments in the city-centre and those who hunkered down “in wealthy, leafy suburbs or in the mountains... and got out every day with the dog”. The former tended to feel a more imminent threat when leaving home at the height of the pandemic, and she believes this is why many of them are more cautious about socialising now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy contrast, Alexander, a 34-year-old Australian working in Rome’s start-up scene, says there’s been “very little tension” among his friends, who all quickly adapted to going out to bars together again, although they aim to choose outdoor terraces and meet in smaller groups. “Everyone wants to follow the rules because it's seen as a civic duty to do so.” He speculates that one reason his core group has behaved the same way is because it’s made up of people who all shared similar experiences of the pandemic, including none of them knowing anyone in their city who was a confirmed coronavirus case.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDifferent emotional reactions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists also point to the importance of emotions in shaping our behaviours. Perhaps unsurprisingly, those with a pre-existing tendency to worry may find it harder to begin socialising again after lockdown. But Hamilton-West points out that if someone appears to be regularly breaching social-distancing or other health guidelines, that could also be a warning sign that they are experiencing high anxiety levels connected to Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If we're really, really worried about it, we might do things that make ourselves feel better, and one of those things is called avoidance-coping,” explains Hamilton-West. By avoiding thinking about the virus, this might make some “unlikely to engage in activities which remind [them] of it” such as social distancing, wearing a mask or hand-washing, and being more drawn to socialising and seeking out physical contact in the same way as they did before the onset of the virus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor others, a refusal to follow new guidelines for socialising may be a reaction to challenging environmental circumstances, such as difficulties with personal relationships at home, social isolation or financial hardship. “Sometimes, these actions are not coming from a place of rebellion but from loneliness, desperation, or necessity,” explains Dr Miriam Kirmayer, a Montreal-based clinical psychologist and friendship expert.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt makes sense that “turning to others, even when it comes with risk” is a coping mechanism for some of those who are struggling during the pandemic. This is because psychological research has long shown that physically connecting with others can boost our mental and physical health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We are hardwired for connection and there is great comfort in turning to those we feel closest to,” explains Kirmayer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g38yv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to talk to friends you disagree with\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile understanding or at least empathising with those who’ve got an alternative approach to social distancing is a crucial first step, simply agreeing to disagree with a friend may not be an option. Unlike in most other disputes, a friend’s behaviours may pose a risk to your own health and others you come into contact with, as well as their own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKirmayer warns that directly confronting the rule-breaker could result in them becoming defensive, and says it’s important to accept in advance that we ultimately “do not actually have a say in whether someone changes their behaviour”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there are tricks that may help to ease these sorts of difficult conversations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Instead of labelling a friend as irresponsible or reckless... it can be helpful to focus on your own values and experiences and to express that this is coming from a place of care and concern, as opposed to a moral high ground,” says Kirmayer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf your friend doesn’t seem to be willing or able to change their behaviours, the next step is “to make that decision about whether you're actually going to maintain contact with them in a physical sense” says Hamilton-West. “If it's going to put you at risk and your other friends at risk, then it's perfectly reasonable to say, ‘actually, I can't meet with you at the moment... I don't want to be responsible for passing it onto my other friends’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says it’s also important to continually monitor what’s happening in social situations you choose to attend. For instance, if you turn up to a friend’s birthday where you’re expecting a handful of people, but end up in a room of 20 where it’s impossible to distance, it’s acceptable “to say to them, ‘I don't feel safe in this situation and I am going to go now’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Our concept of what being a good friend is at the moment, has had to shift, and I think that’s something really useful for all of us to think about,” says Hamilton-West.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShould you break up with a friend over Covid?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists agree that if you keep clashing with a friend over how to socialise, this might demonstrate deeper issues with the relationship. However, both Kirmayer and Hamilton-West warn against making any abrupt decisions when it comes to cutting them out of your life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We each can and should be able to decide what our non-negotiables are in our relationships…  [but] this should be balanced with the reality that a pandemic is not necessarily the time to be making final or rash decisions about our friendships,” says Kirmayer. “My advice is to ask several questions before ending a relationship. First, does this difficulty reflect a larger pattern or ongoing issue, or is it specific to social distancing guidelines? Next, have you actually tried to share your discomfort and struggles with your friend? Have you opened up about why it bothers you?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe suggests that friendships you think are worth keeping may be salvaged by creating new boundaries; for example, maintaining contact via social media or video calls, and avoiding discussions about Covid-19 as the crisis continues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Once we come out of this situation, once we're at a point that anxiety is not quite so high for everybody, we may find that actually we do still have that shared friendship,” agrees Hamilton-West. “I think it is a shame to lose friends over the situation, when it's just such a difficult time for everybody.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What to do with friends who don’t social distance","headlineShort":"Why your friends won't social distance","image":["p08g38l5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-vegan-seafood-the-next-plant-based-meat-trend","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"summaryLong":"‘Stay at home’ is a simple message, but as countries open up with social distancing guidelines, there’s more room for interpretation – especially among friends.","summaryShort":"What to do if those in your innermost circles disobey public health guidelines","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-04T20:38:13.908852Z","entity":"article","guid":"977fe462-1881-408f-963a-0136ce4b112d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-25T11:16:44.264913Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c27ff","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Work, school and life in general tend to start early in the day – but what if your body clock didn’t get the memo? Welcome to the wonderful world of social jet lag","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETeenagers in California are about to get some much-needed extra sleep. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.latimes.com\u002Fcalifornia\u002Fstory\u002F2019-10-13\u002Fcalifornia-first-state-country-later-school-start-times-new-law\"\u003Enew law passed early \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003Ethis month\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E will push start times later for most schools; high schools will start no earlier than 08:30 and middle schools 08:00.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe move is aimed at improving teenagers’ school performance by ensuring they are adequately rested. There’s a sizeable body of research behind it; although teenagers may have a bad reputation for staying up late, sleeping in and sleeping longer than any other demographic, the science shows that it's not their fault.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBiologically, teenagers have a different circadian rhythm to people of other ages. Their internal body clock, which tells them when and how long to sleep, doesn't line up well with the norms of the social clock. Forcing teenagers out of bed early in the morning to go to school \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpediatrics.aappublications.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fpediatrics\u002F134\u002F3\u002F642.full.pdf\"\u003Ecan affect their physical and mental health, attention span and ability to learn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd though teenagers may be a special case, they are hardly the only ones suffering. Waking and sleeping in a pattern that's out of synch with your body clock results in a phenomenon known as 'social jet lag' – something that affects swathes of society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat is social jet lag?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESocial jet lag is the \"misalignment of social and biological time\", according to Till Roenneberg, a professor of chronobiology at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich who coined the term. It occurs when our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171114-why-you-shouldnt-try-to-be-a-morning-person\"\u003Ebiologically determined sleep needs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E don't line up with other obligations, and we give way to the obligations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Everybody who uses an alarm clock lives against his or her [internal] clock,\" says Roenneberg. If your internal clock wants to sleep from midnight until 07:45 but obligations in your life force you to set an alarm for 06:15 every weekday, you likely have social jet lag.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, when we have a fixed early start time at work, we often calculate backwards when we should wake up, factoring in getting ready, a commute and perhaps time to shuttle children to school. We decide what time to set the alarm based on what we have to do, without considering our actual sleep needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The time we wake up on a free day isn't necessarily the ideal time for our body to wake up either","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen people have a day off, however, many of them stay up later, sleep later and wake up without an alarm clock. Having a later bedtime and waking time on a free day are indicators that the body prefers to sleep on a different schedule than what the typical workday requires. The shift is evidence of social jet lag.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat said, the time we wake up on a free day isn't necessarily the ideal time for our body to wake up either. \"Late sleep on the weekend is contaminated with sleep deprivation from the week,\" explains professor Martha Merrow, a molecular chronobiologist and head of the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig Maximilian University. \"You sleep not just as long as your clock says, but a bit longer to get some of that lost sleep back.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow does social jet lag affect us?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELiving for the social clock at the expense of the internal clock leaves many people feeling groggy in the morning. People who consider themselves early risers might not suffer from this problem at all, as their internal clocks align fairly well with the social clock. Late-night types may feel it worse. People who work non-standard hours, such as nurses on an overnight shift, usually suffer from social jet lag as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People whose internal clocks align better with the demands of the social clock earn 4-5% more on average than evening-type people","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFeeling groggy is hardly the only consequence, however. There are financial implications, too. People whose internal clocks align better with the demands of the social clock \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F23646456?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Eearn 4-5% more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on average than evening-type people. The reason, it seems, is morning types are alert and ready to be productive in the morning. Late types, however, aren't as likely to do their best work so early in the day, meaning typical business hours give morning types an advantage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other unexpected dividends from matching sleep clocks and daily life: when school start times were delayed by about an hour and a half in one county in the US state of Virginia, teenagers (who tend to sleep longer and later than everyone else) were involved in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faasm.org\u002Fteens-with-earlier-school-start-times-have-higher-crash-rates\u002F\"\u003Efewer weekday car accidents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when compared to a nearby school with similar traffic patterns. Researchers believe the additional sleep time helped reduce crashes among teenage drivers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's also a health impact. \"Misalignment leads to a lot of chronic diseases,\" says Roenneberg, citing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Fconditions\u002Fmetabolic-syndrome\u002F\"\u003Emetabolic syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as an example. People who suffer from social jet lag are more likely to be smokers and if they are already overweight, more likely to become obese. Synchronising people’s lives with their internal sleep clocks is important “because it will make people healthier, live longer and will reduce costs for society\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat can workplaces do?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut aligning the social clock with the internal clock is, sadly, not often up to us; it depends on the organisations we work for. \"Society does a very schizophrenic thing at the moment,\" Roenneberg says. \"On the one hand, it wants to be a 24\u002F7 society that acts globally. On the other hand, it still thinks that someone who appears at work at 10:00 is lazy.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe believes companies would benefit from adjusting start times to individual employee needs. “If you have slept in your own window and you've woken up by yourself, you'll be much more productive,\" he says. \"There's an enormous incentive to make people not use alarm clocks if you want them to perform better and get sick less often.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There's an enormous incentive to make people not use alarm clocks if you want them to perform better and get sick less often – Till Roenneberg","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome companies are starting to agree, researching what happens when they let \u003Ca title=\"Protected by Outlook: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F25772446. Click or tap to follow the link.\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\u002F?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F25772446&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cd7a9ac3034dc40c8af3e08d7549fab53%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637070917053655800&sdata=Ec2h%2FDm7ng0c2W1DXB8z1xwaWUQltULIkyz3oppbfsU%3D&reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elate-type shift workers skip the morning shift\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or allowing employees to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cmswire.com\u002Fdigital-workplace\u002Fwhy-i-let-my-employees-set-their-own-hours\u002F\"\u003Eset their own work schedules\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Remote and flexible workers are two groups who can sometimes have an advantage. Technology company Cisco, in a 2009 survey of its workers, estimates that it saw a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewsroom.cisco.com\u002Fpress-release-content?type=webcontent&articleId=5000107\"\u003E$277m gain in productivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from employees who were allowed to work remotely. Although the increase isn't tied to improved sleep patterns necessarily, 80% of survey respondents did say working remotely improved their quality of life overall. Plus, working from home eliminated their commutes – and time not spent commuting can convert easily into time spent sleeping. In fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS2352721814000047?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ea 2015 study found\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that people who were allowed to work flexibly did get more sleep (without losing work time). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, sleeping a little later is only possible when workers don't have additional demands in the morning, such as getting children to school or other care responsibilities. One reason school start times tend to be early is to accommodate working parents. Before California’s new law passed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedsource.org\u002F2019\u002Fcalifornia-mandates-later-start-times-for-middle-and-high-school-students\u002F618546\"\u003Eopponents fought it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the grounds that it could increase childcare costs for parents with inflexible work schedules, lead to children being left unsupervised at school or prevent teenagers in low-income households taking after-school jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe lighting factor\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet even if the difficulties around start times can be ironed out, there's another complicating factor of modern life: light. Blue light from computer screens, mobile devices and other electronics is similar to light from the sun in that it can trick the body into thinking it's still daytime. When that happens it doesn't produce melatonin, which we need to sleep. Simple solutions, such as night mode on devices, blue light blockers or not using devices after a certain hour, are relatively well known. What's often left out of the conversation, however, is the importance of exposure to light during the day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What's often left out of the conversation is the importance of exposure to light during the day","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"We have changed our light environment drastically,\" Roenneberg says. Office-dwellers might spend the entire day inside a building with very little light exposure, whereas in the past people would have spent most of the day outdoors. Receiving light during the day seems to play as important a role in regulating the internal clock as \u003Cem\u003Enot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E seeing blue light at night.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We are quenching the light-dark cycle at both ends,\" Roenneberg says. \"During the day, we are getting less light and during the night we are getting more light. That has made most [internal body] clocks [move] later.” And if your chronotype is being made later, it makes it harder to stay in synch with a social clock that demands an early wake and work time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat can you do?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrying to avoid social jet lag or correct for it isn't a straightforward affair. We can advocate for flexible work times and later school start times, but as long as people need alarm clocks the problem will persist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Merrow says of the three main components that contribute to your internal body clock – genetic predisposition, age and light – \"the only one you can work with is light\". If you wanted to try and move your chronotype earlier, she suggests consulting an expert in human chronobiology to work out when you should be getting more light or less light.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you had complete freedom over your life, you could do a fair amount with light,\" she says. \"But given the restrictions we have, that most of us are working inside buildings, it's not so simple.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor much of the population, waking up without an alarm clock, as Roenneberg recommends, isn't so simple either.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-23T14:01:41.356Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The body-clock science behind later school start times","headlineShort":"How to fight ‘social jet lag’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Work, school and life in general tend to start early in the day – but what if your body clock didn’t get the memo? Welcome to the wonderful world of social jet lag","summaryShort":"If you use an alarm clock you probably have it – and it’s not good for you","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-23T13:34:00.720696Z","entity":"article","guid":"08bba570-8c60-4102-a626-1096b163aa66","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-23T13:42:30.466903Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818919},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2753","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Our brains don’t all work the same way. One New York-based software company sees that as a competitive advantage.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERajesh Anandan founded his company Ultranauts (formerly Ultra Testing) with his MIT roommate Art Shectman with one aim: one aim: to prove that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190719-neurodiversity\"\u003Eneurodiversity \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand autism could be a competitive advantage in business.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There is an incredible talent pool of adults on the autistic spectrum that has been overlooked for all the wrong reasons,” says 46-year-old Anandan. “People who haven’t had a fair shot to succeed at work, because of workplace and workflow and business practices that aren’t particularly effective for anyone but are especially damaging for anyone who is wired differently.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe New York-based quality engineering start-up is now one of an increasing number of firms looking towards autistic talent. But while programmes at companies including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-world-work-autismatwork\u002Fautism-in-the-workplace-a-spectrum-of-hiring-choices-idUSKCN1SD0YB\"\u003EMicrosoft and accounting firm EY\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are small and focused around supporting neurodiverse workers in the office, Ultranauts has redesigned its entire business around neurodiversity, changing hiring efforts to actively recruit individuals on the autism spectrum and developing new workplace practices to effectively manage neurodiverse teams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We set out to change the blueprint for work, and change how a company could hire, manage and develop talent,” says Anandan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENeurodiversity has risen to the top of the agenda around inclusion at work in recent years, yet it is not a common term. It refers to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fneurodiversity.io\u002F?option=com_content&view=article&id=1\"\u003Ethe range of differences in individual human brain function\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which can be associated with conditions such as dyslexia, autism and ADHD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch by the UK’s National Autistic Society (NAS) shows that the figures around employment of people with autism in the UK are still very low. In its survey of 2,000 autistic adults, just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.autism.org.uk\u002Fget-involved\u002Fmedia-centre\u002Fnews\u002F2016-10-27-employment-gap.aspx\"\u003E16% were in in full-time work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, despite 77% of people who were unemployed saying they wanted to work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe barriers to work for people with autism can still be huge, and Richmal Maybank, employer engagement manager at NAS, says many factors contribute to this. “Job descriptions can often have core tick-box behaviours, and can be quite general,” she says. “Forms look for ‘team players’ and ‘staff with great communication skills’ but lack specific information.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETerms like these – or interview questions such as ‘where you see yourself in five years’ – can be too general for people with autism, as many with the condition can find vague questionsparticularly hard to decipher. Additionally, people can feel uncomfortable disclosing their disability or feel challenged by open-plan workplaces, where they may feel they need to socialise or absorb uncomfortable levels of noise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People can feel uncomfortable disclosing their disability or feel challenged by open-plan workplaces, where they may feel they need to socialise or absorb uncomfortable levels of noise","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFive years in, 75% of Ultranauts’ staff are on the autistic spectrum – and one reason for this is its innovative approach to hiring. In other companies, assessing candidates often focuses heavily on communication competencies, which means neurodiverse voices can be excluded. But at Ultranauts there is no interview process and applicants don’t need relevant experience of specific technical skills. “We have adopted an approach to screening job applicants that is much more objective than you’ll find in most places,” says Anandan.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead of using CVs and interviews, potential employees undergo a basic competency assessment in which they are evaluated against 25 desirable attributes for software testers, such as the ability to learn new systems or take on feedback. Following these initial tests, potential staff undergo a week of working from home fully paid. Potential recruits also know they can choose to work on a DTE (a desired-time equivalent) timetable, meaning they can take on as many hours as they feel comfortable managing, rather than being tied into full-time work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a result, we have a talent screening process to take someone who has never done this job and at the end of that process have a 95% degree of confidence… whether people would be great at this,” says Anandan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe competitive advantages of ‘neurodiversity’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fneurodiversity-as-a-competitive-advantage\"\u003EHarvard University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bima.co.uk\u002FTech-and-Inclusion-Report\"\u003EBIMA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have shown that embracing and maximising the talents of people who think differently can have huge benefits for a business. Having a neurodiverse workforce has been shown to improve innovation and problem solving, as people see and understand information in a range of different ways. Researchers have also found that accommodations made for neurodiverse staff members such as flexible hours or remote working can benefit neurotypical staff, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe NAS say they have seen a rise in organisations reaching out to them to find out how they could better recruit autistic talent and neurodiverse workers, especially outside the IT sector. NAS offers suggestions for small changes, such as ensuring every meeting has an agenda. Agendas and similar tools can help neurodiverse staff focus on the relevant information needed and help people plan things in advance, making the meeting more accessible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The things we suggest are good practice for any company, not just people with autism. They aren’t expensive, and are often easy quick wins,” says Maybank. “Employers need to recognise cultures in their organisation and to understand the unwritten rules of their organisation, to help people navigate that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaybank, who has been working with autistic people for the last decade, says she’d like to see more mandatory training for managers around neurodiversity and more buddying programmes to help people create better social links at work. She also feels employers should look at different progression routes for employees who may not want to become managers.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she says increased awareness of neurodiversity has improved understanding in workplaces. “People are becoming way more open about recognising different strands of autistic and neurodiverse behaviour,” she says. “People have a pre-conceived perception of what autism is, but it’s best to ask that person. People may be opposites of each other despite having the same condition.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETailoring new technology\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet it’s not just increased awareness; remote working and new technologies are also helping to support workers who may previously have struggled to enter the workforce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorkplace tools including instant messaging platform Slack and list-making application Trello have improved communication for staff who may work outside a standard office environment. These tools can have additional benefits for people on the autistic spectrum, who might find things like face-to-face communication difficult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltranauts has made use of these technologies, as well as creating its own tools to suit staff needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A couples of years ago, a colleague on our team said they wished people came with a user manual,” says Anandan. So that’s exactly what they created, a self-authored guide called a ‘biodex’ which gives colleagues at Ultranauts all the information they need to find the best ways of working with a particular person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeing flexible about workplace set-up and tailoring company behaviours to cater for autistic needs has been a huge success for Ultranauts, which is beginning to share its experiences on best practice with other companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnandan says he’s learnt that making a workplace inclusive for neurodiverse colleagues hasn’t added friction or inefficiency, but allowed people who have largely been ignored by society to show their true talents. “We’ve shown over and over… that we’ve delivered results better because of the diversity of our team,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-7"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Where 75% of workers are on the autistic spectrum","headlineShort":"The firm that got rid of job interviews","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Our brains don’t all work the same way. One New York-based software company sees that as a competitive advantage.","summaryShort":"To recruit neurodiverse workers, one company took a new approach to hiring","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-21T02:10:22.357963Z","entity":"article","guid":"f8151bd9-24fd-4c5f-9aa0-183b341a7f11","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-25T15:54:24.190705Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818919},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less","_id":"5f6329fafdd05dcd259c141b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Mastering 'active rest' is far harder than it looks, but there are good reasons why we should keep working at it.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen I moved to Rome from Washington, DC, one sight struck me more than any ancient column or grand basilica: people doing nothing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI’d frequently glimpse old women leaning out of their windows, watching people pass below, or families on their evening strolls, stopping every so often to greet friends. Even office life proved different. Forget the rushed desk-side sandwich. Come lunchtime, restaurants filled up with professionals tucking into proper meals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, ever since Grand Tourists began penning their observations in the seventeenth century, outsiders have stereotyped the idea of Italian ‘indolence’. And it isn’t the whole story. The same friends who headed home on their scooters for a leisurely lunch often returned to the office to work until 8pm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven so, the apparent belief in balancing hard work with \u003Cem\u003Eil dolce far niente, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe sweetness of doing nothing, always struck me. After all, doing nothing appears to be the opposite of being productive. And productivity, whether creative, intellectual or industrial, is the ultimate use of our time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As we fill our days with more and more ‘doing’, many of us are finding that going non-stop isn’t the apotheosis of productivity. It is its adversary","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut as we fill our days with more and more ‘doing’, many of us are finding that non-stop activity isn’t the apotheosis of productivity. It is its adversary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResearchers are learning that it doesn’t just mean that the work we produce at the end of a 14-hour day is of worse quality than when we’re fresh. This pattern of working also undermines our creativity and our cognition. Over time, it can make us feel physically sick – and even, ironically, as if we have no purpose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\u002Fphotos\u002Fa.178704602308321.1073741826.147105585468223\u002F874069369438504\u002F?type=3&theater\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhich mindless activities inspire your best ideas? Share your story on our Facebook page. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThink of mental work as doing push-ups, says Josh Davis, author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.harpercollins.com\u002F9780062326119\u002Ftwo-awesome-hours\"\u003ETwo Awesome Hours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Say you want to do 10,000. The most ‘efficient’ way would be to do them all at once without a break. We know instinctively, though, that that is impossible. Instead, if we did just a few at a time, between other activities and stretched out over weeks, hitting 10,000 would become far more feasible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The brain is very much like a muscle in this respect,” Davis writes. “Set up the wrong conditions through constant work and we can accomplish little. Set up the right conditions and there is probably little we can’t do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDo or die\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany of us, though, tend to think of our brains not as muscles, but as a computer: a machine capable of constant work. Not only is that untrue, but pushing ourselves to work for hours without a break can be harmful, some experts say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People who worked more than 11 hours a day were almost 2.5 times more likely to have a major depressive episode than those who worked seven to eight","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The idea that you can indefinitely stretch out your deep focus and productivity time to these arbitrary limits is really wrong. It’s self-defeating,” says research scientist Andrew Smart, author of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.orbooks.com\u002Fcatalog\u002Fautopilot\u002F\"\u003EAutopilot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “If you’re constantly putting yourself into this cognitive debt, where your physiology is saying ‘I need a break’ but you keep pushing yourself, you get this low-level stress response that’s chronic – and, over time, extraordinarily dangerous.”\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne meta-analysis found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F22952309\"\u003Elong working hours increased the risk of coronary heart disease by 40%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – almost as much as smoking (50%). Another found that people who worked long hours had a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(15)60295-1\u002Fabstract\"\u003Esignificantly higher risk of stroke\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while people who worked more than 11 hours a day \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3266289\u002F\"\u003Ewere almost 2.5 times more likely to have a major depressive episode\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those who worked seven to eight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn Japan, this has led to the disturbing trend of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20160912-is-there-such-thing-as-death-from-overwork\"\u003Ekaroshi, or death by overwork\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re wondering if this means that you might want to consider taking that long-overdue holiday, the answer may be yes. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1878764917300426\"\u003EOne study of businessmen in Helsinki\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that over 26 years, executives and businessmen who took fewer holidays in midlife predicted both earlier deaths and worse health in old age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHolidays also can literally pay off. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2016\u002F07\u002Fthe-data-driven-case-for-vacation\"\u003EOne study of more than 5,000 full-time American workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that people who took fewer than 10 of their paid holiday days a year had a little more than a one-in-three chance of getting a pay rise or a bonus over three years. People who took more than 10 days? A two in three chance.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProductivity provenance\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to think that efficiency and productivity is an entirely new obsession. But philosopher Bertrand Russell would have disagreed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It will be said that while a little leisure is pleasant, men would not know how to fill their days if they had only four hours’ work out of the 24,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fharpers.org\u002Farchive\u002F1932\u002F10\u002Fin-praise-of-idleness\u002F\"\u003ERussell wrote\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 1932, adding, “it would not have been true at any earlier period. There was formerly a capacity for light-heartedness and play which has been to some extent inhibited by the cult of efficiency. The modern man thinks that everything ought to be done for the sake of something else, and never for its own sake.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It will be said that while a little leisure is pleasant, men would not know how to fill their days if they had only four hours’ work out of the 24 – Bertrand Russell","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat said, some of the world’s most creative, productive people realised the importance of doing less. They had a strong work ethic – but also remained dedicated to rest and play.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Work on one thing at a time until finished,” wrote artist and writer Henry Miller in his \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brainpickings.org\u002Findex.php\u002F2012\u002F02\u002F22\u002Fhenry-miller-on-writing\u002F\"\u003E11 commandments on writing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Stop at the appointed time!... Keep human! See people, go places, drink if you feel like it.”  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven US founding father, Benjamin Franklin, a model of industriousness, devoted large swathes of his time to being idle. Every day he had a two-hour lunch break, free evenings and a full night’s sleep. Instead of working non-stop at his career as a printer, which paid the bills, he spent “huge amounts of time” on hobbies and socialising. “In fact, the very interests that took him away from his primary profession led to so many of the wonderful things he’s known for, like inventing the Franklin stove and the lightning rod,” writes Davis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven on a global level, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hongkiat.com\u002Fblog\u002Fvacation-time-vs-productivity\u002F\"\u003Ethere is no clear correlation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between a country’s productivity and average working hours. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fstats.oecd.org\u002F\"\u003EWith a 38.6-hour work week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, the average US employee works 4.6 hours a week longer than a Norwegian. But by GDP, Norway’s workers contribute the equivalent of $78.70 per hour – compared to the US’s $69.60.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The very interests that took him away from his primary profession led to so many of the wonderful things he’s known for - Josh Davis","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs for Italy, that home of \u003Cem\u003Eil\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Edolce far niente? \u003C\u002Fem\u003EWith an average 35.5-hour work week, it produces almost 40% more per hour than Turkey, where people work an average of 47.9 hours per week. It even edges the United Kingdom, where people work 36.5 hours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAll of those coffee breaks, it seems, may not be so bad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBrain wave\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.bufferapp.com\u002Foptimal-work-time-how-long-should-we-work-every-day-the-science-of-mental-strength\"\u003EThe reason we have eight-hour work days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at all was because companies found that cutting employees’ hours had the reverse effect they expected: it upped their productivity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring the Industrial Revolution, 10-to-16-hour days were normal. Ford was the first company to experiment with an eight-hour day – and found its workers were more productive not only per hour, but overall. Within two years, their profit margins doubled.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One survey of almost 2,000 full-time office workers in the UK found that people were only productive for 2 hours and 53 minutes out of an eight-hour day","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf eight-hour days are better than 10-hour ones, could even shorter working hours be even better? Perhaps. For people over 40, research found that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20160714-is-full-time-work-bad-for-our-brains\"\u003Ea 25-hour work week may be optimal for cognition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while when Sweden \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-38843341\"\u003Erecently experimented with six-hour work days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it found that employees had better health and productivity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis seems borne out by how people behave during the working day. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vouchercloud.com\u002Fblog\u002Foffice-worker-productivity\u002F\"\u003EOne survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of almost 2,000 full-time office workers in the UK found that people were only productive for 2 hours and 53 minutes out of an eight-hour day. The rest of the time was spent checking social media, reading the news, having non-work-related chats with colleagues, eating – and even searching for new jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When we’re pushing ourselves to the edge of our capabilities, we need more breaks than we think. Most people can only handle an hour of deliberate practice without taking a rest","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe can focus for an even shorter period of time when we’re pushing ourselves to the edge of our capabilities. Researchers like Stockholm University psychologist K Anders Ericsson have found that when engaging in the kind of ‘deliberate practice’ necessary to truly master any skill, we need more breaks than we think. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.skillteam.se\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2011\u002F12\u002FEricsson_delib_pract.pdf\"\u003EMost people can only handle an hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E without taking a rest. And many at the top, like elite musicians, authors and athletes, never dedicate more than five hours a day consistently to their craft.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe other practice they share? Their “increased tendency to take recuperative naps,” Ericsson writes – one way, of course, to rest both brain and body.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOther studies have also found that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnews.illinois.edu\u002FWebsandThumbs\u002FLleras,Alejandro\u002FLleras_sdarticle-17.pdf\"\u003Etaking short breaks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from a task helped participants maintain their focus and continue performing at a high level. Not taking breaks made their performance worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Active rest\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut ‘rest’, as some researchers point out, isn’t necessarily the best word for what we’re doing when we think we’re doing nothing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20151106-why-we-should-stop-worrying-about-our-wandering-minds\"\u003EAs we’ve written about before\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the part of the brain that activates when you’re doing ‘nothing’, known as the default-mode network (DMN), plays a crucial role in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F17141608\"\u003Ememory consolidation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F17188554\u002F\"\u003Eenvisioning the future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’s also the area of the brain that activates when people are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F15006683\u002F\"\u003Ewatching others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F15084488\u002F\"\u003Ethinking about themselves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F03057240.2016.1262834\"\u003Emaking a moral judgment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1196\u002Fannals.1440.011\"\u003Eprocessing other people’s emotions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, if this network were switched off, we might struggle to remember, foresee consequences, grasp social interactions, understand ourselves, act ethically or empathise with others – all of the things that make us not only functional in the workplace, but in life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It helps you recognise the deeper importance of situations. It helps you make meaning out of things. When you’re not making meaning out of things, you’re just reacting and acting in the moment, and you’re subject to many kinds of cognitive and emotional maladaptive behaviours and beliefs,” says Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, a neuroscientist and researcher at the University of Southern California’s Brain and Creativity Institute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-26"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If, like Archimedes, you got your last good idea while in the bath or on a stroll, you have your biology to thank","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-27"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe also wouldn’t be able to come up with new ideas or connections. The birthplace of creativity, the DMN lights up when you’re \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F10400410903579494\"\u003Emaking associations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between seemingly unrelated subjects or \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1053811911008950?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ecoming up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1053811910008244?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ewith\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1053811911008950?via%3Dihub\"\u003Eoriginal ideas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is also the place where your ‘ah-ha’ moments lurk – which means if, like Archimedes, you got your last good idea while in the bath or on a stroll, you have your biology to thank.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps most importantly of all, if we don’t take time to turn our attention inward, we lose a crucial element of happiness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We’re just doing things without making meaning out of it a lot of the time,” Immordino-Yang says. “When you don’t have the ability to embed your actions into a broader cause, they feel purposeless over time, and empty, and not connected to your broader sense of self. And we know that not having a purpose over time is connected to not having optimal psychological and physiological health.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-28"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-29"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMonkey mind\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut as anyone who has tried meditation knows, doing nothing is surprisingly difficult. How many of us, after 30 seconds of downtime, reach for our phones?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, it makes us so uncomfortable that we’d rather hurt ourselves. Literally. Across 11 different studies, researchers found that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F345\u002F6192\u002F75.full.pdf\"\u003Eparticipants would rather do anything\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – even administer themselves electric shocks – instead of nothing. And it wasn’t as if they were asked to sit still for long: between six and 15 minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that you don’t have to do absolutely nothing to reap benefits. It’s true that rest is important. But so is active reflection, chewing through an issue you have or thinking about an idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, anything that requires visualising hypothetical outcomes or imagined scenarios – like discussing a problem with friends, or getting lost in a good book – also helps, Immordino-Yang says. If you’re purposeful, you even can engage your DMN if you’re looking at social media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“If you’re just looking at a pretty photo, it’s de-activated. But if you’re pausing and allowing yourself to internally riff on the broader story of why that person in the photo is feeling that way, crafting a narrative around it, then you may very well be activating those networks,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-30"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even taking just one walk, preferably outside, has been proven to significantly increase creativity","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-31"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt also doesn’t take much time to undo the detrimental effects of constant activity. When both adults and children were sent outdoors, without their devices, for four days, their \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0051474\"\u003Eperformance on a task\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that measured both creativity and problem-solving improved by 50%. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.apa.org\u002Fpubs\u002Fjournals\u002Freleases\u002Fxlm-a0036577.pdf\"\u003EEven taking just one walk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, preferably outside, has been proven to significantly increase creativity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother highly effective method of repairing the damage is meditation: as little as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbehavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002F1744-9081-10-9\"\u003Eweek of practice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for subjects who never meditated before, or a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2016-23928-001\"\u003Esingle session\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for experienced practitioners, can improve creativity, mood, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fhealth\u002Farchive\u002F2013\u002F05\u002Fstudy-meditation-improves-memory-attention\u002F275564\u002F\"\u003Ememory and focus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAny other tasks that don’t require 100% concentration also can help, like knitting or doodling. As Virginia Woolf wrote in a Room of One’s Own: “Drawing pictures was an idle way of finishing an unprofitable morning’s work. Yet it is in our idleness, in our dreams, that the submerged truth sometimes comes to the top.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETime out\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether it’s walking away from your desk for 15 minutes or logging out of your inbox for the night, part of our struggle is control – the fear that if we relax a grip for a moment, everything will come crashing down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s all wrong, says poet, entrepreneur and life coach Janne Robinson. “The metaphor I like to use is of a fire. We start a business, and then after a year, it’s like, when can we take a week off, or hire someone to come in? Most of us don’t trust someone to come in for us. We’re like, ‘The fire will go out’,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What if we just trusted that those embers are so hot, we can walk away, someone can throw a log on and it’ll burst into flames?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat isn’t easy for those of us who feel like we have to constantly ‘do’. But in order to do more, it seems, we may have to become comfortable with doing less.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less-32"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-12-05T00:06:20Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The compelling case for working a lot less","headlineShort":"Why we should work less","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Mastering 'active rest' is far harder than it looks, but there are good reasons why we should keep working at it","summaryShort":"Perfecting the art of active rest is far harder than it looks – but keep going","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2017-12-05T00:16:35.112908Z","entity":"article","guid":"01a6b23f-e307-4743-9ca0-929a8126b061","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-31T20:18:44.330821Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818919},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c29b3","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Finding out your Myers-Briggs or something similar may seem silly, but there are surprising benefits to taking these assessments.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhich element are you?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo, I’m not talking about an online quiz. (Though there \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buzzfeed.com\u002Fanjalipatel\u002Ffour-elements-personality-quiz\"\u003Eare\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplay.howstuffworks.com\u002Fquiz\u002Fwhich-element-are-you\"\u003Eplenty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.horoscope.com\u002Fus\u002Fgames\u002Fquiz\u002Fgame-quiz-what-element-are-you.aspx\"\u003Eof\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.allthetests.com\u002Fquiz32\u002Fquiz\u002F1427886338\u002FWhat-element-am-I\"\u003Ethat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gotoquiz.com\u002Fwhat_element_are_you_249\"\u003Eilk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) I’m talking about an official test my colleagues and I took at an internal company team-building event earlier this year. We answered some questions, and we were told whether we were Earth (decisive, practical), Wind (organised, analytical), Water (empathetic, compassionate) or Fire (creative, enthusiastic). We got into groups and had to give presentations about our strengths and weaknesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy group, the Fires, was too creative for its own good and not organised enough (which I think was the point): our ‘presentation’ was mostly playing a Game of Thrones clip of a fire-breathing dragon as we clumsily fumbled through YouTube videos to find the right footage because we hadn’t prepared well enough. So although in an office we bring a fiery energy that sparks inspiration, according to this assessment, maybe what we need is to work with more practical types who can actually implement those ideas properly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E…Right? It’s easy to draw conclusions like this from the kinds of tests that are used in the workplace: the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.myersbriggs.org\u002Fmy-mbti-personality-type\u002Fmbti-basics\u002Fhome.htm?bhcp=1\"\u003EMyers-Briggs Type Indicator\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fus\u002Fbasics\u002Fbig-5-personality-traits\"\u003EBig 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.discprofile.com\u002Fwhat-is-disc\u002Foverview\u002F\"\u003EDISC\u003C\u002Fa\u003E… odds are, you’ve taken at least one of these or something similar either online for fun or at work on request.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07sj8fm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf course, whenever something becomes popular it gets scrutinised, quite rightly. Personality tests are one of the internet’s favourite snackable diversions and they’ve been formally used in workplaces for decades. And critics are not wrong: there’s plenty to be sceptical of.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most famous measurements, for example, Type A versus B – you’re A if you’re driven and organised; B if you’re laid-back and adaptable – purportedly has its roots in the 1950s American tobacco industry, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3477961\u002F\"\u003Ewhere cigarette companies invented ‘Type A’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a high-strung target demographic who needed to buy its product right away to take the edge off.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese days, there’s no shortage of news pieces pointing out the flaws: that some of the most popular tests were made by people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vox.com\u002F2014\u002F7\u002F15\u002F5881947\u002Fmyers-briggs-personality-test-meaningless\"\u003Ewith no formal psychology training\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and hinge on unproven theories, that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fblogs-echochambers-28315137\"\u003Epeople get different results\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when they take the same test at a different time, that they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fhow-accurate-are-personality-tests\u002F\"\u003Eshove complex humans into boxes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, that the self-reporting they require \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhealth.howstuffworks.com\u002Fmedicine\u002Ftests-treatment\u002Fpersonality-tests4.htm\"\u003Eis biased by nature\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, that it’s all a huge \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnational\u002Fon-leadership\u002Fmyers-briggs-does-it-pay-to-know-your-type\u002F2012\u002F12\u002F14\u002Feaed51ae-3fcc-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html\"\u003Esnake-oil money-making scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, how the traits the tests measure \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fopinion\u002Farticles\u002F2018-01-18\u002Fpersonality-tests-are-failing-american-workers\"\u003Edon’t accurately predict\u003C\u002Fa\u003E what kind of employee the test-taker would be.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One of the most famous personality measurements – Type A versus B – purportedly has its roots in the 1950s American tobacco industry as a sales-targeting tool","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet we still take them, discuss them and maybe even become a bit more aware of our workplace behaviour based on what we’ve learned. So despite the flaws, are there some advantages to performing these tests – and is it how we implement what we’ve learned that is key?  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEntertainment or utility?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProponents of personality tests say there’s more to them than entertainment if you know how to use them properly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlisa Cohn, an executive coach based in New York City who’s administered hundreds of personality tests, says people should make sure there’s no negative outcome. She’s not just talking about using them in hiring decisions to preserve a company culture – selecting particular personalities, which is unethical and possibly illegal – but also about the dangers of using them to explain away behaviours without trying to really understand or improve them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECohn points to one of the scales used in Myers-Briggs: ‘P’, which stands for ‘Perceiving’. If you’re a P, according to the test, you’re supposed to prefer flexibility and spur-of-the-moment plans, not schedules.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“’I’m a P, so I’m always late, so you’ll have to forgive me.’ No, if you’re a P, you should leave 20 minutes early,” Cohn gives as an example. She says these tests are useful because they shine a light on blind spots and prompt self-awareness as well as trigger needed dialogue between colleagues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07sj8br"],"imageAlignment":"left","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“On the other side of that, if someone recognises this person tends to run a little bit late, they should realise [the other person] isn’t being disrespectful,” she says. “It’s just the way they are. We need to talk together about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says that despite putting a label on you, many of these tests simply highlight preferences, not necessarily skills you do or don’t have – she compares it handedness. If you’re right-handed, it doesn’t mean you \u003Cem\u003Ecan’t\u003C\u002Fem\u003E use your left hand, it just means you prefer the other one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDeborah Borg, an HR and communications professional for an architecture firm in upstate New York, sees personality tests as tools for both the “development side” – where they are administered to existing employees – and the “recruitment side”, for job candidates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBorg says personality tests act as a timesaver in the recruitment process because they give her a better idea of which questions to ask and how to frame them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If you have a series of questions that point to, ‘I prefer working independently versus on a team,’ or, ‘I like working with details or data’ – then you might probe, ‘When’s the last time you had to work with a lot of detail? Tell us what you worked on, tell us how you dug into that information’,” says Borg. “You [might] only have an hour with an interview, so being able to be frugal with that time is really useful.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There tests are useful because they shine a light on blind spots and prompt self-awareness as well as trigger needed dialogue between colleagues","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConversation starters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPersonality tests can also serve as a reminder that not everyone sees the world the same way. Cohn points to one example: say you take a personality test and you get typed as someone who likes to “lead with data”. Assuming that your working style is the default can lead to problems, so these tests are designed to give you a reality check.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Other people want to lead with stories or razzmatazz,” she says. “There’s no right or wrong. [These tests] give you dialogue and language to learn that people are different, and [how to] marshal the strengths of all those differences.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESusan Stehlik, director of New York University’s management communication programme, says she’s used personality tests in her classes and executive education courses. She likes to think of them as “great conversation starters” for “conversations that maybe you’re not comfortable having”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Where you get into trouble in workplaces is when people [are] very quick to label themselves, label everybody else and then start to apply it in situations where it is inappropriate – dangerous, actually,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07sj88f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe mentions one instance when she was working with a marketing team who used personality labels ineffectively: one team member was characterised as an ‘introvert’ who didn’t speak up in big meetings and therefore other team members didn’t engage with him. But Stehlik says that’s only one side of his personality, and in one context. It doesn’t mean he has no ideas; it means others need to be aware of how to best get him to use his full potential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Stop labelling him – you’re a multidimensional personality, and that [introversion] may be one aspect of you in that context [of a large meeting],” Stehlik says. “You need to start paying attention to including him in conversation, because he’s not going to be the conversation-starter in a large meeting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says she’s found personality tests most useful when, for example, you realise someone in the team favours details and traditional schedules while another colleague prefers ambiguity and lots of options. It’s about acknowledging differences – even those that might drive others nuts – and working out how to give each other feedback in a way that’s respectful, plus learning to appreciate complementary differences and how best to use them in a workplace setting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf nothing else? It’s fun and gives people something to talk about.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt our team-building event, I wasn’t surprised to find out I was Fire, with its inherent strengths and weaknesses. But bonding with fellow Fires – and going down creative rabbit holes such as what our theme song should be – was fun, and it was also useful to see where other colleagues ended up on the ‘element spectrum’. It helped me realise who could potentially complement my Fire-ness. (My Wind score, for example, was an impressively dire 0%.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHours after taking the test – days, even – we were still talking about it, and the subject dominated work drinks at the pub on the afternoon after the exercise. We were engaged, enjoying ourselves and felt closer as a team – which was the whole point of the event in the first place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People can find them pretty fun,” Borg says. “If they don’t find they’re being judged.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Worklife's features writer. Follow him on Twitter \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E@Bryan_Lufkin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-11-01T16:57:59Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The helpful upside of office personality tests","headlineShort":"How useful are personality tests?","image":["p07sj8j9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07sj8br"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171204-the-compelling-case-for-working-a-lot-less"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Finding out your Myers-Briggs or something similar may seem silly, but there are surprising benefits to taking these assessments.","summaryShort":"Sceptical of personality quizzes? You may be missing out on their real value","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-31T20:19:01.173772Z","entity":"article","guid":"ddd8b424-f553-4772-a163-9ab3790f4b71","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-01T13:44:41.215219Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818918},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click","_id":"5f6827b2fdd05dcd25b91a32","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fian-leslie"],"bodyIntro":"Conventional wisdom says people are drawn together when they’re most similar. But how you navigate the world together might actually be what ignites the spark.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost of us have experienced it at least once: you meet someone, and within minutes you know you are going to be friends – or more. Often, discovering shared opinions sparks the connection; you might find you both love the paintings of Paula Rego, or that you had exactly the same reaction to today’s headlines or that you both hate the music at this party.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever it is, you strike up a conversation and within minutes you’re exchanging recommendations, riffing off each other’s jokes and making up stories together. Before you’ve even found out what the other person does for a living or where they’re from, you’ve established a feeling of mutual connection. Your conversation partner just seems to get it – and get you. You’ve clicked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut why, exactly? The secret to what makes our conversations with some people so magnetic and telling, while others fade in passing, may be not just with whom we’re talking – but what we’re talking about.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of our best conversations, whether with a new acquaintance or an old friend, are about the world around us rather than ourselves. They are also often the conversations that bring us closer to each other. Columbia University psychologist Maya Rossignac-Milon calls this “making sense of the world together”. And she thinks it is the secret of good relationships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08rtg44"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExperiencing shared reality\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the field of relationship psychology, most research has focused, as you might expect, on how people feel about each other. What those studies often miss, says Rossignac-Milon, is the third partner in any relationship: shared reality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERossignac-Milon cites the writer CS Lewis, who remarked that, “What draws people to be friends is that they see the same truth. They share it.” In a long-term relationship, she says that sense of shared reality can become like a single lens through which the partners filter the world around them; minds meet, synchronise and merge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The third partner in any relationship is shared reality","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlong with her co-researcher E Tory Higgins, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademiccommons.columbia.edu\u002Fdoi\u002F10.7916\u002Fd8-0a39-k290\"\u003ERossignac-Milon developed a questionnaire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that measures the extent to which couples experience shared reality. A researcher asks each partner to rate their agreement or disagreement with statements such as, “We frequently think of things at the exact same time” or “Through discussions we often arrive at a joint perspective”. Using this method, Rossignac-Milon has found evidence that people who experience more shared reality with their partner also feel more committed to each other. Indeed, on the days when couples experience more of this cognitive merging, they also feel emotionally closer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHere, Rossignac-Milon explored a hypothesis: when a couple feels like they have a strong sense of shared reality, and that sense is undermined in some way, they will feel an urge to restore it. She and her team invited couples into the laboratory, asked them to fill in the questionnaire on shared reality, and then presented each individual with the same sensory experiences: foods to taste, pictures to look at. The respondents rated their experiences. The couples were then given some false feedback on their answers: half were told that they experienced the sensory world in the same way as each other, while the other half were informed that they did so differently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe couples were then given the opportunity to chat about some unrelated images, as the researchers observed them, coding their interactions. The couples who came into the lab with a strong sense of shared reality and then had it undermined made a tangible effort to reaffirm it, finishing each other’s sentences, making inside jokes and referencing trips that they had been on together. According to a computational analysis of their speech, they even converged linguistically, using certain words to express precisely the same meanings. “They were reasserting the fact that, despite that feedback, they actually do experience the world in the same way,” says Rossignac-Milon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08rtg89"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERossignac-Milon has also investigated the role that shared reality plays in drawing strangers to each other. She matched pairs of individuals who had not met before and connected them via an online platform. She asked each pair, or “dyad”, to discuss a series of ambiguous, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRorschach_test\"\u003ERorschach-type\u003C\u002Fa\u003E images. “We told them, try and make sense of these images together. Figure out what’s really going on.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfterward, the respondents filled out the shared reality questionnaire, adapted for strangers (“During our discussion, we…”). The dyads who felt a higher sense of shared reality with each other were the ones who had said the same things at the same time, used phrases like “I was just about to say that…”, and created playful shared narratives around the images, giving names to the imaginary people they saw in them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They felt closer to the other person, and more confident in their own opinions about the world","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThose dyads were more likely to say that they clicked with each other – that they had struck up a rapport with the person on the other side of the screen and would be quite happy to meet in real life. They also experienced more certainty in what they thought was going on in the images. So, they felt closer to the other person, and more confident in their own opinions about the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERossignac-Milon’s research challenges the conventional wisdom about new relationships: that we are mostly attracted to people who are similar to us. According to Paul Eastwick, a professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis who studies close relationships, “What is especially fascinating about Dr Rossignac-Milon’s work on shared reality is that it serves as a reminder that similarity is often a thing that two people create or discover together in the moment. It wasn’t ‘there’ on paper before the interaction took place.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough we’re encouraged to look for people who meet our preferences, shared reality theory suggests we may not know what our preferences are until we meet the other person. Many online dating sites are designed around the principle that if you can gather enough data on an individual, you figure out a perfect match. If a new relationship is an act of mutual creativity, however, the right match may be very hard to predict.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDiving deeper\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERossignac-Milon’s work has implications for how we organise our interactions, personal and professional. If one way we form a social bond is to build a shared reality, then perhaps we can look to create opportunities for conversations about external stimuli.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, we do that already: lists of dating tips often suggest that a first date should include some kind of cultural activity, like a visit to an exhibition. Strolling around a gallery, talking about the art on display, can be a quicker route to rapport than a more direct conversation. It’s also why workplace teams have away days; getting out of the office enables colleagues to make sense of a new environment together, cementing relationships in the process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, much of this is hard to do at the moment. Public spaces are shut; communal activities are restricted. In our professional and personal lives, we are substituting video calls for in-person meetings. While this is necessary for everyone’s health and safety, it can have a detrimental effect on people’s ability to construct shared realities. A video call has the effect of stripping out the external world – it’s just you and your interlocutor or interlocutors, facing each other. No wonder that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting\"\u003Epeople find them exhausting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut as Rossignac-Milon showed in her online experiment, people can strike up a rapport in the most minimal of virtual environments. In essence, the theory of shared reality suggests that we are most likely to feel closer to each other when we turn our mutual attention to something beyond ourselves. That puts the onus on each of us to engage in the world, cultivating our curiosity and priming our awareness. That way, whether we’re talking to a stranger, spouse or colleague, we’ll always have something to talk about.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What makes strangers click?","headlineShort":"Why you ‘click’ with some people","image":["p08rtg3c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-to-do-with-friends-who-dont-social-distance","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-the-helpful-upside-of-office-personality-tests"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"summaryLong":"Conventional wisdom says people are drawn together when they’re most similar. But how you navigate the world together might actually be what ignites the spark.","summaryShort":"How ‘shared reality’ creates a magnetic connection","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-21T02:32:46.020096Z","entity":"article","guid":"987b1030-8d56-4672-8bdf-7a5c432ff343","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-21T04:10:09.615963Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200917-what-makes-strangers-click","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818917},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2ebb","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Lithuania’s capital, Vilnius, has opened up public outdoor spaces to cafés and bars to boost the local economy, but the move has created conflicts as well as benefits.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“It’s the fourth morning in a row that I’m cleaning and collecting hundreds of scattered outdoor tables into a pile,” complains Asta Ba&scaron;kauskaitė as she cleans up the square near Halės Market in the Old Town area of the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe market itself, and several squares nearby, have been turned into unofficial nightclubs, and the tables are left out when partying ends in the early morning hours. Discarded plastic cups blow around as Ba&scaron;kauskaitė, a Lithuanian-American businesswoman and local community leader, tidies the area so that pedestrians can walk through it. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“Some bars whimper about a lack of employees, not enough to collect the tables at night. I show them a picture of the tables I’ve collected and say, ‘I’m 60 and I collect them in 20 minutes’,” she says. “I want to set a good example for bar owners.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EVilnius, known for its historic Old Town filled with winding medieval streets, has made headlines with an initiative to boost the local economy during the Covid-19 lockdown – turning the city’s streets and squares into a giant, open-air café.  Local establishments have been allowed to use public spaces for business in order to reduce the indoor-space crunch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Vilnius has become nothing more than one big outdoor bender - Asta Baškauskaitė","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESome business owners have benefited from the bonhomie, calling it an economic lifeline after months of hardship. But some residents are deeply unhappy with the move, calling it a short-term initiative that has affected the city’s liveability. \"The campaign about Vilnius as a giant open-air café is disinformation,” says Ba&scaron;kauskaitė. “Vilnius has become nothing more than one big outdoor bender.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ECities around the world are trying to work out how best to safely revive pandemic-hit economies – but, as is the case in the Vilnius model, it’s not so simple to offer a solution that musters wide local support. There are many variables at play, and trying to forge forwards with no historical model to look to is a delicate balancing act. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFrom lockdown to deregulation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ELithuania has been hit comparatively mildly by the Covid-19 virus; by the beginning of August it had had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecdc.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fcases-2019-ncov-eueea\"\u003Eover 2,000 cases and 80 deaths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Its lockdown lasted for three months, from 16 March until 16 June, but restrictions in some parts of Vilnius were lifted much earlier. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOn 22 April, the Covid-19 Emergency Centre said that outdoor bars, cafés and restaurants were allowed to reopen as long as they met strict requirements including restricting customers per table and maintaining social distancing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA day later, the office of Vilnius Mayor Remigijus &Scaron;ima&scaron;ius announced an unprecedented move: the city would provide public spaces to outdoor catering establishments for free. The pre-existing rigid and confusing permit procedure was replaced by a simple registration process. \"We haven’t measured the financial results yet, but about 400 outdoor cafés have already responded to our invitation,\" said Adviser to the Mayor Karolis Žukauskas in a Facebook message shortly afterwards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Waiter pouring beer in Vilnius on 29 May 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAt first, business was slow during the day. But at night, happy customers flocked from all around Vilnius to the historic centre for a stress-relief drink in the new outdoor environment. “Vilnius is so alive for the first time in my life,” said one young drinker, Justas, as he partied on Savičiaus Street, one of the most crowded in Vilnius. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENot all residents responded warmly, however. Daiva Dambrauskienė, a civil engineer in her 40s, has been monitoring the impact on Savičiaus Street, where she lives. Pointing at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsmartcitizen.me\u002Fkits\u002F10285\"\u003Ean environmental pollution monitoring device\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by her window, she says, \"Drunk [and smoking] crowds create more air and noise pollution than cars.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBefore lockdown, several hundred regular visitors to five bars operating in the street already disturbed local residents’ sleep. When the use of outdoor space was deregulated, residents’ fears of a worsening environment materialised. “It was impossible to get home through the visitors to these bars during the first week, day and night,” says Dambrauskienė. “No-one cared about distancing here.” She says police disregarded their complaints about smoke and noise before lockdown, and subsequently took no interest in distancing violations, either.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Should we have punished those who crammed around one table? - Aurimas Boza","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAt the start of the shutdown, Lithuania’s parliament set fines for quarantine violations at between €500 and €6,000. But there were no clear instructions on how to police outdoor establishments.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAurimas Boza, deputy chief of Vilnius’ Old Town police department, says that during warm weather, police focused on violations in nature, parks and around lakes. In many cases, he explains, officers didn’t know exactly what constituted a violation. “The distance of 2m was set for legal entities, meaning businesses, but not for people sitting in outdoor cafés. Should we have punished those who crammed around one table?” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOther offices responsible for overseeing restrictions in catering establishments, the National Public Health Centre, the Labour Inspectorate and the State Food and Veterinary Service, confirmed they carried out their inspections during their own working hours, i.e. when all the bars were closed. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘We wouldn’t have survived’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne area that has been overtaken by the outdoor café initiative is the square in front of the National Philharmonic building, where historic architecture has been obscured by a sea of café umbrellas and around 200 tables. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“We’re not regulating outdoor dining locations now, although under normal circumstances we would,” says Gerda Ožiūnaitė, head of Vilnius’ branch of the National Department of Cultural Heritage. Previously, every small detail – umbrellas, banners, lights or furniture design – had to be authorised. Now, with the changes, there’s no need to comply with the strict Regulation on the Protection of the Old Town. Ožiūnaitė admits that some new outdoor installations spoil the aesthetic qualities of the Old Town, which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwhc.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Flist\u002F541\u002F\"\u003Ea UNESCO World Heritage site\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but says that \"it’s temporary. We’ll introduce order at the end of the season”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Waiters set up their pitch on 30 April 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt’s been particularly easy for bars that, at best, sell a few light snacks to re-open after shutdown; these establishments \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmaps.vilnius.lt\u002Fkavines#layers\"\u003Erepresent more than half\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the businesses that have signed up to the outdoor scheme. The owners of the bars temporarily located in the square say that the municipality’s decision to deregulate outdoor seating saved them. “We wouldn’t have survived one more month of the lockdown,” says Linas Starkus, a former punk-rock vocalist and the owner of the bar Spiritus, unofficially known as the ‘tequila and mescal embassy’ in Vilnius. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMayor &Scaron;ima&scaron;ius voices similar sentiments, telling the BBC that “giving away public spaces to outdoor cafés saved many businesses and improved the emotional state of city dwellers. I remind you that no one could even think about indoor gatherings then, so that is why life moved to the streets, including restaurants”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EInitially, some Old Town residents sympathised with businesses and endorsed the municipality’s initiative. Others were trying hard to stay positive in the name of reviving the economy. But empathy ended on 18 May, when bars and cafés were allowed to open up indoor space – yet the outdoor trading endured, and continues today. Now-impatient residents say people party until 0400 almost every morning, despite city regulations stating businesses operating in public spaces should close at midnight. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Illusion of vibrancy’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnother unhappy faction are the owners of the nightclubs and live music venues that form a key part of the city’s cultural infrastructure. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“Those measures in Vilnius’ Old Town may have helped someone, but not the concert venues. They forgot us,” says Giedrius A&scaron;kelaitis, owner of the Kablys, a nightlife-culture hub connecting subcultures and age groups, offering diverse activities including a skatepark and design markets, hardcore parties and pop art shows. \"We haven’t received any of the help promised by the municipality yet.” These venues were only allowed to fully reopen at the beginning of July. “Now we are invited to apply for €5,000 in relief funding, but we have to continue paying 50 employees, so that wouldn’t help us anyway,” says Va&scaron;kelaitis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I hear of these bars making several times higher profits than usual, but it’s nothing alike for restaurants - Rasa Lapinskienė","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe outdoor café campaign didn’t save the city’s high-end restaurants either, which had a much more complicated time opening after lockdown. Half of the 20 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F30bestrestaurants.lt\u002F\"\u003Etop-ranked\u003C\u002Fa\u003E dining establishments in Vilnius haven’t re-opened, and it seems that at least a quarter never will. Rasa Lapinskienė, who owned four restaurants and had to close one of them, claims that people are eating out less and instead opting just for a drink. “I hear of these bars making several times higher profits than usual, but it’s nothing alike for restaurants. From my 80 employees, I kept only 20,” says Lapinskienė.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Outdoor cafe, awaiting customers on 29 May 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMark Harold, who in 2014 became the first non-Lithuanian member of Vilnius City Council, and who leads the association representing Vilnius’ nightlife, evaluated the outdoor campaign in the recently published \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nighttime.org\u002Facademics-from-cities-from-around-the-world-are-working-on-a-global-nighttime-recovery-plan-to-save-the-nightlife-industries\u002F\"\u003EGlobal Nightlife Recovery Plan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a collaborative practical guide to saving nightlife industries by academics and activists around the world. He says the city, by focusing on one kind of nightlife option and creating the “illusion of vibrancy”, ended up reducing public support across the broader hospitality sector. “The measures failed the major players of the local economy and worked just for bars in a few major Old Town arteries,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Hear more from citizens’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe mayor describes the outdoor café initiative as “very successful” and his advisor says the decision to continue the campaign until the end of the season was made “to help businesses climb out of losses”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvalda &Scaron;i&scaron;kauskienė, president of the Lithuanian Hotel and Restaurant Association, the country’s most powerful hospitality alliance, thinks that the initiative attracted more customers, adding: “Additional spaces for outdoor cafés proved to be useful, mostly because it helped to maintain 2m distance.” Raimundas Pranka, head of the Association of Bars and Cafés, which represents small businesses, says he believes that the initiative helped business stay afloat but acknowledges that the municipality did not consult him on it. “Even if it resulted in more competition to me, it was a very good initiative and I am glad about it,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ETomas S. Butkus, an urbanist, humanities PhD and poet, has a different perspective. He suggests that cities need to become more resilient so they can withstand crises, and that creating this kind of resilience, or social immunity, requires engagement with communities, rather than top-down policy-making. “Chaotic outdoor cafés are much better than an empty city but if Vilnius wants to build economic and social resilience, it needs to hear more from its citizens,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESince 1 August, masks \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.delfi.lt\u002Fpolitics\u002Flithuania-brings-back-mandatory-face-masks-in-shops-and-public-transport.d?id=84878677\"\u003Ehave become mandatory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at some indoor locations in Lithuania again, amid concerns infection rates are rising. Indoor cafés remain open, but could be closed any day. Some businesses feel safer because they can use deregulated public spaces. For the next few months at least, unless municipal officials modify their policy, the peace of mind of Old Town residents will hinge on the virus-case curve.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The city that became an open-air café","headlineShort":"The city that became an open-air café","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A crowded street in Vilnius on 6 June 2020","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Lithuania’s capital, Vilnius, has opened up public outdoor spaces to cafés and bars to boost the local economy, but the move has created conflicts as well as benefits.","summaryShort":"What happened when Vilnius deregulated public outdoor space","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-10T19:49:33.685157Z","entity":"article","guid":"adbaa20b-d346-4442-89e9-a02a9b7023a9","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-12T06:13:30.903036Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c3226","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fashifa-kassam"],"bodyIntro":"Local officials want to transform Magaluf from a raucous resort into an upmarket destination. Will Covid-19 be a help or a hindrance?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor years, officials in Magaluf, a resort town on the Spanish island of Mallorca, have waged a battle against booze-fuelled tourism. They’ve banned pub crawl tours, happy hours and late-night alcohol sales in shops. They have long been upfront about their goal: to transform the raucous resort into an upmarket destination, the kind capable of attracting families and year-round tourists. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, they’re hoping the coronavirus pandemic might succeed where their efforts have so far faltered. “You can look at Covid as a threat. But it’s also an opportunity,” says Javier Pascuet, the director of tourism for the municipality of Calvià, which includes Magaluf. “When you’re driving, you can turn a little. But when you’re stopped, you can back up or change direction dramatically.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESet on a white sandy beach and usually home to an ample offering of party boats, jam-packed pool parties and heaving bars, Magaluf receives a fraction of the more than 10 million visitors who arrive on Mallorca in a normal year. But the hard partying and, at times, sexually charged antics of these travellers – often young, often from the UK – tend to dominate international headlines about the island. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a symbol of the degeneration of tourism,” says Antoni Janer, who is part of a group that recently held a tour of Magaluf for locals, walking them through a stretch of bars and nightclubs once dubbed “500 metres of shame” by a former regional leader. “It’s a tourism model that trivialises uncivil behaviour that, I’m sure, in England would be penalised by law. And here we turn a blind eye.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Janer, 41, is critical of the industry, he insists the aim of the tour is not to demonise a sector that has brought economic gains to the island. Instead, the hope is to provoke a reflection on the trade-offs the prosperity has brought, from the increasingly precarious and low-paid nature of its jobs to the rising cost of living driven by the growing popularity of the island.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Getting a lot of people partying, getting the streets dirty or ending up in hospitals, it’s a huge cost for locals - Javier Pascuet","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a debate that has long echoed across Spain, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ine.es\u002Fprensa\u002Fcst_2018.pdf\"\u003Ewhere one in eight jobs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E depends on tourism. Prior to the pandemic Spain ranked as one of the world’s most-visited countries, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ine.es\u002Fprensa\u002Fcst_2018.pdf\"\u003Etourism accounting for around 12%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of its GDP. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor islands such as Mallorca, this dependency has squared off against broader questions of sustainability, as millions of annual visitors pack onto beaches and into green spaces and add to the island’s noise and air pollution. “Getting 10 million tourists a year, it has a cost,” says Pascuet, the tourism director from Calvià. “And for us, getting a lot of people partying, getting the streets dirty or ending up in hospitals, it’s a huge cost for locals.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Uncivil tourists’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese concerns have underpinned the push to tame Magaluf. Officials have rolled out a raft of initiatives over the years: three-star hotels have been steadily upgraded to four-star iterations, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fuk-33845864\u002Fbritish-bobbies-to-maintain-order-in-magaluf\"\u003EBritish police were briefly brought in to help keep order\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and at one point a name change was batted about for the resort town. Earlier this year the regional government unveiled what it described as a European first: \u003Cspan\u003Ea decree that slapped restrictions on all-you-can-drink parties, 2 for 1 drink specials \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eand vending machines that sell alcohol, among other measures, in a bid to curb binge-drinking tourism in specific areas of the island.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08p1qwm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"British officers patrol alongside Spanish police in Magaluf on 11 August 2015","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese efforts have yielded some success. Between 2015 and 2019, the number of young, often hard-partying, tourists in Magaluf dropped from around 10,000 a day to some 5,000, according to Pascuet. Yet in July, soon after Spain’s lockdown ended and tourism began sputtering to life, Magaluf found itself again in the headlines. Footage had gone viral of revellers partying in the streets while flouting local laws on wearing masks and social distancing, sparking concerns across a country that had recently emerged from one of Europe’s strictest lockdowns. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELocal officials reacted swiftly. “We don’t want uncivil tourists in our islands, we don’t want them to come,” Iago Negueruela, the regional official in charge of tourism, told reporters as he ordered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnewsbeat-53430369\"\u003Ea two-month closure of bars, restaurants and shops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Magaluf’s main strip. The closures were also extended to two other streets near Playa del Palma known for partying and which are popular with German tourists.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They have left Magaluf sick and on the brink of death - Juan Rodríguez","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe drastic move has been controversial. Waving signs that read “We have the right to work”, more than 200 people took to the streets last month to argue that local businesses were being wrongly scapegoated for the failure to police tourist behaviour. “They have left Magaluf sick and on the brink of death,” says protest organiser Juan Rodríguez, a father of four who, along with this wife, was thrown out of work by the closures. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany at the protest argued that now – as the industry scrambles to salvage what’s left of the season amid lockdowns, travel advisories and quarantines – is not the right time for a reset. “While many of us want change, the debate we should be having right now is not about our tourism model,” says Juan Manuel Ordinas, the owner of two small hotels on the island. “Not when the sector is focused on its survival, providing jobs and trying to alleviate this disaster in some way.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring what should be high season on the island, occupancy rates hover around 30% to 40%, says Ordinas, who also leads an association representing small hotels. “The sector is not looking to make money. We’re working to stem our losses.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Supply and demand, they’re not gone’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilar tensions are playing out in party spots across Europe, as the tourism industry fights for survival and officials seize on the standstill to rethink their model. “The tourists are not here. And this is exactly the moment where you can implement rules,” says Jan &Scaron;tern, the former night mayor of Prague. “When you are in the middle of the season, which is basically all year long in Prague, it’s much more difficult to change things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08p1r53"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Men in superhero costumes in Prague on 5 July 2016","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMore than nine million tourists arrived in Prague last year, many of them lured by the city’s reputation as one of Europe’s stag-do and hen-party capitals. Stern, whose job tasked him with alleviating complaints over noisy streets and drunken tourists, has little doubt that once the pandemic subsides, tourists looking to indulge in the city’s cheap booze and relatively tolerant atmosphere will return. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in the meantime, the city has sought to capitalise on the pandemic in other ways. After struggling to convince Czech parliamentarians of the need to better keep track of the thousands of tourist flats in Prague’s city centre being rented via platforms such as Airbnb, the issue was reframed as one of public health. “Suddenly it was much easier to convince them,” says &Scaron;tern, resulting in a fast-tracked plan forcing landlords to inform authorities of the location of the flat, how often it is rented and the payment received. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Amsterdam, where English-language signs were set up to remind tourists “Don’t pee in the street” and “No alcohol in public places”, officials have been vocal about shifting tourism away from those looking for parties and cannabis coffee shops. “When the pandemic hit in the spring and you saw the empty streets and the niceness of the quiet in the city, there were people that said this is our chance, this is our opportunity,” says Sebastiaan Meijer, the spokesperson for the city’s mayor, Femke Halsema. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe hope, however, began to fade last month as tourists began again descending on the city’s quaint cobblestone streets, many of them seemingly looking to party after months of lockdown. “It’s not like the pandemic gave us any chance to structurally change things,” says Meijer\u003Cstrong\u003E. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E“The supply and demand, they’re not gone.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08p1r9d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"People swim in the sea at Magaluf beach on 11 July 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Mallorca, locals have begun frequenting Magaluf’s beaches, many of them for the first time in years, lured by tales of blissful quiet and lapping, turquoise waters. But the tranquillity comes at a cost. Fewer than two weeks after authorities ordered the closures in Magaluf, the UK announced it would impose a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-53540691\"\u003E14-day quarantine on all travellers returning from Spain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This sparked a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fehm.info\u002F\"\u003Ecascade of cancellations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across the island, with potentially far-reaching impacts; the industry association representing restauranteurs \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fxt2tt.mjt.lu\u002Fnl2\u002Fxt2tt\u002Fxqrx.html?m=AMEAAHxu-9kAAAAfVsAAAAKjMZQAAAAAXZQAAFyJABKkhQBfMlwpm3HoTNHHQFez0suZjoPX6AASoFs&b=31e97c33&e=b85b2a6d&x=ABj1uGxQiooJ6_tDeTbRHXKC60M1POQrrTW9iHNXq4E\"\u003Eestimates some 30% of its members\u003C\u002Fa\u003E could end up closing their doors permanently. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Balearic Islands, which include Mallorca, could see a drop of as much as 30% in GDP, regional leader Francina Armengol recently told reporters. The region is likely to be among the hardest hit in Spain by the fallout from the pandemic, she added. Whether these deep blows to the hospitality sector will imperil authorities’ appetite to transform Magaluf remains to be seen. As Armengol says: “The situation is incredibly complicated.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Is now the time to tame Magaluf?","headlineShort":"Is now the time to tame Magaluf?","image":["p08p1pyb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of young tourists in Magaluf's main strip","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200609-how-greece-plans-to-welcome-back-tourists","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200813-the-swedish-staycation-obsession"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Spanish officials want to transform Magaluf from a raucous resort into an upmarket destination. Will Covid-19 be a help or a hindrance?","summaryShort":"Can Covid help transform Magaluf’s raucous tourism brand?","tag":["tag\u002Fholidays","tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-24T00:10:55.493374Z","entity":"article","guid":"8fb550ca-aced-4fb4-92f0-b68724da8b31","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-24T12:14:22.033789Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2e46","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Whether for work or pleasure, virtual meetings just got a lot more popular. Here are tips to make it work and look your best, even hunched over a laptop.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe global pandemic has ground much of the world to a halt. Worldwide, likely tens of millions are working from home as part of social distancing. Sitting in front of a webcam for hours is now normal – for both business meetings and sharing a ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fp087thhq\"\u003Equarantini’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during virtual happy hours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow that Zoom, Skype and other services have taken over our daily lives as we know it – including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwamu.org\u002Fstory\u002F20\u002F03\u002F26\u002Fhow-coronavirus-is-reshaping-the-job-search-now-and-for-the-future\u002F\"\u003Ejob interviews\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2020\u002Fmar\u002F26\u002Fdinner-parties-go-digital-during-coronavirus-outbreak-we-lock-in-every-saturday-night\"\u003Edinner parties\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – many are wondering how to look as good on the internet as they do in person. That means figuring out how to flatter your face on your colleagues’ laptop screens, or the importance of a tidy living room in the background. It’s not just vanity: viewers could “make snap judgments, unfortunately, about you as a person,” says Sunny Lenarduzzi, a Vancouver-based online entrepreneur, former TV reporter and regular YouTuber.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe talked to people whose job largely features talking in front of a webcam all day. Here are their tips to look nice and professional on camera.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFill your face with light\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you take away nothing else, focus on your lighting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFront-facing natural light is best. It evenly accentuates and brightens your skin and features, giving you a clear, flattering, movie-star-like quality. “It’s amazing for making your eyes pop and making you look really presentable on camera,” says Lenarduzzi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p088xw6r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESet up your computer in front of a window, and importantly, make sure that light is hitting your face straight-on. Because whether you’re snapping a pic for Instagram or dialling in for a video call, having that light come from behind you ends up drowning you out entirely, reducing you to an inscrutable silhouette.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Bad lighting is always a fear,” says Nyma Tang, a beauty YouTuber whose channel has more than a million subscribers. After all, assuming bad lighting doesn’t render you a dark shadow, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.photofeeler.com\u002Flighting\u002F\"\u003Eit can cast unflattering shadows on your face\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making you look tired, ill or even creepy – the opposite of that natural light effect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt doesn’t end there: light coming from behind you could also cause for a harsh effect on everyone else’s screen, says Susan Yara, a TV journalist-turned-entrepreneur, and who runs a YouTube channel and digital production focused on beauty and lifestyle: “You don’t want to hurt everyone’s eyes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVideo chatting in a windowless room? Putting a lamp behind your laptop and in front of your face works in a pinch, the pros say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAvoid low angles\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s one of the cardinal rules in camerawork: keep the camera eye-level or higher.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You want to make sure your computer’s at least a little bit elevated so that you don’t have the double-chin effect [or] the computer’s looking up your nostrils,” says Lenarduzzi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can easily give your laptop some lift by stacking a bunch of things just lying around. Cookbooks or coffee table books work well, Yara suggests. “Angles make a big difference,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMind your skin\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn our webcam-dominated situation, practising good skincare is even more important than usual.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe camera can make bad habits “look ten times worse,” says Tang, as the computer screen tends to highlight things like oil on your face. She recommends blotting your face before you go live. Be on the lookout for uneven skin tone or chapped lips, too. (Zoom also has a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsupport.zoom.us\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F115002595343-Touch-Up-My-Appearance\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Efilter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E used to even your skin tone.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p088xwwj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe experts recommend applying a tinted moisturiser to your face before booting up your video meeting. (Tinted moisturiser is filled with subtle pigments of makeup that help your skin tone appear even.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s not full-on foundation, but a lot of the men on camera tend to wear tinted moisturiser so it doesn’t look like they’re wearing just a full face of makeup,” says Yara. (Also, if sitting in front of a window, make sure you use a product with sun protection.) Meanwhile, use lip balm for chapped lips, and regularly wash your face to avoid blemishes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Especially when you’re really close to your computer camera, you don’t want to show off bad hygiene and bad skincare habits,” Yara says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKnow what you’ll look like\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPreparation is important. You don’t want to join a call using the webcam as a mirror to make any finishing touches to your hair, face or lighting you could’ve done earlier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Take a phone call using your webcam to prep. The call can be on your phone, but make sure your webcam is on so you can practise seeing yourself and your mannerisms,” Tang says. “It won’t feel so foreign next time when you're actually doing it for real.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether it’s a video conference or live TV, Lenarduzzi says another common pitfall is people forgetting they’re on camera. Part of looking good on a webcam means acting as you would in person: “treating it as if you’re in an actual meeting” is non-optional, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People will daze off, or go on their phone, and they’ll pick it up and start scrolling. We can still see you – Sunny Lenarduzzi","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People think I can’t see them – that happens quite often,” says Lenarduzzi, who worked remotely long before the pandemic. While many video chat apps have audio-only options, pay close attention to whether you’re using that or if your camera’s on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Be very aware of the settings on Zoom,” she says, and warns that “people will daze off, or go on their phone, and they’ll pick it up and start scrolling. We can still see you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p088xw56"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPick the right background\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough our homes are inherently less equipped for professional meetings than your office boardroom, there are better places to take a call than others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZoom isn’t the place to showcase your bookcases performatively filled with literary tomes or your enormous Basquiat print – particularly on a work call. Though tempting, that kind of home décor flexing takes focus away from who should be the star of the show: you. Yara recommends a plain, white background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Steer toward solid colours and avoid sleeveless tops or anything off the shoulders. Otherwise, you run the risk of seeming like you’re taking the call in your birthday suit","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELendarduzzi says that earlier in her remote career, as she’d work from her dining room table, she’d have to be sure dirty dishes weren’t piling up in the background. You want to appear as though you’re “taking good care of yourself,” and that things are clean and organised behind you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdditionally, when you’re getting dressed for your call you want to steer toward solid colours, and avoid sleeveless tops or anything off the shoulders. Otherwise, you run the risk of seeming like you’re taking the call in your birthday suit. The overarching goal, Yara says, is to “minimise distractions.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen you combine all these tips, she says, you’re better equipped to think about “how you are presenting yourself as a person.” It’s an important skill, especially when all people will have to go on is your face on a computer screen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-08T21:12:41Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Five tips to look your best on video calls","headlineShort":"How to look your best on a video call","image":["p088xw0n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p088xwwj"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Whether for work or pleasure, virtual meetings just got a lot more popular. Here are tips to make it work and look your best, even hunched over a laptop.","summaryShort":"Virtual meetings just got a lot more popular. Here are tips to make it work","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-07T20:36:27.784754Z","entity":"article","guid":"bf73c1b8-1283-440c-8185-479421240985","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-16T09:28:52.843991Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c17c7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"From online parties to happy hour with colleagues, here are the coronavirus-era social faux pas to avoid.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s Saturday night, your cocktails are ready and you’re about to throw a party with a couple dozen friends. It’s also your seventh straight week in mandatory lockdown amid the Covid-19 pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat means you’re throwing the party virtually on Zoom – and it’s going great until you realise people keep talking over each other, others feel ignored and start scrolling on their phones, half the guests don’t know each other and the other half have loud housemates clanging dishes in the background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVideo chat is now the go-to outlet for many social distancers craving social interaction. But having a successful fête isn’t only a question of hopping on camera with friends and kicking off. Social grace is a big part of a successful virtual party – and etiquette doesn’t go out the door just because you’re in your pyjamas in front of a webcam.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIntroduce everyone; ignore no one\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe most noticeable difference between in-person socialising and the video calls we’ve had to rapidly adjust to overnight? Just how jarring the whole transition is. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGone are the days during which you can mingle or bounce between different groups, or introduce yourself to new people at your leisure. Instead, the second you click ‘Join Meeting’, you’re abruptly thrust in front of potentially dozens of faces staring straight at you, Brady Bunch-style.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of times [in person], you will float between one table or booth to the next and talk to one or two people at a time,” says Carla Bevins, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University in the US city of Pittsburgh, who specialises in business communication. “All of a sudden, it flattens out when you’re on a Zoom happy hour. You have your Zoom-tinis going, and everybody’s looking at you all at once. It’s a whole different dynamic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08bqtmz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is particularly problematic if not everyone on the call knows each other – Zoom itself recommends short ice-breaking sessions for everyone to introduce themselves on so-called “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.zoom.us\u002Fwordpress\u002F2013\u002F12\u002F05\u002Fsix-tips-surviving-zoom-mega-meetings\u002F\"\u003Emega meetings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” of 20 people or more. Which leads to something that’s social etiquette 101: be sure to introduce everyone individually to the group.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELuckily, Zoom makes it easy for you to do this each time someone new joins the event.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I like to utilise the wait room,” says Tamiko Zablith, founder and principal consultant of Minding Manners International, a division of the International Etiquette and Protocol Academy of London. “For security reasons, first of all – it means outsiders don’t come crashing into your meeting.” (Which is good, considering the recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Ftechnology\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F02\u002Feverybody-seems-be-using-zoom-its-security-flaws-could-leave-people-risk\u002F\"\u003Escrutiny over security issues on Zoom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) But also, “you can let people come in one at a time, and then you can take that time to introduce them to the group as well. One of the faux pas I find is that a lot of people are not doing that: you end up having 45 people on a call and you have no idea who row 3, square 7 is, because they haven’t been properly introduced”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s absolutely crucial to be extra considerate of the time of others – be it your BFF or your boss","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“As each person pops on, I will name them,” says Bevins. “’Hi Bryan, it’s good see you. How are things going?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, host or not, be sure to give personal attention when it’s time to leave, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Take as much time when you leave a group as you did when you joined the group. Just don’t say, ‘Oh, I’m out now’ and click ‘End Meeting’,” says Zablith. “Take a minute to say: ‘Jennifer, John’ – so I’m finding John on the screen – ‘John, it’s been really nice chatting with you. Robert, down there – really great to have met you’. That way you leave them feeling recognised, but it makes you look a bit more distinguished as well.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELearn the art of the pause\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother wildly disorienting thing about Zoom parties: everyone has to talk one at a time. There’s no chance for small groups to organically form, for ambient banter to fill a room, or for guests to talk simultaneously and asynchronously. The whole group, no matter how large, can only listen to one person at a time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBe aware of this and be comfortable with it. “It’s okay to have those quiet spaces,” says Bevins. “Other [guests] may just sit and listen for a while. It’s a whole different dynamic from everybody being ‘on’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s why putting pauses in your speech is critical, especially since lagging internet speeds or weird audio may mean it’s easy for someone to talk over someone else, drowning out what they have to say to the group.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If the internet is a bit dodgy, you have those intermittent signals. If I keep rambling, and the other person starts, there’s that delay,” says Zablith. “Work those pauses into your conversation.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you find yourself in a politeness contest with someone who’s speaking at the same time as you – “no, you go ahead” – try using Zoom’s “raise hand” function, or try using that side chat again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If you start talking over someone and it gets into a politeness war, put a note in the chat that the other person can go ahead with their ideas,” says Bevins. “You can then write your idea in the chat, so your train of thought is not lost. The moderator can come back to your point and ensure that your ideas are heard.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08bqtrb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETake conversations to the side\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt parties in real life, you may be someone’s plus one and you might not know the vast majority of people at the party – and you definitely won’t know all the awkward nuances, like who recently broke up with whom, or which topics are taboo. Ideally, your companion would fill you in ahead of time, or they’d whisper it to you the next time you made a break for the snack table. You can’t have those quick side-confabs online.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOr can you? In these delicate intel-gathering social scenarios, Zoom could be a boon: it has that text chat feature where you can send a direct message to the host or one of your friends. Telepathy unfortunately does not exist, so the chat tool comes in as a handy option if you have something private to say. (Just quadruple or even quintuple-check you’re sending a private message and not one to the whole party.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Use the chat and chat with each other on the side. ‘Hey, it’s so good to see you. I saw you had your friends on, too. Who are they, what do I need to know, are there topics that are off limits?’” Bevins says. “Have that side conversation through the technology.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKnow when to change backgrounds\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe all know Zoom’s backgrounds that make you seem like you’re in outer space or floating above the Golden Gate Bridge. Instead of just adding some goofy flair to a Zoom party, it can actually be a courtesy to eliminate distractions behind you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHiding those dirty dishes or pizza boxes, or obscuring other members of the household coming and going, eliminates distractions and makes the other people feel like they’re getting your full attention. That even applies to chat etiquette in a work context: these frivolous-seeming add-ons can actually be part of being polite as long as they’re not wacky.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Gone are the days during which you can mingle or bounce between different groups, or introduce yourself to new people at your leisure","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Wouldn’t it be better if that distraction just wasn’t there?” Zablith says, pointing to the advantage of virtual backgrounds being able to hide anything unsightly behind you. For Bevins, virtual backgrounds can also provide a sense of comfort or normalcy to the audience – she uses images of the Carnegie Mellon campus when she’s on a call with her students, even though the university has been shut down due to the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPractice punctuality\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s good practice, of course – your friends get annoyed when you’re late for a movie in person, and the same applies on Zoom. But it applies to social settings, too. To avoid being late (even if you’re at your computer on time), take a few minutes ahead of the call or party (especially if you’re the host) to test your settings and re-check your internet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08bqttq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPlus, in the age of Covid-19, many people often have several back-to-back social calls with close family members or friends flung miles and miles apart from each other across time zones and potentially continents. So, it’s absolutely crucial to be extra considerate of the time of others – be it your BFF or your boss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We are on so many more Zoom calls right now,” says Bevins. “We have to respect our time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore tricks of the trade\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll the other social basics apply as much online as they do offline. For example, Zablith describes the “tennis match rule”, in which you make sure you keep returning the “tennis ball” of conversation back to the other person regularly. Also, don’t forget other crucial pieces of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls\"\u003Ehow to look good on Zoom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: give yourself lots of flattering, head-on natural lighting, and make sure your webcam is eye level or higher.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemember, even with all of the technology available to us to stay social in unprecedented isolation, it’s still easy to feel overwhelmed and despondent. But if you remember to be respectful, polite and inclusive on video calls, no matter how casual the setting, you’ll really get the most out of these valuable social interactions in the era of a pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If you can collect that good energy, and save it for later – because, let’s face it, we’re going to have good days and we’re going to have not so good days” as we navigate life in the pandemic, Bevins says. It could make all the difference. “You hold that positive feeling, energy, whatever you want to call it, so when you’re not feeling so hot – that can help.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The Zoom social etiquette guide","headlineShort":"The Zoom social etiquette guide","image":["p08bqw9x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From online parties to happy hour with colleagues, here are the coronavirus-era social faux pas to avoid.","summaryShort":"How to be polite and charming, even in a video chat","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-28T21:14:28.184566Z","entity":"article","guid":"72667f4e-e0c5-4116-a0ca-e17fcd86009b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-29T15:16:00.212469Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19","_id":"5f63d987fdd05dcd2520730e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Some countries have experimented with alcohol prohibition during the pandemic to keep hospitals emptier. What was the impact?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsounds\u002Fplay\u002Fw3csz8n3\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Efrom an episode\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E of Business Daily, presented by Ed Butler and produced by Ed Butler and Edwin Lane. Adapted for text by Bryan Lufkin. For more from Business Daily, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fp002vsxs\u002Fepisodes\u002Fdownloads\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eclick here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Covid-19 pandemic has left people across the globe holed up inside for months, many worried about job security and health issues. It’s clear that in many nations, some people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.yalemedicine.org\u002Fstories\u002Falcohol-covid\u002F\"\u003Ehave turned to alcoholic beverages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to take the edge off. An April survey \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-52329679\"\u003Erevealed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that 21% of Brits started drinking more after they entered quarantine, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ccsa.ca\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2020-04\u002FCCSA-NANOS-Alcohol-Consumption-During-COVID-19-Report-2020-en.pdf\"\u003Esimilar numbers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Canada.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in South Africa, the government rolled out new rules that prohibited the sale and transport of alcohol entirely. The reasoning was that hospitals would be better able to free up beds for Covid patients if there were fewer people being admitted for alcohol-related illnesses or injuries. South Africa wasn’t alone, either: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-health-coronavirus-thailand-cases\u002Fthailand-extends-alcohol-ban-health-ministry-says-some-measures-could-be-eased-idUSKBN2220FY\"\u003EThailand\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002Findia\u002F1852711\u002Findia-beer-brands-struggle-with-shifting-covid-19-lockdown-rules\u002F\"\u003EIndia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also rolled out bans during the coronavirus crisis, and Kenya \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fnews\u002Fchina\u002Fsociety\u002Farticle\u002F3094973\u002Fkenya-bans-alcohol-restaurants-amid-doubling-covid-19-cases-fear\"\u003Ebanned alcohol sales in restaurants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESouth Africa’s four-month ban finally lifted on 15 August – a move welcomed in a nation home to some of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbusinesstech.co.za\u002Fnews\u002Flifestyle\u002F332909\u002Fsouth-africa-has-some-of-the-heaviest-drinkers-in-the-world\u002F\"\u003Ethe world’s heaviest drinkers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Alcohol consumption became a way of life after Apartheid, under which illegal bars were symbols of resistance during white-minority rule, and black South Africans weren’t allowed to drink. “I don’t know what to say – I’m just overwhelmed,” one patron at a bar told Business Daily, saying the lifting of the ban made her day. “It’s like I won a million bucks,” says another, on his way to buy a cold Castle Lager.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what was the effect of the ban? It could be argued that South Africa didn’t have much of a choice: by early August, it had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-53625789\"\u003Ethe fifth most Covid cases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the world, and the virus’s widespread penetration demanded more hospital beds. But some wonder if banning booze was the best way to do that, like Johannes Ramatsi, a bartender who lost his job during the temporary prohibition and still doesn’t have a new one. “I feel bad. I want to go back to work, full force, because I must give my children something to eat. I’ve got four kids.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Social ills’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECertainly it’s meant that the alcohol industry \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-53699712\"\u003Ehas taken a hit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Lucky Ntimane, head of the Liquor Traders’ Association, says a million people in South Africa have jobs tied to the alcohol industry. “I will argue the economy of the country is somehow driven by this industry,” he says. “Three percent of the GDP of the country comes from the liquor industry.” He also points to another common negative effect of alcohol prohibition: illegal trade on the black market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s been the case in many countries that have banned booze throughout history, like in the US in the 1920s and 1930s. It’s also the case today; some Mexican states temporarily restricted alcohol during the pandemic too, leading to the deaths of citizens \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F13\u002Fworld\u002Famericas\u002Fmexico-tainted-alcohol-deaths.html\"\u003Ewho drank black-market moonshine containing poisonous methanol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  (Sure enough, an underground market also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F08\u002Fworld\u002Fafrica\u002Fcoronavirus-south-africa-tobacco-alcohol-ban.html\"\u003Esprung up in South Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in May for not only alcohol, but cigarettes, too, which the government also banned during lockdown.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08rsvl1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet there is no denying the detrimental effects of legal alcohol, too. The WHO calls it one of the world’s leading health risks, associated with some 60 types of major disease and injury, and the cause of 4.5 million deaths annually. In South Africa’s case, it has one of the highest “non-natural” death rates in the world. Over 14,000 people die on the road each year alone. Sixty are murdered daily.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBongiwe Ndondo, a researcher who tracks violence against women, says many assaults are fueled by alcohol, and that the restrictions during the pandemic had a positive effect on society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A lot of women on the ground that we have spoken to are telling us that their communities have never felt better. They’ve never felt safer. They’ve never looked cleaner.” She says a lot of people have been happy with the ban, and that some are waking up to what the country might look like without booze and “all the social ills” that come with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese ills were glaringly apparent after the ban lifted; emergency visits to hospitals in South Africa subsequently doubled, with 85% of them down to alcohol-related events such as car accidents, motorbike accidents, stabs, shootings and assaults. “A lot of the patients are coming in intoxicated, to the point where you’re wondering if they have a head injury. It’s absolutely exhausting,” says Dr Katie Jordaan at Tygerberg Hospital. Her colleague Scott Mahoney says there’s been a particular uptick in domestic violence. “So much alcohol dependence leads to violence and accidental harm in a country that’s already struggling with healthcare provision,” Mahoney says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08rsvnc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProhibition’s pitfalls\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the Liquor Traders’ Association’s Lucky Ntimane – who says that the government has left the hundreds of thousands of people who’ve lost jobs high and dry – believes banning booze full-stop doesn’t address the real issue and that re-education is a more viable and effective long-term solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a country, we are avoidant dealing with the issue of alcohol abuse and its societal harm. This Covid-19 pandemic actually allows us to re-examine our unhealthy relationship with alcohol,” he says. “I’m in a better situation as a tavern owner to be able to drive the message of responsible drinking. I’m able to tell my patron: ‘You now have had enough’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJeffrey Miron, an economist at Harvard University, says that alcohol bans often end up causing more problems, especially as they so often drive alcohol use and trade underground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Underground markets have a bunch of characteristics which we tend not to like: they tend to be violent, they tend to have poor quality control, so one gets more accidental poisoning and overdoses,” he says. “You forgo the opportunity to collect tax revenue. And they tend to be imposed and enforced in racially prejudiced ways.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMiron says that while tax revenue from alcohol is not a huge amount of money in most economies, outlawing the entire industry “has a significant negative effect on the economic outcomes” and can “contribute to bad health outcomes when people lose health insurance because people have lost their jobs, or people are depressed because they’ve lost their jobs”. When it comes to Covid-19, he says restricting activities that spread disease, like people being in indoor restaurants and bars, is a more effective public health measure – and allowing those shops to do takeaway or alcohol-to-go can help offset economic impact. And as far as banning booze to curb violence, Miron says that doesn’t work, either. “In the US case, violence went up” during prohibition, he says, in regard to organised crime and illegal trade on the black market. Why? Because “people resolve underground disputes in markets often with guns rather than with lawyers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmily Owens, who studies criminology and economics at the University of California, Irvine, points to the balancing act that many countries try to strike. “Alcohol is something that people enjoy drinking. It’s pleasant. We get utility out of alcohol consumption. But at a certain point, alcohol consumption really is problematic for society.” She believes that higher taxes and making alcohol pricier would allow people who really want to drink the ability to do so legally, but “maybe discourage people on the margin from consuming as much as they might currently choose to”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the long-term answers are, South Africa’s short-term alcohol ban gave Bongiwe Ndondo, the domestic violence researcher, a glimpse of improvements that could be achieved with greater regulation. “South Africa has got a lot of binge drinking,” she says. “How can we continue to have some form of restrictions in place, but more sustainable than a complete prohibition?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinding an answer to that question would no doubt serve many nations and communities well – whether it’s during a pandemic, or not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19-4"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The impact of banning alcohol during Covid-19","headlineShort":"The impact of Covid alcohol bans","image":["p08rsvcw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-is-now-the-time-for-magaluf-to-upgrade-its-tourism-model","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Feconomics"],"summaryLong":"Some countries have experimented with alcohol prohibition during the pandemic to keep hospitals emptier. What was the impact?","summaryShort":"Is prohibition during the pandemic a good idea?","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-17T19:52:18.754998Z","entity":"article","guid":"8f73cf53-fb27-48c1-bcf0-858747ebe345","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-17T21:47:35.19302Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818919},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2b2f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdamian-fowler"],"bodyIntro":"Millions of people around the world have lost their jobs amid the current Covid-19 crisis. How should you handle your emotional reaction?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEarlier this week, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dol.gov\u002Fsites\u002Fdolgov\u002Ffiles\u002FOPA\u002Fnewsreleases\u002Fui-claims\u002F20200510.pdf\"\u003Eunemployment insurance claims in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E soared past three million, a record-breaking number which far surpasses previous highs. To put it in context, this figure shatters the Great Recession crest of 665,000 of March 2009 and the previous record high of 695,000 in 1982, when the US Federal Reserve tried to tame inflation through its monetary policy. Even so, this number – a rise of 3,001,000 from the previous week’s level of 282,000 – understates the extent of the problem; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fbusiness\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F19\u002Funemployment-insurance-today-coronavirus\u002F\"\u003Eit doesn’t include gig workers, the self-employed and other freelancers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who aren’t eligible for unemployment insurance in many states.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAround the world economies are all experiencing similar symptoms as millions of people are laid off because of Covid-19. “This is going to be a global pandemic of unemployment,” says David Blustein, a professor of counselling psychology at Boston College and the author of The Importance of Work in an Age of Uncertainty: The Eroding Work Experience in America. “I call it a crisis within a crisis.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFurther compounding these dramatic figures is the speed at which many suddenly found themselves without work – either laid off with some form of termination payment, asked to take indefinite unpaid leave or outright fired. This is, of course, a financial challenge for many who have suddenly lost their income, but it also presents a psychological challenge. When you lose your job, how do you handle those feelings?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘It’s hard’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJames Bell, 39, is one of the many Americans who applied for unemployment benefits when the bar where he worked, Second Street Brewery in downtown Santa Fe, had to close. Until then, Bell was making a steady living mostly from cash tips and weekly wages, supporting his family of five. He and his wife have three children ages two, three and seven years old. Even though Bell could tell that business was dropping off dramatically, he says it still came as a shock to him when he was laid off.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I have no hard feelings but it’s hard when you live pay check to pay check,” he says. In addition to the unemployment benefits he can receive, Bell has also researched a number of charitable foundations that offer financial help for bartenders and waiting staff, but he fears they may be inundated by the sheer numbers of applicants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p087xznr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe shock Bell felt at suddenly losing his livelihood was tempered with relief at no longer being exposed daily to the risk of catching the virus. “Honestly the week prior, I was an anxious wreck disinfecting the doorknobs in the bar,” he says. He calls the situation an emotional roller coaster, and feels stress and fear both by losing his job and also grappling with the reality of a pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E “I guess my main anxiety is the unknown surrounding everything. How long will this go on? The longer this goes on the more of a financial hole we’ll be in at the end of it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProcessing a loss\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELosing any job can be emotionally wracking, but to do so in our current environment of heightened uncertainty can add additional stressors into the mix. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“How we all deal with stress is being intensified by this particular situation,” says Adam Benson, a New York-based psychologist in private practice for 20 years. “Some people are going into control mode and trying to control everything. But we have to face facts that we are not in control of our situation as much as we’d like to be.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Psychologists note that losing a job often equates to the grief of losing a loved one","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists note that losing a job often equates to the grief of losing a loved one; the emotional trajectory can include any of the stages of grief, which run from shock and denial, through to anger and bargaining, and eventually to acceptance and hope. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What I have found helpful to people is to point out that they are actually going through a loss and once they realise this, they can be more compassionate with themselves and allow themselves to feel what they feel.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome people may not want to acknowledge the depth of their loss, suggests Benson. They may be inclined to say to themselves: ‘I shouldn’t be feeling this way when everyone at work has lost their job; it has nothing to do with me, so then why I am I feeling this way?’ “But when they realise they indeed are experiencing a loss, whether it was expectation, opportunity, hope, relationship, it often gives them this permission,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p087xyl0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s also important to acknowledge that emotions linked to a job loss may take time to process. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0891243219869381?journalCode=gasa\"\u003Enew study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E drawing on data from 100 interviews from the recently unemployed tracked participants’ feelings 12 weeks after job loss and then again a year later. “At first people are really angry,” says study author Sarah Damaske, an associate professor of sociology, labour and employment relations at Pennsylvania State University. She notes, however, her study looked at people who lost their jobs during a time of abundance, prior to this crisis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWill there be similar anger this time around due to the exceptional circumstances we’re living in? We can’t predict for sure, she says, but based on her research it seems likely. “People who get laid off feel fairly angry about it and upset with their employers,” she notes. “I argue that a lot of the anger comes either from feeling like you are replaceable – they found someone who was cheaper to do the work. Or, like you weren't really part of the team after all – [they] moved the work away from the team or took people off a team they had thought themselves to be a critical part of.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s more? These exceptional circumstances might serve as a psychological scapegoat – at first. But then uncertainties about how the workforce is changing, even before the pandemic, can come into play, says Cary Cooper, professor of organisational psychology at the University of Manchester.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Individuals can psychologically blame the pandemic rather than themselves,” he says. “But [what] might follow is that organisations may realise, the longer this goes on, that they don’t need as many people. That is, that technology could replace many. That will be the biggest fear and longer term consequence.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStaying balanced\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F2167702619859337?journalCode=cpxa\"\u003EStudies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E show that people who suffered financial, housing or job-related hardship following the Great Recession were more vulnerable to mental health problems. So how can people suffering now maintain some measure of equilibrium in this unprecedented situation?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBenson suggests that in general, after any loss, people should recognise the elements of their situation they can and cannot control – and focus on the former. Identifying immediate problems (like the need to reduce household expenditure for a period) and putting some fixes in place will help, along with acknowledging that – in the short term – things will be tough and changes will be needed until the situation turns around.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p087xyy0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps what is different about the current unemployment situation is the belief that it’s temporary and that once things are under control, people will return to work. For someone like James Bell, this is a stabilising thought. “I anticipate that when all is said and done, there’s going to be a huge boom and people will want to return to the bars and restaurants, and tip big,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFurthermore, there’s evidence that the collective nature of this experience is forging a sense that we’re all in this together. Benson mentions that in his Manhattan neighbourhood restaurant owners are being sensitive and generous, paying people ahead or setting up campaigns to raise money for workers and support groups for families. While this won’t solve the underlying social and economic problems, it may help people feel that they’re not to blame for their plight. “It is supportive of the idea that when they are feeling sad, angry, they might negate these feelings because they know they didn't lose their job because of something that they did wrong and that it isn't their fault,” says Benson. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Long haul’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Donna Bertaccini, the way forward is about embracing the current reality, however scary it may be. The Great Recession was financially devastating for her company, Molesworth Enterprises, an independent film and television company that she’s run with her husband in Connecticut for 35 years. All her contract work fizzled as people retrenched, and it’s taken a long time to rebuild. “We were just seeing the light at the end of the tunnel in December,” she says. “But this coronavirus is a game changer.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProjects are all on hold for the time being, yet Bertaccini remains optimistic that the current situation will improve and that work that has gone away will return in time. “I think on some level everybody is in this boat together,” she says. “It doesn’t feel so isolating.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of her strategy to keep anxiety at bay is to stay informed about what resources are out there. She is encouraged by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-52033863\"\u003Ethe $2 trillion emergency relief bill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E agreed to by congressional leaders and the White House. But the other part is nurturing her ability to stay positive and come from a place of gratitude.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Life does change on a dime,” she says. “It’s going to be a long haul but hopefully you can keep your sense of balance.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EData visualisation by Manyu Jiang.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-03-28T16:04:03Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Unemployment during coronavirus: The psychology of job loss","headlineShort":"The psychology of sudden job loss","image":["p087xcxs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Millions of people around the world have lost their jobs amid the current Covid-19 crisis. How should you handle your emotional reaction?","summaryShort":"How should you feel when your job suddenly disappears?","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"creationDateTime":"2020-03-27T19:45:37.27028Z","entity":"article","guid":"fd94c867-3138-4b6a-8e61-433601230ba7","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss","modifiedDateTime":"2020-03-28T10:27:46.339488Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c24d7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The WHO has redefined burnout as a syndrome linked to chronic work stress. There’s a difference between a busy workload and something more serious, writes Zaria Gorvett.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWith offices closed in nations around the world, many of us are grappling with how to stay productive and on task as we work from home. To help provide insight on how to manage this, BBC Worklife is updating some of our most popular productivity stories from our archive. This story was originally published on 11 June 2019.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you said you were suffering from ‘burnout’ in the early 1970s, you might have raised some eyebrows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the time, the term was used informally to describe the side effects that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wilmarschaufeli.nl\u002Fpublications\u002FSchaufeli\u002F481.pdf\"\u003Eheavy drug users experienced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: the general dimming of the mental faculties, for example, as was the case with many a party animal. However, when German-American psychologist Herbert Freudenberger first recognised the problem of burnout in New York City in 1974, at a clinic for addicts and homeless people, Freudenberger wasn’t thinking of drug users.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe clinic’s volunteers were actually struggling, too: their work was intense, and many were beginning to feel demotivated and emotionally drained. Though they had once found their jobs rewarding, they had become cynical and depressed; they weren’t giving their patients the attention they deserved. Freudenberger defined this alarming new condition as a state of exhaustion caused by prolonged overwork – and borrowed the term ‘burnout’ to describe it.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Burnout has three elements: feelings of exhaustion, mental detachment from one’s job and poorer performance at work","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIts popularity was explosive, and today burnout is a global phenomenon. Although statistics on the prevalence of burnout specifically are hard to come by, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.hse.gov.uk\u002Fstatistics\u002Fcausdis\u002Fstress.pdf\"\u003E595,000 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK alone suffered from workplace stress in 2018.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foxfordre.com\u002Fpsychology\u002Fview\u002F10.1093\u002Facrefore\u002F9780190236557.001.0001\u002Facrefore-9780190236557-e-165\"\u003ESportspeople\u003C\u002Fa\u003E get it. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Ftechnology\u002F2018\u002Fsep\u002F08\u002Fyoutube-stars-burnout-fun-bleak-stressed\"\u003EYouTube\u003C\u002Fa\u003E stars get it. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Frhettpower\u002F2018\u002F08\u002F28\u002F4-reasons-entrepreneurs-experience-burn-out\u002F\"\u003EEntrepreneurs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E get it. Freudenberger himself eventually got it. Late last month, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fmental_health\u002Fevidence\u002Fburn-out\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003EWorld Health Organization (WHO) \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eannounced that the trendy problem will be recognised in the latest International Classification of Diseases manual, where it is described as a syndrome “resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the WHO, burnout has three elements: feelings of exhaustion, mental detachment from one’s job and poorer performance at work. But waiting until you’re already fully burned out to do something about it doesn’t help at all –and you wouldn’t wait to treat any other illness until it was too late.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFeeling the burn\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo how can you tell if you’re almost – but not quite – burned out?  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E “\u003C\u002Fem\u003EA lot of the signs and symptoms of pre-burnout would be very similar to depression,” says Siobhán Murray, a psychotherapist based in County Dublin, Ireland, and the author of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodreads.com\u002Fbook\u002Fshow\u002F43437593-the-burnout-solution\"\u003Ebook about burnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, The Burnout Solution\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003EMurray suggests looking out for creeping bad habits, such as increased alcohol consumpution and relying on sugar to get you through the day. Also watch out for feelings of tiredness that won’t go away. “So that even if you do sleep well, by 10 in the morning you’re already counting down the hours to bed. Or not having the energy to exercise or go for a walk.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Although there are many treatment options for depression, burnout is still best tackled by making lifestyle changes","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs soon as you begin to feel this way, Murray advises going to see your doctor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Depression and pre-burnout are very similar, but as much as there was a lot of enthusiasm recently that burnout has now become a medical condition, it is still not – it is still classified as an occupational phenomenon.” It’s important to get help from a medical professional who can distinguish between the two, because although there are many treatment options for depression, burnout is still best tackled by making lifestyle changes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd how do you know if you’re really on the cusp of burnout, or just going through a challenging month? “Stress is really important, and anxiety is what motivates us to do well,” says Murray. “It’s when we’re continually exposed to stress and anxiety, that we’re not letting go, that it starts to turn into burnout.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETake that big project you’ve been working on. It’s normal to feel a kick of adrenaline when you think about it, and maybe it’s kept you up at night. But, Murray suggests, if you still feel restless once it’s over, it’s time to consider if you’re at risk of burnout. “It’s when you’re bringing that with you into the next stage of your day, and adding to it continually,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When we're continually exposed to stress and anxiety, that we’re not letting go, that it starts to turn into burnout – Siobhán Murray","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother classic sign of inching closer to burnout is cynicism: feeling like your work has little value, avoiding social commitments and becoming more susceptible to disappointment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Someone on the brink will probably begin to feel emotionally numbed or mentally distant,” says Jacky Francis Walker, a psychotherapist based in London who specialises in burnout. “Like they don’t have the capacity to engage as much in the ordinary things of life.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe also recommends looking for the final tell-tale sign of burnout, which is the unshakeable feeling that the quality of your work is beginning to slip. “People say ‘but this isn’t me!’, ‘I’m not like this’, ‘I can usually do x,y and z’. But obviously if they are in a state of physical depletion, then they aren’t in their normal range of capabilities,” says Walker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf this seems less than scientific, look to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F263809956_Maslach_Burnout_Inventory_--_General_Survey_GS\"\u003EMaslach Burnout Inventory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (MBI), a test designed to measure burnout. The most widely used is the MBI-General Survey, which measures things like exhaustion, cynicism, and some how well you think you’re doing at work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFirst published in 1981, it has been cited hundreds of times in studies since. Although it’s typically used to measure burnout once it's in full swing, there’s no reason you can't apply it to see if you’re getting close.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou’re pre-burnout: What’s next?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe only way to stop burnout – and banish it for good – is to root out the underlying problem. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E “What do you have going on in your life that you can temporarily or permanently let go of? It might be [sleeping a lot] to recover from the physical signs of burnout, for example,” Murray says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWalker has a three-step programme, which includes figuring out why there is a mismatch between what a person can offer and what they feel they are being asked to give. “Sometimes it’s because they feel the need to be too perfect, or they might have imposter syndrome where they’re having to work very hard to cover up that they’re not quite as good as everyone thinks.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"According to a 2018 study, burnout stems from unfair treatment at work, an unmanageable workload and a lack of clarity about what a person’s role should involve","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, sometimes the work environment is the problem. According to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gallup.com\u002Fworkplace\u002F237059\u002Femployee-burnout-part-main-causes.aspx\"\u003E2018 Gallup study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 7,500 US workers, burnout stems from unfair treatment at work, an unmanageable workload and a lack of clarity about what a person’s role should involve. Workers were also stressed out by a lack of support from their manager and unreasonable time pressure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Another issue can be that the values of the company are seriously at odds with the person’s own values, which creates a sense of strain and dissonance, because they’re doing something that they don’t believe in,” says Walker. In some cases, her clients can solve the problem by taking up something fulfilling outside work, but very occasionally they decide to make a more radical change, such as changing companies or even taking up a new profession.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the cause of your burnout, Murray’s top tip is to be kind to yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Murray's experience, a key driver of the burnout epidemic is today’s culture of wanting it all. Often it’s just not possible to have a healthy social life and deliver on a big project, and meet all your personal fitness goals all at the same time. She says it's crucial to prioritise and not expect too much of yourself; when others seem like the perfect boss parent, fitness idol and friend all at the same time, they're probably misleading us – or at the very least getting a lot of help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you feel that you might be close to joining the burnout club, take a step back, figure out what’s going wrong – and let yourself off the hook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to tell if you’re close to burning out","headlineShort":"Three signs you’re close to burnout","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The WHO has redefined burnout as a syndrome linked to chronic work stress. There’s a difference between a busy workload and something more serious, writes Zaria Gorvett.","summaryShort":"There’s a difference between regular work stress and something more serious","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-06-10T19:59:47.953507Z","entity":"article","guid":"95aacdad-cc0a-4dae-a0b8-b42bce55d33c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-29T14:00:34.642015Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2bcd","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Juggling remote work, childcare and more has morphed burnout in the time of coronavirus, and preachy calls to pick up a new hobby might make it worse. Here's how to manage the stress.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBurnout: the term for relentless overwork \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buzzfeednews.com\u002Farticle\u002Fannehelenpetersen\u002Fmillennials-burnout-generation-debt-work\"\u003Ehas rapidly become ubiquitous,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E especially when describing millennials who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190719-rise-and-grind\"\u003Ehustle to the point of exhaustion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And with millions of people now in lockdown as Covid-19 sweeps the globe, burnout is still very much around – but it looks a little different right now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany have lost jobs, while those lucky enough to keep them have to do so \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic\"\u003Ewhile working in the confines of home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, some simultaneously balancing family pressing needs, like childcare. Daily life has been completely uprooted, and now, we juggle a constant onslaught of dilemmas we’ve never dealt with before: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-52040138\"\u003EShould I disinfect my groceries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-51176409\"\u003EHow do I stay in shape indoors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200317-covid-19-how-long-does-the-coronavirus-last-on-surfaces\"\u003EAre cardboard packages safe to touch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F27\u002Fnyregion\u002Fcoronavirus-survivor-queens.html\"\u003ECan I hug my kids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn top of it all, social media showers us with well-meaning calls to “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fsearch?q=%22finish%20up%20that%20project%22&src=typed_query\"\u003Efinish up that project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”: write that screenplay, build that armoire, learn Maltese! After all, according to social media, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biography.com\u002Fnews\u002Fisaac-newton-quarantine-plague-discoveries\"\u003ENewton discovered gravity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flithub.com\u002Fshakespeare-wrote-king-lear-during-a-plague-well-good-for-him-say-all-the-writers\u002F\"\u003EShakespeare wrote King Lear\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when both were hunkered down to avoid the plague. Make sure \u003Cem\u003Eyour\u003C\u002Fem\u003E quarantine doesn’t go to waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn short: we’re being exhausted in a whole new way as burnout morphs during this pandemic,  persisting even in the most unusual times. But it is possible to both understand why we feel this novel type of burnout – and how we keep it at bay, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe exhaustion of choice\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUsually, when we think of burnout, we think of working 12-hour days, answering Slack messages long after we clock out and finishing a day job only to dive straight into a side hustle. But in a crisis like this, burnout can emerge because of something different – what experts call ‘decision fatigue’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith news changing all the time, “information is constant: whether it’s about the pandemic itself, whether it’s about things you should be doing, schedules for your kids, how to work best from home – it’s just a lot of information”, says Janna Koretz, a Boston-based psychologist who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fazimuthpsych.com\u002Fteam\u002Fjanna\"\u003Ehelps clients with high-powered jobs navigate burnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, the Covid-19 pandemic is forcing us to rapidly grapple with difficult decisions in an unsettlingly new context.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Normally, we’re not thinking about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fcoronavirus-food-delivery-gig-economy\u002F\"\u003Ethe ethical implications of ordering delivery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wgbh.org\u002Fnews\u002Flocal-news\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F18\u002Fwant-to-help-out-your-neighbors-during-coronavirus-here-are-the-dos-and-donts\"\u003Ewhether to offer to get groceries for your elderly neighbour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” says Elizabeth Yuko, a New York-based journalist and Fordham University adjunct professor in bioethics, the field that studies ethical implications in healthcare, medicine and other areas of life science. “It’s this psychological stress most of us aren’t used to. We’ve never experienced anything like this in modern times.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In a crisis like this, burnout can emerge because of something different – what experts call ‘decision fatigue’","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn an hourly basis, our top concerns can swing from how we keep our families safe to what the kids are going to eat for dinner. “You have these range of decisions that go from borderline life-or-death on one end of the spectrum – and then snacks on the other,” Yuko says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People are still trying to figure out how to exist in this new world,” adds Koretz. Figuring out how to structure your day or prioritise tasks now seems herculean, especially when your home, once your sanctuary, now potentially triples as an office, school and quasi-prison. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis decision fatigue, combined with the pressure we’re putting on ourselves to make smart, safe choices for ourselves, our families and our communities, can lead to pandemic-specific burnout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe stress of unwinding\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperiencing some emotional exhaustion and anxiety is to be expected, the experts agree. The problem is that many of our usual coping mechanisms have vanished – think going to the gym or taking an art class – and trying to shoehorn in a new one might actually exacerbate burnout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose tweets urging people to either start or finish that passion project can be a source of stress for some, who already feel frenzied that they’re not spending their time correctly. It can lead to even more stress for people worrying they’re not using every moment to be productive – like finishing a project or learning a new skill – especially as we’re all trying to figure out the best way to cope with our new reality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELotte Dyrbye, a doctor at the Mayo Clinic, one of the largest medical research institutions in the US, researches burnout and the wellbeing of physicians. She says people need to find things that work for them, whether it’s meditation, solitary walks or bingeing on Netflix. “It really needs to be very individualised, and there’s not necessarily a right or wrong.” Don’t pile onto your anxiety: rely on hobbies you already have; ones you know make you happy and take the stress off. A big part of staving off pandemic-induced burnout is that the activity shouldn’t feel exhausting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Experiencing some emotional exhaustion and anxiety is to be expected, the experts agree. The problem is that many of our usual coping mechanisms have vanished","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People feeling anxious about writing their next novel, or learning how to play the guitar, or learning French – I’ve gotten questions about that a lot; people saying, ‘I feel like a failure, I finally have this time’,” says Yuko. It’s unrealistic to expect to perform above and beyond right now, even with an abundance of time at home. “This is probably the biggest shift in all of our lives in terms of day-to-day operations,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake care to stay sane before panicking about the progress of your masterpiece-in-progress – or lack thereof.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIt’s not forever\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKoretz says clients have been raising a host of new concerns associated with the pandemic: financial fears, job losses, concerns about older parents, disappointment over cancelled trips. She says that there’s a lot of pressure to still perform well at your job (if you still have one), and to meet all the new demands at once, which can cause burnout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer advice? Keep the big picture in mind. “This all is a season. This will pass. It may be difficult… there’s a lot of scary things between point A and point B,” she says. “But point B exists. And every day that we’re in quarantine, we’re closer to that time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere’s even a potential silver lining – you may hone some key life skills.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKoretz says that, usually, burnout is caused by unrealistic expectations, either from our employer or from ourselves. But coming out of the pandemic may shift our perspectives, after weeks of learning to adjust to new circumstances like widespread remote work. “This is going to make everybody’s ability to manage, cope and be flexible much better. So when we go back to our day-to-day, things are going to be easier because we’ve done something that’s very challenging,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen in doubt, Yuko says, stick to the basics. With each decision you make during this time that stokes anxiety, make a simple list of pros and cons. What are the risks associated with each option? But perhaps the best thing you can do right now – in the age of social distancing – is the exact opposite of the urge driving the behaviour that leads to burnout in the first place. Do nothing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“By staying in our houses, apartments, et cetera – that itself is doing something positive, and really the best thing we can do right now,” says Yuko. “By doing nothing, you’re doing something.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to avoid burnout amid a pandemic","headlineShort":"How to avoid burnout amid a pandemic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Juggling remote work, childcare and more has morphed burnout in the time of coronavirus, and preachy calls to pick up a new hobby might make it worse. Here's how to manage the stress.","summaryShort":"Juggling remote work, childcare and more has morphed what burnout looks like","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-03-30T20:15:58.847916Z","entity":"article","guid":"0dc70abe-f9e2-4dc2-94e7-8fb6df64a1a5","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-16T09:28:45.68186Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c25c5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Their day to day jobs involve solving other people’s emotional issues. So how do therapists avoid taking those issues home with them?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJessica Smith became a therapist for the same reason many mental health professionals go into the field – to help people. At graduate school, she developed a passion for working with people with substance abuse or trauma issues, as well as those in the criminal justice system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe landed her dream job when she graduated, working at a state-run substance-use treatment centre at a local detention facility in Denver, Colorado. She worked in jail-based behavioural services and her job put her in direct contact with inmates struggling with drug and alcohol addiction. “I started working immediately with people who were facing some pretty hefty charges,” says Smith, now 31.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot long after she started, she began feeling the emotional toll that comes with handling acute cases. “I remember asking a supervisor about it. What can I do, and how can I prevent taking some of these experiences home with me?” she recalls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Smith realised the primary source of her psychosomatic symptoms was her work","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESmith pressed on for another year or so, but started \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160407-the-very-real-pain-of-imaginary-illnesses\"\u003Eexperiencing psychosomatic symptoms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At first she wasn’t sure where it was coming from, but eventually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fct.counseling.org\u002F2017\u002F04\u002Fa-counselors-journey-back-from-burnout\u002F\"\u003Eshe realised that the primary source was her work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “I got to a place where I was sitting with a client and I found myself walling up in order to protect myself. I knew I needed to be able to let down the wall to make them feel safe.” Smith ended up resigning and took a break to travel. Today, she runs a private practice and no longer works in the US criminal justice system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEmotionally exhausting \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENowadays, it can seem like stress and burnout are just a regular part of modern working life. In 2019, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fmental_health\u002Fevidence\u002Fburn-out\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003Ethe World Health Organization listed burnout as an occupational phenomenon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, describing it as “a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-48682203\"\u003EBurnout in the workplace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is often examined from an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190719-rise-and-grind\"\u003Ealways-on and ‘hustle’ work culture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E perspective. Mental health professionals like Smith are certainly not immune from such pressures, but they have the additional exposure of working on a daily basis with emotional issues and trauma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, when the American Psychological Association analysed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.apaservices.org\u002Fpractice\u002Fupdate\u002F2018\u002F01-25\u002Fmental-health-providers\"\u003Eseveral studies that looked at burnout among mental health services providers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, its researchers found that “anywhere between 21% and 61% of mental health practitioners experience signs of burnout”. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fjclp.22615?campaign=wolearlyview\"\u003EA 2018 research review paper published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E analysed 30 years of research on this topic, involving 9,000 psychotherapists. Over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdigest.bps.org.uk\u002F2018\u002F06\u002F22\u002Fburnout-is-common-among-psychotherapists-now-a-review-has-identified-the-personal-characteristics-that-increase-the-risk-further\u002F\"\u003Ehalf of the therapists they sampled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reported “moderate-high levels of stress and burnout”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGuilt and a broken system \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike Smith, Ivy Kwong, a 39-year old licensed psychotherapist based in Seattle, Washington, also experienced burnout early in her career. As an intern, Kwong worked with immigrant children from Central and South America. Not only was she exposed to traumas that put most of her clients in constant “survival mode”, but she was also working with limited resources. For example, many of her sessions required a Spanish-speaking interpreter, but the interpreter was stretched thin and could not always be present. A lot of what led to burnout, says Kwong, was “realising the systemic issues that were impacting my ability to be effective”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven for therapists who don’t work with the same constraints, burnout can creep up in insidious ways, according to Smith. Despite being taught the importance of self-care in their training, many don’t realise that they’re heading towards burnout until it’s too late. Dr Gregory Moffatt, licensed professional counsellor expert at the American Counselling Association, says that because mental health professionals are focused on making others better, they often feel “invincible”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Burnout in mental health professionals can manifest in ‘compassion fatigue’, where therapists take on the pain and suffering of others","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also a sense of guilt associated with self-care. “We feel like we’re doing something selfish,” adds Moffatt. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fct.counseling.org\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fthe-hurting-counselor\u002F\"\u003EFor him, his wake-up call came when his marriage started to fracture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Fortunately, he was able to use his experience to rebuild and strengthen his relationship with his wife, develop a self-care practice and identify the warning signs to prevent him from slipping into the same situation in the future. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESigns to look out for \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn extreme situations, burnout in mental health professionals can manifest in “compassion fatigue”. This is where the therapist takes on “the pain and suffering of others”, says Smith.  Compassion fatigue can move into vicarious trauma when counsellors and therapists start to experience similar symptoms to their clients.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn less extreme situations, signs of burnout may include lack of focus, constant fatigue and an inability to shut off. “Sometimes there’s this numbness… where you don’t feel reactive to things. If you were to see a tragedy on the news, your reaction is sort of dulled,” says Dr Harrald Magny, a psychologist who runs a private practice in New York City.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor others, it’s about paying attention to shifting moods. Adriana Alejandre, a Los Angeles based trauma therapist and host of the podcast Latinx Therapy, says, “I notice that my energy levels get lower when I get home, and when that’s happening more consistently, I tend to isolate and not be emotionally available for my family.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe importance of self-care \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlmost all the mental health practitioners interviewed for this article agreed that therapists and counsellors need to be better at practicing what they preach when it comes to self-care. What that looks like will be different for every individual, but the key is being able to set appropriate boundaries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELori Gottlieb, psychotherapist and author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Florigottlieb.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fmaybe-you-should-talk-to-someone\u002F\"\u003EMaybe You Should Talk to Someone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,says that therapists need to get away from the mindset of “doing everything they possibly can”. Gottlieb, for example, sets specific hours for her clients to contact her. “If something comes up that can’t wait, then they need to call 911 or go to an emergency room,” she says. She also stresses the importance of basic self-care practices, like taking adequate breaks between appointments, eating properly and exercising regularly. When practitioners get too invested in their work, those things can go out of the window, says Gottlieb.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Alejandre, it’s about balancing her case load between “high-level need” and “low-level need”. “I take breaks after very heavy sessions, and I make space to pause.” For Smith and Kwong, being able to choose who they work with has been a critical part of preventing burnout. Moffatt and Magny stress the importance of having peer support and the willingness to access counselling services themselves. Many acknowledge that more open and honest conversations about burnout will likely help reduce its prevalence within the mental health profession.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I would like to see more people talk about their strategies for self-care,” says Alejandre. She stresses that she’s not interested in hearing about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-how-the-wellness-industry-is-taking-over-travel\"\u003Ethe expensive practices that self-care has become associated with\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but “the very subtle thing that people do on a day-to-day basis that makes them happy, that contribute to their ongoing wealth of energy”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-03-06T20:38:39Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How burnout affects mental health workers","headlineShort":"How therapists tackle burnout","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Their day to day jobs involve solving other people’s emotional issues. So how do therapists avoid taking those issues home with them?","summaryShort":"The strategies helping mental health professionals shoulder the emotional toll","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2020-03-05T20:49:04.483466Z","entity":"article","guid":"e36a68ca-e68f-4673-94ed-07e7f2fe3668","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-13T00:44:29.75726Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2fa8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-mudditt"],"bodyIntro":"'Productivity’ has become a buzzword with positive connotations – but what happens when getting things done is taken to an extreme?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EReza Jafery has been something of a workaholic since he was in first grade. Whenever he was assigned homework, he’d head straight for the library at the end of the day and would finish it before going home. Attending an elite high school in Dubai further spurred his desire to be successful, as did his hard-working parents. But he was driven more by compulsion than a love of learning, and became anxious if he didn’t have something in his sights to accomplish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I felt I had to reach particular milestones by a certain age or else I wasn’t successful,” says 27-year-old Jafery. “I told myself that I wouldn’t have to work as hard once I was successful, and that I’d be happy. But I hadn't defined what success was and life was just a constant race.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow living in Los Angeles, the self-professed productivity junkie has two jobs: he is the blockchain lead for a cryptocurrency company and the founder of a digital agency. Jafery works long hours “90% of the time”, which means working until midnight and at weekends and getting just five hours sleep for a few weeks at a stretch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the chief director of the Center for BrainHealth at the University of Texas at Dallas, Dr Sandra Chapman, the brain can become addicted to productivity just as it can to more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbrainhealth.utdallas.edu\u002Fresearch-topic\u002Faddiction\u002F\"\u003Efamiliar sources\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of addiction, such as drugs, gambling, eating or shopping.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A person might crave the recognition their work gives them, or the salary increases they get,” says Chapman. “The problem is that just like all addictions, over time a person needs more and more to be satisfied and then it starts to work against you. Withdrawal symptoms include increased anxiety, depression and fear.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08n1hb4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAddiction is a brain disease that affects the brain's reward system and results in compulsive behaviour despite the harmful consequences. However, the complicating factor with an addiction to productivity is that society tends to reward it – or at least casts it in a positive light. “It's seen as a good thing: the more you work, the better,” says Chapman. “Many people don’t realise the harm it causes until a divorce occurs and a family is broken apart, or the toll it takes on mental health.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Dr Mark Griffiths, distinguished professor of behavioural addiction at Nottingham Trent University, a work addiction is what some experts call a ‘mixed-blessing addiction’. “A workaholic might be earning a lot of money, just as an exercise addict is very fit. But the thing about any addiction is that in the long run, the detrimental effects outweigh any short-term benefits.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The brain can become addicted to productivity just as it can to more familiar sources of addiction, such as drugs, gambling, eating or shopping","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGriffiths co-authored one of only two nationally representative studies on the prevalence of work addiction in the world to date. His \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0102446\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Norway showed that the prevalence of work addiction is approximately 8%, which was a similar result to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fau\u002Fblog\u002Fin-excess\u002F201802\u002Fwork-addiction-and-workaholism?amp\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Hungary. Without more research, it is impossible to know whether prevalence rates are increasing, but the 8% still represents a strikingly high number of individuals who are running each day at full speed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If 8% is the true prevalence rate for work addiction, then that is worrying,” says Griffiths. “At the moment, the consequences of work addiction tend to be reclassified as something else: if someone ends up dying of a cardiac arrest, it isn’t necessarily seen as having anything to do with an addiction per se – it might be attributed to burnout.”\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENo time to ‘waste’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the root of Jafery’s obsession with productivity is a fear of wasting time. He classifies everything he does as either productive or unproductive, and tries to minimise the latter. Buying groceries is productive because it keeps him alive, whereas a hobby is unproductive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I have this nasty habit of trying to turn unproductive things into productive things,” he says. For example, he enjoys playing video games, so he started an eSports company in 2016 called LVLUP Dojo, which he still runs, although it is no longer a main focus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike all addicts, ‘productivity junkies’ are overly focused on a single aspect of their life – which is known as being ‘unidimensional’.  The compulsion to satisfy the addiction overrides other potential sources of pleasure, such as spending time with loved ones. According to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fau\u002Fblog\u002Fscience-choice\u002F201711\u002Fwhy-addicts-make-poor-decisions\"\u003Epaper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Shahram Heshmat, an associate professor emeritus at the University of Illinois; “This desire is presumably so strong that no other motives can realistically compete.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Jafery’s case, he knows that spending time with his long-term partner is vital to his happiness, but he nonetheless struggles to consider it a productive use of his time. “This sounds cold, but I think of spending time with my partner in the same way I do eating or exercising. Even if I might not want to do it at the time, I know that I have to do it to be happy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a common theme among the hyper-focused, including Matthew Church, 24, who describes himself as a ‘recovering productivity junkie’. He turned down the opportunity to study law at university to take on a highly-paid role at a coaching company and, within two years, was promoted to second-in-charge. For six years, his family and romantic life came a distant second to his work, which he recalls gave him a “rush”. “I was working up to 70 hours a week and booking my calendar in five-minute increments. During the only long-term relationship I had, I gave my partner access to my calendar and told her that she could use it to book time with me. We didn’t last very long after that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08n1mps"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChurch simultaneously developed an alcohol addiction and had a breakdown in 2018. With the support of a therapist, he has grieved for the things he lost along the way. “I wasted six years of my life because I didn't have friends or romantic experiences and I lost my connection with my family. I felt a sense of shame about not having built those things up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChurch now uses screenshots from his old calendar to show clients at the coaching and speaking consultancy he set up in 2019 on what not to do to succeed. “I don't think anything good is created in five-minute increments,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith the help of his therapist, Church has created multiple boundaries that prevent him slipping back into harmful habits. “I only tackle three projects a day, I don't speak to more than three clients in a day, and I work three-and-a-half days a week. Three seems to be a good number for me.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe implores others to wake up to the reality of harmful work habits. “I’ve created a lot of rules around my work to protect myself from slipping back. I don’t want to reach my seventies and feel the way I did about having lost my years as young adult,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThree types of work addicts\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExtreme productivity is a phenomenon that Sydney-based author and productivity expert Cyril Peupion has observed in many clients at large and medium companies over the years. “Most people who come to me are high performers and very successful. But often the word they use to describe their work style is ‘unsustainable’, and they need help getting it back on track.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Their desks are super tidy and their pens are probably colour-coded. They are the master of ‘inbox zero’. But they have lost sight of the big picture – Cyril Peupion","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPeupion helps teams and individuals improve their performance by changing their work habits and making sure that the effort they put in at work is aligned with the overarching business strategy, rather than potentially creating work for work’s sake. He has classified three distinct extreme productivity types: the ‘efficiency obsessive’, the ‘selfish productive’ and the ‘quantity obsessed’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe efficiency obsessive is hyper-organised and obsessed with detail, he explains. “Their desks are super tidy and their pens are probably colour-coded. They are the master of ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoist.com\u002Fblog\u002Finbox-zero\u002F\"\u003Einbox zero\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’. But they have lost sight of the big picture, and don't know the difference between efficiency and effectiveness.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe selfish productive is obsessed with their own goals and shuns collaboration. “They are so focused on their own world that if they are asked to do something outside of it, they aren’t interested. They do have the big picture in mind, but the picture is too much about them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08n1m91"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe ‘quantity-obsessed’ mistakenly equates productivity with output. “They think; ‘The more emails I respond to, the more meetings I attend, the more tasks I do, the higher my performance.’ They face a real risk of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ftags\u002Fburnout\"\u003Eburnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.” In Peupion’s experience, this is the most common type, because there is a pervasive belief that ‘more’ means ‘better’ at work. He says that without genuine buy-in, the task of helping people to change is impossible. Wherever possible, he makes participation in team exercises voluntary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeupion tailors his approach to each challenge an employee or team faces, but broadly takes them through a three-step process. This involves reorganising their physical work space, emails and filing systems, then resetting priorities and planning, and, finally, helping them decide how to lead within their organisation and manage their time so that being bombarded with responsibilities doesn’t wear them down. As the process continues, he addresses mindset issues that may have become problematic, such as teaching a person that being productive means working smarter, not harder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStaving off the withdrawals\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBehavioural-addiction professor Griffiths says that no matter how productive a ‘junkie’ considers themselves, there will come a point when their performance suffers and the effects become potentially life threatening.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There may be an initial period where a work addict is more productive than someone who isn’t addicted to work, but it will get to a point when they are no longer productive and their health and relationships are affected. It could be after one year, or it could be after five. But if you don’t do anything about it, you could end up having a heart attack.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAddressing the warning signs – such as rushing through a family meal to return to work duties – and taking steps to modify compulsive habits is essential. The Center for BrainHealth’s Chapman suggests limiting the amount of time spent on an individual work task to 45 minutes or fewer, and not allowing interruptions, so as to create an opportunity for deep thought.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You will use that time more efficiently and achieve a higher quality of output. Productivity junkies are more likely to spend valuable time chasing rabbits rather than focused work tending to ‘elephants’,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe also recommends creating a ‘not-to-do list’ to avoid overscheduling, and giving the brain essential opportunities for renewal to boost its performance. In a 2019 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0956797618820626\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of writers and physicists, a fifth of their most significant and creative ideas were formed during periods of ‘mind wandering’ – that is, when engaged with an activity other than work. The ideas that occurred during these break periods were also more likely to assist the professional in overcoming an impasse on a problem than if the idea had occurred while working.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Take five minutes at least five times a day to completely stop. Turn off your technology and go outside,” says Chapman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd as for sacrificing connections for work? The brain thrives on fun, laughter and meaningful relationships – so her advice is to make room for them no matter what. “At the end of peoples’ lives, they don't wish they’d worked longer hours. They wish they’d spent more time with family or enjoyed the travel they got to do, but were never mentally present because they were checking their phone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"When productivity becomes an addiction","headlineShort":"The dark side of over-productivity","image":["p08n1n1k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-how-burnout-affects-mental-health-workers"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"'Productivity’ has become a buzzword with positive connotations – but what happens when getting things done is taken to an extreme?","summaryShort":"How being a workaholic affects your brain and strains relationships","tag":["tag\u002Fwellness"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-10T00:59:19.72284Z","entity":"article","guid":"e6a94455-3f38-46f8-a28d-92f10696aded","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-12T11:27:38.177991Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c185a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fanisa-purbasari-horton"],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has left many people underemployed – in temporary jobs or on reduced hours. How do you make a success out of a job that isn’t what you wanted?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E2020 was supposed to be Isaac Freeman’s career year. The 22-year-old, based in Adelaide, Australia, spent 2019 travelling and freelancing after graduating from university, and then started looking for a stable job. Freeman wanted a creative role in which he could use his photography and writing skills. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, when the pandemic hit, he found himself back at his local supermarket – a student job he thought he had left behind for good. “It was a bit of a difficult decision at the time,” he says. “But I realised it was probably the only one that would give me some sort of schedule if we went into some sort of lockdown, which we eventually did.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFreeman (pictured above) is not alone. John Gavin Branstetter, 39, a political science lecturer at the University of California Los Angeles, also had big plans for 2020. Branstetter had lined up promising interviews for tenure track positions, only to watch the positions disappear as Covid-19 took its toll on the higher education sector. For now, Branstetter has to fight to hang on to his temporary contract. “I’m in this cycle of being a temporary employee. Every year I have to reapply for my job, even though I have the same education qualification [as my tenured peers].”\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs economies around the world grapple with the fall-out from the pandemic, the job market continues to take a hit. But while much of the focus has been on rising unemployment figures, there’s also the issue of underemployment: people who are working in jobs that don’t, for various reasons, meet their requirements. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy we like to be challenged\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDefining ‘underemployment’ is the first challenge. For some people, says Liam Delaney, professor and head of department of psychology and behavioural science at The London School of Economics and Political Science, it may mean working fewer hours than they would like. For others, it’s having a job that doesn’t align with their qualifications. Then there are those who are working more than they would like, but don’t get paid enough to fulfil their financial obligations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08px58r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Empty streets in Manhattan on 16 March, 2020, in New York","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDelaney recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freader.elsevier.com\u002Freader\u002Fsd\u002Fpii\u002FS0277953619306367?token=4DC4970762DE89AA673C11FEA094E27B61C26BC3AADAFE2108E00CB67D695D558E2BC9DF0901CE7324F9349A8C29882F\"\u003Eco-authored a paper on underemployment and distress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, based on samples of underemployed workers in the UK. In this case, the researchers examined underemployment as defined by the International Labour Organisation: “those who work fewer hours than a national specific threshold related to working time while they are willing and available to work additional hours.” The research, conducted before Covid-19, found that underemployment may have “detrimental psychological consequences” for people, for several reasons. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst of all, underemployment often equates to a drop in income. Delaney talks about a distress “threshold” at which financial strain can kick in. For workers who are working fewer hours than they would like, underemployment may also result in less contact with the workplace. As a result, “this may limit the psychosocial benefits of work, such as social contact and support, having a sense of being useful and needed by others, being active, and having a structured experience of time”, Delaney and his co-authors write.  The paper also talks about people’s feelings of inferiority when they interact with workers who they perceive to have better working arrangements – whether more hours or a job that better suits their skills and aspirations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s because underemployment  – whether as defined by the ILO or more broadly –  often affects people’s sense of identity, says Gladys Ato, a California-based clinical psychologist and author who works with executives. In her recent work, she’s met business owners applying for other jobs to pay the bills and professionals facing the difficult reality of reduced hours. Identity is often linked to career, and when this is threatened by a job loss or change, it shakes people’s sense of self-worth. “They may start to notice increasing anxiety, that constant sense of dread which can then turn into depression,” says Ato.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When you’re not challenged in the workplace and you’re not engaged, that takes energy from you – Angela Howard","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDawn Norris, an associate professor of sociology at University of Wisconsin La Crosse, says that identity threats create a sense of dejection beyond economic struggle. When she spoke to unemployed and underemployed individuals for her book, Job Loss, Identity and Mental Health, she says that those who were independently wealthy, lived with another income earner or had money coming in from investments still faced psychological hurdles. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Psychologically, we as humans like to connect to a higher purpose,” says Angela Howard, an organisational psychologist based in Chicago. “Career is a big portion of that. When something disrupts that, you feel like you’re not contributing to society.” People often think of burnout as having too much work, she says, but “when you’re not challenged in the workplace and you’re not engaged, that takes energy from you”.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘A job is a job’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeasuring the level of Covid-19-related underemployment in its various forms is a challenge, but there is data available relating to ILO-defined underemployment. In the US, the number of involuntary part-time workers – those who had their hours reduced or were unable to find full-time work – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bls.gov\u002Fnews.release\u002Fpdf\u002Fempsit.pdf\"\u003Eis 4.1 million higher in July this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than it was in February. In the UK, the underemployment figure \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Femploymentandlabourmarket\u002Fpeopleinwork\u002Femploymentandemployeetypes\u002Fbulletins\u002Femploymentintheuk\u002Faugust2020\"\u003Efrom April to June was at 2.84 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, up by 217,000 from January to March. In Australia, the seasonally adjusted underemployment \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abs.gov.au\u002Fausstats\u002Fabs@.nsf\u002Fmf\u002F6202.0\"\u003Erate in July\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was at 11.2%, up from 8.6 % \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abs.gov.au\u002FAUSSTATS\u002Fabs@.nsf\u002Fallprimarymainfeatures\u002F3FA36ACAA0D90D66CA25852F001E10C4?opendocument\"\u003Ein January\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08px5sk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A sign announces a restaurant closure in Alabama on 29 March 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EExperts predict that the unprecedented nature of the pandemic will mean more people will be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.storre.stir.ac.uk\u002Fretrieve\u002Fdbf42445-bb0e-4568-95a2-114892f649de\u002Fw24927.pdf\"\u003Eunderemployed for longer than in previous recessions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. According to Delaney, workers in sectors like hospitality and tourism are likely to be heavily impacted in the next few years as reduced demand for these services will lead to reduced hours and fewer jobs. Norris says that without policy intervention, “there is the potential for underemployment to stay at very high levels”. Work environment sociologist Tracy Brower, based in the US state of Michigan, says: “So many businesses are doing a reset.” The skills that might have served you well in your previous jobs may not be the ones that you need to get yourself out of underemployment. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBranstetter and Freeman have both tried to continue developing professionally during their period of underemployment. Branstetter is committed to conducting research projects on comparative political theory and mentoring students, even though those activities aren’t part of his job as a non-tenured lecturer. For Freeman, it’s about looking for gaps in his skillset. He’s been learning new editing programmes, makes himself do something creative every day “just to keep that muscle-memory working” and has continued \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Flife\u002Fsometimes-a-backward-step-can-be-the-right-career-move\u002F12522166\"\u003Efreelance writing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A job is a job, and you’re fortunate to do what you want for a living – Isaac Freeman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBoth say they overcame any resentment at being underemployed by acknowledging how fortunate they are to have jobs. “Even though my position is unstable, I actually have it pretty good compared to a lot of people right now,” says Branstetter. He talks of peers who have had to settle for teaching one class at a university and drive rideshare on the side to keep their academic dreams alive. Freeman, meanwhile, says returning to his old job made him realise that “a job is a job, and you’re fortunate to do what you want for a living”. Working that out has made him more motivated to look for ways to move up professionally and has also improved his work ethic, he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Everybody gets an asterisk’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf there’s any silver lining to underemployment during a global pandemic, it’s the fact that many others are in the same boat. This makes it easier to explain your situation to prospective recruiters. “People tend to understand a bit more,” says Norris. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she stresses that to remain marketable as a candidate, individuals need to demonstrate their relevance. That might mean staying up to date with industry news, additional training or finding a role with similar functions to the job that they want. One man that Norris interviewed for her book, for example, volunteered to do the accounts for his church after losing his role as a vice-president of a bank. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe also stresses the importance of keeping in touch with your professional network and peers. Although it’s easy to emotionally isolate – particularly where social distancing is the norm – Norris says that’s the opposite of what you should do. By hiding your underemployment, “you miss out on moral support and job leads. It’s those \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think\"\u003Eweak ties\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that help us find those opportunities.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAto and Brower agree that the best thing people can do to stay optimistic is to recognise that underemployment is generally a temporary experience. When they do that, it becomes easier to find the good in the situation, says Ato. She recommends that individuals ask themselves: ‘What can I learn from this? What can I contribute knowing this is temporary?’ “If we buy into the belief that this is going to be a forever thing, it’s just going to be downhill,” she adds.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrower says that individuals need to remember they’re not alone. When it comes to their careers, “everybody gets an asterisk in 2020 because of the pandemic,” she says. “I think that’s also something to remind ourselves, because we know it’s just an anomaly in our careers.”   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The challenge of a job that doesn't meet your needs","headlineShort":"When you have to ‘settle’ for a job","image":["p08px484"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Isaac Freeman","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-new-residency-schemes-inviting-workers-abroad","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200807-when-productivity-becomes-an-addiction"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has left many people underemployed – in temporary jobs or on reduced hours. How do you make a success out of a job that isn’t what you wanted?","summaryShort":"How to succeed in a job that doesn’t meet your needs","tag":["tag\u002Fjob-search","tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fbusiness"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-14T19:54:27.355552Z","entity":"article","guid":"2bf4d37d-2feb-4698-9961-e7accb482c7d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-14T19:54:27.355552Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200501-six-tips-to-deal-with-uncertainty":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200501-six-tips-to-deal-with-uncertainty","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c194a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p08bmr62"],"author":["wwcapital\u002Fauthor\u002Feleonore-voisard"],"bodyIntro":"We live in extremely uncertain times, and have lost control over many important things in our lives – but experts say it’s still possible to find peace in lockdown.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the days blur together and news continues to roll out about the long-term impact of the coronavirus crisis, uncertainty about our health, finances and future is at an all-time high. But rather than resign to the anxiety, psychologists and wellness experts say there are ways to hack your thoughts and achieve relative peace of mind – even during lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor starters, Tama Kieves, a career coach and author, says that when our minds begin to go crazy with questions, it can be helpful to stop the spiral with a bit of logic. Admitting you don’t have all the answers can be an avenue to catharsis, and the first step in being kinder to yourself amid any social or professional paralysis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother way to stay ahead of your own negative thoughts is to focus on a few of your central values, especially when you feel yourself begin to panic, according to neuroscientist Marwa Azab. By holding tight to these values and allowing them to guide our actions, rather than simply reacting to the amount of anxiety we feel each day, we can build up a tolerance to the uncertainty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELearn more about the six tips from experts in the video above.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis video originally appeared in BBC Reel’s \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fplaylist\u002Fhow-to-be-wise\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHow to Be Wise\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, a series depicting inspiring concepts for improving your life.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200501-six-tips-to-deal-with-uncertainty-0"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-02T15:28:45Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Six tips to deal with uncertainty","headlineShort":"How to cope with uncertainty","image":["p08c0n03"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"We live in extremely uncertain times, and have lost control over many important things in our lives – but experts say it’s still possible to find peace in lockdown.","summaryShort":"The best ways to regain peace of mind","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-01T16:16:33.497086Z","entity":"article","guid":"0c03ba20-e39d-436f-948f-b82a3ed2bdd4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200501-six-tips-to-deal-with-uncertainty","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-01T16:16:33.497086Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200501-six-tips-to-deal-with-uncertainty","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2513","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"As working mums perform more childcare and face increased job insecurity, there are fears Covid-19 has undone decades of advancement. But could the pandemic be a catalyst for progress?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPregnant and with two children under the age of six, Anna Xavier was recently so stressed about juggling work and life she threatened to move out of the family home and find her own apartment. “I am now 33 weeks, huge and super tired – housework has been a struggle,” says the entrepreneur, who quit a corporate career with a cosmetics brand to start a baby-equipment business in Stockholm a year ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the coronavirus pandemic hit the Nordics, Xavier’s husband, who works for a company that produces protective equipment, has joined her in working from home. The couple also took their children out of daycare (which has largely remained open in Sweden) for several months, due to worries about how the coronavirus could affect expectant mothers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the situation created “huge amounts of frustration”, as Xavier, who splits household bills equally with her partner, shouldered the bulk of the childcare, cooking and cleaning, while he spent most of his days in video meetings. “We agreed that his job did take priority because he was helping the Swedish government and hospitals get equipment that could potentially save lives,” she explains. At home, “his job was at the end of the day to pack the dishwasher and stuff like that, which he didn't always do,” says Xavier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe couple have since sent their children back to daycare and hired a cleaner to avoid further arguments. But by being the primary caregiver during the peak of the pandemic, 44-year-old Xavier has fallen behind on her own business goals. “I have not been able to devote so much time to it... I still feel a little bit under pressure because I’d wanted to get as much done as possible before the baby arrives,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnpaid labour at home\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the beginning of the pandemic, there were high hopes that the global shift to home-working could mean childcare and chores would be divided more equally within couples. But numerous studies of working parents’ lives during Covid-19 have shown that Xavier’s experience is far from unique: a disproportionate share of the burden is still falling on women. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bcg.com\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002Fhelping-working-parents-ease-the-burden-of-covid-19.aspx\"\u003EBoston Consulting Group\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which surveyed more than 3,000 people in the US and Europe, found that working women currently spend an average of 15 hours a week more on unpaid domestic labour than men. In Australia, provisional results of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmelbourneuni.au1.qualtrics.com\u002Fjfe\u002Fform\u002FSV_8d0AaumfQREdjYp\"\u003Esurvey by the University of Melbourne\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest that in households with children, parents are putting in an extra six hours a day of care and supervision, with women taking on more than two-thirds of the extra time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid-19 has the potential to be a disaster for equality - Caroline Whaley","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis pattern is occurring regardless of income. Research by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inet.econ.cam.ac.uk\u002Fresearch-papers\u002Fwp-abstracts?wp=2018\"\u003Escientists from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Zurich\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during March and April showed that working women in the UK, Germany and the US did more childcare and home-schooling across all wage brackets, compared to men with similar earnings. The difference was amplified in couples where the man worked outside the household during the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s been the experience of Tina Rehana, a 28-year-old dance teacher from Manchester. Her partner is unable to work from home, so she has been the primary caregiver for her two young children throughout the Covid-19 outbreak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I literally cannot do a thing with them both around 24\u002F7... I tried one private lesson on Zoom and my kids kept running in and out, arguing,” she says. “I have absolutely no income from my dance school because it is just impossible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Family systems are regressing’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite lockdowns easing around the world, many campaigners believe there will be a long-term impact on women’s work and home lives as a result of the coronavirus. A recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002Fheadquarters\u002Fattachments\u002Fsections\u002Flibrary\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002Fpolicy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-en.pdf\"\u003EUnited Nations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E study even warned that the pandemic could dilute decades of advancement on gender equality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Covid-19 has the potential to be a disaster for equality,” agrees Caroline Whaley, co-founder of British consultancy firm Shine, which works to improve gender balance in companies. She believes “family systems are regressing” to more traditional norms due to the closure of schools, day-care centres and summer camps. “The ability of many dual-earner couples to both work because someone else is looking after their children is dissolving,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWomen, argues Whaley, are “more frequently the ones to give up their jobs” due to having lower salaries or earning expectations. In the EU, women earn an average \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Finfo\u002Fpolicies\u002Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights\u002Fgender-equality\u002Fequal-pay\u002Fgender-pay-gap-situation-eu_en\"\u003E16% less an hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than men, while the figure rises to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.census.gov\u002Fcedsci\u002Ftable?q=s2412&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S2412&vintage=2018&g=0100000US.04000.001\"\u003E18% in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is substantially higher in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, according to data from the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww3.weforum.org\u002Fdocs\u002FWEF_GGGR_2020.pdf\"\u003EWorld Economic Forum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feurostat\u002Fweb\u002Fproducts-eurostat-news\u002F-\u002FDDN-20190918-1?inheritRedirect=true&\"\u003EWomen are also more likely to work part-time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, typically due to existing childcare or other family responsibilities which, says Whaley, has also fed into many couples’ decisions for mothers, rather than fathers, to step back during Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther industry observers stress that even among full-time high-earning women who have so far maintained their careers while caring for children in the pandemic, many are increasingly concluding that the juggling act is unsustainable. “It’s a trend we’re seeing now, not three months ago,” says Allyson Zimmermann, a Zurich-based executive director for Catalyst, a non-profit that works to improve corporate workplaces for women. “One [major client] shared that she's seen senior women leaving because they just can't do it anymore... I am hearing more women are also going into part time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZimmermann works with businesses in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and believes the pattern has emerged in tandem with the global realisation that Covid-19 will likely disrupt our lives for at least another year, unless a vaccine becomes widely available. “It is because [the pandemic] is going to continue – most likely – and there’s not a quick fix.” Despite strong anecdotal evidence of a trend toward senior women quitting their jobs, she says there is little hard international comparative data. But her observations from the business world are already playing out in other fields.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn April, Elizabeth Hannon, deputy editor at The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, caused a stir when she tweeted that women were submitting fewer papers during the coronavirus crisis. “If the disparities we’ve witnessed in submissions to the journal aren’t just a statistical blip, then the obvious conclusion is that women bear the brunt of these disruptions,” she recently told US intellectual site \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewrepublic.com\u002Farticle\u002F157785\u002Ffemale-scientists-bearing-brunt-quarantine-child-rearing\"\u003EThe New Republic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Megan Frederickson, an ecologist at the University of Toronto, later looked into the data from scientific publications and confirmed that there had been a marked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fdrfreder\u002Fpandemic-pub-bias\u002Fblob\u002Fmaster\u002FREADME.md\"\u003Edrop in female productivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to March and April last year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA slump in the number of women running for public office is another concern. Ruth McGowan, author of the book Get Elected and a campaigner for increased gender equality in politics, has recently spoken about a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-05-24\u002Fcoronavirus-has-set-back-progress-for-women-workplace-equality\u002F12268742\"\u003Edrop in interest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from female candidates ahead of local elections in Australia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of women are looking at it and they're facing economic insecurity and more demands on their home lives,” she told Australian broadcaster \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-05-24\u002Fcoronavirus-has-set-back-progress-for-women-workplace-equality\u002F12268742\"\u003EABC\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last month. “Not to mention worries about going out and campaigning where you can't go to public meetings, you can't stand outside supermarkets, you've got to be super savvy to run an online campaign. A lot of them are just going: Stuff it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExisting inequalities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany women, meanwhile, have stopped working during Covid-19 through no fault of their own. Since they are over-represented in insecure, hourly employment and in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic (such as hospitality, leisure, retail and tourism), female workers have consequently lost their jobs or been furloughed at a higher rate than men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A recent United Nations study even warned that the pandemic could dilute decades of advancement on gender equality.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, 11.5m women lost their jobs between February and May, compared to 9m men, according to research by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F09\u002Fhispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses\u002F\"\u003EPew Research Center\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A report from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ifs.org.uk\u002Fpublications\u002F14879\"\u003EInstitute for Fiscal Studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (IFS) showed that British mothers were 23% more likely than fathers to have temporarily or permanently become unemployed during the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor some women, the coronavirus has also exacerbated other structural inequalities linked to factors such as such as ethnicity, class or disability. The IFS found that black Britons, for example, were less likely than all other ethnic groups to have a job that allowed them to work from home (one possible factor that may have may have contributed to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-53035054\"\u003Eincreased risk of catching and dying from Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E among this group). People under the age of 25, single parents and those with lower levels of education had a higher risk of working for sectors shut down during the UK lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I'm very exhausted,” says Sharmika Dockery, 25, a single parent living in London with her seven-year-old son. After spending every weekday home-schooling, she works for around three hours an evening on her start-up \u003Cspan\u003EBeyond Strength\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, which develops community projects for parents who have children with disabilities. “Before Covid I was applying and pitching for investments and working on my social enterprise during the day when my son was at school,” she explains. “It's been a struggle to try and get the business to the next level with everything closing down.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDockery has managed to pivot her business to focus on a digital platform. But cancelled events, meetings and networking opportunities mean her only income is her own disability benefits (she experiences chronic pain since undergoing an emergency caesarean section) to pay the bills. Picking up another job would be too challenging, Dockery says, both due to the need to care for her son and the unpredictable nature of her condition. “My health has been very up and down... I can end up bed bound for a few days, hobbling around.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECampaign groups such as Pregnant then Screwed have also highlighted additional challenges women on maternity leave faced during or in the lead-up to the crisis. Self-employed mothers, for example, are losing out because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52490025\"\u003Efinancial support packages for self-employed workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are often based on average profits over several years, without accounting for periods of maternity leave. New mothers seeking to return to work are impacted by a lack of clarity over the future availability of childcare, sparking petitions in countries including\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.change.org\u002Fp\u002Fscott-morrison-extend-the-government-s-paid-parental-leave-to-pregnant-women-during-the-covid-19-crisis?source_location=topic_page&use_react=false\"\u003E Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmy.uplift.ie\u002Fpetitions\u002Fextend-maternity-leave-and-maternity-benefit\"\u003EIreland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpetition.parliament.uk\u002Fpetitions\u002F306691\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eto extend state-funded parental leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaroline Whaley, at British consultancy firm Shine, warns that some women’s lifetime earnings will never recover from the prolonged coronavirus crisis. “If you take a career break or are furloughed, your skills may get stale. So will your contacts, making it harder to get back to where you left off,” she argues. “If you’re made redundant and face unemployment, research shows that it's much harder to get back on track if you’re out of a job for more than a couple of months.” Add in that women start to experience age discrimination from their early 40s, says Whaley, and “all this adds up to a perfect storm setting women’s equality back”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGetting back on track?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDepressing as this might seem, there are nonetheless glimmers of hope that the pandemic may yet prove to be a catalyst for change. Although women are still doing the lion’s share of housework and childcare, there is evidence suggesting that men, at least in the western world, have upped their game since Covid-19 hit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnpublished research from academics at three Canadian universities found that although most families reported little change in how chores were divided, a substantial number said that things had become more equally split. More than 40% of fathers said they were cooking more, while around 30% reported that they had increased the amount of time they spent on laundry and cleaning. Their partners agreed, although on average they gave slightly lower estimates of how much things had improved. Academic studies from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uu.nl\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fdivision-of-work-between-fathers-and-mothers-is-changed-by-the-corona-crisis\"\u003Ethe Netherlands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontemporaryfamilies.org\u002Fcovid-couples-division-of-labor\u002F\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvaeter-ggmbh.de\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F05\u002FPraesentation-Ergebnisse-Blitzumfrage.pdf\"\u003EGermany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E offer similar findings, while performance marketing company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffluentpulse.com\u002Fcovid-19-working-from-home\u002F\"\u003EFluent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that almost two-thirds of men wanted to keep working from home, with increased family time cited as their top reason.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s not a huge change, but it is something,” says the University of Toronto’s Melissa Milkie, who co-authored the Canadian study. She believes her team’s research is proof that increasing “actual physical presence” can play a key role in how active fathers are in the household. The absence of commuting time, increased opportunities to interact with children and, for some, shorter working hours, unemployment or furlough during the pandemic may have been “important factors” during Covid-19, says Milkie. “There are just more hours when the child is there... So, in that sense, it makes some sense that they're doing more than in the past.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Working women currently spend an average of 15 hours a week more on unpaid domestic labour than men","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an opinion shared by 39-year-old Roger Dowley from Dublin, who works for a multinational tech company and is the father of two toddlers. His company gave him the chance to work a four-day week during Covid-19, and he reflects that household chores are “in many ways easier to get done now that I’m home more”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis wife, Una Morrison, a senior brand manager for a global drinks business, recently decided to use up some of the couple’s unpaid parental leave (a legal entitlement in Ireland) to help ease the burden of childcare during the pandemic. But the couple say the decision was based on timing rather than traditional gender roles, since she was between major projects while he had a heavy ongoing workload.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have agreed that if another batch of parental leave is needed, that he would take it,” says Morrison, who is concerned about day-cares remaining closed in Ireland. “Now that he’s seen how it worked, I hope he will.” Dowley admits he’s worried he might find it a challenge, but confirms that he’s “all open” to time off with the kids. “I’d have no problem asking [my] work, and they’ve been great with me so far... In terms of workload, being honest, it would be there before I leave and there after I leave, if you get me, and I’m sure the company can survive without me for a while!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMilkie is hopeful that Covid-19 experiences will encourage more couples like Morrison and Dowley to consider gender-balanced childcare solutions in the future. “It is likely that the experience of doing more may portend optimism; this is true when men take paternity leave – they tend to become more involved from that experience.” But she suggests change will likely also depend on future employment rates among women, and how accommodating companies are when it comes to offering longer-term solutions for parents to work flexibly or share leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew conversations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaroline Whaley of Shine is among those feeling cautiously positive about opportunities for businesses to harness lessons from Covid-19 to improve working environments in ways that can boost gender equality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One very obvious solution is flexibility, a notion that was not backed by many businesses pre-pandemic, which has now become key,” she says. “If done right, flexible working will be a game-changer for women's careers.” Whaley says that for many women, not having to commute during the pandemic has given them more options for how to structure their days, which can help them “boost productivity while maintaining a good work-life blend”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she argues that business leaders need to do more to create a culture in which increased flexibility and remote working opportunities can thrive in the long run. “Don’t just say it’s okay to be flexible; actively model that behaviour and make it okay for people to take time off, extend deadlines so that there’s longer to complete work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Zurich, Allyson Zimmermann also believes “there is potential for a massive change across the board” in the corporate landscape. But she advises against firms creating “blanket rules” for employees, arguing that Covid-19 has forced us all to think more about people’s personal circumstances and what they need in order to work effectively. While some may be coping with childcare demands, others may be living alone, looking after older family members, or managing long-distance relationships, which all have their own unique set of challenges. “Everyone has their own experiences,” says Zimmerman. “We have to get curious and ask questions and challenge assumptions of what the ‘home’ looks like.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther campaigners, however, are concerned that progress might not be as speedy as optimists hope, especially for women in roles outside the corporate world and those who may be experiencing additional entrenched social inequities connected to factors such as class or ethnic background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarriet Williams, who works as a consultant raising awareness of the challenges young parents in the UK face, believes any discussions within the business community need to go hand in hand with greater government efforts to shape more equitable labour markets. “There has always been a penalty on fathers in the home and a penalty for mothers in the workplace,” she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliams is calling for employment protection laws for those on zero-hour or very flexible contracts, and expanding parental leave opportunities for men as well as women. But, in the meantime, the increased level of debate surrounding existing inequalities is at the very least, she argues, an important first step. “There are a lot of conversations around the family now... It's been quite positive to feel like these conversations are important and people feel really pushed to hear from different demographics.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in Stockholm, pregnant entrepreneur Anna Xavier says her partner has started to become “more willing” to take on extra household chores. “I think the ‘new normal’ will be more partners and more husbands helping. People will be working more at home, and by being more at home it provides the perfect opportunity to do more and get things done,” says Xavier. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne ongoing challenge, she says, is that partners can often have different perceptions of how urgent chores might be. “For [my husband], it's fine to wait another day to pack the dishwasher. It doesn't matter if the kitchen is a mess. But then I can't really cook if the kitchen is a mess, because there isn't much space.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe believes there’s therefore also a need for ongoing discussions – both within households and in society more generally – about what constitutes a fair share of the load. “If you cut the grass once a week, you can’t compare that to cooking every day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives","headlineShort":"How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"As working mums perform more childcare and face increased job insecurity, there are fears Covid-19 has undone decades of advancement. But could the pandemic be a catalyst for progress?","summaryShort":"Has the pandemic reshaped women’s lives more than men's?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-30T21:07:57.582402Z","entity":"article","guid":"63fbdf06-c3bb-4c6c-954d-e30fdf4e34b4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-09T06:42:19.05948Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c26ad","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Positive parenting is a popular child-rearing philosophy – but does it come with challenges for parents and children alike?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHaving a good relationship with our children is important. Research on attachment, for example, shows that the way parents connect to their children has wide-ranging consequences for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F23817155\u002F\"\u003Etheir mental health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3430035\u002F\"\u003Eself-control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and ability to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1991-12476-001\"\u003Ecreate meaningful relationships with others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday’s parents are encouraged to build a good relationship with their children by using explanations and offering choices instead of shouting, shaming or leveraging rewards and punishments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an approach known as positive parenting, a method praised for hitting the sweet spot between a strict upbringing and allowing children to do whatever they want. If a boy is hitting his sister, for example, the positive parenting approach would be to remove him from the situation, then take a moment to talk about what both children are feeling and look for solutions together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmily Edlynn, an Illinois-based psychologist who writes a blog called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emilyedlynnphd.com\u002F\"\u003EThe Art and Science of Mom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, describes it as a “an empathy-based approach with firm compassion, focusing on responding to a child's emotions underlying challenging behaviours, within the framework of how our interactions now are part of forming a lifelong relationship with our child”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet experts suggest positive parenting can take a toll on parents, while potentially shielding children from negative emotions they will need to understand in later life. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPraising the positive\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe positive parenting framework has been around since the 1920s (then called ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pdcrcc.org\u002Ftheory-and-history\"\u003Epositive discipline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’), brought to the US by Austrian psychiatrists Alfred Adler and Rudolph Dreikurs. But it really took off in the 1990s when influential American psychologist Martin Seligman made the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scirp.org\u002Fjournal\u002Fpaperinformation.aspx?paperid=85939\"\u003Efield of positive psychology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the focus of international interest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead of analysing the things that made humans sick, positive psychology looked at what made us happy. “We were so focused on disease that we were not looking at the factors that contribute to flourishing and happiness,” says Karin Coifman, a psychologist at Kent State University who studies the importance of emotions, both negative and positive, for our mental health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I think positive parenting is arguably the most popular parenting philosophy of the moment - Emily Edlynn","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen applied to parenting, this philosophy encourages parents to “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fcbl.30250\"\u003Ecatch their children being good\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” and give more positive than negative feedback, instead of focusing on bad behaviour. It’s seen as a happy medium between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.parents.com\u002Fparenting\u002Fbetter-parenting\u002Fstyle\u002Fauthoritarian-parenting-the-pros-and-cons-according-to-a-child-psychologist\u002F\"\u003Eauthoritarian parenting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which can lead children to internalise problems and act out, and a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodhousekeeping.com\u002Flife\u002Fparenting\u002Fa25471960\u002Fpermissive-parenting\u002F\"\u003Epermissive parenting style\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can leave children without appropriate boundaries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, books, blog posts and articles sing the praises of positive parenting. “Based on the number of headlines and articles that I see within the parenting niche, I think positive parenting is arguably the most popular parenting philosophy of the moment,” says Edlynn.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a father scolding his son","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet some argue that constant positivity – or failing to achieve it – can take a toll. American journalist Barbara Ehrenreich, in a book examining the phenomenon, called it an ideological force that “encourages us to deny reality, submit cheerfully to misfortune, and blame only ourselves for our fate”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoifman argues that all emotions serve important functions. “Positive emotions are essential for building connections, but negative emotions are helpful in planning and higher-order-thinking kind of processes, and they have been essential in human survival,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen people – including parents – feel they’re not allowed to share any negative emotions, that can be detrimental to their mental health. “We make mistakes. We get upset. Sometimes we take things out on people that we shouldn’t take things out on. And this is normal and human, and they are normal for parents too,” explains Coifman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELessons for later life\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne possible risk of this parenting approach is that children won’t learn how to interpret and react to negative emotions if parents don’t let them see any. “Because sometimes we’re upset, it’s important for kids to see their parents express their own concerns,” says Coifman. “Openly talking about that fear and their anxiety – that validates the kids’ experience.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You need to know that if someone is asking you to do something and if you don’t do it consistently, there are potentially negative consequences - Karin Coifman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is, of course, more difficult when children are small, but “as children get older there is a place for them to understand that if they don’t listen, they are in fact inducing irritation in you. And that’s a normative experience. You need to know that if someone is asking you to do something and if you don’t do it consistently, there are potentially negative consequences.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPromoting positivity can also take a toll on mothers, who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2019\u002F01\u002F190122092857.htm\"\u003Eperform more ‘invisible labour’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “I see the mental and emotional wellbeing of mothers as very vulnerable due to the relentlessly high expectations to do it all, all the time, professionally and personally,” says Edlynn. “I think the pervasiveness of parenting articles and books to help guide us in continuing to work on being ‘better’ ends up making us feel worse.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a woman working from home alongside her two children","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EVoicing off-trend views can have unexpected consequences, however. Ariadne Brill, a psychologist and positive parenting advocate based in Switzerland, got thrown out of a positive parenting group on Facebook for suggesting that a child who was hitting his dog should be temporarily separated from the animal, rather than simply being told to stop or letting the child figure it out for himself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In the moment, saying ‘Don’t hit the dog, don’t hit the dog’ is not fair to the dog, to the child or the parent. This is a three-year-old with not enough impulse control to make good decisions. So, you step in as a parent and you separate the two, and you sit with your child until they have calmed down,” she explains. While other positive parenting groups would have reacted differently, this particular one saw this as a punishment – a taboo – and ejected her. But the child could experience a much bigger punishment, Brill points out, if the dog reacted by biting, with potential consequences for both child and dog. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Coifman, and other experts, believe that positive parenting can be a great tool for raising well-adjusted, happy children, Coifman also agrees that projecting constant positivity – particularly in the case of challenging children – is unrealistic. “No one can perfectly be positively reinforcing good behaviour if you have a child that’s exhibiting negative behaviour. At some point you’re going to get overwhelmed and not do the things you’re supposed to do, and that’s OK.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPositivity – for the parents?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, multiple factors play a role in how parents raise their children. Culture, financial constraints and the amount of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.3982\u002FECTA14634\"\u003Estress experienced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also affect child-rearing style. A key issue is that many parents find themselves without support, whether from a partner, extended family or government. This can leave them overwhelmed, making it harder \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2724169\u002F\"\u003Eto forge a good bond\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with their children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I would flip the script and argue that our needs as parents have to be responded to better before we can be emotionally available to our children in the way prescribed by positive parenting,” says Edlynn.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, constantly reminding parents that their failure to remain calm and upbeat at all times may lead to negative consequences for their children in later life is very likely counterproductive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You want to reinforce when the parent is doing what’s the best possible thing and not over-attend to the mistakes. You really want to practice a model of acceptance. Beating yourself up or having other people beat you up, that’s not going to help you with anything,” says Coifman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith that in mind, maybe instead of using positive psychology on our children, we should try to use it on one another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The challenges of positive parenting","headlineShort":"The toll of positive parenting","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a family in a park","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Positive parenting is a popular child-rearing philosophy – but does it come with challenges for parents and children alike?","summaryShort":"Why the popular child-rearing method can take a toll on parents","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-06T20:01:15.314327Z","entity":"article","guid":"a5bcf81f-202c-4cc2-857f-9a7c0bea5813","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-07T14:52:13.283057Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c29ab","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"People often brag about being perfectionists – but new research shows people much prefer colleagues with realistic expectations.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen you hear the word ‘perfectionist’, someone may spring to mind nearly instantly – a boss, colleague or even work friend whose standards have almost nothing to do with reality. They await the impossible from themselves or others, put in hours and hours making tweaks invisible to anyone but themselves, then wind up burnt out and exhausted by the end of the week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOften these people will even advertise this trait, announcing brightly: “I’m a bit of a perfectionist”. It’s a boast of sorts, and a way to differentiate themselves as a star employee. After all, who wouldn’t want to hire someone who strives for perfection?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe answer may not be a resounding ‘yes’. Increasingly, research suggests that perfectionism isn’t a professional trait you necessarily want to advertise. It can actually negatively affect the workplace environment, alienate colleagues and make it harder for teams to get along. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F340962370_The_perfect_colleague_Multidimensional_perfectionism_and_indicators_of_social_disconnection_in_the_workplace\"\u003EForthcoming research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from psychologists Emily Kleszewski and Kathleen Otto, from Germany’s Philipps University of Marburg, suggests that perfectionists might be far from the ideal, or even preferred, colleague to work with.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If colleagues could choose between working with a perfectionist or a non-perfectionist,” says Kleszewski, “they would always prefer the non-perfectionist – the person with realistic expectations for themselves, and also for the team.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd while perfectionism can permeate every corner of a person’s life, it’s rife in professional contexts, she says. “If you ask people in what domain they are perfectionists, the most frequent answer is always the workplace. There's a lot of performance and evaluation inherent in the tasks.” Research has tended to focus on perfectionists’ actual output, rather than the effect it might have on team climate or interpersonal relationships. But it’s worth investigating, says Kleszewski: “We know from previous research that good team climate is important for mental wellbeing at work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe timing is right for the research: there’s evidence perfectionism is on the rise. A 2018 analysis from British researchers Andrew Hill and Thomas Curran\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.apa.org\u002Fpubs\u002Fjournals\u002Freleases\u002Fbul-bul0000138.pdf\"\u003E investigated more than 40,000 college students’ answers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to a “perfectionism scale” questionnaire, compiled between 1986 and 2015. The results were clear: young people are far more likely to be perfectionists than their predecessors. Recent college students, whether millennials or generation Z, perceive others as expecting more from them, while simultaneously having higher expectations of themselves and those around them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs perfectionism any \u003Cem\u003Egood\u003C\u002Fem\u003E? \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore about 1910, ‘perfectionism’ was generally used to describe a niche theological viewpoint. In the past century or so, it’s come to describe a particular worldview: someone who avoids error on a personal crusade for flawlessness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If given the choice, colleagues would almost always choose working with a non-perfectionist","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInitially, many psychologists thought perfectionism was wholly negative and deeply neurotic. In 1950, the German psychoanalyst Karen Horney described perfectionists as being terrorised by the “tyranny of the should” – that they felt they “should” be any number of contradictory ideals, able to solve any problem, complete impossible tasks and so on. Telling a patient they expected too much of themselves tended to be fruitless, she wrote: “He will usually add, explicitly or implicitly, that it is better to expect too much of himself than too little.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the decades since, academic opinion has become a little more conciliatory. On the one hand, perfectionism seems to be closely correlated with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180626-how-perfectionism-leads-to-depression\"\u003Emental-health difficulties\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including depression, anxiety and eating disorders. Professionally speaking, it can equate to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fjcad.12073\"\u003Eburnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F02678373.2012.737547\"\u003Estress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as expecting the impossible may mean setting yourself up for failure. On the other hand, perfectionists have been found to be more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0191886913002432\"\u003Emotivated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fper.829\"\u003Econscientious\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than their non-perfectionist peers, both highly desirable traits in an employee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a best-case scenario, perfectionists successfully channel their high standards into doing great work – while cutting themselves and others some slack when things don’t go perfectly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut such a balance isn’t always so easy to strike. In Kleszewski and Otto’s study, perfectionists and non-perfectionists were asked to rank potential colleagues for desirability, and to describe their experiences of getting along with others at work. Perfectionists were overwhelmingly described as highly able, but hard to get along with, while non-perfectionists topped the ratings for social skills and how much people wanted to work with them, even if they weren’t considered as competent. Perfectionists seem to notice a little coolness from their peers: the study showed that many described feeling excluded or on the edge of team dynamics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDifferent approaches\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese days, most researchers agree that perfectionism comes in many different forms, some of which may be more harmful than others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Perfectionists seem to notice a little coolness from their peers: one study showed that many described feeling excluded or on the edge of team dynamics","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne well-accepted definition splits perfectionists into three groups. You might be a “self-oriented perfectionist”, who sets very high standards for just yourself; a “socially prescribed perfectionist”, who believes that the acceptance of others is dependent on your own perfection; or an “other-oriented perfectionist”, who expects flawlessness from those around them. Each type has their own strengths and weaknesses – and some are more harmful to a team dynamic than others. (Kleszewski and Otto’s study showed that perfectionists who limit their quest for excellence to their own work are far easier to get along with than those who expect a lot of those around them.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002FdoiLanding?doi=10.1037\u002Fapl0000324\"\u003Evast meta-analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 30 years of studies, conducted at the Georgia Institute of Technology, explored another commonly-used classification system: “excellence-seeking” and “failure-avoiding”. The first kind of perfectionist fixates on achievingexcessively high standards; the second is obsessed with not making mistakes. While both groups exhibited some of the downsides of perfectionism, including workaholism, anxiety and burnout, they were especially true of the “failure avoiding” perfectionists, who also were more likely not to be “agreeable”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven though perfectionists may be undesirable colleagues, perhaps surprisingly, there was no relationship between perfectionism and job performance for either group, says researcher Dana Harari, who worked on the meta-analysis. “To me, the most important takeaway of this research is the null relationship between perfectionism and performance,” she says. “It's not positive, it's not negative, it's just really null.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYour perfectionist colleague may be setting themselves up for failure – especially when it comes to getting along with others. Research suggests that by throwing all their weight at one task, they may inadvertently neglect others along the way, or miss the value of maintaining positive relationships with their co-workers. People who manage perfectionists, meanwhile, should encourage them to invest a little less in their work and a little more in their own wellbeing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd if you’ve read this with a sinking sense of guilt about your own workplace behaviour, go easy on yourself. No one’s perfect, after all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-16T19:34:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The problem with perfectionists","headlineShort":"The problem with perfectionists","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"People often brag about being perfectionists – but new research shows people much prefer colleagues with realistic expectations.","summaryShort":"People much prefer colleagues with realistic expectations","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-15T23:15:18.679926Z","entity":"article","guid":"8f3d5640-8050-46fa-9aff-092cf5908911","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-21T21:46:45.65845Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2a0f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"Video dating surged during lockdowns, but how much will the trend stick around in the ‘new normal’?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs if dating weren’t tricky enough before Covid-19, the onset of the virus brought a whole new set of challenges for singletons. Bars and restaurants closed, authorities \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhivpreventioncoalition.unaids.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F04\u002FNYCHealth_Sex-and-Coronavirus-Disease-2019-COVID-19_March2020.pdf\"\u003Eissued health warnings against getting intimate with strangers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and some cities even introduced \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-health-coronavirus-france-doctors\u002Ffrance-toughens-lockdown-penalties-as-coronavirus-kills-medic-idUSKBN2190L0\"\u003Epenalties for leaving home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet amid lockdowns, single people remained surprisingly open to finding new partners. Dating.com reported an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prnewswire.com\u002Fnews-releases\u002Fdatingcom-reveals-huge-spike-in-online-dating-during-the-beginning-of-march-301023253.html\"\u003E82% spike\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in online dating globally and, because face-to-face meetings weren’t possible, video calls quickly became the go-to alternative. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“She seemed very sweet, very thoughtful... I thought, ‘Why not?’,” says Stephanie Manns, a risk analyst and podcaster in New York City who began video dating a woman in her neighbourhood in April after they matched on OkCupid. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKeen to replicate the city’s famously inventive dating scene – “it’s New York, you can always do something interesting” – the 35-year-old arranged a cocktail night where they suggested recipes to one another, followed by a virtual tour of New Orleans. By their third digital meeting, Manns says she felt some chemistry developing. “She wanted us to each pick a book that was really influencing us or that we had read recently, so we picked a chapter and read something to each other… I’m into creative people so I liked that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08l222w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Stephanie Manns","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe relationship ended after the pair went on a few dates in real life once the peak of the pandemic had passed in New York; Manns concluded that “lovely as she is, she’s not really what I’m looking for”. But their virtual experiences reflect a huge boom in singles trying out video dating for the first time. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA recent survey from Match showed that 69% of users in the US were open to video chatting with a potential partner, whereas just 6% had tried it before the pandemic. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbumble.com\u002Fthe-buzz\u002Fvirtualdatingtools\"\u003EBumble\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the first major player to launch an in-app video tool last year, has seen a major increase in usage of its feature, which is marketed as a safer way to video chat compared to swapping phone numbers or social media details early in the dating process. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmashable.com\u002Farticle\u002Fhinge-date-from-home-feature\u002F?europe=true\"\u003EHinge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E added a ‘Date from Home’ video chat function in April in response to Covid-19, while start-ups also jumped on the trend, with one company, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quarantinetogether.com\u002F\"\u003EQuarantine Together\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, combining hand-washing alerts with a video matchmaking service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Before the pandemic there was a lot of scepticism about video dating – Dominic Whitlock","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere was also a surge in interest in livestreaming dating games, with The Meet Group, a US market leader in the sector, reporting a 95% surge in usage of its products since March. These include video speed-dating events and blind-dating games for users who want to focus on personality rather than looks. Some offline singles events pivoted to online spaces too, with companies such as The Inner Circle giving would-be daters the chance to video chat through activities like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globaldatinginsights.com\u002Fnews\u002Fthe-inner-circle-replaces-offline-events-with-virtual-pub-quiz\u002F\"\u003Evirtual pub quizzes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy singles warmed up to video\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe obvious reason the video-dating trend took off alongside Covid-19, says Dominic Whitlock, editor of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globaldatinginsights.com\u002F\"\u003EGlobal Dating Insights\u003C\u002Fa\u003E website, is the fact that we quickly got used to using video in other areas of our lives. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Before the pandemic there was a lot of scepticism about video dating and only a handful of apps were experimenting with the technology,” he explains. “The majority of dating apps are targeted at younger millennials and gen Z, two generations that, by their own admission, are inherently afraid of speaking to strangers on the phone or answering the door.” But once everyone was working from home, being forced to speak to their colleagues on Zoom or playing virtual games with friends, “this gave singles the initial confidence to try a virtual date and then realise it's not as awkward as they first feared”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08l22bg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Nyana Ficot","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat was the case for Nyana Ficot, a 30-year-old financial advisor who describes herself as “normally quite shy” and went on her first video date after getting more comfortable using video tools during the lockdown in Luxembourg. “We talked for more than three hours, I had to charge my phone! It really felt like a good, proper date... the only thing missing was that you are far away and you can’t touch the person.” She was disappointed her match wasn’t ready for something serious once they finally met up, but still describes it as “a great experience, to see that I can get to know someone... online, talking through video calls”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELockdowns also facilitated an uptick in video dating simply because they left many singles with time on their hands. In the absence of pre-Covid hobbies and travel, and with \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fgeneral\u002Ffocus\u002Fyouth.htm\"\u003Eyoung people more likely to be furloughed or made unemployed by the crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Whitlock says some turned to apps simply “because they were bored”. Others found their stripped-back lives made them feel more lonely or aware of their relationship status. “They were thinking ‘I'm stuck at home, maybe it'll be better if there's someone else here with me. So maybe it's time to try and settle down’.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, there was also a slow global realisation that social distancing was here to stay. “The public began to see that it was actually a very serious situation. Therefore, they needed to make a decision: take a complete break for an unknown period of time or embrace the new world of virtual dating. It appears as though the majority of daters chose the latter,” says Whitlock. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Helen Fisher, who works as an advisor to Match Group, which owns dating platforms including Tinder and Plenty of Fish, says it’s also relevant that lockdowns around the world followed a period in which many millennials were already experiencing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so\"\u003Eswiping fatigue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emarketer.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdating-app-growth-slows-but-advertisers-shouldnt-ignore-hopeful-single-users\"\u003EDating app growth slowed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E globally in 2019, and Fisher’s own research before the pandemic suggested a growing appetite for closer emotional connections developed over a longer period, instead of casual hook-ups. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In ‘the old days’ prior to the pandemic, you met on the internet and then you went out on the first date and that first date was really very tense. ‘Should I kiss them? Do we hold hands? Do I invite them over to my apartment?’,” she says. Lockdowns, she believes, have helped to encourage dates to get to know one another better “before the kissing starts”, a trend she predicts will continue even as social-distancing restrictions ease. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA chance to date across continents\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJai Andrews, 28, a mentor and coach from London, and Karen Mendoza, 25, who lives in Texas, are one couple who experienced this kind of slow-dating experience during the pandemic. They started out as Facebook connections and began chatting on Messenger in January. But their relationship accelerated due to video calls during their respective lockdowns and they decided to formally become a couple in March, before ever meeting in real life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08l9315"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Jai Andrews and Karen Mendoza","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We got to know each other on a really deep sort of emotional level,” reflects Andrews, who says they discussed everything from politics to cereals during hours spent together online. “I look back on previous relationships and it's kind of the physical chemistry you have first and when you really take the time to get to know the person... sometimes you realise you don’t actually have that much in common.” The couple recently spent several weeks together in the UK and say they’re planning to make things work long term, despite the distance. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobal Dating Insights editor Dominic Whitlock says they’re far from the only ones who have been using video technology to date across continents during the pandemic. Several dating apps, including Tinder, capitalised on the possibility of long-distance love by allowing users to match with users locked down in other locations without an additional subscription fee. This, says Whitlock, helped make the experience of online and video dating more exciting, by introducing people from different locations and cultures, while working as a clever marketing ploy to keep people active on dating platforms, because “after three months of swiping, you’re going to run out of people [locally]”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBritish relationships writer and psychotherapist Lucy Beresford says she also observed an increasing willingness among her clients to video date outside their home cities or even countries during lockdowns. She believes the experience of remote working played a role in encouraging people to be more flexible about where they’d consider dating or living in future. “Whereas they might have said, ‘I live in London, I work in London, my future partner must also be in London’, there are a lot of people who are making different choices,” she explains. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDating in the ‘new normal’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith countries now easing lockdowns, most dating experts think people will quickly return to developing romantic relationships offline, rather than focusing on video-based dating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's a lot easier to have a Zoom call with someone to work out that you really do fancy them than it is to go and waste two hours of your time in a bar - Charly Lester","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I think it will thin out simply because people want to get back to having normal human interaction, and that includes hugging people, having physical contacts, having penetrative sex – which you can't do with a video,” says Beresford. “That driver is going to outweigh some of the more intellectual concerns around it: ‘is it safe?’ and ‘what are medical issues that I have to grapple with?’.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there is a consensus that the trend for video dating won’t disappear completely, with many suggesting that video calls in the ‘new normal’ will form part of a screening process before a first real-life date. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People will be far more picky... because meeting up with someone, you're still putting yourself at risk,” says Charly Lester, a dating expert for The Inner Circle dating platform. “It's a lot easier to have a Zoom call with someone to work out that you really do fancy them than it is to go and waste two hours of your time in a bar.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08l22nh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of two people on a video date","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELester believes that the financial impact of the pandemic will also encourage screen-based first dates. The average cost of a first date in a major global city was $85 in 2019, according to a recent study for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.elitesingles.com\u002Fmag\u002Frelationship-advice\u002Fdate-night-cost\"\u003EElite Singles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, excluding any extra costs for new outfits or personal grooming. “Pre-Covid, it wasn't a big deal to go on two or three dates for two or three different people... If you have lowered your income or you’ve been furloughed, well then it makes sense that you would do as many dates as possible in free and cheap ways.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tinderpressroom.com\u002FTinder-Begins-Testing-Face-to-Face-Video#assets_all\"\u003ETinder\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is betting on the trend, testing its long-awaited in-app video feature in four US states in July, as well as in 12 other countries. A survey for the company showed that 40% of generation Z users said they wanted to continue using video as a way to decide whether or not to meet in real life, even once their favourite dating spots opened up again. Last month, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmetro.co.uk\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F10\u002Fbumble-introduces-stickers-show-how-socially-distanced-want-date-12830495\u002F\"\u003EBumble\u003C\u002Fa\u003E introduced a new feature to enable daters to signal whether they wanted a first date to be virtual, or socially distanced with or without a mask, a further signal that video dating is likely to remain part of the vetting process for many.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Global Dating Insights, Dominic Whitlock believes the option to meet digitally will also become a handy tool for time-poor young professionals. “If you’re living and working in a big city, your life's very busy with work and friends and all those other sorts of commitments, so maybe if you have just met someone once or twice, they're not right at the top of your priorities,” he says. “[Video calling] will be a way for you to show ‘yes, I'm still interested, but I am just genuinely busy at the moment’... you can sort of mix it up a bit.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut after months of spending so much time online during lockdown, some daters say the experience has actually put them off spending too much of their personal lives in the digital world. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Doing a date over a video messaging app – I think I probably won’t do that again,” says David Fell, 43, a British business owner in Dubai who tried video dating at the peak of the pandemic there. “I’ve always enjoyed being around people and I already spend a lot of time on platforms like Zoom for business, because I work with people internationally.” With bars and restaurants now open again where he lives, he’s hoping to meet people the old fashion way “by walking up and talking to them”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in New York, Stephanie Manns says she’s now taking a break from dating, after reflecting during lockdown that she wanted to focus on her work and hobbies for the time being. She says she wouldn’t rule out video dating again in future, especially due to the current lack of physical events for the LGBTQ community. But she’d still prefer meeting any future partner for the first time in the flesh because “there's no substitute for the chemistry you get with someone in real life”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay-12"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Is video dating here to stay?","headlineShort":"Is video dating here to stay?","image":["p08l22f9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a woman looking at her laptop","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-the-challenges-of-positive-parenting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-why-no-one-wants-to-work-with-a-perfectionist"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"summaryLong":"Video dating surged during lockdowns, but how much will the trend stick around in the ‘new normal’?","summaryShort":"Has the video-call boom changed dating for good?","tag":["tag\u002Ftechnology","tag\u002Frelationships"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-20T02:48:15.598947Z","entity":"article","guid":"b242afb8-4fdc-4ba7-b28c-81ad1d96018b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-24T06:15:41.508522Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c1a09","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsally-meeson"],"bodyIntro":"Lockdown and remote work have meant hours of staring at our own faces on video calls – and prompted interest in going under the knife.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs much as we may now be trained to sit on video calls and stare at our colleagues through a computer screen, many of us find ourselves constantly distracted during our daily huddles and meetings. It’s not the dog barking in the background, or the roommate making lunch over someone’s shoulder – it’s the sight of our own faces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the longer that video thumbnail stares back at us, the more we start to notice things. \u003Cem\u003EWere those crow’s feet there before lockdown? Did my nose suddenly get bigger? Is one eyebrow higher than the other?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s little surprise that after months of conducting conversations via video call, many of us have started to analyse – and criticize – our appearances more. Cosmetic doctors and plastic surgeons around the world – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthenewdaily.com.au\u002Flife\u002Fwellbeing\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F20\u002Fcosmetic-surgery-coronavirus-popular\u002F\"\u003EAustralia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F13\u002Fhealth\u002Fcoronavirus-cosmetic-surgery.html\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-53341771\"\u003Ethe UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenglish.kyodonews.net\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F05\u002Fc925fb9fd14b-warning-over-surge-in-demand-for-cosmetic-surgery-in-japan-amid-pandemic.html\"\u003EJapan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F12\u002Findustry\u002Fplastic-surgery-plastic-surgery\u002F20200512174807920.html\"\u003ESouth Korea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – have reported surges in bookings for surgical and non-surgical treatments following lockdown. It’s being referred to as the ‘Zoom Boom’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“‘Lockdown Face’ has become a thing,” says Ashton Collins, director of Save Face, a UK government-approved register of accredited cosmetic practitioners. “We were inundated with queries saying, ‘I’ve noticed that my frown line is terrible, that my lips need doing, or my nose is crooked’.” Since the UK lockdown began in March, Save Face has seen a surge of 40% more traffic to its website, with people researching treatments, then going onto the register to find local practitioners.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat is it about pandemic video calls that have us scrutinising our every feature – and just how rational is it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qzkvg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Perceptual distortion’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E‘Cosmetic’ plastic surgery, in which someone changes their appearance for aesthetic rather than medical reasons, ranges from non-invasive procedures, such as Botox or skin fillers, to invasive procedures, such as facelifts and rhinoplasty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd these procedures are pricey. Americans spent more than $16.6bn (£12.76bn) on cosmetic plastic surgery in 2018, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, with an average facelift costing almost $8,000 (£6,151). So, when the pandemic hit, some cosmetic doctors felt extreme uncertainty about what lockdown would mean for their industry, especially with disposable household income falling as well as the inability for patients to see doctors in person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E However, the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS) says its doctors were reporting up to 70% increases in requests for virtual consultations during this period, as patients continued to consider treatments they’d be able to get once they could see their surgeon face to face again. Similarly, a recent survey by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons showed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.plasticsurgery.org\u002Fnews\u002Fpress-releases\u002Famerican-society-of-plastic-surgeons-predicts-new-industry-trends-amidst-covid19-reopenings\"\u003E64% of its doctors had seen an increase\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in their virtual consultations since the start of Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Cosmetic doctors and plastic surgeons around the world have reported surges in bookings for surgical and non-surgical treatments following lockdown","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInjectables were the most-asked-for treatments, followed by more invasive procedures, such as breast augmentation and liposuction. By and large, UK-based practitioners say that the Zoom Boom is driving interest in non-invasive facial procedures, like Botox, fillers or skin resurfacing that correct lines caused by the facial expressions we notice on video calls as well as to tackle wrinkles. There’s also a surge in demand for ‘neck rejuvenation’ and ‘jawline contouring’, as people spend more time looking down into their computer’s camera and focussing on those areas of their body.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd although women historically account for a far larger proportion of cosmetic procedures than men, the Zoom Boom isn’t just for women. Dr Munir Somji, a cosmetic doctor who works at London’s Dr MediSpa Clinic, says he’s received an increase in men requesting hair transplants, due to the time they’ve spent looking at their hair on video calls. “When you’re looking at a Zoom call and you’re in a well-lit room, your hair’s going to look thinner no matter what you do. And for men during lockdown, if they weren’t able to cut their hair, then it also looks thinner when it’s slightly longer,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Dr Jill Owen, a psychologist from The British Psychological Society, warns the version of ourselves we see on our screens can be deceiving and distort reality. “The angle, lighting and limitations of the camera on many devices can lead to distortions of features – meaning, the image can be unfamiliar to the video caller, and very different to the picture they are used to each time they look in a mirror,” she explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qzksf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EObsessing over our own image can lead to “perceptual distortion”, she says, which occurs when we “highlight a fault, then focus disproportionately on this until it becomes magnified” in our perception. Owen adds that devices such as smartphones can further alter body image, due to the angles at which we hold them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeeing oneself on-screen over and over again encourages people to obsess over body image and perceived flaws. It’s a common refrain from actors who see themselves on TV and in films for years, and who must conform to the industry’s unrealistic beauty standards. Now, the rise of social media and selfie culture means the phenomenon isn’t limited to stars; for instance, look to\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnn.com\u002F2018\u002F08\u002F10\u002Fhealth\u002Fsnapchat-dysmorphia-cosmetic-surgery-social-media-trend-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003E ‘Snapchat dysmorphia’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which, like the Zoom Boom, also sparked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wbur.org\u002Fcommonhealth\u002F2019\u002F01\u002F25\u002Fselfie-filter-snapchat-dysmorphia\"\u003Ean increased demand in plastic surgery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5810159\u002F\"\u003EMany studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2019-70379-001\"\u003Ethe last few years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have linked selfie-taking and social media with body dysmorphia and negative self-esteem and self-image.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn that way, the Zoom Boom is just a continuation of a trend that’s been happening for years. “Essentially, it’s the same problem,” says Collins of Save Face. “Before it was ‘Selfie Dysmorphia’, and I think now it’s less about photos, and more about video calls. You see yourself in a certain way, and you scrutinise that and become obsessed with certain things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Obsessing over our own image can lead to perceptual distortion, which occurs when we highlight a fault and then fixate on it disproportionately","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd with Zoom calls, not only are you staring at your face at a particular angle for hours on end, but you’re also looking at \u003Cem\u003Eother\u003C\u002Fem\u003E people’s faces and comparing yours side-by-side in real time, says Gordon Lee, a plastic and reconstructive surgeon at Stanford University in California. “Celebrities have to look good in front of people,” he says. And now, for many amid the Zoom Boom, “so do regular people”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ‘pressure cooker’ of quarantine\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe specific environment of pandemic-induced lockdown also contributes to the cosmetic-surgery Zoom Boom. For example, lockdown has given people more time to think and research treatments – especially if they had been considering getting a procedure done regardless of the pandemic. Lockdown makes it easy for people to stay at home as they heal, and they can also conceal their face behind a mask when in public. Some have reported an urgency to get treatments done more quickly in case we go into lockdown again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there are additional psychological factors, too. “Lockdown video calls have been occurring in contexts that, for many, have lacked other forms of social interaction and stimulation. The impact of the calls and subsequent negative thoughts can assume more significance than they might during a busy, active life,” says Owen. “In addition, if Covid and lockdown issues have led to lowered mood for some people, they may then be more prone to negative thinking or less favourable evaluations of themselves.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELondon-based therapist Jodie Cariss is the Founder of Self Space, a private mental-health service where people can self-refer for sessions with qualified therapists. She says when working with clients with self-image issues who may be considering cosmetic surgery, she asks questions about what else is going on in their life, as it may be a symptom of a deeper underlying issue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qzl3b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I wonder about this experience [lockdown] highlighting people’s distress and unhappiness. So, I wonder if it might have been a bit of a pressure cooker for people and so we might see symptomatic behaviour coming out the other side,” she says. “I think things that we felt we had control over before suddenly might feel out of control, which brings to the surface other neuroses that we might have used as a kind of defence method before.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EZoom bust?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough it’s impossible to know if the Zoom Boom will go bust after Covid-19, there’s still a timelessness to plastic surgery’s appeal that is likely to go endure. “Plastic surgery is such a big part of our culture,” says Stanford’s Lee, who stresses the importance of going to qualified professionals and being responsible with why people choose to opt into having work down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The concept of beauty has been so invasive. It’s on TV, and we admire celebrities and social media stars, many of whom who have had cosmetic surgery,” he says. “It’s not realistic to look at the supermodel in a magazine – but all of us look at it, we admire it. We envy it. We want to be that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven, it seems, on Zoom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why plastic-surgery demand is booming amid lockdown","headlineShort":"The plastic surgery ‘Zoom Boom’","image":["p08qzkwh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08qzkvg"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200717-is-video-dating-here-to-stay","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-zoom-five-tips-to-look-your-best-on-video-calls","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Lockdown and remote work have meant hours of staring at our own faces on video calls – and prompted interest in going under the knife.","summaryShort":"People are turning to cosmetic procedures to fix what they see on camera","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-16T19:55:17.892424Z","entity":"article","guid":"9698ede2-409b-4162-919e-3943b452ec73","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-16T20:00:39.071661Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c2300","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Whether it's a small balcony, a home garden, or access to a park, outdoor space has long been a luxury for many – not a given. And the pandemic's made it even worse.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMoikgantsi Kgama has seen far too much of her apartment recently. She’s spent the pandemic inside her home in New York’s Harlem neighbourhood, an affordable housing flat which has no balcony, rooftop or private garden. A communications consultant by day and CEO of her own film company on the side, she spends her time working in a tiny home office alongside her husband, who lost his job in the concert industry when coronavirus hit. They’re also home-schooling their son, who’s developed insomnia due to the abrupt lifestyle change. Having no outdoor space makes everything worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t have anywhere to go, except outside into the pandemic – which feels extremely scary,” says Kgama. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies have long shown \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6651051\u002F\"\u003Ethat access to green or open space is often linked to income\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, particularly in cities. Covid-19 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fusa-spaces-minorities\u002Fprotests-pandemic-pile-pressure-on-u-s-public-space-idUSL8N2DO1RM\"\u003Ehas placed this issue front and centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: those with access to balconies, gardens or good, close neighbourhood parks have been benefiting from them during weeks of lockdown, while others have been trapped inside. Kgama says that she could walk to a park, but that would mean making her way through crowds of people gathered on the pavement to throw birthday parties. “You only see that in poor neighbourhoods,” she says. “People haven’t stopped doing that during the pandemic. I walked through one yesterday.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELacking that private outdoor space is something that “defines the haves and have-nots”, she feels. And there’s no guarantee living outside the city is better; poverty is rising in US suburbs and residents of emerging suburbs have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-avenue\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fparks-make-great-places-but-not-enough-americans-can-reach-them\u002F\"\u003Esome of the lowest park access\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the nation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovid-19 has shone a harsh light on numerous inequalities in our society. Is access to green space one we can fix?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETrapped inside\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDecades of research have shown that spending time in green space is good for our physical and mental health – including boosting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F238428905_Why_Is_Nature_BeneficialThe_Role_of_Connectedness_to_Nature\"\u003Eour emotional states and attention spans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and improving our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnn.com\u002F2019\u002F11\u002F21\u002Fhealth\u002Fgreen-spaces-life-expectancy-wellness-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003Elongevity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even a little goes a long way: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F224\u002F4647\u002F420\"\u003Ea study in the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that post-surgery patients assigned to hospital rooms with greenery outside recovered faster than those who didn’t have such accommodations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet in many cities, outdoor space – whether your own or in terms of proximity to parks – comes at a premium. Last month, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Feconomy\u002Fenvironmentalaccounts\u002Farticles\u002Foneineightbritishhouseholdshasnogarden\u002F2020-05-14\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Office of National Statistics revealed that one in eight British households had no access to green space at home, whether a private or shared space. That inequity was starker among ethnic groups: in England, black people are almost four times more likely than white people to have no access to private outdoor space. Access to public outdoor space can be a challenge, too: “There are about 100 million people in the US who don’t live within 10 minutes of a park or green space,” says Kimberly Burrowes, a researcher at the Urban Institute, a think tank based in Washington, DC that studies cities. And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-avenue\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fparks-make-great-places-but-not-enough-americans-can-reach-them\u002F\"\u003Ethe poorer an area is, the worse the park quality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even if a park is close by.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People view nature as an amenity, not as an essential – Lorien Nesbitt","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People view nature as an amenity, not as an essential,” says Lorien Nesbitt, an assistant professor of urban forestry at the University of British Columbia in Canada. “I think we don’t always view urban nature as important as running water, housing, that kind of thing.” Nesbitt led a study last year \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F328030472_Who_has_access_to_urban_vegetation_A_spatial_analysis_of_distributional_green_equity_in_10_US_cities\"\u003Eexamining green space in 10 major US cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Across the board, she says, green space was harder to access in lower-income neighbourhoods and in areas with mostly residents of colour. In general, in richer areas, it’s easier to find any kind of garden, rooftop or balcony greenery, ‘micro parks’ on pavements or city blocks, and even trees, which require long-term investment and maintenance, meaning they are found more often in those wealthier neighbourhoods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoving further out of cities is a solution many seek. Yet, cheaper suburban life, with its houses and front and back gardens, isn’t always the solution. In some areas people (especially women and people of colour) may not feel safe in their gardens, or homes might be next to loud, pollution-heavy structures like a highway or airport. Not all suburbs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citylab.com\u002Flife\u002F2019\u002F11\u002Fsuburbs-demographic-trends-population-data-immigration\u002F601546\u002F\"\u003Eare created equal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, either: from 2000 to 2015, the poverty rate in US suburbs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Ftestimonies\u002Fthe-changing-geography-of-us-poverty\u002F\"\u003Egrew by 57%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “There are still marginalised people in suburban areas as well,” says Nesbitt. “It’s not so much about the amount [of green space], it’s the quality.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a place like the US, public green spaces are funded by city budgets (whose parks departments can often operate on a shoestring) from local tax dollars. In richer areas, green spaces can be high quality, since private non-profits can “conduct massive fundraising campaigns among the affluent stakeholders with access to these parks”, says Ingrid Gould Ellen, faculty cirector of New York University’s Furman Center, which researches urban policy. “Since state and local budgets seem likely to shrink [because of the pandemic], potentially dramatically, there's a worthwhile conversation about how to raise private funds to support investment in parks in lower-income neighbourhoods.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmart solutions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome cities have prioritised accessible green space more than others; in Vancouver, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvancouver.ca\u002Ffiles\u002Fcov\u002FGreenest-city-action-plan.pdf\"\u003E92% of residents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E live within a five-minute walk of green spaces. In Milwaukee, in the US state of Wisconsin, Burrowes points to an urban trail that was deliberately designed to makes its way through several neighbourhoods of colour, allowing residents greater access close to home. She says cities like these have nature-minded advocates in local government: she points to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tpl.org\u002F10minutewalk\"\u003E10-Minute Walk Challenge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which challenges mayors to make parks a 10-minute walk from all homes by 2050. It’s a national initiative led by organisations like the US’s National Recreation and Park Association, and nearly 300 city mayors have signed on, with San Francisco \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sfchronicle.com\u002Fbayarea\u002Farticle\u002FSF-1st-city-in-nation-with-a-park-10-minute-walk-11150987.php\"\u003Ebecoming the first city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to hit the challenge’s goal in 2017.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBurrowes also points to New York City’s work with minority communities in Manhattan’s Lower East Side decades ago \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2015\u002Faug\u002F11\u002Fnew-york-lower-east-side-community-gardens\"\u003Eto create ‘pocket parks’ tucked into the city blocks that exist to this day.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Even when the city was gripped by crime, drugs and bankruptcy in the 1970s, it helped neighbourhood residents develop the public community gardens they made out of abandoned clearings that continue to provide green space for small public art events and other gatherings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the matter of balconies. “I live in affordable housing, and I’m grateful for the housing,” says Kgama. “But I was kind of thinking, ‘would it have hurt them to put a balcony here?’” She isn’t alone in that sentiment: from New York to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theglobeandmail.com\u002Freal-estate\u002Ftoronto\u002Frising-demand-for-balconies-poses-riddle-for-developers-intoronto\u002Farticle35997696\u002F?ref=http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theglobeandmail.com&\"\u003EToronto\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citylab.com\u002Flife\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fapartment-design-balcony-private-outdoor-space-zoning-laws\u002F610162\u002F\"\u003Ethere’s been more demand for balconies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E built into apartment units. Strict zoning laws and extra cost are roadblocks, however, as is the fact that bigger balconies can mean less space inside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Balconies and communal rooftops were not common features of pre-war construction, and 57% of all units in New York City were built before 1947,” says New York University’s Ellen, who says small courtyards are more common, and many public housing buildings were built to include them. But many, like Kgama’s, don’t allow residents access, as that would require extra maintenance money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dezeen.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F14\u002Fcoronavirus-pandemic-reveals-inequities-in-new-york-housing-say-local-architects\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ESome local architecture firms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like New York City-based PRO, think now is the time to address this issue, with proposals to retrofit screened-in balconies onto the sides of World War Two-era brick buildings. Nathan Rich, the founding partner at PRO, \u003Ca href=\"points%20to%20a%20project%20in%20France%20\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Epoints to a project in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that’s done something similar, adding balconies on to 1960s social housing developments. His firm is looking at buildings within the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), which provides housing to low and middle-income residents, to design possible solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid continues to spotlight where these inequities are and what they look like – Kimberly Burrowes","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost NYCHA buildings lack outdoor space, plus many of the buildings are ageing rapidly, with potentially huge maintenance costs – meaning any solutions need to be creative. “We are looking at strategies that would allow new balconies to perform multiple functions and piggyback on NYCHA maintenance efforts that are already underway,” says Rich.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENesbitt says changes don’t have to be so radical; even “view corridors” to parks from your home could help. Extra flowers on the street could work, too, because we can’t go to the park every day. “Especially if we’re busy, or a single parent, or low income and we have to work a couple [of] jobs. You’re not going to be in the park five blocks from your house – you will be walking down the street in front of your house, and that contact with nature is important.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA renewed conversation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, trying to increase access to outdoor space has been a goal of cities way before Covid-19 struck. But the conversation has taken on greater intensity since the pandemic has exposed just how unequal access can be. It’s not yet been possible to quantify the mental-health toll of long weeks of lockdown, and any correlation with access to outdoor space. But we do know that isolation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcapmh.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13034-020-00329-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eis bad for everyone’s mental health,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and that people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kff.org\u002Fcoronavirus-covid-19\u002Fissue-brief\u002Fthe-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewho lost incomes or had low incomes to begin with experienced more stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Covid continues to spotlight where these inequities are and what they look like,” says Burrowes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts hope this will accelerate pre-pandemic trends: a push for more balconies, better community gardens and easier entry points to parks. But this must come from city governments prioritising them. “We can have good housing and good access to nature – not one or the other,” says Nesbitt. “In the pandemic, that relationship with nature is really important.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKgama, meanwhile, is finally managing to get some fresh air – in Charlotte, North Carolina. She and her family bought plane tickets for $15 each and will fly down for a weeklong getaway. But she wishes it was even longer. If a second wave of Covid cases hits New York, it’ll mean being cooped up inside for months all over again. “If I could, we would’ve left for the whole summer,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What outdoor space tells us about inequality","headlineShort":"The luxury of having outdoor space","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Whether it's a small balcony, a home garden, or access to a park, outdoor space has long been a luxury for many – not a given. And the pandemic's made it even worse.","summaryShort":"In Covid-19, balconies and gardens reveal a lot about inequality","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-17T18:54:44.408435Z","entity":"article","guid":"ba673f54-38dc-4ffb-aee5-731fe188df84","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-24T04:09:06.674477Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c1d62","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Could you live an hour from your spouse? The disproportionately expensive housing market in Hong Kong is forcing families to live separately – with few remedies in sight.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELam Lok and Jason Chau fell in love when they were working at Disneyland in the summer of 2012. He noticed her outgoing personality and she, his strong back. He asked her out to dinner. She said yes. Three years later, they got married and had a child. But, unlike their romance, their living arrangement is far from a fairy tale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELok, 31, lives with her parents in North Point, in Hong Kong Island’s Eastern District. It is more than an hour away from the island of Tsing Yi, where 35-year-old Chau lives with his parents. Their three-year-old daughter, Yu, spends Monday to Thursday with Lok and the weekend at Chau’s. They can’t move in together in one of their family homes, Lok says, because the bedroom space is simply too small for two adults and a child.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We sometimes have doubts about the marriage because living apart makes us feel like we are still single – Lam Lok","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I couldn’t bear it at the beginning. We sometimes have doubts about the marriage because living apart makes us feel like we are still single,” Lok says. “It took us over a year to get used to this living arrangement.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first month after Yu was born, Lok had a tough time taking care of her, even with Lok’s mother’s help. “My husband couldn’t share the workload of raising Yu as he lives too far away. We also couldn’t watch Yu grow together,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf this situation sounds like an anomaly, it’s actually becoming surprisingly common in Hong Kong’s ultra-unaffordable housing market. Lok and Chau are among a growing number of couples who are finding themselves priced out of sharing a home together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHigh prices, low expectations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENearly one in 10 married couples in Hong Kong are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bycensus2016.gov.hk\u002Fdata\u002F16BC_Youth_report_2018.02.12.pdf\"\u003Enot living with their spouses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And of those who do, upwards of 12% of married couples aged 25 to 34 co-habit with parents, according to government data from 2018.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELok blamed the couple’s housing set-up on restrictive land-use regulations as well as Hong Kong’s property prices, which have been the highest in the world for nine straight years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the 2019 \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.demographia.com\u002Fdhi.pdf\"\u003EDemographia International Housing Affordability Study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which ranks 309 metropolitan areas in eight countries, Hong Kong is ranked as the least-affordable market. A median-priced house is 21 times the annual median household income; in contrast, a house in the most expensive European market – the Greater London Authority – only cost 8.3 times the annual median household income.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s difficult to afford even a single unit within a subdivided flat, which costs around HK$4,000 ($510) a month","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s difficult to afford even a single unit within a subdivided flat – an apartment partitioned to house more people – which costs around HK$4,000 ($510) a month. Usually it can only fit a bed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bycensus2016.gov.hk\u002Fdata\u002F16BC_Youth_report_2018.02.12.pdf\"\u003Emedian monthly income\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for Hong Kong workers aged 15 to 24 is HK$10,750, and not significantly higher at HK$21,000 for workers aged 30 to 39. Even if both partners in a couple are earning good professional salaries, “the middle class can hardly expect to own their own home of a decent size”, says Michael Rowse, former director-general of the government’s InvestHK programme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnger over the housing plight has helped fuel the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-49317695\"\u003Ecurrent protests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E rocking the region. Although the protests were triggered by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-49575381\"\u003Enow-withdrawn extradition bill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as concern over Beijing’s influence and the deadlock on achieving greater democracy, frustration over the government’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Finteractive\u002F2019\u002F07\u002F22\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fhong-kong-housing-inequality.html\"\u003Efailure to tackle inequality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the perception that it favours property developers over residents – plus concerns over mainland immigrants’ impact on housing inventory are underlying factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELok, a media worker, and Chau, a Disneyland staffer, both make slightly below-average salaries. They do not pay rent to their parents, but still struggle to save money for a home while paying child-related expenses. “We plan to live together, but it’s not possible in the short-term,” Chau says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETogether but separate\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn order to co-habit, many young couples in Hong Kong are looking for alternatives to private residences in the form of public housing. But it’s not easy to get a public flat; due to high demand and low availability, the average waiting time for couples is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.housingauthority.gov.hk\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Fpublications-and-statistics\u002Fprh-applications-average-waiting-time\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ealmost five and a half years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As of July, there were 147,000 applicants on the waiting list.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKathy Tam, 28, and husband Louis Lee, 32, managed to secure public housing because Lee applied for the programme in 2012, years before they got married in 2017. “We were sure about each other at the time, so even without a flat together, we decided to get married,” says Tam.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause Lee thought ahead, the couple lived apart for just a year before being allocated a 21-sq m flat, which they now share with their cat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We were sure about each other at the time, so even without a flat together, we decided to get married – Kathy Tam","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Not living together in the long-term would have made us feel our family was incomplete, so now we are really grateful we can live together. We wouldn’t think about having children without this,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETam and Lee’s reluctance to have children without a shared residence reflects larger implications for the region, because the future of Hong Kong’s population rests in the hands of couples like them. The region has a\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statistics.gov.hk\u002Fpub\u002FB71812FA2018XXXXB0100.pdf\"\u003E low and declining fertility rate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; its birth rate dropping more than 50% from 16.8 births per 1,000 people in 1981 to 7.7 in 2017, according to government data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHong Kong also has one of the largest ageing populations in Asia. The elderly will account for nearly one-third of the region’s population in 2036. If the low birth rate persists, children under 15 will make up just 10% of Hong Kong’s population by 2066.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKeeping the spark alive\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDemographics aren’t the only concern when couples live apart, but also relationship fundamentals. How do you keep a marriage healthy when you don’t share a home?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilfred Wong and Joyce Leung, both aged 30, are living with their own families: she, in her childhood bunk bed scattered with stuffed animals; he, 40 minutes across the harbour in Kowloon. They understood that they’d have to wait years until they could live together, but married early this year anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It sounds weird, but living apart can actually keep the spark in your marriage – Wilfred Wong","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWong says the couple text and arrange phone calls and dates to make certain they stay close. “It sounds weird,” he says, “but living apart can actually keep the spark in your marriage.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, Lok and Chau go on dates and trips to Japan whenever their parents have time to take care of Yu. They sometimes spend the night at local hotels, and take Yu to Disneyland for family outings. Each week Chau will try to squeeze in more time with them by walking Yu and Lok home before riding the subway back to Tsing Yi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStill, even as couples find time to spend together, living separately can become lonely – regardless of someone’s age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELoneliness often hits 69-year-old Ma Hoi-shing, a former day worker at a Macau casino. He lives apart from his 62-year-old wife Jin Guo Fei, whom he met while she was gambling. Ma’s home is a 5.5-sq m subdivided flat with no windows, and still costs nearly two-thirds of his monthly government subsidy of slightly more than HK$5,000 ($635). Jin goes back to her home in Hangzhou in mainland China every few months, partly due to her health issues arising from living in Ma’s poorly ventilated flat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s very small and it’s tough for me to live there,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMa has applied for a Hong Kong public-housing flat so both of them can live together in a better environment, but the couple currently only spend a fraction of their time together. Still, despite the difficulties they knew they’d face by mostly living apart, they wed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven in their third year of waiting for a government-subsidised flat to share, Jin says that their lives together are very happy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-16T16:14:15Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The married couples in Hong Kong who live apart","headlineShort":"The married couples who live apart","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Could you live an hour from your spouse? The disproportionately expensive housing market in Hong Kong is forcing families to live separately – with few remedies in sight.","summaryShort":"In Hong Kong’s housing market, it can cost too much to live together","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-16T02:46:02.574646Z","entity":"article","guid":"590c68a8-e326-4b8b-9b1f-b1a85ad06bca","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-01T14:36:28.195022Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c1ca4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Pandemic-proofing offices could involve short-term fixes, new working patterns and long-term design upgrades that put hygiene at the heart of workplace planning.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs many nations cautiously make their way toward relaxing Covid-19 lockdowns, many of us are starting to envision a time when we can stop \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200506-why-are-some-people-better-at-working-from-home-than-others\"\u003Eworking at our kitchen tables\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and return to the office. Yet, in the absence of a vaccine, aspects of modern workplaces will have to change if employees are to safely return to their desks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts suggest this could involve a combination of short-term fixes aimed at boosting worker confidence, reducing the number of staff in the office at any one time and longer-term design upgrades and modifications that put \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200324-covid-19-the-ways-viruses-can-spread-in-offices\"\u003Ehygiene at the heart of workplace planning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first phase of resuming office life will involve making basic changes to keep employees safe and allay fears, says Albert De Plazaola, global strategy director at design firm Unispace. “We may have lived with the flu for many years, but this is the first time our generation has experienced a pandemic. We're now hyperaware of health risks, whether real or imagined. And employers are hypersensitive about the potential for liability if people get sick at work.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet, with so much uncertainty, it’s unlikely that major refits will be undertaken anytime soon, explains De Plazaola, who is based in San Francisco and has worked with Facebook and Yahoo!. “There's a flurry of activity, but it’s purely focused on tactical solutions. No one is willing to invest a significant sum on solutions that could be rendered ineffective [by our increased understanding of Covid-19, or a vaccine] in six-months’ time. What you will see is small, targeted hits – almost surgical interventions – that will provide employees with a sense of safety.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Workstations were about privacy and acoustics - now they represent a physical separation between colleagues – Brent Capron","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe ‘sneeze guard’ is one such low-cost, high-impact measure. Brent Capron, interior design director at global design practice Perkins and Will in New York, uses the term to describe an additional panel fitted between socially distanced desks. “Previously, workstations were about privacy and acoustics. Now they represent a physical separation between colleagues. Until we hopefully have a vaccine, having that physical barrier will make people feel more comfortable,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDistributed offices and rotating days\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps unsurprisingly, many are heralding the end of the open-plan workplace and the return of small, private offices. Huddle rooms, for example, could be used as offices until social distancing protocols are relaxed. However, Amanda Stanaway, Sydney-based principal architect of architectural and consulting practice Woods Bagot, says the cellular office plan has “limited benefits for workplace culture and communication”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A member of staff at the Vauxhall car factory in Ellesmere Port, Wirral, UK","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome of her clients, she says, are more interested in the idea of the distributed office. Shunning a crowded central hub for a distributed set of smaller offices that may be closer to where staff live could mean less exposure to infectious diseases like Covid-19 on public transport. “Having small groups of people working collaboratively would address the need for connections and improved mental health, but without risking massive exposure, where one person gets the virus and everyone else has to self-isolate,” she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the short-term, it seems likely that many of us will remain working from home even after government orders to do so are lifted. A staggered workforce may become standard, with smaller groups coming in on alternate days and shifts that avoid transport rush-hour peaks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Organisations are working out who most needs to be at the office, and capping staff numbers off at about 30%, which is probably the sweet spot for social distancing,” says De Plazaola. For starters, he foresees firms subsidising home offices, given the home is now considered a legitimate workspace. This is something that could potentially allay concerns about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200508-how-to-work-from-home-comfortably-ergonomic-tips-covid-19\"\u003Ehealth impacts from ergonomically inadequate set-ups\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We work because we enjoy coming together to create ideas and solve problems – Amanda Stanaway","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStanaway says a shift to home working could “liberate” parts of the workforce such as working mothers and those who live far from major cities and have struggled to find work. But she believes commentary about the office becoming redundant is overblown. “Yes, most people work to earn money, but we also work because we enjoy coming together to create ideas and solve problems. I think that’s what we've been missing these past few weeks. That sense of connection is fundamental to the human race.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOffices that resemble hospitals\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the longer term, experts predict that society’s heightened awareness of contagious diseases could usher in a new type of office – one that has elements in common with a hospital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A mock-up image from Unispace showing a hygiene-focused office of the future","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECapron, who has designed office buildings for hospitals and worked with healthcare interior teams, is now applying that knowledge to designing office spaces. “One of the guiding principles is choosing materials that can withstand heavy cleaning using caustic products. You’ll see porous surfaces like natural oiled wood avoided, with a preference for stone or laminates,” he says. He also expects to see solution-dyed carpets with moisture-barrier backing used, because they can withstand heavy shampooing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese more durable materials are not necessarily costlier than the more familiar alternatives. This is important, because in these straitened economic times, few organisations will have a budget for an expensive refit. “The cost difference is not great – it’s more about mindfully choosing between A and B,” says Capron. “I also think tenants will demand more from their landlords in terms of more regular cleaning.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also expects to hear more discussion about air filtration systems \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-can-you-kill-coronavirus-with-uv-light\"\u003Ethat use ultra-violet light\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Even though a UV system isn’t something that you should have out in the open – they tend to be hidden back in the ductwork – companies may look at heavy UV cleaning when everyone has gone home to make sure that the air is as clean as we can get it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I love the idea of handwashing becoming a new ritual when you enter an office or a public space – Brent Capron","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother feature of hospitals that is likely to become an office staple is sinks: expect reception and common areas to be fitted out with them. “I love the idea of handwashing becoming a new ritual when you enter an office or a public space,” says Capron. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also expects office layouts to change, with circuitous routes eliminated. “Doctors’ work is so urgent and their time is so precious that they will find the fastest way to get from point A to point B. We, too, will be more focused on getting from A to B in a very direct manner, and conscious of what we're touching along the way.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPrivacy versus self-regulation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother concept that may emerge is the ‘contactless office’ – something experts predict could become widespread among organisations who can afford it. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, employees could eliminate the need to press communal buttons by using their smartphone to send a command to the elevator or staff coffee machine (in fact, Perkins and Will have such a coffee machine in their new office). Conference rooms could be fitted out with voice-activated technologies to control lighting, audio and visual equipment. Passing through doors or flushing the toilet would require a simple wave, while self-service in office kitchens could become a relic of the past, to be replaced with automation or a dedicated server.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Travellers queue in front of a thermal scanner in Lagos, Nigeria, on 27 January 2019","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also the idea that companies could more aggressively monitor for sick employees. One possibility is embedding sensors underneath desks to monitor body temperatures, with a facilities manager alerted when someone has a fever. “This kind of technology already exists and wouldn’t be tough to integrate,” says De Plazaola. “But it raises huge privacy issues. HR and legal departments would need to weigh in on whether this is the right course to pursue.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome organisations have already introduced somewhat similar measures. Sydney-based wholesale IT equipment distributor Dicker Data brought in staggered shifts for essential onsite workers, giant sanitising stations and extra cleaners. They’ve also invested AUD$10,000 (USD$6,470, £5,258) in a body thermal scanner, which beeps if anyone has a temperature while standing in front of it. The warehouse manager is responsible for assessing whether the staff member looks sick and should be sent home. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There were a couple of instances when we did ask staff to go home. And I think that gave our staff a sense of safety,” says Mary Stojcevski, the company’s chief financial officer. No objections were raised to using the thermal scanner, she adds, and when the company’s new office building is completed in October, all 400 staff plus visitors will pass through it. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAodhan MacCathmhaoil believes that self-regulation is preferable. The founder of Sydney-based garbage company Waster is currently looking for new office premises and although he has a long list of safety requirements, he will not contemplate temperature checks. “I think the negative aspects would outweigh the benefits. Morale would suffer if people felt that they were being policed. Should I know about my employees’ health? It’s definitely a grey area. I'm not a medical professional, so I wouldn't know how to interpret the data anyway.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever happens in the months ahead, and even if a Covid-19 vaccine becomes available, it seems likely that the experience of living through a pandemic will have a long-lasting impact on the way we work and how our workplaces function. If nothing else, the idea of coming to work while sick could become socially unacceptable. On the other end of the spectrum is a focus on health and hygiene so pronounced that it gives new meaning to the idea of working in a sterile environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How offices will change after coronavirus","headlineShort":"How coronavirus will change offices","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Chairs spaced by tape in a bank in Moscow, Russia on 8 April 2020","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Pandemic-proofing offices could involve short-term fixes, new working patterns and long-term design upgrades that put hygiene at the heart of workplace planning.","summaryShort":"Scanners, ‘sneeze guards’: What the post-pandemic workplace will look like","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-14T20:03:38.559281Z","entity":"article","guid":"902f05a8-8799-4659-b01a-a1517f45abd4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-14T21:38:20.216021Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c18a8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchermaine-lee"],"bodyIntro":"","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen Hong Kong tried to tackle its third wave of Covid-19 by banning diners from inside restaurants, authorities quickly encountered a problem. Some people had nowhere else to go. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002F1648246202123798\u002Fposts\u002F2700806773534397\u002F?d=n\"\u003EPhotos started appearing on social media\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showing outdoor workers using their breaks to eat in urban parks in extreme heat or in public toilets in heavy rain. Although \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.straitstimes.com\u002Fasia\u002Feast-asia\u002Fdining-in-back-on-menu-as-hk-govt-makes-a-u-turn\"\u003Ethe decision was reversed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E within 48 hours, it spotlighted the dearth of urban public spaces in this city of 7.5 million people.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EWhile the Ancient Greeks championed the city square or \u003Cem\u003Eagora\u003C\u002Fem\u003E as the heart of political, economic, and social life, and the Romans did the same with the \u003Cem\u003Eforum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the provision of public spaces in modern cities has become complicated. It’s not enough to just have the space, it has to be accessible, convenient and perhaps most importantly welcoming. The pandemic, lockdowns and social distancing policies have served to underscore the urgency of this issue.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EIn Hong Kong, public green spaces actually account for up to 40% of the total land, a large percentage compared to London and New York. But a closer look shows that while most residents live in only\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcivic-exchange.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F04\u002F20170224POSreport_FINAL.pdf\"\u003E one-fourth of the city’s land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the biggest parks are in less populated parts of the territory. It takes on average up to an hour for a resident to reach a large country park, according to Carine Lai, a senior researcher at a Hong Kong think tank Civic Exchange.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q34b9"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECompared to other cities, Hong Kong’s urban public space – outdoor recreational space that is accessible to the public – is particularly small. Residents have only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcivic-exchange.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F02\u002FUnopened-Space-PR-EN.pdf\"\u003E2.7 square metres (29 square feet) per person\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, slightly larger than a coffin or a toilet cubicle, while Singapore at half of the size of Hong Kong \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcivic-exchange.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F10\u002FCivic-Exchange-Open-Space-Opinion-Survey-SUMMARY-REPORT-EN.pdf\"\u003Ehas 7.4 square metres (79.6 square feet) of urban public space per capita\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to a 2017 study from Civic Exchange. New York, also known for its high land price, has over \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ny4p.org\u002Fclient-uploads\u002Fpdf\u002FOSI\u002FNY4P_Open_Space_Index.pdf\"\u003E10 square metres (107.6 square feet) of public space per capita\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EHong Kong’s urban parks are also not always user-friendly, says Hendrik Tieben, director of the urban design programme at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. “There’s not much you can do in the [urban] parks, like sitting on the grass, eating in a park and so on,” he adds. “People are not allowed to touch the plants most of the time.” He says that even if there is a fountain in a public space, the side is slanted so people cannot sit comfortably.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Urban space isn’t just a nice-to-have – studies have shown that living in a city comes with a 40% higher risk of depression and over 20% risk of anxiety compared to rural areas","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet staying at home is not a particularly attractive option for the many Hong Kongers who live in very limited space due to soaring property prices. For private sales, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbre.com.hk\u002Fen\u002Fabout\u002Fmedia-centre\u002Fhong-kong-maintains-its-position-as-the-worlds-most-expensive-residential-city\"\u003Ethe average price per square foot stands at $2,091, four times that of New York ($526) and double that of Singapore ($1,063),\u003C\u002Fa\u003E data from residential research firm CBRE UK’s 2019 report showed. A domestic household averages just 15 square metres (161.5 square feet) for each person, while in subdivided flats \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bycensus2016.gov.hk\u002Fen\u002FSnapshot-09.html\"\u003Ethat figure goes down to 5.3 square metres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (56.5 square feet), government data reveals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELand priorities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EPart of the problem is historical. In Hong Kong’s case, Lai says that the British colonial government had very limited incentive to create public open space in the 19th Century as it relied heavily on land sales for revenue so that it could keep taxes low.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E“Back then, the term ‘open space’ simply meant requiring property owners to leave unbuilt land at the back of the house for sanitation, ventilation and disease prevention,” she says. “That [is] not public open space [as] we know today.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q34ws"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe British government didn’t start integrating the modern concept of public open space into urban planning until the late 20th Century, Lai says. Even so, the situation didn’t improve drastically, as Hong Kong adopted a laissez-faire approach to regulating private developers.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EDubbed a “shoppers’ paradise”, Hong Kong is teeming with different types of malls, a by-product of the city’s tourism-driven approach to development. During a period of rapid economic growth in the 1980s, policies were put in place to rebalance the spatial needs of citizens with the commercial interests of developers, according to Tieben. These policies centred around the emergence of privately-owned public spaces (POPs).\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThe purpose of POPs – which have also long been used in London and New York – is to act as an incentive to developers. In exchange for allowing them to circumvent zoning regulations, the developers have to open some of their space to the public.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EHowever, POPs have come under fire in Hong Kong, New York and London after investigations found that despite technically being open to the public, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnextcity.org\u002Fdaily\u002Fentry\u002Fhow-hong-kong-landlords-keep-public-out-of-their-pseudo-public-spaces\"\u003Ethe absence of certain features discourages people from using them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Hong Kong, for example, amenities including benches are rare in privately owned indoor spaces such as malls. If you want a place to sit, you have to buy something to consume first.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q340b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We have to pass through countless shops in order to get to the escalators, we can only eat the food provided by the restaurants inside, we are encouraged to consume and we cannot sit on the floor or shout in the malls,” a local student \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ln.edu.hk\u002Fcultural\u002Fprogrammes\u002FMCS\u002FSymp%2013\u002FS1P2.pdf\"\u003EClaire Lo wrote\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in a study at the Lingnan University of Hong Kong about the downsides of the city’s urban design.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPublic space and wellbeing\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ESince Covid-19, urban public space has become even more important as a much-needed escape from the confines of home for a socially-distanced walk. Cities around the world have also been scrambling to accommodate residents; Lithuania’s capital \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe\"\u003EVilnius has given bars and cafes access to public spaces to allow customers to social distance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, San Francisco authorities have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsfmayor.org\u002Farticle\u002Fsan-francisco-closes-golden-gate-parks-jfk-drive-and-mclaren-parks-shelley-drive-vehicles\"\u003Eclosed certain roads\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to vehicles to allow residents to run, bike and walk safely, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.yahoo.com\u002Flifestyle\u002Fcemetery-visits-increase-coronavirus-social-distancing-215853581.html\"\u003EUS cemeteries are seeing a surge in visitors seeking some outdoor space\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People should not have to get used to having insufficient public space - Carine Lai","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUrban space isn’t just a nice-to-have. Studies have shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1600-0447.2009.01438.x\"\u003Eliving in a city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E comes with a 40% higher risk of depression and over 20% risk of anxiety compared to rural areas. Put simply, public space is good for your mental health and wellbeing.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E“This can be challenging in a dense city like Hong Kong with limited public space,” says Dr Layla McCay, director of the Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health. “Especially when people are required to stay very close to their homes, or to avoid public transport to reduce the risk of spreading the virus, which could reduce their access to Hong Kong’s larger green and blue spaces.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q34dw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESingle mother Linda Chan lives with her three-year-old daughter and seven-year-old son in a subdivided flat of less than 100 sqft in one of the city’s most crowded areas. During the first and second waves of coronavirus infections, they continued to go hiking at the weekends but since the third wave, restrictions have become stricter and they now stay at home.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E“The kids always want to go out, as there is not much space for them to play here [in the flat],” she says. “They went from visiting the parks once a week to none right now. They are not happy…. Everyone has become a little bit more grumpy. I get angry a lot.”\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore ambition needed\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ETieben would like to see more co-operation between city officials and local groups in order to transform Hong Kong’s underused areas into public spaces, as was done in 2007 in New York. As part of city plans for the future, the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nyc.gov\u002Fhtml\u002Fdot\u002Fdownloads\u002Fpdf\u002Fnyc_plaza_guidelines_09.pdf\"\u003ENew York City Plaza programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E aims to provide New Yorkers with quality open space within a 10-minute walk. “You want to have a public space that allows placemaking and community empowerment,” he says.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThe Hong Kong government has made some progress over the years, including building waterfront promenades. The Leisure and Cultural Services Department, responsible for managing the city’s public parks, increased the number of pet gardens from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.legco.gov.hk\u002Fresearch-publications\u002Fenglish\u002F1819in20-animal-friendly-measures-in-selected-places-20190827-e.pdf\"\u003E19 in 2010 to 45 in 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The spokesperson adds that it now provides 50 multi-purpose lawns for public use, rising from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.legco.gov.hk\u002Fyr17-18\u002Fenglish\u002Fpanels\u002Fha\u002Fpapers\u002Fha20180720cb2-1836-3-e.pdf\"\u003E39 in 2010 to 51 in 2018. \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Members of the public are welcome to use these lawn areas for different activities such as having picnic, playing games or just lying down for reading books under the sun,” the spokesperson says.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThe city’s planning department also published a plan to increase the minimum amount of public space per capita to 2.5 square metres by 2030 (up from 2 square metres).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q34vn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis would constitute an improvement for people in the most crowded areas but would still fall short of 3-3.5 square metres, the standard Lai recommends – which even then would leave Hong Kong behind major Asian cities like Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai and Singapore. Lai believes Hong Kong should be more ambitious, particularly given the lessons from the pandemic. “People should not have to get used to having insufficient public space,” she says.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAs cities across the world look for safe, socially distanced ways to exercise, socialise, work and play, we’ve realised these spaces are more vital than ever before. Putting these amenities at the heart and soul of a city is about far more than aesthetics. It is about community, participation and connection. Perhaps the Ancient Greeks and Romans had the right idea all along?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Hong Kong’s public space problem","headlineShort":"Social distancing in a packed city","image":["p08q34nc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08q3brh"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200514-how-the-post-pandemic-office-will-change"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The pandemic has revealed the tension between public and private spaces in Hong Kong","summaryShort":"How can you socially distance in a city with no space?","tag":["tag\u002Fcities"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-01T20:00:13.904726Z","entity":"article","guid":"4b6d46d1-b4a4-4f28-adfa-d3f2c1182c0d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-02T14:03:57.740089Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2750","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In a social-distance-minded economy, countless sectors are being forced to innovate – grocery shops in particular.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELate March saw long queues outside supermarkets as anxious shoppers waited to stockpile supplies. Three months on the queues are still there; now shoppers, two metres apart and with pockets full of hand sanitiser, are lining up for a socially-distanced visit to the store.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnter Canadian start-up Grocery Neighbour. The company believes it has come up with a potential solution to the grocery store conundrum: a mobile supermarket in a semi-open-air truck that shoppers can step aboard to grab essentials while maintaining social distancing measures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Things are changing, the world is chaotic and with that comes opportunity,” says Frank Sinopoli, the company’s 37-year-old founder and CEO, who came up with the idea as businesses began understanding the day-to-day repercussions of Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe concept of a supermarket-on-wheels isn’t entirely new: companies in the US states of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newson6.com\u002Fstory\u002F5e35d9f12f69d76f6201b0b8\u002Ftulsa-nonprofit-introduces-new-mobile-grocery-store\"\u003EOklahoma\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.freshapproach.org\u002Fmobilemarket\u002F\"\u003ECalifornia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, have rolled out services delivering fresh produce to food deserts and connecting local farmers with their communities respectively. Sinopoli hopes his will be the tailor-made solution for the coronavirus era, yet experts suggest these types of businesses will need to pinpoint their niche in the market to compete with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002F029e3dab-78e6-4978-b73d-f00cd9877084\"\u003Esurge in online food delivery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E'Floating carts’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESinopoli says his 53-foot-long trucks are custom-built for Covid-19, with sanitising and social distancing front and centre. “It will be like a bus route,” he explains, with trucks following specific routes and schedules. An app will notify residents when the truck (each staffed with a worker and a driver) is stopping nearby.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe truck will be open at both ends. \"You'll be walking through a tunnel,” he explains; shoppers will enter from the back and exit through the front. Sinopoli wants a maximum of five customers on board at a time, spending five minutes each in the vehicle, which is laid out like a single aisle in a grocery store, offering meats, cheeses, produce and some dried goods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach customer will push a trolley that folds out of the wall, runs (or “floats,” as Sinopoli says) along a track down the aisle, and then folds back into the wall to be immediately sanitised once the customer reaches the till. It serves as a built-in social distancing measure: “There’s a ‘floating’ grocery cart in front of you and behind you, people can't touch you even if they want to,” Sinopoli says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Things are changing, the world is chaotic and with that comes opportunity – Frank Sinopoli","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe first mobile units are planned to be released this month: three in the Greater Toronto Area, two in the United States (no word yet on which specific cities) and five more in Canada, mostly in the suburbs. Sinopoli is aiming for “1,000 trucks to be on the road within the next two years”, and anticipates pricing matching traditional brick-and-mortar shops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Based on the demand that we've received, we're [targeting] the demographic that loves convenience,\" he says. \"We originally thought specific groups would appreciate and\u002For benefit from the service, like the elderly, food deserts and family neighbourhoods. But the data says it's nearly everyone who has shown interest.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho’s your customer?’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet retail experts wonder how new grocery alternatives like these will perform in an already saturated grocery market. Apps like UberEats, Instacart and Amazon Prime have made it possible to get groceries shipped straight to your door, while many restaurants have beefed up delivery services during Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENewcomers to the space “have to figure out who their target customer is”, says Bill Aulet, managing director of the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship. With Grocery Neighbour, “their cost of customer acquisition is going to be more than Amazon because they have this very clear physical presence and not the volume yet”. While bricks-and-mortar shops won’t go away, Aulet believes even greater importance will be placed on online businesses moving forward, rendering Grocery Neighbour almost unnecessary when measured against online delivery services.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStill, blending elements of a traditional shop with digital technology, safety and convenience could create a unique niche in the market. “Maybe the answer is: you can touch and feel a product without having to actually go to a traditional, [crowded] store,” says Anindya Ghose, a professor of business at New York University. “All [Grocery Neighbour] needs to do is figure out one hook that is really appealing to consumers where it’s no longer a want but a need.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Richard Kennedy, co-director of the Vaccine Research Group at the Mayo Clinic, one of the largest medical research institutes in the US, says given the open-air set-up, shopping at such trucks would be “less risky [than] an enclosed space” (though he stresses the importance of wearing masks while perusing stock).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGhose believes this could attract a particular demographic. “In the post-Covid world, we will still have to continue practicing social distancing, mask-wearing and all,” he says. “Going to a supermarket is still going to be risky, so Grocery Neighbour may appeal to those that don’t want to incur that issue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Each customer will push a trolley that folds out of the wall, runs along a track down the aisle, and then folds back into the wall to be immediately sanitised once the customer reaches the till","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe service could also appeal to those who depend on public transport to get to supermarkets, don’t want to wait in long queues with their fellow shoppers and even those seeking a blast from the past. “If you go back 30 years, most people bought groceries not by going to a physical store and not through e-commerce but by going to these small providers in open carts” on the street, Ghose says. “This reminds me of that but in a more sophisticated way. This is a hybrid: it’s not a regular offline pursuit and it’s not ecommerce. It’s something in the middle.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether Grocery Neighbour will find its niche remains to be seen, but it’s an example of the way the pandemic is driving innovation, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-the-long-term-effects-of-covid-19-infection\"\u003Emedical research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic\"\u003Eworking practices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E all the way to how we \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane\"\u003Eboard a plane\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What’s happening now is that the deck has been thrown up in the air so there are lots of opportunities for [new inventions],” says Aulet of MIT. “When people change their habits, that’s when opportunities arise.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Covid-19 has changed grocery shopping","headlineShort":"Is this the supermarket of the future?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In a social-distance-minded economy, countless sectors are being forced to innovate – grocery shops in particular.","summaryShort":"One plan to mix a physical shop with a delivery","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-07T20:03:43.538914Z","entity":"article","guid":"a8baffc7-f8b7-4393-9c61-c118847e8a89","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-07T20:12:46.652643Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818932},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2c82","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"While the sight of empty supermarket shelves may lead shoppers to fear food shortages, experts in the food supply chain say the system is built to endure.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the earliest days of coronavirus, visiting a local supermarket felt like a bad dream to many. Stepping inside and seeing checkout lines three times their usual length, and quickly realising that you weren’t the only one who felt it was time to stock up. Shouldering past the other shoppers toward the pasta aisle or frozen section, and turning the corner in shock to find rows and rows of empty shelves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs news of Covid-19 has grabbed the world’s attention, our grocery stores, usually bursting with every item we expect, have quickly been left bare by shoppers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200304-coronavirus-covid-19-update-why-people-are-stockpiling\"\u003Epanic-buying\u003C\u002Fa\u003E toilet paper, water, rice, beans, pasta, bread and frozen foods. Images circulated online of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fcoronavirus-panic-empty-shelves-long-lines-at-grocery-stores-2020-3#and-as-the-virus-spread-elsewhere-in-the-weeks-that-followed-shoppers-around-the-globe-started-to-react-in-the-same-way-3\"\u003Eempty shelves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in late January, leading buyers to queue up ahead of stores’ openings and run essential items dry on e-shopping sites like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usatoday.com\u002Fstory\u002Ftech\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F15\u002Famazon-toilet-paper-water-household-items\u002F5055632002\u002F\"\u003EAmazon Fresh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Compared to the same week in 2019, sales of US sales of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nielsen.com\u002Fus\u002Fen\u002Finsights\u002Farticle\u002F2020\u002Fkey-consumer-behavior-thresholds-identified-as-the-coronavirus-outbreak-evolves\u002F\"\u003Edried beans grew 37%, rice 25% and pasta 10%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, as April begins and shoppers continue to bulk-buy, grocery chains have jumped into action. Retailers have united with manufacturers, warehouse workers and supply chain operators to implement emergency policies to meet these skyrocketing demands. But even amid the uncertainty − and despite the seeming scarcity − experts across the food system are looking to reassure us against what could be shoppers’ ultimate fear: that an overburdened food supply chain could lead to a food shortage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What a crisis like the novel coronavirus reveals about the food system, more so than its weak points, is actually its flexibility and strength under pressure","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I can definitely understand people’s concern. Whenever they go into the grocery store, they’re used to seeing everything… but fundamentally, when you think of food production and distribution, food is produced at a high rate right now,” says Lowell Randel, vice president of the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA) in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat a crisis like the novel coronavirus reveals about the food system, more so than its weak points, is actually its flexibility and strength under pressure. The supply chain relies on several industry-spanning mechanisms that are designed to adapt when natural disasters strike – or when food sectors need to pivot during seasonal production spikes. In other words, we’ve been here before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“This one’s a little different because it’s prolonged and it’s everywhere… [but] when a hurricane is approaching the country, consumer behaviour is exactly the same [as right now],” says Fred Boehler, CEO of US-based supply chain firm Americold Logistics. Behaviour patterns may be the same, but when food demand is amplified to unprecedented scale across entire nations, many factories must shift to “full capacity” – a state of maximum production rate typically saved for emergency situations like this pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdjusting to shoppers’ changing demand in the wake of Covid-19 has been a herculean task, but experts agree that doing so is well within the system’s control – and not cause for alarm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESqueezing the balloon\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Boehler, a misunderstanding about the state of the food supply chain is that it’s currently being strained to its breaking point. To understand the mystery of the empty shelf, you must first look upstream, beginning in the storerooms of those very supermarkets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"At any one time, ‘our grocery stores are carrying about 20 to 30 days of inventory on-hand in the store – Fred Boehler","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt any one time, “our grocery stores are carrying about 20 to 30 days of inventory on-hand in the store,” says Boehler. The shops receive that inventory from local “retail distribution centres”, where workers sort through products and organise specific orders for delivery − these centres also hold about 30 days of inventory. “Call it 60 days of on-hand inventory. It’s all owned by that retailer.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGo back another node now to the “regional distribution centres”, situated in main cities, which supply the local retail centres. You guessed it: another 30 days of inventory. Finally, we reach the production facilities located directly beside the factories producing and packaging the food items. They take the product hot off the line and store it for shipping out to the regional centres. Thirty more days of inventory there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese four nodes of the general supply chain are therefore in perpetual ownership of about four months of food, ready and waiting to be transported, ordered, delivered and stocked. In a world clear of pandemics and disasters, the food system would normally split its inventory between retail shops (i.e. supermarkets) and food services (restaurants and bars). But as part of the emergency measures taken over the past three weeks to reduce the spread of the virus, countries like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftime.com\u002F5801497\u002Fitaly-shops-restaurants-coronavirus\u002F\"\u003EItaly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.restaurantbusinessonline.com\u002Ffinancing\u002Ffrance-spain-close-down-their-restaurants\"\u003ESpain, France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-51902681\"\u003Eparts of the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have forced restaurants to close their doors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Food services may have represented 50%, now they represent about 10%,” says Boehler. The food that would usually be shipped to restaurants is sitting in warehouses, while retail inventory orders have shot up simultaneously. Facilities are still shipping out the same amount of food, but their orders have radically shifted toward retail. “It’s kind of like squeezing a balloon,” he adds. “Less food services, more retail.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProduction mechanisms\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo keep up with grocers’ requesting 20 to 25% higher volume, providers are falling back on alternative but reliable procedures designed to handle a marketplace in flux. Some production and shipping facilities have increased their operating hours to reach full capacity and churn out as much food as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne flour mill in Hertfordshire, England hired enough staff to move from a five-day to a seven-day operation. This enabled the company to produce an extra 350,000 bags of flour a week, says Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes, head of the Centre for Supply Chain Improvement at the University of Derby.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Another mechanism is to cut down on the variety of different products being made. Pasta companies, for example, can halt different varieties and sizes of pasta to only produce the core types","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother mechanism, often used in parallel to longer operating times, is to cut down on the variety of different products being made – trading product range to focus on volume. Pasta companies, for example, can halt different varieties and sizes of pasta to only produce the core types, Garza-Reyes says. UK supermarket chain Tesco is supplying up to double its normal quantities of milk, bread, rice and pasta while simplifying its orders, such as refocusing milk production to two and four pints.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EManufacturers can also increase capacity by outsourcing some of their production to other companies nationally or abroad. “This is pretty much similar to what the UK government is doing by hiring private hospitals to boost the capacity of the NHS,” Garza-Reyes says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet while most companies are capable of increasing production in drastic ways, for many of them, the effect of this increased food demand is a much quieter affair. Steve Gonzalez, founder of organic pasta company Sfoglini, which produces about 6,000 pounds (2,700kg) of pasta daily, has seen a significant bump in sales since shoppers began clearing shelves. He typically orders one or two truckloads of semolina flour per month to produce pasta in his New York factory, which is then sold by Whole Foods, Stop & Shop and other retailers. In March, he had to order just three – a nonissue for a company like Sfoglini with the bandwidth to adapt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The shelf movement is so fast,” Gonzalez says. Even still, “nobody’s freaking out. Prices are the same.” His suppliers haven’t reported any hiccups, and the grains used for making the flour he purchases are safely stored in silos between their biannual harvests. It only takes about two weeks from the time the flour is milled to the time Sfoglini pasta appears on shelves, he says, so his company’s changes – while relatively minor − have had to roll out quickly. “The benefit to us of being a smaller business is we’re not this big, overgrown, lugging dinosaur. We can pivot and adjust as we need to.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese strategies – from the nimble adjustments within smaller companies to the more sweeping overhauls within the major players – have not stoked anxiety in the food supply chain, says Randel of the GCCA. The result is a system well in control of demand, even in the midst of a pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorkers wanted\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe true source of the empty-shelf issue lies inside the retail shops themselves. “In other words, and in many occasions, supermarkets do actually have products in their storerooms, but they do not have enough staff to bring it to the shelves as fast as they are taken from them,” Garza-Reyes says. In response, major retailers around the world have begun hiring new workers to fill the gaps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"US-based Aldi will recruit 5,000 temporary and 4,000 permanent staff, and Albertsons plans to bring on 30,000. Tesco in the UK has announced it will be hiring 20,000 temporary workers","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUS-based \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1823537\u002Fthe-companies-with-jobs-hiring-during-the-coronavirus-crisis\u002F\"\u003EAldi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E will recruit 5,000 temporary and 4,000 permanent staff, and Albertsons plans to bring on 30,000. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tescoplc.com\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002Ftesco-recruit-temporary-colleagues-to-help-feed-the-nation\u002F\"\u003ETesco\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK has announced it will be hiring 20,000 temporary workers and has increased its inventory deliveries to meet demand. Kroger, the largest supermarket retailer in the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kroger.com\u002Fi\u002Fcoronavirus-update\u002Fstore-information\"\u003Ehas reduced its operating hours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “to allow more time for our employees to rest, clean and stock,” a company spokesperson says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe global network of grocery stores is thus gradually recovering from the initial system-shock of bulk-buying seen around the world, even in the countries hardest hit by the virus. “That food supply chain is continuing to operate. You’re not hearing of people starving in Italy,” Randel says. “Grocery stores have remained open and food is available.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStockpiled high\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGarza-Reyes says he expects the greater ‘empty shelves phenomenon’ to be temporary not only thanks to supermarkets making their flexibility count when adapting to demand, but because “there will be a point where customers have enough products like pasta in their storerooms that no more stockpiling will be needed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen that point is reached, and efforts within food supply chains and grocers align to catch up with shoppers’ demands under the Covid-19 outbreak, will there emerge a ‘new normal’ in the way the food system is organised?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People should take a deep breath, and shop for one to two weeks maximum. If you don’t find what you need, come back tomorrow – Caitlin Welsh","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELikely not, according to Boehler, who says that besides a temporarily shifted workforce, the systems in place up the chain are built to withstand more crises in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsumers can help reduce the collective fear of food shortages by shopping as they normally would, says Caitlin Welsh, director for the Global Food Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in the US. Workers simply need time to fill those shelves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People should take a deep breath, and shop for one to two weeks maximum,” she says. “If you don’t find what you need, come back tomorrow.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-02T15:44:20Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why grocery shelves won't be empty for long","headlineShort":"Why supermarkets won’t run out of food","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"While the sight of empty supermarket shelves may lead shoppers to fear food shortages, experts in the food supply chain say the system is built to endure.","summaryShort":"The reason grocery store shelves are empty - for now","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-01T19:50:45.872491Z","entity":"article","guid":"e1212c69-91e0-43d6-8778-70d8e457e81a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-01T20:59:28.111776Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash","_id":"5f6329fcfdd05dcd259c1dbe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"‘Cash is king’ has long been the motto of German consumers and small business owners – but Covid-19 is bringing rapid change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EGermany might be known for its proud culture of technological innovation, but it's not uncommon for newcomers and tourists to be caught out at cafes and small businesses that only take cash.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAlthough online and mobile payment systems such as Apple Pay have made inroads in recent years, for many German businesses owners – and consumers, too – cash is king. This is especially true at smaller establishments, like the corner shop and neighbourhood restaurant. It’s a habit rooted in a thrifty culture with a preference for tangible spending.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid-19 has probably changed German payment behaviour faster than any single technology ever has - Georg Hauer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, cash payments have, for the first time, been actively discouraged in Germany. “Covid-19 has probably changed German payment behaviour faster than any single technology ever has,” says Georg Hauer, general manager of the Germany-Austria-Switzerland region at N26, a Berlin-based online banking start-up. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor many Germans, using cash isn't just a personal preference; it's a cultural value that they've grown up with — and one tied closely to a national value with centuries-old roots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECash as a national value\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe longstanding preference for cash “is based on an underlying preference for the supposedly concrete versus the abstract”, says Dortmund-based historian Robert Muschalla, who curated 2018’s Saving – History of a German Virtue exhibition at Berlin’s German History Museum. Muschalla says this ideology emerged in the late 18th Century, when Germans were socialised to prioritise a tangible result from their labour over more abstract forms of exchange, such as IOUs, as the economy evolved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA century later, with worker-employer clashes increasingly common, Muschalla says encouraging saving was seen as a way to reduce factory tensions. “The motto was: ‘Those who work hard and save and have something to lose do not make a revolution’,” he says. Thrifty values persisted through periods of economic turbulence after both World Wars. After World War Two, he adds, savings banks opposed the introduction of consumer credit, fearing it would damage saving culture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBy the time bank cards were introduced for much of Europe and the US, Germans were still just fine dealing with cash. This belief has stuck around: ‘card payment’ in Germany still largely means debit card – and German-style ‘credit cards’ largely don't accrue long-term debt but deduct the balance in full from a user's bank account the next month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A German piggy bank, on 6 March 2010","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EGrowing up in Bavaria in the 1980s and ‘90s, Anna Steigemann, an assistant professor in urban studies at the Technical University of Berlin, remembers going with her family to take cash out of the bank once a week. Her father would withdraw it on Thursdays, they’d go grocery shopping on Fridays and to the market on Saturday, and the remainder saw the family through the week. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMaik Klotz, 44, co-founder of Payment & Banking, which reports on fintech innovation, says his parents taught him as a child to value cash. Debit-style card payments, if available, weren't popular when he was growing up. “Back then, the fear of losing track of things and the fear of abuse was high,\" he says, adding that his parents still remain sceptical of card payments. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA changing landscape\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn recent years, the German payment landscape has evolved. In 2017, an ongoing Bundesbank study tracking consumer payments noted a slow but steady shift in habits, but showed that 88% of Germans wanted to continue using cash in the future. The same study found that Germans carried an average of €107 ($116, £95) in their wallets; the year before, a European Banking Commission \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecb.europa.eu\u002Fpub\u002Fpdf\u002Fscpops\u002Fecb.op201.en.pdf\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found Germans led their Eurozone neighbours in carrying cash.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In Germany, restaurant visits and groceries are paid in cash more than twice as often as the European average - Holger Sachse","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt was in 2018 that card payments made in stores overtook cash payments in value for the first time, the Cologne-based EHI Retail Institute \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ehi.org\u002Fde\u002Fpressemitteilungen\u002Fliebe-zum-bargeld-laesst-nach\u002F\"\u003Ereported\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, by fractions of a percentage (48.6% for card, 48.3% for cash). Yet cash was used in 76% of all retail transactions, still dominating smaller purchases. “In Germany, restaurant visits and groceries are paid in cash more than twice as often as the European average,\" Boston Consulting Group expert Holger Sachse told \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.de\u002F20180102\u002Fwill-the-german-love-affair-with-cash-ever-end\"\u003EThe Local\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2018. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYoung Germans, in particular, are looking for new payment alternatives, the Bundesbank’s 2017 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bundesbank.de\u002Fresource\u002Fblob\u002F737278\u002F458ccd8a8367fe8b36bbfb501b5404c9\u002FmL\u002Fpayment-behaviour-in-germany-in-2017-data.pdf\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed. Yet there are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handelsblatt.com\u002Ftoday\u002Ffinance\u002Fpayments-why-germany-is-so-slow-on-the-global-road-toward-a-cashless-society\u002F23712232.html?ticket=ST-4455574-9ex5Bn4NwMjx15kznezQ-ap2\"\u003Econcerns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that transitioning to a cashless culture would alienate both the older generation and lower-income people who might be unbanked. Many point to lingering concerns over privacy, especially among older consumers. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Many older Germans still remember a previous era of state surveillance all too well. This is why many Germans continue to guard their personal data and privacy fiercely, and have been less trusting than many of their other European counterparts when it comes to adopting new tech solutions,\" says Hauer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A sign specifies no cash payments at an ice cream shop in Berlin on 29 April 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut older consumers aren’t the only hold-outs. Small businesses still prefer the simplicity of cash – even millennial owners. Sami Gottschalk, 28, owns MINE Salon in Berlin’s arty, alternative Kreuzberg neighbourhood. The hair salon has always been card-free because he finds it easier to avoid the constant juggle between what’s in the cash drawer and what’s gone through on cards. “This is how I’ve worked before in a previous hair salon, and I thought it was easier for me to keep going with this method,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAt the salon, which is popular with both Berliners and expats, he's noticed that German clientele tend to carry more cash than Americans or Brits. Cashless customers are asked to withdraw money from a nearby ATM, something Gottschalk says people generally don't mind, though it can catch his foreign clients by surprise. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWith Covid-19, a cultural shift to cards \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet since Covid-19 began spreading around the world, Germany’s on-the-ground reliance on cash has been upended. In a few short weeks, cash went in many places from being expected to stigmatised or banned altogether. Of course, Germany's not the only country where cash reliance has dropped as a result of the pandemic: One \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52455706\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK, where 50% of people are already estimated to be cashless, suggested that 75% of people were using less cash due to the outbreak. However, the shift is especially noticeable in cash-loving Germany. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“[Covid-19] was the first time Germany’s biggest retailers all began actively promoting the use of contactless payments,” says N26's Hauer. “From grocery stores to petrol stations, and in-store signs to even purchased radio spots, big retailers encouraged Germans to change their behaviour.” Smaller retailers who only used to accept cash have pivoted, too: \"Not only have most of them started accepting card payments, quite a handful of them are actually only accepting card payments now, especially here in Berlin.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A cashier wearing a face mask serves supermarket customers in Duesseldorf on 29 April 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handelsblatt.com\u002Fdpa\u002Fwirtschaft-handel-und-finanzen-bundesbank-verbraucher-zahlen-in-corona-krise-haeufiger-kontaktlos\u002F25796902.html?ticket=ST-1733625-EnD1A41tPbqdUAN9I72Z-ap6\"\u003EBundesbank survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has already shown Covid-19-driven changes in Germany’s consumer behaviour, aided by a change in late March that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bezahlen.de\u002F50-euro-visa-erhoeht-nfc-grenze.php\"\u003Edoubled the limit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for contactless transactions at the till to €50. (The UK, similarly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fisabeltogoh\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F24\u002Fcontactless-payment-limit-rises-to-45-as-uk-fights-against-coronavirus\u002F%232d90bb9329d6\"\u003Eraised the limit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from £30 to £45 from April to drive card payments.). By late April, 43% of respondents said they had changed their payment behaviour, compared to 25% at the start of the month. Sixty-eight percent of those who changed their behaviour said they were now more likely to pay with a card. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnother \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.initiative-deutsche-zahlungssysteme.de\u002Fpresse\u002Fpressemitteilungen\u002F2020\u002F23042020\u002F\"\u003Erecent survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, taken by the German Payment System Initiative, revealed that 57% of Germans use debit and credit cards now more than they did before the pandemic, and almost half have “significantly reduced” their cash use. At N26, Hauer says the bank recorded 56% fewer withdrawals from ATMs in the first month of Germany’s lockdown compared to the previous month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Since I’m always paying with debit, I have no idea how much money I’m actually spending right now - Anna Steigemann","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor Anna Steigemann, the transition has been tough. “Now I’m in a situation where I go to [natural supermarket] Bio Company and buy a single pretzel or roll and pay [for] even that with a debit card because they ask for it,” she says. “Since I’m always paying with debit, I have no idea how much money I’m actually spending right now…. It’s a very unstable and insecure time now anyway and losing control over my account right now makes me even more insecure.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFollowing historical precedent, Germans appear to be responding to the current crisis by spending more carefully – and saving. Hauer says an internal bank survey found that 55% of Germans (taken from a sample of 10,000 people across the bank’s main markets) had “already changed their financial priorities for 2020”. About two-thirds of respondents said they were putting aside more money than before the crisis. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThomas Giese and Marion Coulondre opened Bichou Cafe, a French comfort food outpost in Berlin’s gentrifying, eclectic southern district of Neukölln, in 2016. \"When we opened, very few businesses in Neukölln were offering card payment,” Coulondre says. \"People were totally used to paying cash, and as we were a small neighbourhood café, this was not an issue at all to not accept cards. It was just more simple for us and cheaper to start off like this.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThey started taking cards at the beginning of 2019. And, while they continue to accept cash, have seen more customers than ever pay by card during the pandemic – even regulars who always use cash. Yet, income is down. “At the moment we have as many card payments as on a regular day but sometimes half the revenue,” Coulondre says. Looking to the future, she anticipates an increase in card payments as the trend she's seen over the last two years continues. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPost-Covid: back to cash?  \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E It’s hard to imagine cash regaining its former throne in German consumer life. In Hauer’s view, Covid-19 provided a nudge that society was ready for. “All this together helped drive a change in behaviour: the speed and magnitude of the change tells us that it wasn’t difficult to make, but people needed a strong reason to break an old habit.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EHe says N26 believes that Covid-19 will “accelerate” the way to a future in which “cash payments are the exception rather than the norm”. Ingo Limburg, head of the German Payment System Initiative, told \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dw.com\u002Fen\u002Fpaying-in-cash-in-germany-and-the-coronavirus-corona-crisis-epidemic\u002Fa-53349878\"\u003EDW\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on 7 May he expects greater card use to continue: \"We assume that the trend toward card payments will increase disproportionately.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAt MINE, Gottschalk is sticking with cash for the moment – with hand sanitiser ready at the cash register – but he's open to change. “I don’t think people will actually go back to cash as often as they were,” he says. \"It's true now that [card payment is] starting more and more, and it’s definitely something we might have to consider in the future. I don’t think we can keep on going using cash only.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will coronavirus change Germans’ love of cash?","headlineShort":"Why Germans are changing how they pay","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cash and German bank cards on 25 March 2020","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"‘Cash is king’ has long been the motto of German consumers and small business owners – Covid-19 is bringing rapid change.","summaryShort":"Why the pandemic is eroding an entrenched preference for cash","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-20T20:00:36.408011Z","entity":"article","guid":"be22432a-e695-4b5a-b1b4-1b8699ffae35","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-20T20:00:36.408011Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world","_id":"5f6329fffdd05dcd259c32fc","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-jones"],"bodyIntro":"Amid economic uncertainty – and a desire to connect as we distance – bartering is experiencing an unprecedented rise. Could it stick around?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELondon-based nurse Marjorie Dunne joined Barter United Kingdom after spending five days in hospital with coronavirus in April. The group, which she originally joined to get rid of a few unwanted items unearthed during spring cleaning, ended up helping Dunne through one of the toughest times of her life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It really helped me out with meals for my family,” says Dunne. “I didn’t have the energy to cook, I was spending a fortune on online grocery shopping and having meals brought to the house was a tremendous help.” Members of Barter United Kingdom, which started on 23 April and had 1,300 members as of early August, swapped curries, roti and cakes for Dunne’s dresses and DVDs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAround the world, people have been turning to swapping, trading and bartering during the coronavirus pandemic, whether to do their bit for the local community, save money or simply source hard-to-find baking ingredients. With economic uncertainty looming and anxiety levels soaring, barter is becoming an emerging alternative solution to getting by – and staying busy – amid Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pb1br"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Barter was a natural solution’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe increase in bartering is nowhere better exemplified than in Fiji, which inspired Dunne’s London group. The country has a long tradition of barter, known as ‘veisa’. It’s only grown amid Covid-19, and Fijians have harnessed modern technology to connect even more people.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I knew that money would be tight to stretch out and even harder to come by. I asked myself what happens when there’s no more money? Barter was a natural solution to that,” says Marlene Dutta, who started the Barter for a Better Fiji group on 21 April. Its membership is just under 190,000 – more than 20% of Fiji’s population. Items changing hands have run the gamut – pigs for kayaks, a violin for a leather satchel and doughnuts for building bricks – but the most commonly requested items have been groceries and food.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The primary reason for setting up the Facebook group was to help offer a solution to our current economic situation,” says Dutta. Fiji’s tourism-dependent economy has been hit particularly hard during the pandemic, with an estimated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fijivillage.com\u002Fnews\u002FPM-confirms-115000-Fijians-have-lost-their-jobs-or-have-had-their-hours-cut-as-a-result-of-COVID-19-8fxr45\u002F\"\u003E100,000 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E losing jobs in an industry that contributes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.investmentfiji.org.fj\u002Fpages.cfm\u002Ffor-investors\u002Fsector-industry-profiles\u002Ftourism.html\"\u003Earound 30%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to Fiji’s GDP and employs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmitt.gov.fj\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FFT2021.pdf\"\u003Earound a third\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of Fiji’s total labour force. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I invited all of my friends and it just grew. We had 1,000 people in less than 24 hours ⁠—Veronica Coon","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The economic hardships people are coping with are driving the rediscovery of bartering,” says Shera Dalin, co-author of The Art of Barter. “The same thing happened during the Great Recession. When times get harder, people turn to barter.” Similarly, more than 300 barter organisations cropped up during the early years of the Great Depression in the United States, says Dalin. “American currency was hard to come by during the Depression and barter helped assuage that need,” she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Fiji’s barter explosion has affected the whole country, other groups across the world have been working at state, city or community levels.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I invited all of my friends and it just grew. We had 1,000 people in less than 24 hours,” says Veronica Coon, who started her Facebook barter group in the US state of Nevada on 15 March. It now has more than 5,600 members. The most popular items traded have been hard-to-find groceries like flour, yeast and eggs, as well as baby wipes, disinfecting spray and masks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pj1yx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBartering time\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlong with goods, some people have been trading another precious commodity that they may have had more of recently – time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E‘Time banking’, which started in Japan in the 1970s, and in the US in 1992, is seeing a jump in popularity. Members of a time bank spend one hour helping another member, and can receive one hour of help in return. People offer and receive things such as piano lessons, painting services or language teaching.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have definitely had more interest as an organisation, with four new time banks starting after the onset of lockdown,” says Kerri Tyler, community engagement and communications manager at Timebanking UK. Founded in 2002, the group has never seen such a spike before, adds Tyler.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring Covid-19, many UK time banks have been helping the local community. In Gloucester, members of the Fair Shares time bank have been picking up prescriptions, shopping and making food parcels for those hardest-hit by the economic crisis. In Merseyside, the Our Time time bank, whose aim is to tackle social isolation faced by people with mental health problems and help them engage in the local community, has been helping connect isolated people by setting up video calls and quizzes as well as doing regular wellbeing checks on its most vulnerable members.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reciprocal nature of time banking means people are more inclined to accept help, seeing it as an exchange rather than charity, says Reyaz Limalia, who runs Fair Shares. “A lot of people still have this view that volunteering is charity one person does to another. It’s a really demotivating thing for that person who is receiving the help.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBarter expert Dalin notes that those keen to try bartering need to come to it with time on their hands and an open attitude. “Traders need to be patient. Bartering takes more time than buying with cash,” she says.  “Since bartering is so personal, it's important that traders not have a ‘win-at-all-costs’ attitude. While it's better to have swaps that are relatively equal in value, the most important thing is that all parties are satisfied with the result.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pb2cg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBartering business\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBartering isn’t just for individuals looking for baking items or help with grocery shopping, however. In ‘barter exchanges’ for business, participating organisations try to increase their yearly business by 10% to 15% through swapping their services for the services of other businesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBusinesses are increasingly interested in joining barter exchanges, which have “doctors, lawyers, service companies, retailers – you name it”,  says Ron Whitney, President of the US-based International Reciprocal Trade Association, a non-profit organisation founded in 1979 that promotes and advances modern trade and barter systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMembers can exchange their professional services for barter credit, which they can then use to ‘buy’ the services of another member. Most times it is not a one-on-one trade. For instance, a landscaper would do a $5,000 landscaping job for a local dentist’s office. That does not mean he has to trade his labour for $5,000 of dental work; rather, he has an account at a barter exchange [\"think of it almost as a credit card account”, says Whitney], which is credited 5,000 trade dollars and he can spend that amount on any of the hundreds or thousands of members in that exchange.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhitney estimates there has been a 20% increase in member sign-ups to barter exchanges during the pandemic. “Barter exchanges are seeing more activity and gaining more interest than ever before because cash is tight, credit is tight,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People understand how a small act of kindness can make a drastic difference to somebody else’s life ⁠— Reyaz Limalia","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe limits of barter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe increase in barter has forged stronger community connections for many. But it’s unlikely that people will ditch spending in general for a totally swap-filled life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[Barter is] a nice way of showing a bit of community spirit and solidarity with people without money changing hands. That is more about the significance of the signal that you’re giving than the true economic significance of the transaction,” says David Miles, professor of financial economics at Imperial College Business School in London. He adds that the draw of barter is likely the personal aspect of the exchange, especially during the pandemic. “Sometimes the swapping and there not being money changing hands makes it seem a much more communal, gentler, kinder, non-commercial thing about helping people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pb2tm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo although the barter economy is currently strong and strengthening, Miles says barter has a limit. “In almost any country in the world, it only works for a tiny proportion of things,” he says. “You’re not going to buy electricity by offering to provide a service.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETime-barterer Limalia, too, acknowledges the sometimes-limited scope of bartering, but points out that scaling up is not necessarily the point. “People understand how a small act of kindness can make a drastic difference to somebody else’s life,” he says. “We’re not going to change the world – we’re not even going to change the whole city – but, actually, that one hour you give to help somebody else will make a difference to them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Could bartering become the new buying in a changed world?","headlineShort":"The rise of bartering","image":["p08pb21y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Amid economic uncertainty – and a desire to connect as we distance – bartering is experiencing an unprecedented rise. Could it stick around?","summaryShort":"Amid Covid-19, the bartering economy has taken off","tag":["tag\u002Feconomics"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-26T23:34:03.268345Z","entity":"article","guid":"3871c817-a2a8-45e1-b3e6-0693463038a8","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-26T23:41:30.756959Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c19c1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvittoria-traverso"],"bodyIntro":"Thousands of variations on social-distancing markers are popping up around the world. They reflect more than just our need to keep ourselves separated.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn May, parents walking with their children to the local primary school along Rue Poulletier, in central Paris, noticed some unusual marks on the ground. Right next to a zebra crossing, a series of new \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.designboom.com\u002Fdesign\u002Fwave-themed-street-signage-system-by-studio-5%E2%80%A25-encourages-parisians-social-distance-05-26-2020\u002F\"\u003Eblue-and-white wave-shaped marks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E dotted the street and pavement outside the school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAlthough the symbols seemed like something from a hopscotch game, they weren’t for fun: the markings are part of a new municipal initiative to encourage social distancing around schools. Near the wave-shaped markers, a sentence painted in blue lets pedestrians know that they are near a school, while the text ‘1m’ serves as a reminder to keep the distance of a metre between people. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Paris-based creative agency Studio 5·5 devised the markings in response to a call issued by the Paris municipality in preparation for the city’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.france24.com\u002Fen\u002F20200602-france-lifts-more-covid-19-restrictions-what-you-need-to-know-for-phase-ii\"\u003EPhase II\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a period of partial lockdown-rule relaxation between May and July that included the re-opening of some schools. France has since entered its Phase III, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.neweurope.eu\u002Farticle\u002Fmacron-details-phase-3-of-deconfinement-in-france\u002F\"\u003Eallowed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for all schools to re-open, and the wave-shaped signs have been expanded to another two schools, in a different Parisian district, with more soon to join the scheme. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Children currently making their way back to class in these three schools are now welcomed by the new signs. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dailymotion.com\u002Fvideo\u002Fx7u1bkb\"\u003Ea video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shot by Paris.fr, the official channel of the Paris municipal government, a boy is seen wondering at the meaning of the wave-shaped markers. “What’s this?” he asks his mum, who points to the “1m” part of the symbol. “Ah, it’s to keep distance between people!” the boy realises. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qymyd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“I have observed parents stepping away from each other after looking at the markers,” says Vincent Baranger, a brand designer and co-founder of Studio 5·5. “Kids are also drawn to these signs and like to remind parents to respect them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe white and blue waves – a visual reference to both the Seine river and Paris’s motto “Fluctuat net mergitur” (“floating but not sinking”) – are just one of the many examples of a new visual code that is appearing all over the world in response to a need for social distancing in order to keep the Covid-19 pandemic at bay. In Bristol, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabcnews.go.com\u002FInternational\u002Fphotos\u002Fcoronavirus-social-distancing-creative-ideas-70954938\u002Fimage-distanced-hearts-england-72121577\"\u003Elarge heart shapes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been sprayed on grass to outline safe distances; in New York City, white circles dot New York’s public parks; leaf shapes appear on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bostonherald.com\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F10\u002Fsocial-distance-leaves-painted-on-boston-common-grass\u002F\"\u003EBoston’s public grass\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; and painted outlines are showing up on the pavement of many Indian cities, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscroll.in\u002Flatest\u002F957212\u002Fin-photos-social-distancing-seen-at-cabinet-meeting-chaired-by-modi-at-shops-across-country\"\u003ENew Dehli to Pondicherry.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E These signs, symbols and markings are the hallmark of a pandemic-changed world – one that not only functions differently, but now looks it, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEvolving organically\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis is not the first time that pandemics have shaped the cities we live in. For example, in the 15th Century, Venetians re-purposed an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgeographic.com\u002Fscience\u002F2007\u002F08\u002Fvenice-mass-plague-graves-science\u002F#:~:text=Venice's%20government%20built%20a%20public,the%20modern%20word%20%22lazaret.%22\"\u003Eentire island\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to quarantine plague patients, and the then city-state of Milan erected an \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhimetop.wikidot.com\u002Fthe-lazzaretto\"\u003Eentire block\u003C\u002Fa\u003E dedicated to plague patients. But, for the first time, multiple cities across the world are concurrently adapting to the same challenge – and doing it in different ways that reflect their priorities, values and cultures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAccording to Harold Takooshian, a professor of urban psychology at Fordham University in New York City, social distancing signs around the world can be divided into three broad categories: government signs, organisational signs and citizen-created signs. Paris’s wave-shaped markers were the product of a government-led initiative, as were the white-painted squares in Vicchio, Tuscany, where the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dezeen.com\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F12\u002Fcaret-studio-social-distancing-stodistante-installation-vicchio\u002F#:~:text=The%20StoDistante%20installation%20features%20a,of%20the%20Covid%2D19%20virus.\"\u003Ecobblestones of Piazza Giotto have been marked to create a social distancing grid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But most of the social distancing signs that have popped up across the world are part of the other two categories.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qymcz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESingapore, for instance, is full of them. Authorities there introduced \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F27\u002Fasia\u002Fsingapore-coronavirus-laws-scli-intl\u002Findex.html\"\u003Enew laws mandating social distancing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but issued no guidelines for how to mark that distance. “The design of the markers was not defined from the top down,” says Berny Tan, a Singapore-based artist who has been collecting images of social distance markers around the city. “Social distancing rules were announced, and people had to respond to it within just a few days.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis absence of guidance resulted in a maze of symbols that businesses and citizens put together with various materials, including tape, cardboard, plastic and paint. Tan has been meticulously documenting the markings in an Instagram called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Ftape_measures\u002F?hl=en\"\u003Etape_measures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The account, which works as a sort of digital archive for what she calls a “community-driven” visual language, now features hundreds of signs, from the basic yellow-and-black tape to ad-hoc stickers made by local design agencies. Her account has captured a range of signs, such as chicken feet shapes used by a fried chicken restaurant, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.channelnewsasia.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsingapore\u002Fin-pictures-safe-distancing-in-singapore-covid-19-coronavirus-12587462\"\u003Epolka dots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the style of artist Yayoi Kusama.  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Takooshian finds these kinds of self-made signs especially interesting. “People are reacting to a stressful situation with a lot of creativity,” he says, adding that self-made signs can create a bond among people. “Government signs can be perceived as coercive,” he explains. “When seeing a self-made sign, we understand that a business or a person is, like us, trying to comply with the rules.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qywtp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new standard\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs the pandemic continues, these improvised social-distancing symbols are slowly starting to evolve into more standardised markers – a kind of evolution that has precedent. For instance, before most cities eventually adopted the zebra crossing, each town marked pedestrian crossings in different ways. Britain mostly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fsmart-news\u002Fshort-history-crosswalk-180965339\u002F\"\u003Eused\u003C\u002Fa\u003E metal studs and poles on the side, while Detroit used tennis-court lines. Eventually, the 1949 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftreaties.un.org\u002Fpages\u002FViewDetailsV.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-B-1&chapter=11&Temp=mtdsg5&clang=_en\"\u003EGeneva Convention on Road Traffic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E established \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fopiniojuris.org\u002F2013\u002F05\u002F05\u002Fthe-1949-geneva-convention-you-probably-havent-heard-of\u002F\"\u003Euniform traffic rules\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across countries and most cities adopted the now iconic zebra crossing sign.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA similar process is at work with social distancing signs. Aradhna Krishna, a professor of marketing at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, is currently working on a universal social distancing symbol with a team of international experts at the University of Lucerne. “An ideal symbol is one that gets noticed and that triggers a natural response in viewers,” she explains, adding that, so far, she has not come across any symbol that could work as a universal marker. But based on her decades-long research on the psychological impact of road signs, she thinks that some current examples can be more effective than others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESigns with too many words tend to be ignored, while simple signs with bright colours, such as yellow, tend to stand out more. Stimulating other senses, like touch, can also make a sign effective. In Elblag, Poland, architect Ada Kotyńska, director of art gallery Galeria EL, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.urbangardensweb.com\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F26\u002Flawn-mowed-into-checkerboard-becomes-natural-social-distancing-space\u002F\"\u003Emowed the gallery’s garden into a checkerboard pattern\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to create a tactile social-distancing demonstration. “Visitors are intuitively drawn towards the un-mowed parts,” explains Kotyńska.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qymjq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIncorporating an “emotional component” can also make a marker more effective. “The Paris wave-shaped mark is playing on people's loyalty to Paris,” Krishna explains, adding that a reference to a shared community can be an effective tactic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEmotions are also at the core of the effective white circles now used across New York City’s parks to mark social distancing. Domino Park’s director Mike Lampariello, who came up with the white-circle idea, says that visitors have been appreciative of the markings, and understood intuitively how to use them from the start. According to Krishna, that’s due to the feeling of safety the circles convey. “A circle marks a private space that others will not cross,” she explains. “People can feel safe and cocooned within it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EHowever, emotional messages conveyed by social-distancing symbols may not be the same across countries – or even within them. “In the US, social-distancing markers are contentious,” says Mindy Thompson Fullilove, a professor of urban policy and health at The New School in New York City, referencing the way that masks and social distancing have been at the centre of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-53477121\"\u003Eheated debate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on civil liberties in the country. “They can be a source of comfort to some, but irritate others.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis is especially true for what Krishna explains as “voluntary” signs, which are not coercive, but instead rely on a person’s choice to take on a behaviour. “The Paris wave is a voluntary sign and it relies on loyalty to the city,” she adds. Non-voluntary signs, on the other hand, tell you exactly what to do. “When we mark a cross on the floor saying this where you should stand, that’s a non-voluntary sign.” She believes a mix of these two types of signs may be an effective solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qywlf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor now, business and designers are taking it upon themselves to create visual codes, with solutions such as “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbeach-ring.com\u002F\"\u003Ebeach rings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” and “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fwatch\u002F?v=698804254243322\"\u003Esocial-distance tape\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” among the innovations. Caret Studio, a design agency based in Florence, has developed a free and easy-to-assemble kit that anyone can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fproximity.design\u002Fen\u002Fdownload\u002F\"\u003Edownload\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and put together with A4 paper, tape, paint or chalk. The team crafted markers for different contexts – benches, lobbies, cashier desks and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“We believe that the current use of symbols creates stress for users who need to identify and decode a new system of signs each time,” says founding partner Federico Cheloni, who oversaw the ‘Proximity’ project, in collaboration with Forte Design. His hope is that the project will help create a standard visual system that can be easily understood across contexts, such as train stations, public gardens and beyond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBuilding bridges\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs social distance markings paint the world, designers and academics are also wondering if these new shared visual languages can do more than just enforce a safety rule. They may be able to connect societies, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“When we designed the wave-shaped sign there was a lot of anxiety in France,” says Studio 5·5’s Baranger. “We designed a friendly sign with a touch of poetry that could remind people of social distance, but also bring some hope.” Many online accounts across the US also report the healing power of social distancing signs, with residents creating \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F22\u002Fus\u002Fcalifornia-sidewalk-drawings-coronavirus-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003Echalk signs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to remind people to social distance but also to stay positive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qyx2b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFullilove, who has studied the impact of 9\u002F11 on New York City civil \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F8417972_Promoting_collective_recovery_through_organizational_mobilization_The_post-911_disaster_relief_work_of_NYC_RECOVERS\"\u003Esociety\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, thinks that local governments should work with organisations to co-create symbols that can bring a message of hope and possibility. “If people feel part of a community, they tend to play their part,” she says. “That’s a known fact about how social groups work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd that may be what ultimately makes a sign effective. “The best signs are the one that actually make people want to respect a rule,” Krishna says. “We need to understand what can push people to want social distance.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-16T16:13:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How social-distancing symbols are changing our cities","headlineShort":"The social-distance signs across cities","image":["p08qywls"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200831-hong-kong-public-space-problem-social-distance","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-rise-of-bartering-in-a-changed-world","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Thousands of variations on social-distancing markers are popping up around the world. They reflect more than just our need to keep ourselves separated.","summaryShort":"What new symbols and markers tell us about the world","tag":["tag\u002Fcities"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-15T19:47:21.070761Z","entity":"article","guid":"06e2a352-40cc-4a9d-abcb-7737ba678b9a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-17T08:32:54.101702Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818925},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-how-japans-kutoo-fights-pressure-to-wear-high-heels":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-how-japans-kutoo-fights-pressure-to-wear-high-heels","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2c9c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":[],"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Yumi Ishikawa became the leader of a movement after tweeting about the pain from the heels she had to wear to work.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhen Yumi Ishikawa \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fishikawa_yumi\u002Fstatus\u002F1088410213105917952\"\u003Etweeted in January\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how much her feet hurt from a company dress code pressuring her to wear 5cm to 7cm heels, she didn't expect a movement to be born. However, she struck a chord with working women throughout Japan. Her comment has been retweeted 30 thousand times.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIshikawa, a freelance writer and former model, had been working as a funeral parlour usher at the time. This involved standing up to eight hours at a time in heels, alongside male colleagues wearing comfortable flats. Outraged by the disparity, she created the hashtag #KuToo, a play on the Japanese words for shoes (\"kutsu\") and pain (\"kutsū\"), with a nod towards #MeToo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E#KuToo quickly became a movement aiming to stop employers from demanding that women to wear high heels. Ishikawa has collected over 30,000 online signatures for a change.org \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.change.org\u002Fp\u002F%25E5%258E%259A%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%258A%25B4%25E5%2583%258D%25E7%259C%2581-kutoo-%25E8%2581%25B7%25E5%25A0%25B4%25E3%2581%25A7%25E3%2581%25AE%25E3%2583%2592%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB-%25E3%2583%2591%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2581%25AE%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%2588%25B6%25E3%2582%2592%25E3%2581%25AA%25E3%2581%258F%25E3%2581%2597%25E3%2581%259F%25E3%2581%2584\"\u003Epetition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and in June called for the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare to ban companies from pressuring women to wear certain types of shoes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn response, Japan's health minister stated that heels are \"necessary and appropriate\" in the workplace. While not all Japanese companies demand high heels for female employees, his remarks reflect a pervasive mentality and gendered social pressure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-how-japans-kutoo-fights-pressure-to-wear-high-heels-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-07-31T03:27:14Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Japan's #KuToo fights pressure to wear high heels","headlineShort":"The woman fighting Japan's dress codes","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Yumi Ishikawa became the leader of a movement after tweeting about the pain from the heels she had to wear to work.","summaryShort":"The #KuToo movement against high-heels at work was launched by a tweet","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-07-31T02:27:55.87073Z","entity":"article","guid":"93e18646-227b-475e-931e-c1ea9007c061","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-how-japans-kutoo-fights-pressure-to-wear-high-heels","modifiedDateTime":"2019-07-31T03:31:55.090662Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190731-how-japans-kutoo-fights-pressure-to-wear-high-heels","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2c64","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsheryl-nance-nash"],"bodyIntro":"Self-doubt and imposter syndrome permeate the workplace, but women, especially women of colour, are particularly likely to experience it. Why is this – and how can it be changed?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough I haven’t worked in an office in more than 20 years, I still remember the feeling I used to have at my nine-to-five magazine job. No matter how well I did, I always felt that I wasn’t good enough for the rarefied publishing world. I didn’t come from a pedigree; I just was a hard-working black woman. I felt (and sometimes literally was) unacknowledged in the hallways, and my voice was hardly heard. It wasn’t unusual that ideas I presented at meetings got a lukewarm reception, but two meetings later someone else suggested a similar thought, which was instantly deemed a must-write story.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven though I knew I was capable of doing the work, I was riddled with doubt. It was years later that I learned there was a term for what I felt: imposter syndrome.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EYou may not be able to see it around you, but imposter syndrome permeates the workplace. It’s a feeling that many people can identify with: why do I feel like a fraud even though I’m eminently qualified for this job? Despite having education and training, many have never been able to break free of doubting their worthiness and step into any a higher level of success.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EBut although anyone can ask this question, imposter syndrome has an outsize effect on certain groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We’re more likely to experience imposter syndrome if we don't see many examples of people who look like us or share our background who are clearly succeeding in our field – Emily Hu","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Women, women of colour, especially black women, as well as the LGBTQ community are most at risk,” says Brian Daniel Norton, a psychotherapist and executive coach in New York. “When you experience systemic oppression or are directly or indirectly told your whole life that you are less-than or underserving of success and you begin to achieve things in a way that goes against a long-standing narrative in the mind, imposter syndrome will occur.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you doubt yourself even when you’re doing all the right things, are you doomed to feel like an imposter, no matter what? And why, exactly, do we feel imposter syndrome – and what can we do when that feeling starts to boil up?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStacked odds\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECorporate culture exacerbates the problem of imposter syndrome, particularly for women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Lean In, a US organisation that focuses on women in the workplace, women are less likely to be hired and promoted to manager. Its 2019 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fleanin.org\u002Fwomen-in-the-workplace-2019\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows that for every 100 men brought onto teams and elevated to management, only 72 women experience the same thing. Men hold 62% of manager-level positions, while women hold just 38%. And although one-third of the companies Lean In surveyed set gender representation targets for first-level manager roles, 41% of them didn’t for senior levels of management.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ls6n3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd despite progress in the boardroom, where diverse voices have been historically absent, women still don’t have near-equal representation. According to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.catalyst.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fwomen-on-corporate-boards\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECatalyst\u003C\u002Fa\u003E data for 2019, women in the US held 26.1% of directorships, up from 20.3% in 2016. Women in the UK fared slightly better, holding 31.7% of directorships, up from 25.3%. But even in the top-rated country, France, women only hold 44.3% of directorships, up from 37.6% in 2016. Additionally, women of colour are all but non-existent on corporate boards: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.catalyst.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fwomen-minorities-corporate-boards\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECatalyst\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reports that fewer than 5% of US corporate board seats are held by women of colour, despite being 18% of the US population. The only black woman to ever head up a Fortune 500 company as CEO was Xerox's Ursula Burns, who left the company in 2016.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe lack of role models for marginalised communities has a major impact on making people feel like they do – or don’t – belong in these corporate environments. Without this representation, there’s no “signal of the possibility of advancement… [or] how they managed the realities of stereotype, stigma and oppression in order to advance”, says Thema Bryant-Davis, a black psychologist and professor of psychology at Pepperdine University in California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We’re more likely to experience imposter syndrome if we don't see many examples of people who look like us or share our background who are clearly succeeding in our field,” adds Emily Hu, a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles. “This is especially true for black and indigenous people, for whom overall representation across almost all white-collar fields is alarmingly low.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For years I thought Nasa only hired me because they needed women - Maureen Zappala","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut lack of physical representation is just one of the factors that feeds into imposter syndrome. For instance, pervasive racist and sexist stereotypes can cause marginalised people to doubt themselves, says Bryant-Davis. She points to common messaging such as that women are not good leaders because they're too emotional; women are not good at maths or science; black, indigenous and other people of colour are lazy, unintelligent or lack integrity.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EEven the traditional focus on female beauty can make an impact on self-doubt. “If you've grown up with messages that you're only valued for your looks and your body, not your skills or intelligence, you may end up getting a certain job or position and wondering whether you truly deserve it or if the hiring manager just thought you were a pretty face,” says Hu.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Underqualified and in over my head’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaureen Zappala is a former propulsion engineer – a literal rocket scientist. But despite working at the US’s renowned National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Nasa) for 13 years in the 80s and 90s, and reaching a mid-level management position, Zappala was still beset with self-doubt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For years I thought Nasa only hired me because they needed women. I felt under-qualified and in over my head. I worked long hours to try to prove myself. I was too afraid to ask for help because I thought if I'm really as smart as they think I am, I shouldn't need the help, and I should be able to figure this out on my own,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven after being promoted, she constantly second-guessed her decisions. “Even though people raved about my people skills, and how I knew the facility inside out, and how I was really good at project management, I refused to objectively look at that data that said I was qualified,” says Zappala, who is now a professional speaker and author of Pushing Your Envelope: How Smart People Defeat Self-Doubt and Live with Bold Enthusiasm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat never-ending doubt can do damage both professionally and personally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ls6rh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJaime-Alexis Fowler is founder and executive director of Empower Work, a San Francisco-based non-profit that provides a crisis text line for workers, and says that imposter syndrome is one of the top issues that people reach out about. “They're overwhelmed, stressed, in many ways paralysed by this sense that no matter what they are doing, it's not enough, or that someone is going to find out that they don't know what they think they know. They feel like a 'fraud', or that they're never going to be qualified enough,” says Fowler. The professional anxiety spills over into their day-to-day mental health, she adds. “They have anxiety, stress, lack of sleep, an inability to focus and more.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoubt and stress from imposter syndrome can thwart your career trajectory, too. “You may not seek better opportunities due to fear of being exposed as a fraud, or it could cause your management style to not be as effective due to micro-management, perfectionism and lack of confidence,” says Richard Orbé-Austin, psychologist and co-author of Own Your Greatness: Overcome Impostor Syndrome, Beat Self-Doubt, and Succeed in Life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFrom fear to faith\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if you know the sources of your imposter syndrome, the feeling can still be hard to shake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Talking about your imposter syndrome is the first step to dealing with it, rather than suffering in silence,” says Orbé-Austin. “Identify allies and advocates in the workplace who believe in you and are supportive of you professionally.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECheck in with your colleagues and peers in the field, especially other women and people of colour. “Don't be afraid to admit you're struggling. Ninety-nine percent of the time, you're not the only one doubting yourself,” says Hu. This goes a long way toward validating the way you're feeling, which can be helpful for convincing yourself that the imposter syndrome actually isn't real the next time you experience it, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I was a woman in a foreign country with no business experience, working in a field that is to this day overwhelmingly white and male. How could I be an executive? - Rana el Kaliouby","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHu adds that it’s also important to silence your inner critic, and look toward your strengths. “We tend to over-focus on the negatives when we feel imposter syndrome, only paying attention to supposed failures or deficiencies,” she says. “Give yourself credit for your accomplishments. It may be hard at first because your mind will try to keep minimising the good stuff that you do, but keep trying.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd know that it is possible to get past your sticking points.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral years ago, Rana el Kaliouby left Egypt to move to the US to pursue a career in artificial intelligence. She worked at MIT and did well, which led her to co-found Affectiva, an emotion-measurement technology company in Boston.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I had no faith in my ability to lead,” says el Kaliouby. “I was a woman in a foreign country with no business experience, working in a field that is to this day overwhelmingly white and male. How could I be an executive? I told myself I couldn't, and we opted to hire a seasoned business executive to serve as CEO.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter a few years with the company, their first CEO moved on. Some board members recommended Kaliouby step into the role, but she had a lot of doubts. “I’d never been a CEO before, so how could I take this on? The voice in my head told me I can’t, I shouldn’t and that I’d fail.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut after Affectiva’s head of sales raised his hand to take the job, despite never having been a CEO either, el Kaliouby says that she “realised that women often don’t raise their hand unless they check all of the boxes. But when I sat down and thought about what a CEO does – and what I was doing – I realised I was not only ready for the job, but I was already doing it. I summoned my courage, approached the executive team and the board, and ultimately stepped into the role.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFour years later, el Kaliouby isn’t totally free of self-doubt – but she’s in a much better place with her imposter syndrome. “Sometimes I still hear the ‘Debbie Downer’ voice in my head. But I have learned to reframe the message. It is now my advocate, not my adversary, challenging me to move forward out of my comfort zone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why imposter syndrome hits women and women of colour harder","headlineShort":"Imposter syndrome's prime target?","image":["p08ls6f8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-how-japans-kutoo-fights-pressure-to-wear-high-heels","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Finequality"],"summaryLong":"Self-doubt and imposter syndrome permeate the workplace, but women, especially women of colour, are particularly likely to experience it. Why is this – and how can it be changed?","summaryShort":"Why self-doubt has an outsized effect on certain groups","tag":["tag\u002Fworkplace"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-27T19:53:43.69941Z","entity":"article","guid":"6b80e314-9b61-44b0-8b1d-a48462d7839d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-27T22:01:23.325654Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2f03","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Less than 10% of the top-earning dead celebrities are women – it shows how the gender pay gap persists even after life.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fdead-celebrity-earnings-show-gender-inequality-reaches-beyond-the-grave-127143\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eoriginally appeared on The Conversation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDeath is no excuse for celebrities to stop working. James Dean, despite being dead since 1955, has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvariety.com\u002F2019\u002Ffilm\u002Fnews\u002Fjames-dean-finding-jack-cgi-1203399187\u002F\"\u003Erecently been cast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in a new Vietnam war movie, Finding Jack. His co-starring role will be computer generated from old footage and photographs and voiced by another actor. The dead are now rivals with the living for parts in movies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis controversial casting decision has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Farts-entertainment\u002Ffilms\u002Fnews\u002Fjames-dean-movie-finding-jack-cgi-chris-evans-elijah-wood-controversy-a9194446.html\"\u003Emet with outrage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by many actors on Twitter. Complaints have circulated about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com\u002Fnews\u002Fchris-evans-elijah-wood-more-criticize-james-dean-cgi-casting-shouldnt-be-a-thing-1253004?utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter\"\u003Epuppeteering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as well as being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftime.com\u002F5720705\u002Fcgi-james-dean\u002F\"\u003Edisrespectful to the dead movie idol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDean is by no means the first dead celebrity to continue to perform after death. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fobituaries\u002Fnatalie-cole-singer-who-performed-the-first-virtual-duets-with-her-late-father-nat-king-cole-a6794906.html\"\u003ENat King Cole sang with his daughter Natalie\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on her 1991 Grammy Award-winning album, Unforgettable … With Love, and performed on stage with her via a video screen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=TGbrFmPBV0Y\"\u003ETupac Shakur sang on stage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with Snoop Dogg and Dr Dre in 2012 and Michael Jackson performed as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=jDRTghGZ7XU\"\u003Ehologram at the Billboard Music Awards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2014.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf, as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftime.com\u002F5720705\u002Fcgi-james-dean\u002F\"\u003EDean stated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: “Immortality is the only true success,” then success is achievable for a growing number of high-profile dead celebrities who have remained productive and valuable after death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut some dead celebrities are more valuable than others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDead reckoning\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth in life and death, celebrities wield significant power as a catalyst for cultural meaning. They possess symbolic and economic value that extends into death through the traces they leave behind. These traces continue the dead star’s celebrity power as a brand and include such things as photographs, films, signatures and recordings of their voice, as well as their celebrity persona (the character or personality they presented to fans).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Death is not the last great equaliser – inequality continues in death","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut this posthumous celebrity varies in value. For many high-profile celebrity women, the traces they leave possess sexualised value, much as they had in life – related to their youth, beauty and sensuality. A great deal of their symbolic and economic value is about their bodies, so the way in which their traces are put to work after they die reflects gendered inequality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDead women celebrities are put to work selling feminised products such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fmedia-network\u002Fmedia-network-blog\u002F2014\u002Foct\u002F08\u002Fhow-we-made-audrey-hepburn-galaxy-ad\"\u003Echocolate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=xQ8CtGhauRY\"\u003Eperfume\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile, Steve McQueen sells \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=6C9XRT-AFxc\"\u003EFord Puma cars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=HYfXBGdtS0I\"\u003EEinstein promotes Genius Bread\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMaking the list\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way in which gender inequality reaches beyond the grave is clearly revealed by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002F#79b44c342254\"\u003EForbes magazine’s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E publication of its Top-Earning Dead Celebrities List every October since 2001. Affectionately referred to as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fzackomalleygreenburg\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F30\u002Fthe-top-earning-dead-celebrities-of--2019\u002F#83f1ac4e5e8f\"\u003EDead Rich List\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it reveals distinct gender inequality. Of 52 celebrities who have appeared on the list in nearly two decades, only five have been women: actresses Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor, 1950s striptease artist and pin-up model Bettie Page, and singer-songwriters Jenni Rivera and Whitney Houston.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp style=\"position: relative; display: block; width: 97%; margin-left: 0;\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp07vls05.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“Chart\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMen – including Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fschulzmuseum.org\u002Fabout-schulz\u002Fschulz-biography\u002F\"\u003ECharles Schultz (of Peanuts fame\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) – consistently dominate the top positions on the Dead Rich List. Their earnings after death are staggeringly high compared to those of the women who appear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst place has been held by Michael Jackson every year since his death (excepting 2009 and 2012) helping buck the trend of the underrepresentation of black and minority ethnic performers. Jackson’s earnings have been immense, rising to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fpictures\u002F57e4376b4bbe6f24d1f887cf\u002Ftop-earning-dead-celebrit\u002F#4e4aeaf97169\"\u003E$825 million in 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to the sale of his half of the Sony\u002FATV Music catalogue which owned much of the Beatles’ music, before dropping to their lowest point in 2019 with $60 million.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn contrast, Monroe was the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fzackomalleygreenburg\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F30\u002Fthe-top-earning-dead-celebrities-of--2019\u002F#31c63cd4e5e8\"\u003Ehighest female earner with $13 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2019, allowing her to maintain eighth place on the list for a second year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForbes suggests that to achieve a financially successful posthumous career it helps to be a white man from either the US or UK, although black and minority ethnic people (BAME) are more likely to make the cut now than in 2001 as illustrated by Michael Jackson, Bob Marley, Prince and Whitney Houston making recent lists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Of 52 celebrities who have appeared on the list in nearly two decades, only five have been women","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBuilding posthumous value\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even if they make the rich list, the posthumous career earnings of Monroe, Taylor, Page, Rivera and Houston illustrate how women and black and minority ethnic people continue to be underrepresented among those who achieve high incomes after death. They reveal that celebrity value, in terms of symbolism and economics, is heavily gendered after death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For many high-profile celebrity women, the traces they leave possess sexualised value, much as they had in life","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDead celebrity women’s posthumous careers are limited by being valuable due to their bodily capital. Men have a good track record of making wealth through the books they write or the music and lyrics they compose and own. In contrast, celebrity women are less likely to be a source for the \u003Cem\u003Eproduction\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of wealth but a \u003Cem\u003Emeans\u003C\u002Fem\u003E for generating wealth for others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the 21st Century, in particular, is witnessing the emergence of perceptive and well-informed celebrity women who own the sources of production of wealth and are not restricted to their bodily capital. Women such as Oprah Winfrey, the Kardashian sisters and JK Rowling are in firm control of their economic and symbolic value – which is something they can take forwards into death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPretty much all of the possible women candidates for future lists have long lives ahead of them – hopefully, barring illness or accident – meaning it will be many years before this gendered inequality in death is properly challenged. As it stands, gendered inequality of bodily capital means that for celebrity women, death is not the last great equaliser – inequality continues in death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERuth Penfold-Mounce is a senior lecturer at the University of York. Read more from her on The Conversation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fprofiles\u002Fruth-penfold-mounce-166196\"\u003Ehere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-11-20T20:12:53.596Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How gender inequality lasts into death","headlineShort":"There's a gender gap among the dead","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":[],"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Less than 10% of the top-earning dead celebrities are women – it shows how the gender pay gap persists even after life.","summaryShort":"Less than 10% of the top-earning dead celebrities are women","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-11-20T20:43:55.866887Z","entity":"article","guid":"fd2b1870-976c-423d-9b54-645b2e95d000","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-21T20:37:09.530866Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c1874","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Private dinners where men discuss feelings and equality have taken off in Sweden. But the concept isn’t without controversy.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFew topics are off-limits at the male-only meetings attended by Swedish entrepreneur and environmentalist Johannes Wretljung Persson. The impact of porn, groping in clubs and misogynist banter at work have already been widely debated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 33-year-old says the goal is to create an environment in which a handful of men can “talk about inequality and patriarchy, and how to be a better human being”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s things people have done in the past, that they realise, ‘This is so bad that I did this!’,” adds Tård Wennerborg, a tech worker who is another attendee and organiser of the events, which take place in Västerås, west of Stockholm. “Also things you haven't done – you have heard other people say things or do things, and you haven’t reacted or opposed it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAcross Sweden, thousands of men have participated in these single-gender get-togethers in recent years, according to non-profit organisations \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.makeequal.se\u002F\"\u003EMake Equal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmfj.se\u002F\"\u003EMÄN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which work to promote equality. Events have ranged from candle-lit dinner parties to debates over take-away tacos or simple coffee evenings after work in empty offices. Many follow set guidelines such as asking participants to speak for a similar amount of time on a specific gender-related topic without interruption (and with complete confidentiality). Others serve as more informal support sessions in which men focus on their own current relationships and mental health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘The interest was enormous’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Swedish feminist groups have long encouraged men to participate in discussions about gender equality and identity, all-male talk groups took off exponentially in 2016, in the wake of a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsbeat\u002Farticle\u002F36713031\u002Fmore-than-40-sex-assaults-reported-at-two-swedish-festivals\"\u003Estring of assaults against women at Swedish music festivals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The female co-founder of Make Equal, Ida Östensson, posted on Facebook that men should consider getting their own private groups together to discuss the problem. Her call went viral within minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The interest was enormous,” reflects the organisation’s spokesperson Kristina Wicksell Bukhari. “Many men had felt frustrated to get accused of being ‘responsible’ [as a gender] without being able to be a part of the solution, being able to do something about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe organisation created a website with suggested topics and advice on how to make the most of conversations. The hashtag ‘killmiddag’ (which translates as ‘guy’s dinner’ or \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.killmiddag.se\u002Findex_eng.html\"\u003E‘guys talk’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in English) began trending.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe rise of the Me Too movement the following year kept the concept in the spotlight. Despite Sweden’s reputation as a world leader in championing women’s rights, there were high-profile accounts of sexual assaults and discrimination in Swedish industries across \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aftonbladet.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fa\u002F3Lrp0\u002Fover-4-000-kvinnliga-jurister-i-upprop-mot-sexuella-trakasserier\"\u003Elaw\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farkitekten.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fhar-ar-arkitektkarens-berattelser-om-sexuella-trakasserier\u002F\"\u003Earchitecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-45704915\"\u003Ethe arts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, alongside \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.se\u002F20181210\u002Fone-year-on-what-did-metoo-achieve-in-sweden\"\u003Ecalls for structural change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther Swedish groups working to promote equality helped to spread the word about killmiddag and stepped up their own similar initiatives. MÄN put on outreach events in 30 towns and cities for men to discuss the concerns of the Me Too movement, which included analysing anonymous texts by men describing their behaviours. The organisation also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmfj.se\u002Fassets\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsamtalsguide-2019.pdf\"\u003Ecreated its own online material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E designed to encourage smaller structured discussion sessions geared around personal reflection. Meetings are still happening around the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A lot of guys that have been in the groups say maybe just after the first session that, ‘Well, I never talked about this with anybody, not even my closest friends’,” says Mattias Lindholm, vice-president of MÄN’s branch in Uppsala, north of Stockholm. “I think that says something about the kind of safe space that we can create.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a view backed up by David Midhage, a 31-year-old construction engineer who participated in a series of structured killmiddag events in the city last year after hearing about MÄN’s initiative via Facebook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“At first I was really sceptical about joining at all, because it is a foreign thing to do as a man to talk about those kinds of feelings and experiences,” he recalls. “But it was really a relief to hear other men’s experiences regarding ‘How should I act?’, ‘How should I not act’... they had the same kind of confusion like I had.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe says it was easier to share his emotions and experiences with strangers, rather than break the norms of his friendship group, in which feelings or debates about gender identity are not typical topics of conversation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWicksell Bukhari at Make Equal says she has also received “awesome feedback” from the female partners of those who have participated in killmiddag dinners, who have acknowledged the benefits of offering men a new arena in which to discuss equality or other sensitive topics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's pretty common that men only speak with their girlfriends about their feelings and their relationships and their traumas,” she says. “The women don’t have to do all the talking and the supporting now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe challenge of self-selection\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet while male-only discussions have clearly had an impact for many on a personal level, even their most vocal advocates have raised concerns that participants are self-selecting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's hard to attract the ones that maybe most need this, because they would probably not go to these meetings voluntarily,” reflects Tård Wennerborg, who has attended and arranged both large-scale and more intimate events for MÄN in Västerås.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohannes Wretljung Persson, however, points out that most participants have so far had a “broad spectrum” of job titles and interests including teachers, politicians, craftsmen and sport fans “coming from quite a masculine culture”. He hopes that as the concept spreads, it will have a knock-on effect on influencing conversations and behaviours outside meetings, in an increasingly wide range of workplaces and friendship groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut supper clubs aren’t embraced by everyone as a solution to inequality. Anneli Häyrén, a researcher at Uppsala University’s Centre for Gender Science, argues that all-male groups risk perpetuating “negative masculinity”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe believes those who “don't really know when they are harassing or not harassing” could end up still confused about where to draw the line, and argues that efforts in mixed-gendered settings, such as increased education and structured discussions in schools and workplaces, would have a wider impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKillmiddag attendees like Wretljung Persson, however, argue that just as women’s networks are widely regarded as useful safe spaces in which to hold productive discussions on gender norms, men can also be constructive in similar environments. “I think it's like a necessary evil until society is more equal,” says Wretljung Persson. “In one of these meetings, no question is a bad one.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDavid Midhage in Uppsala says it is important to differentiate Sweden’s all-male discussions from radical men’s rights groups or incel forums who feel discriminated against in an increasingly feminist climate. However, he accepts that there might be some overlap when it comes to shared frustrations, such the uncertainty of how or when to approach women in a post Me Too world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“That raises the bar even further for those kind of persons who are isolated,” he says. “I can kind of understand where their resentment comes from.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut any kind of misogynistic comments are unwelcome at killmiddag meetings, and he believes anyone who crossed the line would be quickly called out by other attendees. “I would say it would happen quite naturally that people would question – perhaps not in very confronting way, like, ‘I believe that that was a stupid thing to do’, but more like, ‘What was the reason behind doing this and that?’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther critics have bemoaned the killmiddag concept for undermining traditional notions of masculinity, which they argue should be preserved. Ivar Arpi, a Swedish author and political columnist, says that although he has “nothing against” those who want to discuss their feelings around a dinner table, many men would not feel comfortable with the concept and would rather adopt tactics such as channelling their emotions and frustrations into sport.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's not a universally good idea to talk about stuff. And it's not universally good to locate your problems to masculinity,” he argues. Arpi points to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rand.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Frand\u002Fpubs\u002Fresearch_reports\u002FRR1000\u002FRR1082\u002FRAND_RR1082.pdf\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which suggests that factors other than gender-related attitudes can also play a role in sexual assault and harassment. These include perpetrators’ alcohol or substance abuse, other criminal activities, personality disorders or their own previous experiences of sexual abuse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Encouraging men to talk to each other in a general sense is perhaps more important than ever as the Covid-19 pandemic continues","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The focus should be on those groups of men that are most likely to commit these crimes, not on all men. Solutions like killmiddag make the participants feel better about themselves, for sure, but they fall short of achieving anything beyond that,” he argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there is no set profile of a sex offender, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\u002Fnyheter-och-press\u002Fnyhetsarkiv\u002F2019\u002Fmaj\u002Fsexuella-trakasserier-och-overgrepp-utbrett-i-befolkningen\u002F\"\u003ESweden’s Public Health Agency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last year labelled the extent of sexual assault and harassment against women “a major public health problem”. Half of all women questioned for its research said they had experienced some form of harassment, compared to just one in 10 men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe impact of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAway from debates about how much influence all-male discussion groups can have on limiting sex crimes, supporters of the concept argue that encouraging men to talk to each other in a general sense is perhaps more important than ever as the Covid-19 pandemic continues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohannes Wretljung Persson reflects that even though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-52076293\"\u003ESweden has not introduced a full lockdown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, “loneliness or people being single and isolated” is a concern for some members of his group alongside \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.expressen.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fcoronaviruset\u002Fkvinnor-isoleras-med-sina-valdsamma-man\u002F\"\u003Eincreased levels of domestic violence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on a national level. Events have, of course, moved online, in step with national guidelines surrounding social distancing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the northern Swedish city of Örnsköldsvik, Jon Moraeus, who also runs digital killmiddag events, says his group has been discussing how men can handle uncertainty. There are growing concerns about personal and national finances as the global economy is hit by the pandemic, and intense scientific disagreements in Sweden about whether it’s taken the right approach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think that often men think things should be ‘black’ or ‘white’ ... one thing we touched upon in our last meeting was ‘How okay is it to just not know?’,” says the 38-year-old, who is a mental health coach and council worker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMake Equal’s Wicksell Bukhari says another suggested current dinner topic is how male gender norms may be feeding into evidence that Swedish men are more likely than women to ignore social-distancing guidelines. “I think that has to do with the toxic masculinity in a lot of ways. The picture that you have to be independent and not do things for others, for example.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMake Equal has recently expanded its outreach work to include a book and two podcast series called ‘Everything we don’t talk about’, which builds on many of the topics already discussed at killmiddag events. It has also started working with organisations in other countries to try and expand the concept of killmiddag globally, although its organisers are cautious about committing to when the project will spring into action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think all men can become better at expressing their feelings and managing their feelings and reading other people's needs,” concludes Wicksell Bukhari. “Even those who have had a feminist awakening, they need this [help] and they are not perfect.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I would definitely recommend it,” adds former killmiddag sceptic David Midhage. “The more difficult you find a topic to talk about, the more important it is to talk about.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional research by Alexander Maxia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-04T16:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Sweden’s male-only supper clubs...for feminists","headlineShort":"Sweden’s exclusive men’s clubs","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Private dinners where men discuss feelings and equality have taken off in Sweden. But the concept isn’t without controversy.","summaryShort":"Can all-male supper clubs promote equality?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-04T02:12:38.083183Z","entity":"article","guid":"72f57ba2-08b2-4e35-93f2-460b324a0c48","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-06T14:05:20.181182Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c2f0f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Ffelice-klein-boise-state-university"],"bodyIntro":"It’s not just base pay that women earn less of compared to men in the workplace. Equity-based awards, like stock option grants, are offered more often to men, new research finds.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fthe-gender-pay-gap-that-no-one-is-paying-attention-to-142698\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat women are paid less than male colleagues is a stubborn fact in the US workplace.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs of July, women \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bls.gov\u002Fnews.release\u002Fpdf\u002Fwkyeng.pdf\"\u003Eearned 84 cents for every dollar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a man earned. It is a discrepancy that has garnered significant \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1257\u002Fjel.20160995\"\u003Eattention from scholars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fkarlynborysenko\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F31\u002Fgreat-news-ladies-the-gender-pay-gap-is-a-myth\u002F#87182c43b344\"\u003Ethe media\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usatoday.com\u002Fstory\u002Fmoney\u002F2019\u002F01\u002F23\u002Foracle-discrimination-lawsuit-department-of-labor-accusations\u002F2655364002\u002F\"\u003Esex discrimination lawsuits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut this figure only tells part of the story regarding gender pay inequality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.boisestate.edu\u002Fcobe-management\u002Ffaculty-staff\u002Ffelice-klein-phd\u002F\"\u003Eprofessor of business management\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, I have long studied compensation and inequality and know that base pay is only one way that women are disadvantaged in the workplace. Recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Fbuy\u002F2020-51967-001\"\u003Eresearch by myself and colleagues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shines a light on how female employees – particularly in the tech industries – likewise lose out when it comes to other forms of pay that receive far less attention: equity-based awards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese are stock grants, in which employees are offered shares in the firm as a form of pay, and stock option grants that offer the right to buy company stock at a preset price in the future. The value of both are tied to the employing organisation’s market price.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELess of an option?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEquity-based awards are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equilar.com\u002Fblogs\u002F187-equity-compensation-varies-widely-between-industries.html\"\u003Ecommonly used in technology firms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and startups and can make up a substantial part of employees’ compensation. In fact, according to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nceo.org\u002Farticles\u002Femployee-ownership-by-the-numbers\"\u003E2014 General Social Survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which was administered to a national random sample of working adults, 20% of all workers in the private sector own stock and stock options in their companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nber.org\u002Fchapters\u002Fc8086.pdf\"\u003Eestimates suggest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the average value of stock options to employees who receive them is $249,901, and the average value of stock is $60,078.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy colleagues and I wanted to see if gender played a role when it comes to equity-based pay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwarrington.ufl.edu\u002Fdirectory\u002Fperson\u002F7938\u002F\"\u003EAaron D. Hill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the University of Florida, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fryan-a-hammond\"\u003ERyan Hammond\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the data storage company Pure Storage, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fprofiles.stanford.edu\u002Fryan-lusvardi\"\u003ERyan Stice-Lusvardi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at Stanford University and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2020-51967-001.pdf\"\u003EI analysed equity-award data\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from two technology organizations. We found a gender gap for equity-based awards ranging from 15% to 30% – even after controlling for the typical reasons that women tend to earn less than men, such as differences in occupation and length of service at a company.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat’s in a name?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe wanted to know what could be behind the discrepancy, so we ran an experiment in which we asked working professionals to play the role of a manager in a fictitious company. Participants were asked to read a set of employee performance reviews and distribute stock options to their team based on one of two criteria often used for equity-based awards: retaining talent and recognising high potential employees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fictional employees were randomly assigned one of two gender-typical names, Steven and Susan, so that each profile was given the man’s name half the time and a woman’s the other half. This helped ensure that any differences between the profiles did not affect the results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08my3l6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat emerged was a gender gap favouring men when it came to distributing stock options based on retention – but not based on potential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, the data showed when it came to equity being used as an incentive to keep employees at the company, there was a significant gender gap.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur results were backed up by what we saw in the data provided by the technology firms, as well as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu\u002F?_ga=2.252934281.1253509536.1595968719-748539430.1567630103\"\u003Epublicly available data of executives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese findings come at a time when many companies are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffortune.com\u002F2018\u002F04\u002F09\u002Fequal-pay-companies-starbucks-apple\u002F\"\u003Eseriously looking at gender pay discrepancies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even with efforts underway to address the gender gap in base pay and bonuses, we believe that many businesses do not appear to be focusing equal attention to equity-based awards. We heard this firsthand in interviews conducted with 27 human resources professionals at both public and private companies. Although nearly all interviewees acknowledged their employers were doing pay audits for base pay, and sometimes bonuses, only three said their companies conducted audits on equity-based awards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also found evidence of this within the two technology companies we studied. There were small to no gender gaps in salary and bonuses after controlling for typical reasons that women receive less pay; however, large gender gaps existed in equity-based awards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnequal equity\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the reason this gender gap in equity awards exists is down to why they are handed out to employees in the first place. Stocks and options are most often distributed to employees to keep them from leaving. In fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0165-4101(02)00088-5\"\u003Ea survey of 217 companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that almost 90% said retention was the primary objective of their stock option programme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur interviews with HR professionals backed this up. Interviewees described equity-based awards as retention incentives for “high performers” and as “a forward-looking reward programme.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd studies have shown that men tend to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2001-05792-002\"\u003Eperceived as more capable in work settings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than women and as such are likely viewed as more important to retain in a company and often seen as a higher risk of leaving for a rival. As a result, men are likely to receive more equity-based awards than women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile some companies are working hard to address gender inequality, our findings suggest that efforts should be applied more broadly to all forms of pay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFelice Klein is an assistant professor of management at Boise State University.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about-2"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The gender pay gap no-one talks about","headlineShort":"The pay gap no-one talks about","image":["p08mz0w4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191120-what-james-dean-can-tell-us-about-the-gender-gap","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"It’s not just base pay that women earn less of compared to men in the workplace. Equity-based awards, like stock option grants, are offered more often to men, new research finds.","summaryShort":"It’s not just base pay that women earn less of compared to men","tag":["tag\u002Finequality"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-06T19:59:14.020873Z","entity":"article","guid":"e2ef3991-6401-4e91-abb1-0f7c5019c303","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-12T11:27:27.336057Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818928},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure","_id":"5f6329fefdd05dcd259c31e8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro"],"bodyIntro":"From billboards to posters, adverts are everywhere and can be an eyesore for anyone – but for communities they target the most, they’re also a public health risk.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a Saturday morning in July, a group of face-mask-wearing protestors milled about a small plot of land next to a busy road in the English city of Bristol. Houses lined the side of the road they were on, with industrial buildings and a river on the other side.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey were dwarfed by a large placeholder billboard bearing the logo of the world’s largest outdoor-advertising company, JCDecaux. The site was slated to have a big, new digital billboard. Those plans had drawn the ire of protestors – largely members of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fadblockbristol.org.uk\u002F\"\u003EAdblock Bristol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a group advocating for a reduction in outdoor public advertising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome local residents observing the group were apathetic. “I’m not really opposed to it,” shrugged Simon Hitchcock, watching the protest from a nearby bus shelter. He wondered if the bright lights might even bring a positive sheen to the largely working-class area, which was being redeveloped for multi-storey housing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnti-advertisers tend to be an ardent but niche group. Iwona Tempowski, who lives about half a mile from the protest site, said she was there “to fight for a bit of humanity and nature”. She wanted the vacant site to be turned into a sculpture park, rather than a shrine to consumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the desire for more beautified public space isn’t the only factor that has mobilised some to push back on highly visible outdoor adverts. What Tempowski has observed in Bristol holds true for cities around the world, where evidence shows that lower-income people are bombarded with more – and more harmful – ads than those in wealthy neighbourhoods. Some opponents are fighting the public health threat these billboards’ messages pose, especially in less affluent areas with vacant lots and cheap land values.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe inequality of exposure \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany people consider outdoor adverts to be eyesores. But opposition campaigners point to the deeper effects of a glut of public advertising – for instance, causing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fcities\u002F2019\u002Fdec\u002F23\u002Fadvertising-breaks-your-spirit-the-french-cities-trying-to-ban-public-adverts\"\u003Emental overload\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.campaignlive.co.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fguerrilla-art-group-sabotages-outdoor-ads\u002F1141464\"\u003Eoverspending\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and exacerbating the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equaltimes.org\u002Fthe-growing-global-movement-to-end#.Xij-OySnyEf\"\u003Eenvironmental consequences of overconsumption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This has led the anti-advertising movement to comprise a varied coalition of psychologists, environmentalists, public space activists and artists. The movement is also finding common cause with some public health researchers, as in the case of junk-food advertising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08nx6s5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJean Adams, a public health researcher at Cambridge University, has studied how advertising unequally affects health behaviours. “We know that advertising works. Food advertising influences what kind of food children express preference for. Most food advertising is for less healthy foods. So food advertising in itself contributes to less healthy diets, and, by extension, probably to obesity,” she explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Outdoor advertising, we do not consent to it. It’s there whether we want it or not – Carla Denyer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne study of four US cities found that overall advertising density was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1468-0009.2009.00551.x\"\u003Etwo- to four-times higher in low-income postal codes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than in high-income ones. This is in large part because the land there is cheaper. Wealthier areas are also more likely to be deemed to have conservation or heritage value, and so it’s harder to obtain planning permission to erect ads there. Privately owned sites will generally have an easier time obtaining such permission, unless especially motivated or politically connected citizens mount opposition to it. In the UK, the exact procedures vary from council to council, although the National Policy Planning Framework sets out general stipulations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELess affluent areas (for instance, in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fpublic-health-nutrition\u002Farticle\u002Fsocioeconomic-differences-in-outdoor-food-advertising-in-a-city-in-northern-england\u002F192383F225D92A592658F950382D7E30\"\u003ENewcastle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, England) have more dense concentrations of billboards for less healthy foods. The Newcastle study found that 20% of the advertising land space was for food, with a KFC product being the most commonly advertised food. As Adams points out, “less healthy foods are cheaper, calorie-for-calorie and gram-for-gram”. Thus it’s not a paradox that people with less spending power are being disproportionately exposed to adverts for unhealthy food.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOutdoor advertising is also more prevalent in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of certain racial minorities, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12889-019-7821-y\"\u003Eblack residents in New York City\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This holds even for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11524-006-9127-5\"\u003Emore affluent, predominantly black neighbourhoods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In high-income white areas, there just wasn’t outdoor advertising,” says Sonya Grier, who researches marketing at American University in Washington, DC, and has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1468-0009.2009.00551.x\"\u003Eexamined outdoor-advertising density\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Living in an upper-income white neighbourhood was kind of protective” against marketing of products contributing to obesity. This was in stark contrast to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F331483408_%27Alisha_in_obesity-land%27_Is_food_marketing_the_mad_hatter\"\u003Einner-city minority neighbourhood\u003C\u002Fa\u003Es where billboards, bus shelters and walls commonly promote soda, fast food and sugar cereals. These visuals influence people by amplifying the many other kinds of unhealthy-food marketing – including on TV, magazines, radio and internet – aimed particularly at young people and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F286252437_Understanding_Community_Perspectives_A_Step_Towards_Achieving_Food_Marketing_Equity\"\u003Eminorities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA ‘double inequality’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn its own, advertising influences preferences for food high in salt, fat and sugar. But abundant public advertising is linked with not just poorer nutritional health, but also limited walking and recreational space caused by the uneven layout of cities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Carla Denyer, a city of Bristol councillor who also works for the Adfree Cities network, long-standing inequalities and dual carriageways cutting through more deprived communities mean that low-income residents are disproportionately exposed to outdoor billboards targeted especially at motorists zooming through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDenyer gives the example of Lawrence Hill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbristol-news\u002Fmost-deprived-streets-bristol-poverty-886532\"\u003Eone of the poorest areas of\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Bristol, which is next to a confluence of major roads and has a very high concentration of outdoor adverts. “It has some of the worst air quality in the city, and yet it also has some of the lowest car-ownership rates in the city. So there’s a real kind of double inequality there. Because the people that live there are not the people who are causing this pollution, but they happen to live in it and they’re facing premature deaths and breathing problems in their children.” At the same time “they’re also being subjected to advertising telling them how great these SUVs are that are actually causing all of these problems.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08nx6nk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPublic-health researcher Adams believes that the disparities in land value, and their consequences for unequal advertising, shouldn’t be dismissed. Whether inequalities built into cities are a product of neglect or discrimination, she advocates more regulation of public advertising in view of the public health impacts, particularly on more vulnerable groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFighting adverts\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome jurisdictions have had success in cutting out specific product categories that are deemed socially harmful. For instance, London has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-london-47318803\"\u003Ebanned posters for junk food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across its public transport network in an attempt to curb child obesity (although it’s unclear what effect this has had). In France, proposals for the citizens’ climate convention have included suggestions to ban advertising \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fantipub.org\u002Fles-citoyen%c2%b7nes-vont-dans-le-sens-de-la-regulation-de-la-pub-pour-sauver-le-climat\u002F\"\u003Eharmful to the environment or to health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGovernmental regulation and policy implementation isn’t such a straight road, however, as evidenced by prior fights over advertising that threatens public health, such as tobacco. Tobacco-advertising regulation was a hard-fought victory for public health professionals, but Grier believes that the battle against junk food is likely to be more challenging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than tackling powerful lobbying groups at the national level, it may be more effective to think small. “Local officials can consider things like zoning restrictions,” she says. “I think local officials can also think about how they might identify specific strategies for their locality that change the message environment, and work to incentivise the promotion of healthy food and disincentivise the promotion of unhealthy foods using the tools that they have at their disposal.” Reducing the overall space for advertising would be likely to reduce the advertising of unhealthy foods that form such a large share of marketing efforts, especially in relation to children, low earners and minorities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08nx6pb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also scope for working with community groups. “We’ve done research that shows that there are significant numbers of community members that are concerned about these issues, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5707955\u002F\"\u003Eespecially when they’re sensitised to them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” says Grier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome cities have gone further than blocking specific categories of ads, by restricting outdoor advertising altogether. Distaste for ‘visual pollution’ has led to the restriction of outdoor billboards and signs in São Paulo. Some Indian cities have banned ads in certain public spaces where they were considered to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.deccanherald.com\u002Fspecials\u002Fpoint-blank\u002Fbengaluru-ward-panels-as-covid-19-warriors-859629.html\"\u003Eendanger public safety or block views\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in Bristol, campaigners have had to combat each billboard one by one, using the National Policy Planning Framework. This allows for challenges on the grounds of road safety or public amenity. Denyer says that Adblock Bristol has successfully challenged about 75 digital outdoor ads so far, primarily using the road safety argument that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F288931602_A_field_study_on_the_effects_of_digital_billboards_on_glance_behavior_during_highway_driving\"\u003Edigital billboards are distracting to drivers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But “what we really need is for government and local councils to change their policy so that we don’t have to fight each individual planning application”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne concern is the potential loss to cities of badly needed revenue, for instance from rents and business rates, that come from advertising. But that common assumption is misguided, according to Denyer. She believes that the public income derived from advertising is minimal and would be dwarfed by the longer-term costs of dealing with air pollution, obesity and other ills associated with advertising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Outdoor advertising, we do not consent to it. It’s there whether we want it or not,” emphasises Denyer. “And if we are forcing that experience on all the people that live in the more deprived areas of the city, then that’s worsening the inequalities all the more.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How outdoor advertising can deepen inequality","headlineShort":"The inequality of outdoor advertising","image":["p08p37cl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From billboards to posters, adverts are everywhere and can be an eyesore for anyone – but for communities they target the most, they’re also a public health risk.","summaryShort":"Why things like billboards are a public health and equality issue","tag":["tag\u002Finequality"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-19T20:07:39.995658Z","entity":"article","guid":"12347f9e-8aa9-4c17-bfe2-19c5ded35c9b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-20T09:15:52.633816Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour","_id":"5f6a2b1dfdd05dcd259b06af","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsheryl-nance-nash"],"bodyIntro":"As companies around the world rush to implement diversity and inclusion programmes, the burden to launch these initiatives are unduly falling on employees of colour.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAmid the unsettling reality of the Covid-19 pandemic, another major epidemic has had global citizens reeling: racism. The deaths of black Americans George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery ignited the Black Lives Matter movement in June, with protests that spread beyond US borders and around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the wake of Black Lives Matter, companies across the globe have put new emphasis on diversity – adding people of colour to their ranks, implementing bias training and attempting to lift marginalised voices. It’s welcome news, but also a double-edged sword for people of colour (POC) and black, indigenous and people of colour (BIPOC), as employers disproportionately lean on them to come up with initiatives, join committees and help formulate diversity game plans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople of colour are often tasked with this heavy lift while juggling their usual duties amid the coronavirus crisis – and not being offered additional compensation for the work. The burden also carries a high emotional price tag.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s not that [companies] don’t know where else to turn – they are doing what’s easiest and most convenient,” says Shereen Daniels, managing director of HR Rewired, a London-based organisation that facilitates anti-racist and equality workshops. She adds that many companies have not taken the time to acknowledge their own failings in this area, and instead have come up with knee-jerk solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pnxxl"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the surface it looks like these organisations are taking meaningful action, but underneath, she says, they are treating diversity and inclusion as a tick-the box-exercise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStressed by the spotlight\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Just as you wouldn’t lean on a volunteer task force of employees to spearhead your compensation planning or finance operations, you shouldn’t do the same with diversity, equity and inclusion,” says Tara Johnson, a diversity consultant in New York. Yet many companies lean on – and even pressure – workers of colour to raise their hands. In some cases, they even volunteer employees without their consent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDaniels says she has heard numerous stories of workers of colour being asked to write anti-racism statements; draft updated diversity, equity and inclusion strategies; sit in on meetings with board directors to sign off on communications; give the ‘POC view’ on PR and marketing; and be available for any questions about “this black stuff”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s not that [companies] don’t know where else to turn – they are doing what’s easiest and most convenient – Shereen Daniels","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just the expectation to take on more projects, however – it’s an ongoing ask. Daniels also says that line managers have told people of colour to be “on call” to answer any questions about Black Lives Matter, and help in whatever way they can. “Yet there is no conversation about how they are feeling, what support they need, if they are willing and able to help, how their workload will be adjusted accordingly and how they will be recognised. Organisations are metaphorically clicking their fingers and expecting POC to come running,” says Daniels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome workers are angry and frustrated. “For years they have been ignored and their concerns swept under the carpet, and now these same leaders are tripping over themselves to get their views,” she adds. And, in some organisations, people of colour can also be penalised for non-participation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pnykz"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESuch tasks can cause stress and anxiety. Will workers of colour face reprisals and repercussions if they speak the truth? How will they manage their increased workload if they take on new tasks? Will they let down their colleagues of colour if they don’t step up to the task? Will these colleagues blame them if leadership doesn’t follow through?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese are just some of the issues that can arise, says Stacie CC Graham, a London-based diversity, equity and inclusion trainer. “It’s wrong to assume that simply because someone identifies as BIPOC they are interested or qualified in doing equity, diversity and inclusion work. They may experience shame or resentment in this case.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyond just the time that it takes to work on these projects, and the stress from carrying a workplace’s burden, it’s also onerous to educate others about the pain of systemic racial discrimination. Employers often make the mistake of not acknowledging that these initiatives are different and, in many ways, much harder than others, which increases the emotional burden for participants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It amounts to asking a person to relive his or her trauma, time and time again,” says Rosalind Chow, associate professor of organisational behaviour and theory at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business in the US city of Pittsburgh. “Leaders also haven't been thoughtful in ensuring the continued psychological safety of the employees who engage in this kind of ‘emotional labour’ for the company.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For years [POC] have been ignored and their concerns swept under the carpet, and now these same leaders are tripping over themselves to get their views – Shereen Daniels","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELisa Kepinski, founder and director of the Inclusion Institute in Nesselwang, Germany, and co-author of the Inclusion Nudges Guidebook, says that involvement in these \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2020\u002F06\u002Fwhat-black-employee-resource-groups-need-right-now\"\u003E“extracurricular” corporate activities can have a negative impact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on people of colour, such as lower performance ratings, more stress, higher attrition and lower engagement. “These reflect the structural inequalities due to the framing of DEI [diversity, equity and inclusion] as a 'minority' thing,” says Kepinski. This work can be seen as less important as a result.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELip service or efficacy?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough some companies aren’t taking the right tack with their staff, others do seem to be making moves in the right direction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDavid Rock, CEO and founder of the NeuroLeadership Institute, a New York City-based research organisation focused on the science of leadership, works with major international companies on diversity and inclusion efforts. He says there are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewsroom.bankofamerica.com\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fbank-america-announces-four-year-1-billion-commitment-supporting-economic\"\u003Edozens of examples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F08\u002Fcomcast-commits-100-million-to-fight-injustice-and-inequality.html#:~:text=Comcast%20has%20committed%20to%20spending%20%24100%20million%20over%20three%20years,and%20%2425%20million%20in%20media.\"\u003Eorganisations stepping up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with many donating significant sums to further equity efforts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pnyc8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf course, large-scale internal overhauls and major donations are helpful. But the organisations that have been – and will be – the most successful in helping to combat systemic racism do so in a way that’s supportive, empowering and strategic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Effectiveness in diversity, equity and inclusion is similar to effectiveness in most organisational change initiatives or strategy – the key difference lies in implementation, through which you are able to gauge the sense of leadership and organisational commitment,” says Dion Bullock, equity, inclusion and belonging strategy lead at Bravely, an online employee platform. The programmes that have been most successful, he adds, are those that create processes that make everyone accountable for implementing the work; balance the programme work and responsibility with an employee’s main role; and compensate or recognise the work for advancement opportunities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, although companies have quickly been spinning up diversity programmes with various approaches, their success will be contingent on the notion that combating systemic racism is not just a quarterly goal or a one-year initiative. “This work requires leaders to fundamentally rethink how their entire organisation operates – how they design and share products and services, how they engage their customers, how they source and pay vendors, how they attract and grow talent, etc,” says Bullock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo doubt, there is a lot of talk – and results are yet to be seen. HR Rewired’s Daniels is a bit sceptical of corporate programmes so far. “As for companies that are impressive, it’s slim pickings I’m afraid. A lot are still making excuses and can’t even write a statement or communicate with their teams. The ones who are doing something have at least held listening forums and are building ally-ship programmes. I think it’s too early to give any gold stars.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Beyond the time that it takes to work on these projects, it’s also onerous to educate others about the pain of systemic racial discrimination","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERock agrees that it’s premature to start handing out accolades, but says that “it is easy for employees to work out how ‘real’ [a company’s] commitment is”. “When employees, especially people of colour, notice a true commitment to investing internally and externally, this is likely to be intrinsically rewarding, by activating an increase in their sense of fairness – one of the big drivers of motivation in the brain.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Only say yes if you want to’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmid all of the doom and gloom about people of colour being asked to participate in these programmes, it’s important to point out that, in some cases, workers benefit from getting involved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those who want to take on the labour, there’s potential upside of increased leadership, responsibility and voice, says Thomas Sasso, an assistant professor with the department of management at the Gordon S Lang School of Business and Economics at the University of Guelph in Ontario. “If there is trust that the organisation will engage meaningfully in this process, this can increase organisational commitment, job satisfaction, organisational-citizenship behaviours and other positive employee and organisational outcomes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, if you’re a person of colour being tapped to contribute? Make sure you have details and for how much you’ll be expected to contribute, address logistics concerns around your existing work and know who else is on your team. And, most importantly, only say yes if you \u003Cem\u003Ewant \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eto, advises Natasha Aruliah, consultant and coach on social justice, equity, diversity and inclusion in Vancouver. “If you’re uncomfortable or it's not in your wheelhouse, don't do it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How corporate diversity initiatives trap workers of colour","headlineShort":"The trap of diversity programmes","image":["p08pnxn4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-the-gender-pay-gap-no-one-talks-about","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As companies around the world rush to implement diversity and inclusion programmes, the burden to launch these initiatives are unduly falling on employees of colour.","summaryShort":"How the burden of diversity programmes falls to minority workers","tag":["tag\u002Fworkplace"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-13T23:20:35.107349Z","entity":"article","guid":"51552bb2-3d47-40ac-81e9-613ce8da0177","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-22T16:49:16.784964Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"wwculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200428-home-workouts-as-essential-viewing-jane-fonda-to-joe-wicks":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:story:wwculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200428-home-workouts-as-essential-viewing-jane-fonda-to-joe-wicks","_id":"5f6b024efdd05dcd25eb5e86","assetCustom":"","assetIbroadcast":null,"assetImage":[],"assetImagePromo":null,"assetInfographic":"","assetInline":[],"assetSelect":"","assetVideoIb2":null,"assetVideoMps":null,"author":[],"bodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EAt 9am British Summer Time, a familiar daily scene emerges on screen: a living room in neutral tones, bare aside from a few family effects; a smiley, springy fitness instructor with rock star hair and his left hand in a colourful cast. This is London-based Joe Wicks, aka The Body Coach, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F25\u002Fworld\u002Fjoe-wicks-coronavirus-workout-wellness-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ewho was recently hailed on CNN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as ‘PE teacher to the world’; Wicks’s PE lessons, broadcast live every Monday to Friday on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fchannel\u002FUCAxW1XT0iEJo0TYlRfn6rYQ\"\u003Ehis YouTube channel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (and freely available any time beyond that) have become a positive focal point during lockdown life. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F25\u002Fworld\u002Fjoe-wicks-coronavirus-workout-wellness-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003EAs Wicks told CNN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: “I’m bringing children, teenagers and parents together… for that 30 minutes, they feel calm, they feel safe, and it elevates their mood… I want people to feel optimistic at this time when we need it the most.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200420-love-and-basketball-the-sports-film-we-need-to-watch-now\"\u003EThe film that changed how we see sport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200417-the-power-of-reality-tv-in-a-pandemic-age\"\u003EThe power of reality TV in a pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200401-the-golden-girls-the-most-treasured-tv-show-ever\"\u003EThe most treasured TV show ever\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring his ‘Home HIIT Workout’ sessions (based on the contemporary trend for high-intensity interval training), Wicks delivers shout-outs to participants around the world; a flurry of viewers’ interactions (and infinite heart and rainbow emojis) also appears on screen, via YouTube’s live chat platform. The whole experience feels unifying and galvanising (and often delightfully silly, including ‘Fancy Dress Fridays’), in an age of physical distancing; PE With Joe shows can amass 23 million views in a single week. While I’d previously resisted The Body Coach’s charms, I now actively enjoy doing these upbeat PE lessons with my young son; they set us up for the day at home. The feel-good factor is boosted by Wicks’s decision to donate all money generated from this series to Britain’s heroic National Health Service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p08bp5s4\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWicks is both an amiable 21st-Century guru (“I want to be the person who completely transformed the health of the nation,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2020\u002Fmar\u002F26\u002Fjoe-wicks-interview-my-hearthrob-days-are-over\"\u003Ehe recently told The Guardian newspaper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and part of a cultural legacy of fitness\u002Fentertainment, which stretches back many decades. The world’s first gymnasiums really are an ancient phenomenon (including sites in Persia, more than 3000 years ago); TV fitness shows embody a modern history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESan Francisco-born gym owner and bodybuilder Jack LaLanne began his self-titled hit US fitness show in 1951, and boasted impressive longevity. The Jack LaLanne Show ran until 1985, but he continued to make prime-time sports and entertainment appearances (including cameos in shows from The Addams Family to The Simpsons) until his death in 2011, aged 96, and his ‘Godfather of Fitness’ status was celebrated in a 2015 documentary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p08bp5t6\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPossessed of bulging biceps and a lustrous quiff, LaLanne would demonstrate astounding feats of strength, yet also present a personable, accessible approach to fitness that felt emphatically pitched at viewers at home, particularly the women and children sidelined in mainstream sports messaging. The sense of intimacy and encouragement would create a template for generations of on-screen fitness; LaLanne would pull up a chair and congenially chat to his ‘students’ about happiness and anxiety, in a tone that still feels distinctly progressive. “If you don’t get enough exercise, it affects your mind… you get these tensions and frustrations,” he explained in one 1950s broadcast. “I am gonna help you help yourself – c’mon!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E The notion that TV was just a medium for couch potatoes was rigorously turned on its head \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECredit is also due to another US fitness pioneer, Bonnie Prudden: an expert mountaineer and youth fitness advocate, who founded multi-gym\u002Fdance studio the Institute of Physical Fitness in New York in 1954. Prudden co-authored a 1955 report highlighting that US kids’ fitness lagged behind their European peers, which inspired President Eisenhower to create his Council on Youth Fitness; by the end of that decade, Prudden was a fixture on prime-time US shows including Today, and a collaborator with other on-screen fitness presenters including Debbie Drake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p08bp5vk\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe notion that TV was just a medium for couch potatoes was rigorously turned on its head; Prudden also enjoyed a long and healthy media career until her death in 2011, aged 97 – and if video recording had existed around the launch of her career (and that of 1960s fitness stars such as Canada’s Ed and Barbie Allen), these workouts would have felt genuinely global.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven George Orwell’s iconic dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (published in 1949) is weirdly prescient on the theme of TV fitness presenters. In one early scene, its protagonist Winston Smith undertakes the grim mandatory ‘Physical Jerks’ session, with the PE teacher rebuking him through the telescreen: “Winston sprang to attention in front of the telescreen, upon which the image of a youngish woman, scrawny but muscular, dressed in tunic and gym-shoes, had already appeared. ‘Arms bending and stretching!’ she rapped out. ‘Take your time by me. One, two, three, four! One, two, three, four! Come on, comrades, put a bit of life into it! One, two, three, four! One, two, three, four! ...’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe gym in your lounge\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe real-life 1980s brought a jollier, transformative phase in TV fitness; this was partly because VCR tech brought the gym to your lounge at any convenient time, but in the UK, it was also because the advent of breakfast television spurred a new trend for ‘get up and go’ fitness routines. Britain’s first national breakfast programme, BBC Breakfast Time, launched in 1983, and also introduced the serene Green Goddess (aka leotard-clad Diana Moran); rival channel ITV’s TV-AM would present hyperactive pop workouts from ‘Mad’ Lizzie Webb – high-energy and high-camp. British Ghanaian dancer Tony Britts presented a slinky ‘Twice As Fit’ segment for BBC breakfast audiences – recently revived through the digital archives, and proving to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fi-d.vice.com\u002Fen_uk\u002Farticle\u002Fg5x7gm\u002Fbbc-fitness-instructor-tony-britts-forgotten-black-gay-icon\"\u003Ea quarantine home workout hit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The vogue for rhythmic aerobics exercise – brought to mainstream attention in Dr Kenneth H Cooper’s 1979 book The New Aerobics, and made fabulously glamorous by Oscar-winning actress Jane Fonda’s smash hit fitness vids – had an influence on music and fashion, including Olivia Newton-John’s much-mimicked 1981 anthem Physical.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p08bp5xc\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETV fitness personalities – and branding – seemed considerably pumped from that point. With Jane Fonda’s Workout (1982) becoming the biggest-selling VHS tape of all time, a surge of music and film stars released their own fitness routines. Into the ‘90s, US gurus such as Richard Simmons and Australian-born Susan Powter (with her “Stop the insanity!” mantra) brought a lifestyle\u002Freality TV edge to their workouts; fitness instructors became more relatable through sharing their own health challenges (even ‘50s hunk LaLanne claimed that his youthful sugar addiction nearly destroyed him). Back in the UK, much-loved fitness coach Mr Motivator (Jamaica-born Derrick Evans) first found on-screen fame in 1993 – sneaking in a PE lesson before matinee screenings of kids’ show Power Rangers. Mr Motivator has also returned to present TV lockdown workouts: he’s an irrepressibly reassuring presence, still rocking fluoro-spandex and power moves in his 60s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p08bp5yl\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYoung audiences often had their own fitness superheroes: Mad Lizzie’s most successful venture turned out to be her giant teddy sidekick Joggy Bear (who must have been sweltering in that suit); brilliantly surreal Icelandic kids’ show LazyTown featured dashing ‘slightly above average hero’ Sportacus (played by show creator Marcus Scheving, who also contributed to US fitness campaigns in character, with Michelle Obama); the smash hit cartoon Peppa Pig features its own fitness instructor character, the wonderfully chipper Mr Potato.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGlobal trends have often followed the transatlantic model, whether it’s glossy MTV Lebanon show Get Fit, with influencer-presenters including Maya Nassar, or Indian fitness instructor Suchita Pal hosting a Zoom TV series based on popular Zumba routines – although regional traditions also endure (such as Japan’s long-standing love of radio calisthenics). Global music stars, including K-pop idols tending towards the wholesome rather than hedonistic, now use social media to demonstrate gym workouts and yoga flows. The key to TV exercise, however, is its universality: its aspirations embrace all generations and levels of fitness, without making anyone feel excluded. Which is why Joe Wicks feels like such a vital collective adrenalin rush right now; whether it’s star jumps, squats or sprinting on the spot, there is a sense that we will get through this together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","businessUnit":"worldwide","calloutBody":"","calloutPosition":"","calloutSubtitle":"","calloutTitle":"","campaign":null,"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-28T10:47:10.681Z","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Home workouts as essential viewing: Jane Fonda to Joe Wicks","headlineShort":"How home workouts became essential TV","hideRelated":false,"horizontal":null,"hyperHorizontal":null,"intro":"As screen workouts around the world play a more important role, Arwa Haider explores the cultural history of TV exercise – from bicep-rippling bodybuilders to George Orwell.","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"wwculture","programme":null,"relatedStory":null,"relatedTag":[],"storyType":"slideshow","summaryLong":"As screen workouts around the world play a more important role, Arwa Haider explores the cultural history of TV exercise – from bicep-rippling bodybuilders to George Orwell.","summaryShort":"Bodybuilders and Hollywood actors transformed the medium of couch potatoes","superSection":null,"tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-28T09:55:02.601976Z","entity":"story","guid":"e835b7c1-143d-43d6-aa68-24b9e24627cf","id":"wwculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200428-home-workouts-as-essential-viewing-jane-fonda-to-joe-wicks","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-28T10:21:40.661546Z","project":"wwculture","slug":"20200428-home-workouts-as-essential-viewing-jane-fonda-to-joe-wicks","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c1991","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has forced us to exercise indoors. But home fitness has been shaping our lives for decades.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost people remember their first encounter with home fitness. As a kid in the early ‘90s, I remember waking up extra early at the weekends to watch a TV programme called ‘Mousercise’, a Disney show with aerobics instructors in full Mickey and Minnie costumes teaching kids calisthenics. I was far too lazy to participate, but was fascinated by the spectacle nonetheless.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those born slightly earlier, home fitness might be defined by memories of Jane Fonda grapevining across their TV screen in legwarmers, while for others it might be taking their inaugural steps on that weird-looking contraption known as a treadmill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200428-home-workouts-as-essential-viewing-jane-fonda-to-joe-wicks\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Culture: Home workouts as essential viewing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe reason Zoom calls drain your energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow to avoid burnout amid a pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHome fitness has been in our lives for decades – and it’s taken on a new role since the Covid-19 pandemic closed gyms around the world. Whether it’s a yoga class on Zoom or panic-buying a Peloton, many of us are trying to find ways to exercise effectively within four walls. But where did the industry of Thighmaster and Wii Fit come from – and where’s it heading after the pandemic?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAt first, mostly geared toward women\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExercising has been around for a long time; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fnccdphp\u002Fsgr\u002Fintro2.htm\"\u003Eyoga in India, tai chi in China and Olympic training in Greece go back thousands of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example. But ‘fitness’ as we know it today is a relatively new construct, not even 200 years old. One of the earliest examples comes from an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-28858090\"\u003Eillustrated guidebook written in 1861\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Victorian England, which shows women in petticoats and men in neckties exercising different muscle groups. The idea for the daily regimen came from Gustav Ernst, an orthopaedic machinist in London who invented the portable home gym, a device made of mahogany boards, cords, weights and pulleys.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08c80bq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn those pre-transport days, people had more exercise built organically into their day. Gyms were rare; those that existed were almost exclusively frequented by men and “weren’t places where you’d be proud to be seen”, says Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, an associate professor of history at The New School in New York City who’s writing a book about the fitness industry. “They were seen as kind of seedy places where lowlifes would hang out.” And while people (mostly men) played sports, getting sweaty on purpose for health or appearance just wasn’t something most people did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHome fitness as we know it in the West started to appear sometime after World War Two, with the US behind many of the trends that subsequently swept the globe. Many Americans had bigger homes after the war, plus a huge technological innovation: the television. The economy was booming, young married couples moved to suburbs, people were driving more and public health concerns about obesity started to emerge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Trends towards open-plan living and technological developments fueled appetite for staying healthy, conveniently, at home – James Stark","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Trends towards open-plan living and technological developments… fueled appetite for staying healthy, conveniently, at home,” says James Stark, associate professor of medical humanities at the University of Leeds in England. Traditionally, men went off to work each day while women stayed at home to do housework. These women became the main target for the nascent home fitness industry, with fitness promoted to them as a key element of their beauty routine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A lot of television shows at this time wanted to help women do the tasks required of them,” says Katie Rose Hejtmanek, an associate professor of anthropology at Brooklyn College in New York who specialises in fitness and sport studies. And part of that was the idea that “women needed to maintain their slender physiques” for their husbands. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1951, fitness guru Jack LaLanne \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-12272311\"\u003Ebegan broadcasting an exercise TV show\u003C\u002Fa\u003E largely geared towards housewives: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=CNAnD-gs4uo&list=PL0UagYDEJEpna4HSlUcHPgUJ3OWOORBNP&index=13\"\u003Ea one-man programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in which he demonstrated exercises like side bends and leg lifts or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=tP40RWwhoRw\"\u003Ehangover-curing aerobics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E set to carnival-like organ music. Targeting this white, middle-class, female audience marked a turning point. Before long, home catalogues and TV adverts followed the cash by offering products and more shows for these beauty-oriented consumers with both time and money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“With the women exercising at home for Jack LaLanne, it was just a beauty standard: ‘OK, I gotta get this over with, check the box, and then I can go have my martini and my cigarette’,” says Hejtmanek.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08c7zcy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETV, gadgets and the gym\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProducts promising quick fitness fixes and effortless ways to shed pounds have long been a part of the health industry, and in these early days in the 1950s and ‘60s they were heavily aimed at this same demographic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere were so-called “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=XwWfz7v38Qw\"\u003Eslim suits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” and “sauna suits”: imagine a vinyl full-body jumpsuit that purportedly made you sweat even more while exercising, supposedly making you lose weight faster as you did toe touches in your living room. (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bestconsumerreviews.com\u002Fsauna-suit-reviews\u002F\"\u003EThey still exist to this day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) And there were, of course, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dailymail.co.uk\u002Ffemail\u002Farticle-2258435\u002FHilarious-70s-photos-exercise-gadgets-gimmicks.html\"\u003Ethe vibrating belts you’d strap around your thighs or bottom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to jiggle the fat away. Even the classic hula hoop was originally sold as exercise equipment; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Farchive\u002Flifestyle\u002F1977\u002F05\u002F15\u002Fconceived-in-the-fad-crazed-50s-the-hula-hoop-makes-a-comeback\u002Fb0113458-354e-483b-8c32-5c9a6ca56bf1\u002F\"\u003Eover 100 million were sold\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the first six months after the product’s release in 1958.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s a “broad social embrace of fitness as something we should be doing, even in our downtime, even when we’re at home and theoretically supposed to be relaxing” – Natalia Mehlman Petrzela","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOver the next two decades, personal fitness began moving outside the home and took on a more strenuous tone with the advent of jogging culture. “Exercise and fitness became a lifestyle,” Hejtmanek says, and one that came with a new wardrobe – think leggings, headbands, tank tops and leg warmers. Gyms began opening; bright destinations offering mirrors and group classes, often connected to the offices of big corporations to lure in yuppies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen the world of fitness was reshaped by another key technological innovation: the VHS video tape. American actress Jane Fonda stormed onto the scene in 1982 with her Jane Fonda’s Workout video tape which, again, targeted women at home. Over the decade, that tape sold 17 million copies around the world and triggered several follow-up series. Along with the growing popularity of fitness clubs, Petrzela says that the fitness industry was “booming on all fronts”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08c80n2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“VHS technology is a very big deal because it allows people to have these exercises on what we would now think of as on-demand. It also makes exercise more of an international phenomenon because these VHS tapes can be sent all over the world, which makes the US, in a lot of ways, a kind of headquarters of fitness culture,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn avalanche of tapes and TV workout programmes followed Fonda’s success, launching careers for fitness personalities like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buzzfeednews.com\u002Farticle\u002Fpdominguez\u002Frichard-simmons-tears\"\u003ERichard Simmons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US or Mr Motivator in the UK (who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=J-OvGU5ro24\"\u003Eis enjoying a resurgence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the coronavirus era). Other celebrities also followed Fonda’s lead; Australian model Elle MacPherson released “The Body” workout video, while US actress Suzanne Somers came up with the Thighmaster, designed to beef up leg muscles on the sofa while watching TV. Working out at home was now “connected to Hollywood culture”, which strengthened its appeal, Petrzela says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENext came the home gym. These expensive machines – like Nordic Track’s in-home treadmills, ellipticals or stationary bikes – filled home basements across the world in the 1990s. There were still goofy products – think \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inc.com\u002Farticles\u002F2010\u002F08\u002Fshake-weight-inventor-johann-verheem.html\"\u003Ethe Shake Weight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or electric “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.healthline.com\u002Fhealth\u002Fab-stimulator#function\"\u003Eab stimulators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” you affix to your bare tummy that are supposed to vibrate your gut into a six pack. But deluxe 10-in-one exercise machines, like the ones you’d see at a gym, let people take home fitness more seriously. And all these products served to promote the idea that we should be maximising time and self-improvement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Nowadays, the fitness and wellness industry “is now a burden in all of our realms” – Katie Rose Hejtmanek","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“They speak to, I think, both a broad social embrace of fitness as something we should be doing, even in our downtime, even when we’re at home and theoretically supposed to be relaxing,” says Petrzela. “And they also prey on these insecurities: that if we’re \u003Cem\u003Enot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E constantly working to be more healthy and to be more attractive and spending money on those pursuits, that there’s something wrong with us.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08c80rx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe internet and age of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhich brings us to today. Spandex-clad actors in VHS tapes have been replaced with fitness influencers on social media platforms like Instagram, many of whom endorse the same kind of “lose weight fast” dietary supplements or exercise gadgets that the fitness industry always has.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExcept now, we largely call it the “wellness industry”. Working out isn’t just about staying in shape; the lines between fitness and the self-help movement have become blurred. “We need exercise not just as a beauty regimen now, and not just as a heart and health situation, now we need to do it for our mental health. This is now a burden in all of our realms,” says Hejtmanek.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd offerings have become even more complex, with “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thecut.com\u002F2013\u002F01\u002Fevolution-of-soulcycle.html\"\u003Ecult-like\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” group exercise phenomena like SoulCycle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.self.com\u002Fstory\u002Fmindfulness-workouts-body-brain\"\u003E“mindfulness” classes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that mix yoga, aromatherapy and soundscapes, and luxury gyms like Equinox offering additional services like childcare and workspaces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that was pre-Covid. Now, with gyms closed and outings comprehensively curtailed, we’re all innovating; fitness instructors have been quick to move online, yoga classes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fculture\u002Fculture-desk\u002Fquarantine-culture-recommendations-zoom-yoga-winston-churchill-and-neil-young\"\u003Ehave taken to Zoom,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52066454\"\u003Esales of exercise equipment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and downloads of fitness apps are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketwatch.com\u002Fstory\u002Ffree-workouts-from-peloton-nike-and-others-to-help-you-stay-active-during-your-quarantine-2020-03-27\"\u003Eall on the rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Between January and March in the US, for example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.adobe.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnews-details\u002F2020\u002FAdobe-Unveils-First-Digital-Economy-Index\u002Fdefault.aspx\"\u003Esales of fitness equipment shot up 55%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as lockdowns began to be activated. Some gyms are even introducing “foster” programmes for their equipment during the pandemic – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonian.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F13\u002Fthese-gyms-and-fitness-studios-will-let-you-rent-or-buy-their-workout-equipment-during-the-pandemic\u002F\"\u003Elending out machines to members for a fee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStark, the University of Leeds professor, thinks it’s too early to tell whether coronavirus could lead to a new home workout boom. He thinks the new online classes tap into something that didn’t exist in home fitness before, but believes that the lure of the gym may prove stronger in the long term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Gyms fulfil quite a different social role. They are places where exercises done by individuals can be communal and competitive,” he says.  “When the lockdown is phased out and then ends, it is much more likely that people will flock back to gyms and sports fields to recapture the vital social, human contact which is also integral to exercise for so many.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The evolution of home fitness","headlineShort":"The evolution of home fitness","image":["p08c7yy7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["wwculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200428-home-workouts-as-essential-viewing-jane-fonda-to-joe-wicks","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has forced us to exercise indoors. But home fitness has been shaping our lives for decades.","summaryShort":"How exercise indoors shaped our lives far before Covid-19","tag":["tag\u002Fwellness"],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-04T19:48:20.062791Z","entity":"article","guid":"15946f82-ba2b-427f-9301-c2b612cc210c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-04T21:35:25.058755Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back","_id":"5f6329fdfdd05dcd259c2702","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Now that lockdowns are easing and shoppers can return to stores, it’s not so clear whether they actually will – or what it'll look like if they do.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOutside Primark in London, and the Apple Store in New York City, queues stretch down the street so shoppers inside can keep their distance. Now that shops on High Streets across the globe – from Fifth Avenue to Oxford Street – are reopening their doors after months of mandated closures, customers are stepping into a new era of retail.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are touchless temperature checks, mandatory masks and hand sanitiser stations as well as conspicuous cleaning conducted during opening hours. Fitting rooms are still largely off-limits – though if they are open, they’re sanitised between each use – and gloved cashiers ring up purchases behind plastic screens. Before unwanted items go back on a shelf, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits\"\u003Ethey’re quarantined\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, steamed or disinfected with ultraviolet light (in some cases, all three).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough cheery signs in shop windows say, ‘Welcome Back’ and ‘We Missed You!’, there’s no forgetting we’re still in the midst of a global pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe conspicuousness of the precautions is, in many ways, by design: it’s in retailers’ best interests to make sure customers and staff feel as safe as possible even before they walk in the door. With the Covid-19 crisis, “our radar for hygiene and our radar for safety are eminently more acute than they've ever been before”, says Paco Underhill, a consumer behaviour expert and the founder of New York City-based retail consulting firm Envirosell. Any issues customers encounter with cleanliness – whether perceived or real – will have lasting effects on their loyalty, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd right now, this isn’t something retailers can afford to lose: months of lockdown have battered most non-essential businesses, tipping major companies including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52530002\"\u003EJ.Crew\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52979759\"\u003EDebenhams\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-52691160\"\u003EJCPenney\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into bankruptcy or administration. Sales at US clothing stores were down \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnrf.com\u002Fmedia-center\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fmay-retail-sales-improve-dramatically-over-april-still-below-last-year\"\u003E63.3% year-over-year in May\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnrf.com\u002Fmedia-center\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fapril-retail-sales-drop-nearly-twice-much-march-during-coronavirus\"\u003Enearly 90% drop\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the month prior, according to the US Census Bureau. Even Germany, where retail closures lasted only four weeks, reported \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spiegel.de\u002Fwirtschaft\u002Funternehmen\u002Fcorona-krise-in-deutschland-einzelhandel-erwartet-bis-zu-50-000-insolvenzen-a-e85166ce-b310-425d-933b-6eec25c83f0d\"\u003E30bn euros\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in lost sales.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShoppers, meanwhile, have moved online at a record pace, ordering groceries, yoga mats, cleaning products and jigsaw puzzles to their front door — a habit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmartechseries.com\u002Fmobile\u002Fmobile-marketing\u002Fe-commerce-and-mobile-commerce\u002Fviants-adelphic-releases-analysis-ecommerce-acceleration\u002F\"\u003Emost are\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F09\u002Fsoutheast-asias-online-grocery-shopping-trends-during-coronavirus-pandemic.html\"\u003Eexpected to keep up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after the pandemic. This shift, combined with the nearly unrecognisable experience of shopping on High Streets today, raises questions about the future of retail avenues around the world. As more and more people become accustomed to buying what they need from the comfort of their home or car (as in the case of kerbside pick-up, or ‘click-and-collect’), the purpose of streets lined with fast-fashion behemoths, charity shops and sporting-goods chains will likely need to evolve, changing the shape of cities along with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Though cheery signs in shop windows say, ‘Welcome Back’ and ‘We Missed You!’, there’s no forgetting we’re still in the midst of a global pandemic","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPopulating ghost towns?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the world’s High Streets are no longer the ghost towns many of them were in April, the coming months will be a test of how much of the public will return as restrictions ease. England’s non-essential shops began re-opening on 15 June but, despite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-53044826\"\u003Elengthy queues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E outside Nike and John Lewis, High Street footfall overall for the week was down \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.retailtimes.co.uk\u002Ffirst-week-of-non-essential-retail-reopening-in-england-delivers-most-fundamental-change-in-footfall-springboard-reports\u002F\"\u003E59.2% from 2019 levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to retail analytics firm Springboard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe near-complete drop-off in tourism is a major factor in this decline, too: at department-store chains like Selfridges, as much as 50% to 60% of sales are made on foreign credit cards, according to Underhill. Luxury brands are particularly vulnerable, with mainland Chinese tourists alone accounting for an estimated two-thirds of sales in Hong Kong and a third of sales in European shopping capitals, according to HSBC research \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessoffashion.com\u002Farticles\u002Fprofessional\u002Fluxurys-future-depends-on-chinas-recovery-will-it-come-fast-enough\"\u003Eas reported by the Business of Fashion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even as travel restrictions ease across Europe and other parts of the world, it’s unclear whether tourists will be eager to spend their holidays perusing shops rather than engaging in relatively safe outdoor activities like swimming at beaches or visiting parks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd it isn’t just luxury that’s impacted – the ongoing closure of pubs and restaurants, as well as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnational\u002Fcoronavirus-reopen-bathrooms\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F18\u002Fa6ed57fc-93ba-11ea-82b4-c8db161ff6e5_story.html\"\u003Emany shared toilets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, also discourages even locals from sticking around their main thoroughfares. “You can't go out for a day of shopping, because there's no toilet, right? That’s a little bit challenging,” says UK-based independent retail expert Clare Bailey. “You can’t sit with your friends and grab a pizza for lunch and chat and laugh as my teenage daughter would. And you can't even try on clothes together because you can't try on clothes at all. So the shopping experience is very limited.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdditionally, for those shoppers in high-risk categories – including well-off pensioners who might otherwise spend weekdays having lunch with friends and enjoying the shops – the in-person experience may be nearly entirely restricted in a pre-vaccine world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You can’t sit with your friends and grab a pizza for lunch and chat and laugh... and you can't even try on clothes together because you can't try on clothes at all – Claire Bailey","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMissing the experience\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven though shoppers aren’t shoulder-to-shoulder on the streets right now, there are people who are still returning to shops – but their habits look a little different than before. For one, they’ve tended to be more deliberate: many retailers have said they’re seeing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwwd.com\u002Fbusiness-news\u002Fbusiness-features\u002Fretail-sales-report-1203648467\u002F\"\u003Ehigher conversion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even if the number of people coming through the door is down. While consumers may be hesitant to risk public interactions for the sake of leisurely browsing, the surge in traffic in recent weeks (however modest) indicates that many still want the option of brick-and-mortar purchasing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts say that the first few weeks post-reopening may bring a spike in sales due to pent-up demand following weeks in which shoppers couldn’t get certain products or didn’t want to wait for delivery. That means the real test will come once we pass this initial period. When it has, the retailers with the best shot of brick-and-mortar success are those that can offer products or experiences that can’t be found online, says Paul Durkin, head of UK retail at commercial real-estate company Cushman & Wakefield.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Particularly for higher value items, things where the touch or the feel of the product is really important,” he says, “that will remain a really important role of the store going forward.” Luxury shops like Bergdorf Goodman are offering this through private, appointment-based shopping and same-day home delivery – VIP experiences now extended to all potential clients – but spontaneous social purchases may be mostly out the window for the time being.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDiscount and off-price chains like Primark and TK Maxx (known as TJ Maxx in the US) also have an edge because they have little if any ecommerce presence, and their ‘treasure hunt’ experience requires an in-person visit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany other retail businesses, though, are expected to fail without customers coming through their doors – a trend that will only be exacerbated if the recession drags on and global unemployment remains staggeringly high. Even companies with relatively healthy balance sheets are shrinking their footprints: Zara parent Inditex is shuttering between 1,000 and 1,200 locations, mainly in Europe and Asia; while Nordstrom is permanently closing 19 US shops. Coresight Research, a retail research and advisory firm, is forecasting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F09\u002Fcoresight-predicts-record-25000-retail-stores-will-close-in-2020.html\"\u003Eas many as 25,000 shop closures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US in 2020, with apparel and department stores hit especially hard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA reimagining\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s another scenario in which people could be likely to make their way back to local High Streets, although it may not be to shop. Instead, many experts envision a future in which these areas become even more vital spaces for their communities, with opportunities to come together safely, support local businesses and take advantage of essential services.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's about looking creatively at the space and thinking, what does the community need? And what could we create that the community would use?” says Bailey, suggesting drop-in childcare centres and coworking facilities as spaces that have emerged as urgent needs in the wake of the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFarmers’ markets and rotating pop-up shops are also promising options, adds Underhill, and the former have seen a sales bump of as much as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.therobinreport.com\u002Ffarmers-markets-during-the-time-of-coronavirus\u002F\"\u003E20% during the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to Envirosell research. With touchless payments, an outdoor environment and the assurance of a more traceable, local food supply, they appeal to many consumers’ priorities in 2020. If people are reluctant or unable to go inside physical shops and restaurants, open-air alternatives like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.yahoo.com\u002Flifestyle\u002Fyork-reopens-retail-stores-open-192210532.html\"\u003Esidewalk shopping\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbs8.com\u002Farticle\u002Fnews\u002Flocal\u002Fstreet-dining-in-gaslamp-begins\u002F509-1454205d-cd21-4d4c-a69e-a43f90dd95d9\"\u003Epatio dining\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may provide a new kind of High Street experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe role of the high street, today and in the future, is about “so much more than just shopping”, says Dominic Bouvet, Cushman & Wakefield’s head of UK retail and leisure leasing. “It's completely about local authorities and [the] private sector coming together to create spaces that people feel good in and that they want to go and visit.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFarmer’s markets and local boutiques provide a much more social experience than sitting at home ordering groceries or trainers on a screen — and ultimately,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fscience\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F17\u002Fcoronavirus-social-distancing\u002F\"\u003E humans are by nature social beings. It’s this desire for entertainment and community that will likely be what \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eeventually draws people back to the High Street, even if the streets themselves look different when they do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will the High Streets get shoppers back?","headlineShort":"What’s the future of the High Street?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Now that lockdowns are easing and shoppers can return to stores, it’s not so clear whether they actually will – or what it'll look like if they do.","summaryShort":"What do High Streets look like in a post-pandemic world?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-05T20:06:34.546835Z","entity":"article","guid":"a719e731-1add-4229-b968-3f697f3ebfa3","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-05T20:06:34.546835Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818932},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings","_id":"5f6329fafdd05dcd259c1653","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhilary-george-parkin"],"bodyIntro":"With workers doing their jobs at home, the business ecosystems around office towers are taking a hit – maybe even a fatal blow.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E13:00 is usually the peak of the lunch rush in the passageways beneath Brookfield Place in downtown Toronto. On a Thursday in August, though, the food court sat mostly empty, save for a smattering of workers, a lone security guard who ambled past the still-shuttered Starbucks and signs telling visitors to maintain physical distancing (though from whom it wasn’t clear).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Nutrition House, a health and supplement chain, franchise owner Paul Park rang up a single nutrition bar – his only sale for the hour – while his wife Johanna reviewed the long list of unsold, expired inventory they’d been forced to take off the shelves since April, worth thousands of dollars overall.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe shop is one of more than 1,200 businesses located in the PATH, a labyrinthine network of underground halls connecting Toronto’s downtown office towers, subway stations and sports arenas. Since the Covid-19 crisis began, companies have sent the bankers, lawyers and tech executives who normally work in the area home, leaving corridors that once teemed with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.toronto.ca\u002Fexplore-enjoy\u002Fvisitor-services\u002Fpath-torontos-downtown-pedestrian-walkway\u002F\"\u003Emore than 200,000 people per day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E deserted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven as most of Toronto has reopened, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.toronto.ca\u002Fnews\u002Fcity-of-toronto-now-in-stage-3-reopening\u002F\"\u003EStage 3 activities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including cycling classes and indoor dining allowed to resume on 31 July, many of the financial district’s biggest employers have announced plans to keep their staff working from home until at least 2021. It’s a move the mayor’s office has encouraged as a means of reducing pressure on public transit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the restaurants, retailers and services whose businesses revolve around keeping Bay Street (Toronto’s answer to Wall Street) fed, dressed and dry cleaned, the future has never looked more uncertain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pm0hn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Sometimes there’s no sales’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If the offices stay closed, then nobody’s coming,” says Nutrition House’s Park. Although he’s opened the store for four hours every weekday since May, “sometimes there's no sales”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPark bought the franchise almost four years ago, thinking it would be an ideal business to run in retirement: its usual hours are 07:30 to 18:00 on weekdays only, and he could hire staff to open the shop in the mornings and come in to help and talk to customers in the afternoons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I just love this space, this location because [of] all the young people and all the full-steam energy – all go, go, go,” he says. “I feel like part of them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, says Johanna Park, a retired nurse, “What can we do? Do we have to close? That’s a choice we have to make.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike many small businesses downtown, the shop qualifies for a federal rental assistance programme that covers 75% of its monthly rent, 50% of which is paid by the government and 25% by its landlord. Landlords, however, have to opt-in to the programme, and while Park’s has done so, even finding the money to pay 25% rent hasn’t been possible. The shop didn’t make any sales while it was closed (as a franchise, Nutrition House’s online business is run by the company’s head office) and even now it is only scratching CAD$3,500 ($2,650, £2027) per month, down 88% from last August. Like many tenants, he’s been deferring payment since March, and also doesn’t except to be able to pay the back-rent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What can we do? Do we have to close? That’s a choice we have to make – Johanna Park","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore the pandemic, commercial rents in the PATH ranged from $100 to $200 net per square foot for small spaces, according to Arlin Markowitz, a top retail broker for commercial real estate firm CBRE; even a 250-square-foot food court stall might cost as much as $5,000 per month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For businesses in areas like the PATH, the Covid emergency phase is not over,” says Dan Kelly, president of the Canadian Federation of Independent Business. “Yes, the government is no longer imposing closures, but effectively you may be closed because you have no customers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile no agency has calculated the estimated cost of these closures yet, the businesses in the PATH typically generate $1.7bn in revenue annually and generate about $271m in tax revenue, according to the city of Toronto, and many have been shuttered since mid-March.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt this point, says Nutrition House President Wayne Parent, “It's a matter of how do you keep the doors open and the lights on until you get people back in those towers and people walking around.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pm0s3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENot dressed up and nowhere to go\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile many companies are gradually allowing some workers to come back to their offices, and more are due to return in September, the challenge of maintaining distancing in high-rise elevators and subway cars has slowed back-to-work plans. Brookfield Properties, which manages 10 office towers connected to the PATH, has told tenants it only expects to reach 25% capacity by the end of the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven then, will those who do come in be eager to run their errands in low-ceilinged passageways or go out for after-work drinks if the virus is still a threat? Will they pick up a coffee or a snack on the way to and from the subway, or opt to drive instead? When will they need to buy (or indeed, wear) a suit again?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s the question Andre Vassi is asking. He has run his high-end menswear shop Vassi out of the First Canadian Place tower for 23 years. This past October, he moved to a new space three times the size of his previous shop, lined with rows of Italian cashmere blazers and a kaleidoscope of silk pocket squares. Since reopening in late June, sales have been down about 90% from before the pandemic – a level he doesn’t expect will markedly improve until his customers again have occasions to dress for.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Yes, the government is no longer imposing closures, but effectively you may be closed because you have no customers – Dan Kelly","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People, they tend to dress up when they are in a large crowd,” he says. “Now, there is no place for my customer to wear my garments. There is no office. There is no party. There is no wedding. There is no gathering. There is no travel… So I can't tell somebody, ‘Please buy these things.’ To do what?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBusinesses like his are amenities that help attract corporate tenants to the office spaces above, and he expects the bankers and lawyers who frequent his shop – most of whom have been able to hold on to their jobs and save money through the pandemic – will be eager to put on a new suit or dress shirt when they finally have reason to again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, he looks around every day at all the darkened storefronts in the PATH – the hundreds of businesses that can’t afford to pay an employee to come in, or buy food that might spoil before it’s sold – and wonders how many of them won’t reopen at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don't know how many people can survive it, because even on an emotional, mental basis, coming down and standing in your establishment every day and barely anybody passes by your door, you can imagine how it will take its toll,” says Vassi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pm0w3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMissing an old routine \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilar struggles are playing out in the financial centres of cities around the world. In Midtown Manhattan, subway ridership was down 87% in late June, as measured by turnstile swipe data \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F26\u002Fnyregion\u002Fnyc-coronavirus-time-life-building.html\"\u003Ereported by the \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F26\u002Fnyregion\u002Fnyc-coronavirus-time-life-building.html\"\u003ENew York Times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In downtown Sydney, where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.channelnewsasia.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness\u002Foffice-space--australia-builds-skyscrapers-for-a-workforce-stuck-at-home-12979150\"\u003Ea construction \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.channelnewsasia.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness\u002Foffice-space--australia-builds-skyscrapers-for-a-workforce-stuck-at-home-12979150\"\u003Eboom is underway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, office vacancies are now projected to hit 10% in 2024, compared with 3.7% prior to the pandemic, according to data from the commercial real estate services company Colliers. The business ecosystem around these buildings has already suffered, and will likely continue to.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToronto, though, is relatively unique in that the businesses that undergird its downtown core are largely hidden away underground, where even local foot traffic is unlikely to drive business in the summer months. Montréal and Minneapolis face similar obstacles with their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmontrealgazette.com\u002Fnews\u002Flocal-news\u002Fdowntown-montreals-a-ghost-town-waiting-to-be-revived\"\u003EUnderground City\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.startribune.com\u002Fminneapolis-skyways-are-getting-little-use-now-but-they-ll-eventually-be-popular-again\u002F570867982\u002F\"\u003ESkyway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E respectively, though the Canadian and US-midwestern winters ahead may help draw traffic back to the climate-controlled passageways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There is no place for my customer to wear my garments. There is no office. There is no party. There is no wedding – Andre Vassi","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I think what will happen as the weather starts to change and we're looking for more places to go, those businesses will start to pick up,” says Farla Efros, president of the retail consulting firm HRC Advisory. “But especially if they're under big office towers, a lot of them, it'll be dependent on what the protocol is.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyond capacity restrictions, there’s the question of childcare, too: under Ontario’s current back-to-school plans, some parents may have to pick their children up at noon so they can complete online learning at home in the afternoons. Add to that the possibility of a second wave of the virus, and the idea of the area rebounding to pre-Covid levels of economic activity in a matter of months without a vaccine seems like a fantasy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while workers may relish certain perks of working from home, many also miss the propulsive energy of downtown, which includes the businesses. “A big element of my life was being down on Bay Street in the PATH,” says Leila Rafi, a partner at the law firm McMillan LLP. “I loved it, I thrived on it and it was fun for me.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08pnq13"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe works long hours, so meeting clients for lunch at stylish downtown restaurants such as Jump, Bymark or Canoe served as both a welcome break in her day and an opportunity to develop professional relationships. In the PATH, she could pick up Tim Horton’s coffee on the way to the office, buy pantyhose from her usual shop, drop off tailoring, do her grocery shopping and see friends who work nearby, all without needing to put on a winter coat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, the meetings are on Zoom, and the restaurant patios are filled with people just looking for a place to drink, rather than the regulars who can usually be relied upon to tip well and be friendly to the servers they see every week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Rafi has been encouraged to see more signs of life downtown as office workers have trickled back in, she recognises how difficult it will be for many businesses to survive. “I think everyone took for granted how busy lunch was at all the places in the PATH. There was just so much traffic all the time,” she says. “I just don't think any of these vendors were prepared for a complete shutdown out of nowhere.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The ripple effects of closed office buildings","headlineShort":"The ripple effect of closed offices","image":["p08pm0tf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-will-the-high-streets-get-shoppers-back","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-shopping"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With workers doing their jobs at home, the business ecosystems around office towers are taking a hit – maybe even a fatal blow.","summaryShort":"What happens to shops that depend on workers at their desks?","tag":["tag\u002Feconomics"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-07T20:44:01.433778Z","entity":"article","guid":"3ef9109b-ec1e-43ca-ab98-e91d5f303efb","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-08T03:58:13.694915Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand","_id":"5f6329fbfdd05dcd259c1a30","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fhetty-roessingh-university-of-calgary"],"bodyIntro":"Computers and phones have become the go-to note-taking method for many. But your brain benefits from an old-fashioned pen and paper.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fnote-taking-by-hand-a-powerful-tool-to-support-memory-144049\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDo you pick up any old notebook and pen when you need them, or do you have a thing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fbusiness\u002Fcurrency\u002Fwhy-startups-love-moleskines\"\u003Efor Moleskines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscientect.com\u002Fnews\u002F716562\u002Ffountain-pen-ink-market-statistics-2019-2025-parker-montblanc-lamy-hero-noodlers-ink-pelikan-j-herbin-omas-sailor-guangdong-baoke-stationery-and-pilot\u002F\"\u003EMontblancs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether or not you’re picky, know that tools for the hands are tools for the brain. Handwritten notes are a powerful tool for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.sbspro.2014.03.156\"\u003Eencrypting embodied cognition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and in turn supporting the brain’s capacity for retrieval of information. And secondly, when you take notes by hand, your hands create a robust external memory storage: your notebook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETaking notes by hand is a win-win, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2016\u002F04\u002F17\u002F474525392\u002Fattention-students-put-your-laptops-away\"\u003Ebelongs in every student’s cognitive tool kit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Learning how to take notes by hand effectively, and how to ingrain note-taking as a key learning and study tool, can begin as early as grades 3 or 4, but it’s never too late to begin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe live in a digital age where daily functioning involves digital communication. Automaticity in keyboarding is an important skill too, and the tools and applications for digital communication will continue to evolve and have their place. But keyboarding does not provide the tactile feedback to the brain that contact between pencil or pen and paper does — the key to creating the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com\u002Fbooks\u002F191866\u002Fthe-hand-by-frank-r-wilson\"\u003Eneurocircuitry in the hand-brain complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe processing advantage\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile your laptop might seem faster and more efficient, there are good reasons for having a paper-bound notebook and pen — any kind you prefer — at the ready.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers have found that note-taking associated with keyboarding involves taking notes verbatim in a way \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F0956797614524581\"\u003Ethat does not involve processing information\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and so have called this “non-generative” note-taking. By contrast, taking notes by hand involves cognitive engagement in summarising, paraphrasing, organising, concept and vocabulary mapping — in short, manipulating and transforming information that leads to deeper understanding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENote-taking becomes note-making: an active involvement in making sense and meaning for later reflection, study or sharing of notes to compare understanding with lab partners or classmates. This becomes a potent study strategy, as one’s own \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edutopia.org\u002Fblog\u002Fdeeper-learning-collaboration-key-rebecca-alber\"\u003Eprocessing can be further consolidated through talk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08r3nx0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are templates and formats that teach \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=pZgMpjjgCRA\"\u003Emore effective ways\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of taking hand-written notes. A popular one is the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flsc.cornell.edu\u002Fstudy-skills\u002Fcornell-note-taking-system\u002F\"\u003ECornell style\u003C\u002Fa\u003E developed by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcollege.cengage.com\u002Fpsychology\u002Fnevid\u002Fessentials\u002F2e\u002Fassets\u002Fstudents\u002Fsuccess\u002Ffm_01.pdf\"\u003Eeducation professor Walter Pauk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can also explore other ways that can be adapted for different \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ldatschool.ca\u002Fgraphic-organizers\u002F\"\u003Estudy needs, such as compare\u002Fcontrast charts or webs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECognitive demands of note-taking\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETaking good notes depends on fluency of hand, which means legibility and speed combined. This is best achieved with a clean, uncluttered and connected script, meaning \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-41927258\"\u003Ecursive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E writing, that young learners can begin to learn in Grade 2. Fluency of hand comes from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhy-cursive-handwriting-needs-to-make-a-school-comeback-121645\"\u003Einstruction and practice in the early years of school\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and sustained opportunities for authentic, purposeful literacy engagements in turn allocating working memory space to the cognitive demands of note-taking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe move from grades 3 to 4 is a big leap for young learners. Content curriculum in science, social studies, English language arts and mathematics makes accelerated demands on children to shift into academic modes of literacy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach year of educational advancement makes increasing demands in reading and writing, understanding and making sense of vast amounts of information in multi-modal formats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESketching and drawing belong, too\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELeonardo da Vinci wrote: “…the more minutely you describe, the more you will confuse the mind of the reader and the more you will remove him from knowledge of the thing described. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F3050308?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\"\u003ETherefore it is necessary to make a drawing … as well as to describe …\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe artist’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournalinghabit.com\u002Fobserving-journals-leonardo-da-vinci\u002F\"\u003Enotebooks reveal a creative, inquiring, inventive mind and man of science and art unparalleled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, centuries ahead of his time. Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart, pioneers in cognitive neuroscience research, noted three levels of information processing: their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0022-5371(72)80001-X\"\u003Etheory lays bare the neuroscience\u003C\u002Fa\u003E behind da Vinci’s insights centuries ago. When people visually represent knowledge, they can deepen their comprehension \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F333\u002F6046\u002F1096\"\u003Eof concepts such as cycles and relationships: as a result, some cognitive researchers advocate teaching different ways of representing knowledge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from an early age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFlorence Nightingale is remembered for her contributions in reforming medicine through her \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F1937586720918239\"\u003Edetailed, meticulous observations, documentation, note-taking and writing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She is credited with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4386633\u002F\"\u003Ecreating the pie chart to represent this information\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08r3pc2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI assign my own students, preparing to become teachers, the task of sketching the layout of the class where they are working in a field placement. They also take observational hand-written notes recorded in a Cornell template. This assignment is about interpreting what’s going on in the classroom. This process of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F09575146.2016.1145628\"\u003Edocumenting provides a good scaffold for later review or reflection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and theorizing the work of classroom teachers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf writing is a requirement of your profession whether in journalism, teaching, architecture, engineering, fashion and more, you already know the benefits and importance of note-taking and sketching.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAnalogue, digital and legacy formats\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deep understanding and remembering, making personal connection and sparking creative thought are important, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhandwritten-valentines-create-a-legacy-of-love-and-literacy-130365\"\u003Ehand-written notes matter and endure over time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, the art of keeping a paper diary, journal or planner has generated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pressreader.com\u002Fcanada\u002Fcalgary-herald\u002F20200103\u002F281535112914511\"\u003Escores of online communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Many find pleasure in keeping calendars, daily organizers, cards and notes and lists of all kinds, and writing family stories for the next generation all by hand — and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fexplore\u002Ftags\u002Fplanneraddict\u002F\"\u003Ethen sharing them digitally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor serious students, note-taking is an indispensable cognitive tool and study technique. Creating neurocircuitry for memory and meaning through the hand-brain complex is the key to understanding the value of hand-written notes. Think twice before relying solely on your laptop this fall!\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHetty Roessingh is a professor of education at the University of Calgary.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand-4"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The benefits of note-taking by hand","headlineShort":"Why you should take notes by hand","image":["p08r3nt1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1bc39"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Computers and phones have become the go-to note-taking method for many. But your brain benefits from an old-fashioned pen and paper.","summaryShort":"Old-fashioned pen-and-paper loyalists may be on to something","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-10T19:55:41.437748Z","entity":"article","guid":"f3305665-490c-4ebb-8f65-6f65f30fa78c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-11T17:55:47.78844Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930}},"tags":{"tag\u002Fsmall-business":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fsmall-business","_id":"5f632b66fdd05dcd25a3bcc7","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"\u002Ftags","name":"Small Business","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"d85cc10c-51ad-4d3f-9dda-6665537be6ce","id":"tag\u002Fsmall-business","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"","slug":"small-business","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"tag\u002Finfluencers":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Finfluencers","_id":"5f632b65fdd05dcd25a3b8be","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Influencers","creationDateTime":"2019-06-21T17:52:57.387674Z","entity":"tag","guid":"a60b33b1-e79e-416e-9371-ade3ad8d1e9f","id":"tag\u002Finfluencers","modifiedDateTime":"2019-06-21T17:52:57.387674Z","project":"","slug":"influencers","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818916},"tag\u002Fsocial-media":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fsocial-media","_id":"5f632b67fdd05dcd25a3be44","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"\u002Ftags","name":"Social Media","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"e5d28403-266b-4ece-800b-e4da36ab7c0c","id":"tag\u002Fsocial-media","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"","slug":"social-media","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818913},"tag\u002Fjapan":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fjapan","_id":"5f632b5dfdd05dcd25a3a8f5","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Japan","creationDateTime":"2018-09-28T20:52:28.545214Z","entity":"tag","guid":"331c9bb1-ff06-4a15-a999-ec9d756ed634","id":"tag\u002Fjapan","modifiedDateTime":"2018-09-28T20:52:28.545214Z","project":"","slug":"japan","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818915},"tag\u002Fnew-economy-entrepreneurs":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fnew-economy-entrepreneurs","_id":"5f632b60fdd05dcd25a3b01a","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"New Economy Entrepreneurs ","creationDateTime":"2018-06-05T10:09:31.307064Z","entity":"tag","guid":"c544a054-7038-4ac4-8fee-69cd78be87f7","id":"tag\u002Fnew-economy-entrepreneurs","modifiedDateTime":"2018-06-05T10:09:31.307064Z","project":"","slug":"new-economy-entrepreneurs","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818916},"tag\u002Fworking-from-home":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fworking-from-home","_id":"5f632b6cfdd05dcd25a3cba9","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Working from home","creationDateTime":"2020-05-08T14:30:30.738127Z","entity":"tag","guid":"b8d5305a-9ccb-4f27-a738-7c39bb4d5833","id":"tag\u002Fworking-from-home","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-08T14:30:30.738127Z","project":"","slug":"working-from-home","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818912},"tag\u002Fpsychology":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fpsychology","_id":"5f632b67fdd05dcd25a3bd9a","assetImage":null,"description":"BBC Travel’s latest stories on psychology","linkUrl":"","name":"Psychology","creationDateTime":"2015-01-23T12:11:42Z","entity":"tag","guid":"5ac58b59-e485-47e2-9d0e-bb2d3cddf005","id":"tag\u002Fpsychology","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T18:46:55.153629Z","project":"","slug":"psychology","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923},"tag\u002Fcovid-19":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fcovid-19","_id":"5f632b63fdd05dcd25a3b5ac","assetImage":[],"description":"Evidence-based analysis and myth-busting stories around the new coronavirus","linkUrl":"","name":"Covid-19","creationDateTime":"2020-03-12T18:50:22.798892Z","entity":"tag","guid":"e7773612-18e8-4b40-a9ea-9cafc055663b","id":"tag\u002Fcovid-19","modifiedDateTime":"2020-03-25T12:10:44.505528Z","project":"","slug":"covid-19","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"tag\u002Feconomics":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Feconomics","_id":"5f632b62fdd05dcd25a3b339","assetImage":null,"description":"Economics","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F9223","name":"Economics","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"9fa67f4c-9790-48ad-9d5d-203bcdd8962d","id":"tag\u002Feconomics","modifiedDateTime":"2015-08-18T11:17:57.265155Z","project":"","slug":"economics","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818931},"tag\u002Fholidays":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fholidays","_id":"5f632b62fdd05dcd25a3b3be","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest stories about holidays from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Holidays","creationDateTime":"2010-12-03T17:12:38Z","entity":"tag","guid":"2c58aa0c-f7fb-4ce3-8ca3-9a08e9948862","id":"tag\u002Fholidays","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T17:55:58.304473Z","project":"","slug":"holidays","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818920},"tag\u002Fjob-search":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fjob-search","_id":"5f632b5efdd05dcd25a3aa6b","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"\u002Ftags","name":"Job Search","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"b21f2321-c383-4684-b0dc-2ad5a4b0faa2","id":"tag\u002Fjob-search","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"","slug":"job-search","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"tag\u002Fbusiness":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fbusiness","_id":"5f632b5efdd05dcd25a3aa54","assetImage":["p01cnqds"],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest economy and business stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Business","creationDateTime":"2010-08-31T13:55:08Z","entity":"tag","guid":"ff971097-6a9b-4f0b-896c-28ac9441b770","id":"tag\u002Fbusiness","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T17:29:43.792398Z","project":"","slug":"business","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818921},"tag\u002Fwellness":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fwellness","_id":"5f632b6bfdd05dcd25a3c8c9","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest wellness stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Wellness","creationDateTime":"2020-02-28T21:13:24.535072Z","entity":"tag","guid":"13ba4b04-b3a2-4dee-8a3d-49c39c8fa6f4","id":"tag\u002Fwellness","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T18:40:15.456295Z","project":"","slug":"wellness","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930},"tag\u002Ftechnology":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Ftechnology","_id":"5f632b64fdd05dcd25a3b811","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest technology stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Technology","creationDateTime":"2013-02-27T16:53:04Z","entity":"tag","guid":"6ef5e75c-4d0b-4b39-aac6-36dc110f8dc4","id":"tag\u002Ftechnology","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T17:39:15.105236Z","project":"","slug":"technology","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"tag\u002Frelationships":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Frelationships","_id":"5f632b62fdd05dcd25a3b39f","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Relationships","creationDateTime":"2019-06-06T14:47:36.057964Z","entity":"tag","guid":"2c67eb76-e93d-4efe-89f2-6705d028e973","id":"tag\u002Frelationships","modifiedDateTime":"2019-06-06T14:47:36.057964Z","project":"","slug":"relationships","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818924},"tag\u002Fcities":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fcities","_id":"5f632b60fdd05dcd25a3afda","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Cities","creationDateTime":"2020-09-01T18:50:09.433058Z","entity":"tag","guid":"6166db56-b8ed-4b9b-84fa-45446f1d1473","id":"tag\u002Fcities","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-01T18:50:09.433058Z","project":"","slug":"cities","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818926},"tag\u002Fworkplace":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fworkplace","_id":"5f632b6cfdd05dcd25a3cc22","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"\u002Ftags","name":"Workplace","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"f4303e37-0dd5-45da-9111-b5abef826e14","id":"tag\u002Fworkplace","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"","slug":"workplace","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818927},"tag\u002Finequality":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Finequality","_id":"5f632b64fdd05dcd25a3b842","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Inequality","creationDateTime":"2019-02-21T16:43:26.13597Z","entity":"tag","guid":"a8713cd4-ded1-4e6f-826a-59948dfe5932","id":"tag\u002Finequality","modifiedDateTime":"2019-02-21T16:43:26.13597Z","project":"","slug":"inequality","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818929},"tag\u002Fproductivity":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fproductivity","_id":"5f632b66fdd05dcd25a3bd0a","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Productivity","creationDateTime":"2019-01-30T17:30:08.088621Z","entity":"tag","guid":"ceea42f7-82c5-4042-848e-f1ae690c7e73","id":"tag\u002Fproductivity","modifiedDateTime":"2019-01-30T17:30:08.088621Z","project":"","slug":"productivity","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930}},"navigations":{"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:navigation:worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife","_id":"5f6890eb0b615b35903b2433","item":[{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Home","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002F","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-0"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"About us","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190721-what-is-bbc-worklife","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-1"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Remote Control","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Fremote-control\u002F","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-2"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Collective Intelligence","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002Fcolumns\u002Fcollective-intelligence\u002F","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-3"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Worklife 101","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002Fworklife-101\u002F","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-4"}],"primaryVertical":"worklife","creationDateTime":"2019-07-18T15:53:01.743599Z","entity":"navigation","guid":"6928af2b-9d4d-4352-8cdb-b0e9735b1d2d","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-24T05:43:19.378329Z","project":"worklife","slug":"worklife","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818827}},"partners":{"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:partner:future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation","_id":"5f632aaefdd05dcd25a1c064","assetImage":["p03gtb7m"],"description":"","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200923083018\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com","name":"The Conversation","primaryVertical":"future","promoImage":["p03gtb7m"],"creationDateTime":"2016-01-28T11:56:10.84175Z","entity":"partner","guid":"56f04c6e-7e9e-4faf-ae82-be23adfad166","id":"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation","modifiedDateTime":"2016-01-28T11:56:10.84175Z","project":"future","slug":"the-conversation","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818930}},"modules":{},"indexModules":{},"aroundTheBBC":{},"videos":{"p08bmr62":{"duration":351,"thumbnail":["p08bmrrn"],"title":"How to deal with uncertainty","urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:videopid:p08bmr62","vpid":"p08bmr64","warningShort":"","_id":"5f641c47fdd05dcd255608ba","entity":"videopid","id":"p08bmr62","cacheLastUpdated":1600849818923}}},"ads":{},"relatedArticlesById":{},"article":{"currentActiveArticle":null,"primaryArticle":null},"loader":{"message":null,"show":false},"location":{"currentLocation":"\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","previousLocation":null,"isFirstRendering":true},"serverRender":true,"hasArticleHero":{"value":false},"visitedCollectionIndex":false,"visitedTagIndex":false,"metaData":{"title":null},"fetchArticleGroupByArticleId":{"isFetching":false,"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","error":null,"endpoint":undefined},"fetchArticleById":{"isFetching":{"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer":false},"error":null},"fetchTagsByVertical":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchCollectionsIndexByVerticalReducer":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchNavigationById":{"isFetching":false,"id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife","error":null},"fetchCollectionById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchTagById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchModuleByVertical":{"isFetching":null,"error":null},"pagination":{"articleInfiniteScroll":{"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer":{"search\u002Ffrontpage\u002Fworklife":{"pages":{"1":{"isFetching":false,"error":null,"items":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-what-makes-strangers-click","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200917-the-impact-of-banning-alcohol-during-covid-19","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200828-the-challenge-of-a-job-that-doesnt-meet-your-needs","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200501-six-tips-to-deal-with-uncertainty","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-how-social-distancing-symbols-are-changing-our-cities","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-how-corporate-diversity-initiatives-trap-workers-of-colour","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-benefits-of-note-taking-by-hand"],"cacheLastUpdated":1600849818938}},"totalItems":2574,"totalPages":258,"currentPage":1,"itemsPerPage":10}}},"collectionArticlesIndex":{},"tagArticlesIndex":{},"verticalArticlesIndex":{},"premiumCollectionArticlesIndex":{},"swimlaneCollectionArticles":{}}}</script> <script>window.__ENTITY_ROUTES__ = {"article":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"previewArticle":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fpreview\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"premiumCollection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fpremium-collection\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexColumn":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fcolumns\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexSection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fsections\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"tagArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftags\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftag\u002F:id"},"tagsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftags","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Ftags"},"verticalArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)"},"collectionsColumnsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fcolumns","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"collectionsSectionsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fsections","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"bookmarks":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fbookmarks\u002F","entityMapping":":moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fbookmarks"}};</script> <script>window.__PWA_CLIENT_SIDE_ENABLED__=true</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1600257496-582c91b9f19aca98562c50b8b028ecdfb6cce8d2/static/js/bundle.c21d25ca.js"></script> <script>window.BBC_GNL_PWA_MAIN();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = '50924'; _sf_async_config.domain = 'bbc.co.uk'; _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.sections = 'worklife,influencers,socialmedia'; _sf_async_config.path = '/worklife/article/20200915-would-you-pay-to-follow-an-influencer'; _sf_async_config.authors = "Chris Stokel-Walker"; /** CONFIGURATION END **/ function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script> </div> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer" dir="ltr"> <div id="navp-orb-footer-promo"></div><aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation" aria-label="BBC"><h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2><div class="orb-footer-primary-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><footer role="contentinfo"><div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><script>window.orb.worldwideFooterlinks = '<li class="orb-footer-ads"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/">Advertise with us<'+'/a><'+'/li><li class="orb-footer-adchoices"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies/how-can-i-change-my-bbc-cookie-settings/">AdChoices / Do Not Sell My Info<'+'/a><'+'/li>';</script><div class="orb-footer-inner"> <ul><li class="orb-footer-terms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="orb-footer-about"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc">About the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-privacy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="orb-footer-cookies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/cookies/">Cookies</a></li><li class="orb-footer-accessibility"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li><li class="orb-footer-parental"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance">Parental Guidance</a></li><li class="orb-footer-contact"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact">Contact the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li></ul><small><em class="orb-hilight">Copyright © 2020 BBC.</em> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <span class="orb-footer-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://www.bbc.co.uk/help/web/links/" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></span></small></div></div></div></footer></div><script id="orb-js-script" data-assetpath="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/b3428ed36e7e195dbf298117ef155a8f/" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/b3428ed36e7e195dbf298117ef155a8f/js/orb.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ require(['orb/nav'], function(nav) { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { nav.loadJs('https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/b3428ed36e7e195dbf298117ef155a8f/js/edr.min.js'); } }); }); /*]]>*/</script> <div class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && window.bbcdotcom.analytics && bbcdotcom.config && !bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp() && !bbcdotcom.config.isReel()) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.analytics.page, bbcdotcom.analytics); } /*]]>*/</script><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018im_/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/?c1=2&c2=19293874&ns_site=bbc&name=" height="1" width="1" alt=""></noscript><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.write, bbcdotcom.currencyProviders); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.postWrite, bbcdotcom.currencyProviders); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyLast = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script></div> <script type="text/javascript">require.config({ "paths": { "orb/async/_footerpromo": 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/navpromo/4745be14d971db946fed75ccf103d382/js/async/_footerpromo' } }); (function() { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) { initialiseFooter(); }); var scrollCheckTimer; var didScroll; var previousPosition = 0; var delta = 5; var PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT = 1500; var pageLength = 0; function getCookie(key) { if (!key) { return document.cookie; } return decodeURIComponent(document.cookie.replace(new RegExp("(?:(?:^|.*;)\\s*" + encodeURIComponent(key).replace(/[\-\.\+\*]/g, "\\$&") + "\\s*\\=\\s*([^;]*).*$)|^.*$"), "$1")) || null; } function initialiseFooter() { // Suppress this feature on browsers we no longer test var myNav = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); var oldIE = (myNav.indexOf('msie') !== -1) && parseInt(myNav.split('msie')[1], 10) <= 10; if (!oldIE) { var disabledByCookie = (parseInt(getCookie('ckns_nav_promofail')) || 0) >= 3; if (!disabledByCookie) { window.bbcpage.getLanguage().then(function(language) { if (language === 'en') { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { setUpLazyLoading(); } }); } }); } } } function setUpLazyLoading() { // offsetHeight is expensive to calculate, only do it once. pageLength = Math.abs(document.body.offsetHeight); if (pageLength < getViewportHeight() + 300 || pageLength - getCurrentPosition() < PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } else { window.onscroll = function () { didScroll = true; }; scrollCheckTimer = setInterval(function () { if (didScroll) { hasScrolled(); didScroll = false; } }, 250); } } function loadPromo() { clearInterval(scrollCheckTimer); require(['orb/async/_footerpromo'], function(promo) { promo.init('https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://navpromo.api.bbci.co.uk', ''); }); } function getViewportHeight() { return window.innerHeight; } function getCurrentPosition() { return Math.abs(window.scrollY || document.body.scrollTop || document.documentElement.scrollTop); } function hasScrolled() { var currentPosition = getCurrentPosition(); if (Math.abs(previousPosition - currentPosition) <= delta) { return; } if (currentPosition > previousPosition) { if ((pageLength - currentPosition) <= PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } } previousPosition = currentPosition; } })();</script> <script type="text/javascript">require.config({ paths: { "mybbc/templates": '//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.2/templates', "mybbc/notifications": '//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.2/js' } }); require(['mybbc/notifications/NotificationsMain', 'idcta/idcta-1'], function (NotificationsMain, idcta) { var loadNotifications = function (isUK) { if (isUK) { window.bbcpage.loadCSS('//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.2/css/main.min.css').then(function() { NotificationsMain.run(idcta, '//web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.2/'); }); } }; window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { loadNotifications(isUK); }); });</script> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.SEARCHBOX.suppress === false && window.SEARCHBOX.locale) { require.config({ paths: { "search/searchbox": window.SEARCHBOX.searchboxAppStaticPrefix, } }); if (bbcuser && bbcuser.isUKCombined) { bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function (isUK) { if (isUK) { require(['search/searchbox/searchboxDrawer'], function (SearchboxDrawer) { SearchboxDrawer.run(window.SEARCHBOX); }); } }); } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.COOKIES_STATIC_HOST = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-519.49515ce/cookie-banner/cookie-prompt/';</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-519.49515ce/cookie-banner/cookie-banners.bundle.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(o,t){if(t.isAllowed("s1"))try{if(!require.s.contexts._.config.paths.idcta)return void i();require(["idcta/idcta-1"],function(t){t&&"function"==typeof t.getIStatsLabels&&o.addLabels(t.getIStatsLabels()),i()},function(t){throw t})}catch(t){console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&console.log("an exception occurred while adding idcta labels to istats, invoking istats without them",t),i()}function i(){o.invoke()}});</script><script type="text/javascript">"use strict";window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){return e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Failed to load reverb. No event sent")});</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923083018js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk//user-activity-helper/1d5fa47d9ba60d5c52b377ec3208b7be/js/detectview.bundle.js" async=""></script> </body> </html>