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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture and geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Mono_(Owens_Valley_Paiute)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Mono_(Owens_Valley_Paiute)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Mono_(Owens_Valley_Paiute)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Mono" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Mono"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Western Mono</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Mono-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monachi" title="Monachi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monachi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(Volk)" title="Mono (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mono (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(tribu)" title="Mono (tribu) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mono (tribu)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(tribu)" title="Mono (tribu) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mono (tribu)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono" title="Mono – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mono" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(tribo)" title="Mono (tribo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mono (tribo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Моно (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моно (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Моно (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Моно (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono" title="Mono – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mono" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monache&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Monache">Monache</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the native American people. For the African people, see <a href="/wiki/Mono_people_(Congo)" title="Mono people (Congo)">Mono people (Congo)</a>. For the Mono Lake Paiute, see <a href="/wiki/Kucadikadi" title="Kucadikadi">Kucadikadi</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Upscaled_images plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/60px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/80px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>includes historical images which have been <a href="/wiki/AI_upscaling" class="mw-redirect" title="AI upscaling">upscaled by an AI process</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> This will have introduced speculative and possibly inaccurate details not present in the source material. Such images <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#Editing_images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">should be replaced with their original versions</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mono</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_with_text_of_a_Mono_couple_living_near_Northfork,_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296289_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Mono couple living near Northfork, California, ca. 1920"><img alt="A Mono couple living near Northfork, California, ca. 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Photograph_with_text_of_a_Mono_couple_living_near_Northfork%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296289_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Photograph_with_text_of_a_Mono_couple_living_near_Northfork%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296289_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Photograph_with_text_of_a_Mono_couple_living_near_Northfork%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296289_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Photograph_with_text_of_a_Mono_couple_living_near_Northfork%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296289_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Photograph_with_text_of_a_Mono_couple_living_near_Northfork%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296289_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Photograph_with_text_of_a_Mono_couple_living_near_Northfork%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296289_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Mono couple living near Northfork, California, ca. 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">approximately 2,300</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditional Tribal Religion, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannock</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:272px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:-130px; width:950px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mono_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lands historically inhabited by the Mono people overlaid onto modern-day California state borders"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mono_map.svg/950px-Mono_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="950" height="596" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mono_map.svg/1425px-Mono_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mono_map.svg/1900px-Mono_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mono_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mono_map.svg/950px-Mono_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="950" height="596" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mono_map.svg/1425px-Mono_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mono_map.svg/1900px-Mono_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mono_map.svg" title="File:Mono map.svg"> </a></div>Lands historically inhabited by the Mono people overlaid onto modern-day <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> state borders</div> </div></div> <p>The <b>Mono</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MOH</span>-noh</i></a>) are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people who traditionally live in the central <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a>, the Eastern Sierra (generally south of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_California" title="Bridgeport, California">Bridgeport</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Mono_Basin" title="Mono Basin">Mono Basin</a>, and adjacent areas of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>. They are often grouped under the historical label "<a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a>" together with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a> – but these three groups, although related within the <a href="/wiki/Numic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numic">Numic</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan</a> languages, do not form a single, unique, unified group of Great Basin tribes. </p><p>Today, many of the tribal citizens and descendants of the Mono tribe inhabit the town of <a href="/wiki/North_Fork,_California" title="North Fork, California">North Fork</a> (thus the label "Northfork Mono") in <a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera County</a>. People of the Mono tribe are also spread across California in: the <a href="/wiki/Owens_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens River Valley">Owens River Valley</a>; the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> and foothills areas, especially <a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno County</a>; and in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_groups">Tribal groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tribal groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mono lived on both sides of the Sierra Nevada and are divided into two regional tribal/dialect groups, roughly based on the Sierra crest: </p> <ul><li><b>Eastern Mono</b> Southernmost Northern Paiute live on the California-Nevada border on the <i>eastern side</i> of the Sierra Nevada in the <a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a>: <i>Payahǖǖnadǖ/Payahuunadu</i> – "place/land of flowing water") along the <a href="/wiki/Owens_River" title="Owens River">Owens River</a> (<i>Wakopee</i>) and south to <a href="/wiki/Owens_Lake" title="Owens Lake">Owens Lake</a> (<i>Pacheta</i>). They are also known as the "Owens Valley Paiute".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Western Mono</b> on the <i>west side</i> in the south-central foothills of the Sierra Nevada, including the "Northfork Mono," as labeled by E.W. Gifford, an ethnographer studying people in the vicinity of the San Joaquin River in the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_geography">Culture and geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_with_text_of_acorn_cache_of_the_Mono_Indians,_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296296_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Photograph_with_text_of_acorn_cache_of_the_Mono_Indians%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296296_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Photograph_with_text_of_acorn_cache_of_the_Mono_Indians%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296296_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Photograph_with_text_of_acorn_cache_of_the_Mono_Indians%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296296_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Photograph_with_text_of_acorn_cache_of_the_Mono_Indians%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296296_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Photograph_with_text_of_acorn_cache_of_the_Mono_Indians%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296296_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Photograph_with_text_of_acorn_cache_of_the_Mono_Indians%2C_California._This_is_from_a_survey_report_of_Fresno_and..._-_NARA_-_296296_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Mono people beside their <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorn</a> cache in Fresno County, California, ca. 1920. Mono people used acorns for their bread and families typically had 8 or 9 baskets of this size for acorns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The current tribal name "Mono" is a <a href="/wiki/Yokutsan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokutsan languages">Yokutsan</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from the tribe's western neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a>, who however hereby designated the Owens valley Paiutes as the southernmost Northern Paiute band living around "owens lake" / Mono Lake as <i>monachie/monoache</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">fly</a> people") because fly <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> was their chief food staple and trading article<sup id="cite_ref-Bodie's_Gold_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodie's_Gold-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>not</i> the "Mono". This "<a href="/wiki/Kucadikadi" title="Kucadikadi">Kucadikadi Northern Paiute Band</a>", whose autonym <i>Kutsavidökadö/Kutzadika'a</i> means "eaters of the <a href="/wiki/Ephydridae" title="Ephydridae">brine fly</a> pupae", are also known as <i>Mono Lake Paiute</i> or <i>Owens Valley Paiute</i>, a holdover from early anthropological literature, and are often confused with the non-Northern Paiute ethnic group of the Western mono "Mono".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Eastern Mono" referred to themselves as <b>Numa/Nuumu</b> or <b>Nüümü</b> ("People") in their Mono/Bannock language dialect and to their kin to the west as <i><b>Panan witü / Pana witü</b></i> ("western place" People); the "Western Mono" called themselves <b>Nyyhmy/Nimi</b> or <b>Nim/Nium</b> ("People"); a full blooded "Western Mono" person was called <i>cawu h nyyhmy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Mono_(Owens_Valley_Paiute)"><span id="Eastern_Mono_.28Owens_Valley_Paiute.29"></span>Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Eastern_Mono"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OwensValleyPaiutewoman.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/OwensValleyPaiutewoman.gif/220px-OwensValleyPaiutewoman.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/OwensValleyPaiutewoman.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Owens Valley Paiute woman weaving a basket</figcaption></figure> <p>The Owens Valley Paiute or Eastern Mono live on the California-Nevada border, they formerly ranged on the eastern side of the southern <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986412_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986412-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the <a href="/wiki/Owens_River" title="Owens River">Owens Rivers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Long_Valley_Caldera" title="Long Valley Caldera">Long Valley</a> on the north to <a href="/wiki/Owens_Lake" title="Owens Lake">Owens Lake</a> on the south, and from the crest of the Sierra Nevada on the west to the <a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(California)" title="White Mountains (California)">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inyo_Mountains" title="Inyo Mountains">Inyo Mountains</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Fish_Lake_Valley" title="Fish Lake Valley">Fish Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Springs_Valley" title="Deep Springs Valley">Deep Springs Valleys</a> on the east. They were predominantly sedentary and settled in fixed settlements along rivers or springs (or artificial canals). The more intensive arable farming by means of partly artificial irrigation enabled them to build up food reserves and thus, in contrast to the "Western Mono bands", to feed larger groups. The <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">Sedentism</a> is also reflected in their socio-political organization in different "districts" (each with communistic hunting and seed rights, political unity, and a number of villages), whose name mostly ended with <i>"patü/witü"</i>, meaning "place" or "land"; each "district" was under the command of a headman or <i>pohenaby</i>. </p><p>Some "Owens Valley Northern Paiute" districts: </p> <ul><li><b>Panatü</b> (Black Rock Territory, south to Taboose Creek)</li> <li><b>Pitama Patü</b> or <b>Pitana Patü</b> ("south place" = <a href="/wiki/Bishop,_California" title="Bishop, California">Bishop, California</a>, extending from the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Tuff" title="Bishop Tuff">volcanic tableland</a> and Horton Creek in the Sierra to a line running out into Owens Valley from Waucodayavi, the largest peak south of Rawson Creek. Note that Waucodayavi does not have an English name, but is a peak of approximately 9,280 feet located almost due west of Keough Hot Springs.)</li> <li><b>Ütü’ütü witü</b> or <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicized</a> to <b>Utu Utu Gwaiti</b> ("hot place" = <a href="/wiki/Benton,_California" title="Benton, California">Benton, California</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Keough_Hot_Springs" title="Keough Hot Springs">Keough Hot Springs</a> south to Shannon Creek)</li> <li><b>Kwina Patii</b> or <b>Kwina Patü</b> ("north place" = <a href="/wiki/Round_Valley,_California" title="Round Valley, California">Round Valley, California</a>)</li> <li><b>Tovowaha Matii</b>, <b>Tovowahamatü</b> or <b>Tobowahamatü</b> ("natural mound place" = <a href="/wiki/Big_Pine,_California" title="Big Pine, California">Big Pine, California</a>, south to Big Pine Creek in the mountains, but with fishing and seed rights along Owens River nearly to Fish Springs)</li> <li><b>Tuniga witü, Tunuhu witü</b> or <b>Tinemaha/Tinnemaha</b> ("around the foot of the mountain place" = <a href="/wiki/Fish_Springs,_California" title="Fish Springs, California">Fish Springs, California</a>)</li> <li><b>Ozanwitü</b> ("salt place" from the saline lake = <a href="/wiki/Deep_Springs_Valley" title="Deep Springs Valley">Deep Springs Valley</a>, they called their valley <b>Patosabaya</b> and themselves <i>Patosabaya nunemu</i>.)</li> <li><b>Ka’o witü</b> ("very deep valley" = <a href="/wiki/Saline_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline Valley, California">Saline Valley</a>, was Shoshoni with a few intermarried Paiute, but was accessible to Paiute for salt)</li></ul> <p>The tribal areas of the "Eastern Mono bands" bordered in the northwest on the areas of the hostile Southern Sierra Miwok with which it often came to conflicts, in the northeast several Northern Paiute bands migrated, in the southeast and south the <a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha Shoshone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Shoshone" title="Western Shoshone">Western Shoshone</a> bands, in the southwest the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal" title="Tübatulabal">Tübatulabal</a> (also: <i>Kern River Indians</i>) and in the west the "Western Mono bands". </p><p>The Owens Valley Paiute were also more aggressive and hostile towards neighboring Indian tribes and most recently they fought the Americans in the "<a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley_Indian_War" title="Owens Valley Indian War">Owens Valley Indian War</a>" (1862 to 1863) with allied Shoshone, Kawaiisu and Tübatulabal The Owens Valley Paiutes are The Southernmost Northern Paiute Band. </p><p>Their self-designation is <i>Numa</i>, Numu, or <i>Nüümü</i>, meaning "People" or <i>Nün'wa Paya Hup Ca'a' Otuu'mu</i>—"Coyote's children living in the water ditch".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000227_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000227-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pine_Paiute_Tribe_of_the_Owens_Valley" title="Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley">Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Pine,_California" title="Big Pine, California">Big Pine, California</a> (also Timbisha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Independence_Indian_Community_of_Paiute_Indians" title="Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians">Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence,_California" title="Independence, California">Independence, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Paiute-Shoshone_Tribe" title="Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe">Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California" title="Lone Pine, California">Lone Pine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Paiute_Tribe" title="Bishop Paiute Tribe">Bishop Paiute Tribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop,_California" title="Bishop, California">Bishop, California</a> (also Timbisha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu_Utu_Gwaitu_Paiute_Tribe_of_the_Benton_Paiute_Reservation" title="Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation">Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benton,_California" title="Benton, California">Benton, California</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986413_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986413-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000229–230_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000229–230-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Mono">Western Mono</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western Mono"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mono-nim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mono-nim.jpg/220px-Mono-nim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mono-nim.jpg/330px-Mono-nim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mono-nim.jpg/440px-Mono-nim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="4124" /></a><figcaption>Nim at <a href="/wiki/North_Fork,_California" title="North Fork, California">North Fork</a>, 1902.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Western Mono" bands in the western southern Sierra Nevada foothills in the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River</a> was called <i>typici h huu'</i> – "important, great river"), <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaweah_River" title="Kaweah River">Kaweah River</a> (in today's counties of Madera, Fresno and Tulare) lived mostly as typical semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers of fishing, hunting and gathering as well as agriculture. In the winter, several families descended into the river valleys and built together fixed settlements, most of which were used for several years. In the summer, the family groups migrated as hunters and gatherers to the more sheltered and cooler altitudes of the mountains. Therefore, these smaller groups are sometimes considered socio-politically not as bands but as local groups. </p><p>The tribal areas of the "Western Mono" bordered the (mostly) hostile <a href="/wiki/Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok" title="Plains and Sierra Miwok">Southern Sierra Miwok</a> in the north, the "Eastern Mono" settled in the east, the Tübatulabal in the southeast and the Foothill Yokuts in the west. </p><p>Some "Western Mono" bands formed bilingual bands or units with "Foothill Yokuts" and partly took over their culture, so that today – except for one – each "Western Mono" band are only known under its "Yokuts" name. Even in the ethnological literature the original ethnic classification of the bands listed below is controversial; partly they are listed as "Foothill Yokuts bands" (who adopted the "Mono language" and culture through the immigration of the "Western Mono" and soon became bilingual) or as "Western Mono" bands (who would have adopted the language of the dominant "Foothill Yokuts"). In particular, the classification of the two Kings River bands – the Michahai / Michahay and Entimbich<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – is difficult. </p><p>The Western Mono self-designation is <i>Nyyhmy, Nimi, Nim</i> or <i>Nium</i>, meaning "People" or <i>cawu h nyyhmy</i>. </p><p>By contact with the Europeans, the following bands (or local groups) could be distinguished (from north to south):<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Northfork Mono</b> or <b>Nim / Nium</b>: most isolated band of the "Western Mono", therefore not known under a "Yokuts" name. They lived generally along the northern shore of the San Joaquin River westward on both sides of its North Fork (and its tributaries) to Fine Gold Creek (shared territory with the Yokuts there); they established smaller settlements than the more southerly "Western Mono Bands".</li> <li><b>Wobonuch, Wobunuch, Woponunch</b> or <b>Wobonoch</b> (plural: Wobenchasi): Lived in the foothills west of <a href="/wiki/General_Grant_Grove" title="General Grant Grove">General Grant Grove</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/General_Grant_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="General Grant Tree">General Grant Tree</a>) from the mouth of the North Fork Kings River into the <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings River</a> upstream along several tributaries and including the Kings Canyon, along the Mill Flat Creek alone were two major settlements, their area includes today's <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon National Park</a>.</li> <li><b>Entimbich, Endimbich, Endembich</b> or <b>Indimbich</b> (Plural: Enatbicha): bilingual, probably originally a "Kings River Yokuts Band". Lived along the Kings River south and west of the Wobonuch, their main settlement was located in the area of today's <a href="/wiki/Dunlap,_California" title="Dunlap, California">Dunlap, California</a>, further settlements were along Mill Creek, Rancheria Creek and White Deer Creek.</li> <li><b>Michahai</b> or <b>Michahay</b>: bilingual, many mixed marriages with neighboring Waksachi, often regarded as a "Kings River Yokuts band". Lived along the Cottonwood Creek, a stream of the <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_River_(California)" title="St. John's River (California)">St. John's River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Kaweah_River" title="Kaweah River">Kaweah River</a> north of the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Auckland,_California" title="Auckland, California">Auckland, California</a>.</li> <li><b>Waksachi</b> (plural: Wakesdachi): bilingual, but basically "Mono (Nim)"-speaking, partly adopted the culture of the neighboring Yokuts. Their tribal area was in the Long Valley south of <a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_(Tulare_County)" title="Mill Creek (Tulare County)">Mill Creek</a> and along Eshom Creek, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/North_Fork_Kaweah_River" title="North Fork Kaweah River">North Fork Kaweah River</a>, other settlements were along <a href="/wiki/Lime_Kiln_Creek" title="Lime Kiln Creek">Lime Kiln Creek</a> (also known as <i>Dry Creek</i>), such as "Ash Springs" and "Badger Camp".</li> <li><b>Balwisha, Badwisha, Patwisha, Potwisha</b> or <b>Baluusha</b>: bilingual, but basically "Mono (Nim)"-speaking, partly adopted the culture of the neighboring Yokuts. Lived along the Kaweah River tributaries (Marble, Middle, East and South Forks) westwards to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kaweah" title="Lake Kaweah">Lake Kaweah</a>. One of their westernmost villages was located on the left bank of the Kaweah River below the confluence of its North Forks and Middle Forks near the community of <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers,_California" title="Three Rivers, California">Three Rivers, California</a> (near the confluence of the Middle, East and South Forks), eastwards they had settlements upstream along the Middle and East Forks as well as Salt Creeks. The <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia National Park</a> is located in their territory today, their trading partners were the Wukchumni Yokuts.</li></ul> <p>If the <i>Entimbich</i> and <i>Michahai</i> are counted as "Kings River Yokuts" then beside the above-mentioned bands sometimes the following bands are listed: </p> <ul><li><b>Posgisa, Poshgisha</b> or <b>Boshgesha</b>: Lived on the southern shore of the San Joaquin River and south of the Northfork Mono along Big Sandy Creek to the headwaters of Little and Big Dry Creek; according to reports from neighboring Yokuts, there were two settlements near <a href="/wiki/Auberry,_California" title="Auberry, California">Auberry, California</a>. Presumably identical with the group later called "Auberry Band of Western Mono", whose Mono/Nim-language name was <b>?unaħpaahtyħ</b> ("that which is on the other side [of the San Joaquin River]") or <b>Unapatɨ Nɨm</b> ("About (the San Joaquin River) People").</li> <li><b>Holkoma</b>: sometimes synonymously called "Towincheba" or "Kokoheba", but both seems only names for single Holkoma villages. Were living in settlements along a series of confluent streams – especially the Big Creek, Burr Creek and <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Creek_(Kings_River_tributary)" title="Sycamore Creek (Kings River tributary)">Sycamore Creek</a> above the mouth of the Mill Creek into the Kings River.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_Rancheria_of_Mono_Indians_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California">Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Springs_Rancheria_of_Mono_Indians_of_California" title="Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California">Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfork_Rancheria_of_Mono_Indians_of_California" title="Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California">Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Rancheria_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Table Mountain Rancheria of California">Table Mountain Rancheria of California</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_River_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Tule_River_Reservation" title="Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation">Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The two clans of the North Fork Mono Tribe are represented by the golden eagle and the coyote. Mono traditions still in practice today include fishing, hunting, acorn gathering, cooking, healing, basket making, and games. The Honorable Ron Goode is the Tribal Chairman for the North Fork Mono Tribe, which is not a federally recognized tribe. The North Fork Rancheria of Mono Indians is the federally recognized tribe in North Fork and their Chairperson is Elaine Fink. </p><p>Ceremonies are performed at the Sierra Mono Museum<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/North_Fork,_California" title="North Fork, California">North Fork, California</a>, and an annual Indian Fair Days festival takes place on the first weekend of August every year to revive many traditions and rituals for tribal kin and tourists alike to enjoy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Mono speak the Mono/Bannock language dialect, which together with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute language</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>), forms the <a href="/wiki/Numic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numic">Western Numic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan language</a> family. Due to the geographical separation as well as the interaction with neighboring tribes and peoples (incorporation of loanwords and/or frequent <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">Bilingualism</a>) two very different dialects developed in the course of time which are difficult to <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">understand</a> for each other. The native language of the Mono people is referred to as "Nim." </p><p><i>Mun a hoo e boso. Mun a hoo e num. Mun a hoo to e hun noh pa teh</i> can be translated as "Hello to my friends. Hello to the Mono people. Hello to the people from all over."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Mono language (including its two dialects) is critically endangered. Among about 1,300 "Western Mono (Mono or Monache) people", only about 20 active speakers and 100 half speakers speak "Western Mono" or the "Monachi/Monache" dialect (better known as: "Mono/Monache" or "Mono Lake Paiute"). Of the 1,000 "Owens Valley Paiute (Eastern Mono) people" there are only 30 active speakers of the "Eastern Mono" or "Owens Valley Northern Paiute" dialect left. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. <i>(See <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Native_California" title="Population of Native California">Population of Native California</a>.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Alfred L. Kroeber</a> (1925:883) suggested that the 1770 population of the Mono was 4,000. <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_F._Cook" title="Sherburne F. Cook">Sherburne F. Cook</a> (1976:192) set the population of the Western Mono alone at about 1,800. Kroeber reported the population of the Mono in 1910 as 1,500. </p><p>Today, there are approximately 2,300 enrolled Mono people. The Cold Springs Mono have 275 tribal members.<sup id="cite_ref-sdsu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdsu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northfork Mono's enrollment is 1,800, making them one of California's largest native tribes. The Big Sandy Mono have about 495 members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Big Pine Band has 462 tribal members, but it is difficult to determine how many of these are Mono.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_traditional_narratives" title="Mono traditional narratives">Mono traditional narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Native_American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono language (Native American)">Mono language (Native American)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Native_California" title="Population of Native California">Population of Native California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cla.berkeley.edu//languages/mono.html">"Mono"</a>. <i>California Language Archive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210517/https://cla.berkeley.edu/languages/mono.html">Archived</a> from the original on Feb 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Language+Archive&rft.atitle=Mono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcla.berkeley.edu%2F%2Flanguages%2Fmono.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest">California Indians and Their Reservations.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726214650/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest">Archived</a> 2010-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>SDSU Library and Information Access.</i> (retrieved 24 July 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/6">"Hunter-Gatherer Language Database"</a>. <i>huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231202944/https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/languages/language/6">Archived</a> from the original on Dec 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Hunter-Gatherer+Language+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuntergatherer.la.utexas.edu%2Flanguages%2Flanguage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodie's_Gold-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bodie's_Gold_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprague2003" class="citation book cs1">Sprague, Marguerite (2003). "Welcome to Bodie". <i>Bodie's Gold</i>. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press. pp. 3, 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87417-628-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87417-628-X"><bdi>0-87417-628-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Bodie&rft.btitle=Bodie%27s+Gold&rft.place=Reno%2C+Nevada&rft.pages=3%2C+205&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87417-628-X&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb gives the Mono language name for this Northern Paiute band as <i>Kwicathyhka' </i> ("larvae eaters").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cla.berkeley.edu//index.html">"California Language Archive"</a>. <i>California Language Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Language+Archive&rft.atitle=California+Language+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcla.berkeley.edu%2F%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986412-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986412_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiljebladFowler1986">Liljeblad & Fowler 1986</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000227-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000227_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritzker2000">Pritzker 2000</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986413-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiljebladFowler1986413_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiljebladFowler1986">Liljeblad & Fowler 1986</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000229–230-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritzker2000229–230_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritzker2000">Pritzker 2000</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the Entimbich were probably originally "Western Mono" and the Michahai / Michahay were probably "Foothill Yokuts" – but these bands lived in the border area of the two ethnic groups and developed a new identity as a bilingual entity through marriage, adoption of the respective foreign language and partly culture, for which it was irrelevant whether they were regarded as "Western Mono" or "Foothill Yokuts". It was only with the establishment of the reservations that traditional social ties were broken; today American English is the dominant language and the Entimbich identify themselves as "Foothill Yokuts" since the 1950s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228222208/http://www.calwater.ca.gov/Admin_Record/C-076105.pdf">"Robert F. G. Spier: Monache: Language, Territory, and Environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calwater.ca.gov/Admin_Record/C-076105.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+G.+Spier%3A+Monache%3A+Language%2C+Territory%2C+and+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calwater.ca.gov%2FAdmin_Record%2FC-076105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monomuseum.org/">"Mono Museum"</a>. <i>www.monomuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330114822/https://www.monomuseum.org/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.monomuseum.org&rft.atitle=Mono+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monomuseum.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northforkrancheria.com/page.cfm?pageID=2">The Western Mono People: Yesterday and Today.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420160609/http://www.northforkrancheria.com/page.cfm?pageID=2">Archived</a> 2008-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians.</i> (retrieved 24 July 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdsu-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdsu_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddict.shtml#c">California Indians and Their Reservations.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110062812/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddict.shtml#c">Archived</a> 2010-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>SDSU Library and Information Access.</i> (retrieved 25 July 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northforkrancheria.com/page.cfm?pageID=4">History and Timeline.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422174508/http://www.northforkrancheria.com/page.cfm?pageID=4">Archived</a> 2008-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>North Fork Rancheria of Mono Indians</i>. (retrieved 25 July 2009)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. <i>The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, Berkeley.</li> <li>Kroeber, A. L. 1925. <i>Handbook of the Indians of California</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a>, Bulletin No. 78. Washington, DC.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiljebladFowler1986" class="citation book cs1">Liljeblad, Sven; Fowler, Catherine S. (1986). "Owens Valley Paiute". In d'Azevedo, Warren L. (ed.). <i>Great Basin</i>. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 11. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 412–434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-160-04581-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-160-04581-3"><bdi>978-0-160-04581-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Owens+Valley+Paiute&rft.btitle=Great+Basin&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pages=412-434&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-160-04581-3&rft.aulast=Liljeblad&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Catherine+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritzker2000" class="citation book cs1">Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+Encyclopedia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Peoples&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513877-1&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMono+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mono_tribe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mono tribe">Mono tribe</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierramonomuseum.org">Official Sierra Mono Museum website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northforkrancheria-nsn.gov/">Northfork Rancheria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422174508/http://www.northforkrancheria.com/page.cfm?pageID=4">Timeline of Mono Historic Events</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomawi" title="Achomawi">Achomawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acjachemen" title="Acjachemen">Acjachemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwahnechee" title="Ahwahnechee">Ahwahnechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi" title="Atsugewi">Atsugewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok" title="Bay Miwok">Bay Miwok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saklan_tribe" title="Saklan tribe">Saklan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_people" title="Chimariko people">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_River_Athapaskan_peoples" title="Eel River Athapaskan peoples">Eel River Athapaskans</a> (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">Hupa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chilula" title="Chilula">Chilula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whilkut" title="Whilkut">Whilkut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk" title="Karuk">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahto" title="Cahto">Cahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizh" title="Kizh">Kizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a> (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok" title="Lake Miwok">Lake Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattole" title="Mattole">Mattole</a> (Bear River)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechoopda" title="Mechoopda">Mechoopda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a> (Klamath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mono</a> (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan" title="Nisenan">Nisenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki" title="Nomlaki">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kucadikadi" title="Kucadikadi">Kucadikadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a> <ul><li>Costanoan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a> (Yuma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_people" title="Shasta people">Shasta</a> (Konomihu, Okwanuchu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a> (Fernandeño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa" title="Tolowa">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> (Gabrieliño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal" title="Tübatulabal">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok" title="Plains and Sierra Miwok">Plains and Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanyume" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot" title="Wiyot">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukchumni" title="Wukchumni">Wukchumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_people" title="Yana people">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki_people" title="Yuki people">Yuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2983801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2983801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2983801#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086883">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543399105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641926">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&oldid=1251616722">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mono_people&oldid=1251616722</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mono_people" title="Category:Mono people">Mono people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a></li><li><a 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