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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Budowa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budowa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Budowa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budowa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rozmnażanie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozmnażanie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rozmnażanie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rozmnażanie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematyka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematyka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Systematyka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematyka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rośliny nasienne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 82 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadplant" title="Saadplant – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saadplant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بذريات – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بذريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxumlu_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Toxumlu bitkilər – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toxumlu bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng-ch%C3%AD_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chéng-chí si̍t-bu̍t – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng-chí si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Насенныя расліны – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Насенныя расліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Насенныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Насенныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="बीज वाला पौधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बीज वाला पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Семенни растения – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Семенни растения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenja%C4%8De" title="Sjemenjače – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espermat%C3%B2fits" title="Espermatòfits – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espermatòfits" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вăрăллă ӳсентăран – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрăллă ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenn%C3%A9_rostliny" title="Semenné rostliny – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Semenné rostliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8planter" title="Frøplanter – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frøplanter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samenpflanzen" title="Samenpflanzen – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samenpflanzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seemnetaimed" title="Seemnetaimed – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σπερματόφυτα – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπερματόφυτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Seed plant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semplantoj" title="Semplantoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Semplantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanerogamo" title="Fanerogamo – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fanerogamo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیدازادان – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیدازادان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espermat%C3%B3fita" title="Espermatófita – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espermatófita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%9E%90%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="종자식물 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종자식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սերմնավոր բույսեր – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերմնավոր բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="पुष्पोद्भिद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुष्पोद्भिद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenja%C4%8De" title="Sjemenjače – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanerogamo" title="Fanerogamo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fanerogamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Spermatophyte" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji" title="Tumbuhan berbiji – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berbiji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A6pl%C3%B6ntur" title="Fræplöntur – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fræplöntur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="צמחי זרע – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צמחי זרע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_wewiji" title="Tetanduran wewiji – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran wewiji" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თესლოვანი მცენარეები – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თესლოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тұқымды өсімдіктер – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұқымды өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek%C3%AAn_tovdar" title="Riwekên tovdar – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwekên tovdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D3%A9%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Уруктуу өсүмдүктөр – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уруктуу өсүмдүктөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93klaugi" title="Sēklaugi – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēklaugi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somplanzen" title="Somplanzen – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Somplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%A1gos_n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyek" title="Virágos növények – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virágos növények" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Семени растенија – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семени растенија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബീജസസ്യം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബീജസസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بذريات – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بذريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatofit" title="Spermatofit – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spermatofit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အစေ့ရှိအပင် – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစေ့ရှိအပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinachtlanelhuay%C5%8Dtl" title="Xinachtlanelhuayōtl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xinachtlanelhuayōtl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zaadplanten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaodplaanten" title="Zaodplaanten – dolnosaksoński" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zaodplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolnosaksoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="種子植物 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="種子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siadplaanten" title="Siadplaanten – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siadplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8planter" title="Frøplanter – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frøplanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8plantar" title="Frøplantar – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frøplantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espermat%C3%B3fitas" title="Espermatófitas – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espermatófitas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatofite" title="Spermatofite – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spermatofite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muruyuq" title="Muruyuq – keczua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keczua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Семенные растения – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семенные растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spermatophyte" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Spermatophyte" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plants" title="Seed plants – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seed plants" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Semenné rastliny – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Semenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenke" title="Semenke – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Semenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenja%C4%8De" title="Sjemenjače – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_Siki" title="Tutuwuhan Siki – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan Siki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemenkasvit" title="Siemenkasvit – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siemenkasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6v%C3%A4xter" title="Fröväxter – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fröväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வித்துத் தாவரங்கள் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வித்துத் தாவரங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinifsanin" title="Tinifsanin – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinifsanin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="విత్తనపు మొక్క – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విత్తనపు మొక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohumlu_bitkiler" title="Tohumlu bitkiler – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tohumlu bitkiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Насінні – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Насінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piante_da_fioro" title="Piante da fioro – wenecki" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piante da fioro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="wenecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_h%E1%BA%A1t" title="Thực vật có hạt – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật có hạt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – zachodnioflamandzki" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="zachodnioflamandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyta" title="Spermatophyta – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Spermatophyta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="种子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="種子植物 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="種子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="种子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65453824">.mw-parser-output .takson-zwierzeta .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3a4}.mw-parser-output .takson-rosliny .naglowek{color:black;background:#90ee90}.mw-parser-output .takson-grzyby .naglowek{color:black;background:#add8e6}.mw-parser-output .takson-protozoa .naglowek{color:black;background:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .takson-chromalveolata .naglowek{color:black;background:#adff2f}.mw-parser-output .takson-excavata .naglowek{color:black;background:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .takson-amoebozoa .naglowek{color:black;background:#ffc8a0}.mw-parser-output .takson-opisthokonta .naglowek{color:black;background:#e0d0b0}.mw-parser-output .takson-sar .naglowek{color:black;background:Moccasin}.mw-parser-output .takson-bakterie .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .takson-archeony .naglowek{color:black;background:#f3e0e0}.mw-parser-output .takson-eukarionty .naglowek{color:black;background:#faf0e6}.mw-parser-output .takson-inne .naglowek{color:white;background:red}</style> <table class="infobox takson-rosliny"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Rośliny nasienne</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Magnolia_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nasiona magnolii"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Magnolia_seeds.jpg/207px-Magnolia_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Magnolia_seeds.jpg/310px-Magnolia_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Magnolia_seeds.jpg/414px-Magnolia_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="696" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nasiono" title="Nasiono">Nasiona</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">magnolii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">Systematyka</a><sup id="cite_ref-ruggiero_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruggiero-1">[1]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">Domena</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty">eukarionty</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Królestwo</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">rośliny</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podkrólestwo </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_zielone" title="Rośliny zielone">rośliny zielone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nadgromada </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_telomowe" title="Rośliny telomowe">rośliny telomowe</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gromada_(biologia)" title="Gromada (biologia)">Gromada</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_naczyniowe" title="Rośliny naczyniowe">rośliny naczyniowe</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podgromada </th> <td> <p>rośliny nasienne </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Klasyfikacja_biologiczna" title="Klasyfikacja biologiczna">Nazwa systematyczna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black); text-align:center;"><span style="font-style:italic;">Spermatophytina</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Synonim_(taksonomia)" title="Synonim (taksonomia)">Synonimy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table class="iboxtab void"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><i>Anthophyta</i></li> <li><i>Spermatophyta</i> Britton & Brown</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne" title="Wikisłownik"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne" class="extiw" title="wikt:rośliny nasienne">Hasło w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Rośliny nasienne</b> (<i>Spermatophytina</i>, <i>Spermatophyta</i> Britton & Brown, dawniej też <i>Anthophyta</i>) – grupa (<a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">roślin</a> o różnej randze systematycznej w zależności od systemu klasyfikacji. W nomenklaturze filogenetycznej jest wyróżniana jako klad siostrzany względem <a href="/wiki/Monilofity" title="Monilofity">monilofitów</a> <i>Monilophyta</i><sup id="cite_ref-cantino_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cantino-2">[2]</a></sup>, obejmującej niemal wszystkie <a href="/wiki/Paprotniki" title="Paprotniki">paprotniki</a> z wyjątkiem wcześniej oddzielonej linii rozwojowej <a href="/wiki/Wid%C5%82aki" title="Widłaki">widłaków</a>. W hierarchicznych systemach klasyfikacji wyróżniana na poziomie nadgromady <i>Spermatophyta</i> należącej do podkrólestwa <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_naczyniowe" title="Rośliny naczyniowe">roślin naczyniowych</a><sup id="cite_ref-plants_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plants-3">[3]</a></sup> lub podgromady <i>Spermatophytina</i> w obrębie roślin naczyniowych mających rangę gromady (system Ruggiero i in. z 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruggiero_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruggiero-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budowa">Budowa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Budowa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Budowa"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Są to <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_naczyniowe" title="Rośliny naczyniowe">rośliny naczyniowe</a> o najwyższym stopniu przystosowania do życia na lądzie (część z nich adaptowała się w toku ewolucji ponownie do warunków wodnych). Proces <a href="/wiki/Zap%C5%82odnienie" title="Zapłodnienie">zapłodnienia</a> nie wymaga obecności wody, <a href="/wiki/Sporofit" title="Sporofit">sporofit</a> jest stadium dominującym. <a href="/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit">Gametofit</a> rozwija się na sporoficie. Roślina składa się z <a href="/wiki/Korze%C5%84" title="Korzeń">korzenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81odyga" title="Łodyga">łodygi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Liść">liści</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kwiat" title="Kwiat">kwiatu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozmnażanie"><span id="Rozmna.C5.BCanie"></span>Rozmnażanie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Rozmnażanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Rozmnażanie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rośliny nasienne rozmnażają się przede wszystkim za pomocą <a href="/wiki/Nasiono" title="Nasiono">nasion</a>, które powstają w wyniku procesu płciowego. Nasiona mają charakter przetrwalników, zawierają substancje zapasowe, które wykorzystuje rozwijający się <a href="/wiki/Sporofit" title="Sporofit">sporofit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematyka">Systematyka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Systematyka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Systematyka"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Kladogram przedstawiający powiązania filogenetyczne<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></dt></dl> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_naczyniowe" title="Rośliny naczyniowe">Tracheophyta</a></i></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Wid%C5%82aki" title="Widłaki">widłaki</a> (<i>Lycopodiophyta</i>)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyta" title="Euphyllophyta">Euphyllophyta</a></i></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><i><b>Spermatophyta</b></i></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Paprocie_nasienne" title="Paprocie nasienne">paprocie nasienne</a> <i>Pteridospermatophyta</i> †</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Okrytonasienne" title="Okrytonasienne">okrytonasienne</a> <i>Magnoliophyta</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nagonasienne" title="Nagonasienne">nagonasienne</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Sagowcowe" title="Sagowcowe">sagowcowe</a> <i>Cycadopsida</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%82orz%C4%99bowe" title="Miłorzębowe">miłorzębowe</a> <i>Ginkgoopsida</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Gniotowce" title="Gniotowce">gniotowe</a> <i>Gnetopsida</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Iglaste" title="Iglaste">iglaste</a> <i>Pinopsida</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Pranagozal%C4%85%C5%BCkowe" title="Pranagozalążkowe">pranagozalążkowe</a> <i>Progymnospermophyta</i> †</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><span style="margin-left:5px;"><a href="/wiki/Monilofity" title="Monilofity">monilofity</a> <i>Monilophyta</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Systemy hierarchiczne</dt></dl> <p>Według starszej klasyfikacji rośliny nasienne to <a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">gromada</a> roślin obejmująca dwie podgromady: <a href="/wiki/Okrytonasienne" title="Okrytonasienne">okrytonasienne</a> (<i>Angiospermae</i>) i <a href="/wiki/Nagonasienne" title="Nagonasienne">nagonasienne</a> (<i>Gymnospermae</i>). W podziale <a href="/wiki/James_L._Reveal" title="James L. Reveal">Jamesa Reveala</a> (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> takson niewyróżniany, zaś nagonasienne (<i>Cycadopsida</i> Brongn., Enum. Pl. Mus. Paris: xxxii, 136. 12 Aug 1843) i okrytonasienne (<i>Magnoliopsida</i> Brongn., Enum. Pl. Mus. Paris: xxvi, 95. 12 Aug 1843) w randze klas włączane są do gromady <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_naczyniowe" title="Rośliny naczyniowe">roślin naczyniowych</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny_nasienne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ruggiero-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ruggiero_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ruggiero_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation open-access doi pmid pmc nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Michael A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Michael A." style="display:none">M.A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Ruggiero</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Michael A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Michael A.">M.A.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Michael A. Ruggiero, Dennis P. Gordon, Thomas M. Orrell, Nicolas Bailly, Thierry Bourgoin, Richard C. Brusca, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Michael D. Guiry, Paul M. Kirk"> i inni</span>, <i>A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms</i>, „PLOS One”, 10 (4), 2015, art. nr e0119248, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248">10.1371/journal.pone.0119248</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923521">25923521</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMCID" title="PMCID">PMCID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965/">PMC4418965</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-14]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=A+Higher+Level+Classification+of+All+Living+Organisms&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25923521" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cantino-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cantino_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal closed-access doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Philip D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Philip D." style="display:none">P.D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Cantino</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Philip D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Philip D.">P.D.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Philip D. Cantino, James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham, Walter S. Judd, Richard G. Olmstead, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Michael J. Donoghue"> i inni</span>, <i>Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta</i>, „Taxon”, 56 (3), 2007, E1-E44, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.563001">10.1002/tax.563001</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2007&rft.atitle=Towards+a+phylogenetic+nomenclature+of+Tracheophyta&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.volume=56&rft.edition=3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ftax.563001" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plants-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-plants_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Spermatophyta">The PLANTS Database</a>. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. [dostęp 2009-07-10]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=846504"><i>Spermatophytina</i></a>, [w:] Integrated Taxonomic Information System<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-03-14]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spermatophytina&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D846504" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenrick, Paul & Peter R. Crane. 1997. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal closed-access doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Alan R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alan R." style="display:none">A.R.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Smith</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Alan R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alan R.">A.R.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf"> i inni</span>, <i>A classification for extant ferns</i>, „TAXON”, 55 (3), <span title="sierpień 2006">2006</span>, s. 705–731, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F25065646">10.2307/25065646</a><span class="jstor">, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25065646">25065646</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2023-10-05]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2006-08&rft.atitle=A+classification+for+extant+ferns&rft.jtitle=TAXON&rft.volume=55&rft.edition=3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25065646" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal registered-access nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">James A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="James A." style="display:none">J.A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Doyle</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">James A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="James A.">J.A.</span></span>, <i>Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms</i>, „The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society”, 133 (1), 2006, s. 169–209<span class="jstor">, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20063826">20063826</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2006&rft.atitle=Seed+ferns+and+the+origin+of+angiosperms&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Torrey+Botanical+Society&rft.volume=133&rft.edition=1" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">James L. Reveal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/vascplfam.html">Classification of extant Vascular Plant Families – An expanded family scheme</a>. plantsystematics.org, 2008. [dostęp 2009-07-10]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">takson</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85100570">sh85100570</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4076988-4">4076988-4</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565514">00565514</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126475847">126475847</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=1804">1804</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph116124">ph116124</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525098">XX525098</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538710605171">987007538710605171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3945978.html">3945978</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/spermatophyte">plant/spermatophyte</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fanerogame">fanerogame</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/spermatophytes/">spermatophytes</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/spermatophytes-spermaphytes/">spermatophytes-spermaphytes</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/spermatofyter">spermatofyter</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/spermatophyta">spermatophyta</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/fanerogamer">fanerogamer</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=fr%C3%B8planter">frøplanter</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0181088.xml">0181088</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=fr%C3%B8planter">frøplanter</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8665119">8665119</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3151" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3151">identyfikator iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/505248">505248</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=846504">846504</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P685" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P685">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=58024">58024</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P842" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P842">identyfikator taksonu Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=55350">55350</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rośliny_nasienne&oldid=72527127">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rośliny_nasienne&oldid=72527127</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Klasyfikacja_biologiczna_ro%C5%9Blin" title="Kategoria:Klasyfikacja biologiczna roślin">Klasyfikacja biologiczna roślin</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> 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