CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><title data-rh="true">How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty | by The Conversation U.S. | Wise & Well | Feb, 2025 | Medium</title><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:package" content="com.medium.reader"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="542599432471018"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:site_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:published_time" content="2025-02-14T15:01:56.389Z"/><meta data-rh="true" name="title" content="How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty | by The Conversation U.S. | Wise & Well | Feb, 2025 | Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:url" content="medium://p/39932417d1f0"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:url" content="medium://p/39932417d1f0"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="The neck’s vitality and vulnerability are rooted in a quirky evolutionary history."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="A story of vitality and vulnerability, from our quirky evolutionary history to modern selfies"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://medium.com/wise-well/how-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:web:url" content="https://medium.com/wise-well/how-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:author" content="https://medium.com/@ConversationUS"/><meta data-rh="true" name="author" content="The Conversation U.S."/><meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="index,noarchive,follow,max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="medium://p/39932417d1f0"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="A story of vitality and vulnerability, from our quirky evolutionary history to modern selfies"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image:src" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:creator" content="@ConversationUS"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:label1" content="Reading time"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:data1" content="5 min read"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19"/><link data-rh="true" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Medium" href="/osd.xml"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:304:304/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:240:240/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:152:152/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:120:120/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:1000:1000/7*GAOKVe--MXbEJmV9230oOQ.png" color="#171717"/><link data-rh="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://glyph.medium.com" crossOrigin=""/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_preload_link" rel="preload" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" rel="author" href="https://medium.com/@ConversationUS"/><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-238672"/><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="android-app://com.medium.reader/https/medium.com/p/39932417d1f0"/><script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","image":["https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fv2\u002Fresize:fit:1200\u002F0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg"],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fwise-well\u002Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0","dateCreated":"2025-02-14T15:01:56.389Z","datePublished":"2025-02-14T15:01:56.389Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T07:12:57.213Z","headline":"How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty","name":"How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty","description":"The neck’s vitality and vulnerability are rooted in a quirky evolutionary history.","identifier":"39932417d1f0","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"The Conversation U.S.","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@ConversationUS"},"creator":["The Conversation U.S."],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wise & Well","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fwise-well","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":272,"height":60,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fv2\u002Fresize:fit:544\u002F7*V1_7XP4snlmqrc_0Njontw.png"}},"mainEntityOfPage":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fwise-well\u002Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0","isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".meteredContent"}}</script><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="STATIC">html{box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}*, *:before, *:after{box-sizing:inherit}body{margin:0;padding:0;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);position:relative;min-height:100vh}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, dl, dd, ol, ul, menu, figure, blockquote, p, pre, form{margin:0}menu, ol, ul{padding:0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none}main{display:block}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}a, button, input{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}img, svg{vertical-align:middle}button{background:transparent;overflow:visible}button, input, optgroup, select, textarea{margin:0}:root{--reach-tabs:1;--reach-menu-button:1}#speechify-root{font-family:Sohne, sans-serif}div[data-popper-reference-hidden="true"]{visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden} /*XCode style (c) Angel Garcia <angelgarcia.mail@gmail.com>*/.hljs {background: #fff;color: black; }/* Gray DOCTYPE selectors like WebKit */ .xml .hljs-meta {color: #c0c0c0; }.hljs-comment, .hljs-quote {color: #007400; }.hljs-tag, .hljs-attribute, .hljs-keyword, .hljs-selector-tag, .hljs-literal, .hljs-name {color: #aa0d91; }.hljs-variable, .hljs-template-variable {color: #3F6E74; }.hljs-code, .hljs-string, .hljs-meta .hljs-string {color: #c41a16; }.hljs-regexp, .hljs-link {color: #0E0EFF; }.hljs-title, .hljs-symbol, .hljs-bullet, .hljs-number {color: #1c00cf; }.hljs-section, .hljs-meta {color: #643820; }.hljs-title.class_, .hljs-class .hljs-title, .hljs-type, .hljs-built_in, .hljs-params {color: #5c2699; }.hljs-attr {color: #836C28; }.hljs-subst {color: #000; }.hljs-formula {background-color: #eee;font-style: italic; }.hljs-addition {background-color: #baeeba; }.hljs-deletion {background-color: #ffc8bd; }.hljs-selector-id, .hljs-selector-class {color: #9b703f; }.hljs-doctag, .hljs-strong {font-weight: bold; }.hljs-emphasis {font-style: italic; } </style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="KEYFRAME">@-webkit-keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}@-moz-keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}@keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE">.a{font-family:medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif}.b{font-weight:400}.c{background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.l{display:block}.m{position:sticky}.n{top:0}.o{z-index:500}.p{padding:0 24px}.q{align-items:center}.r{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.y{height:41px}.z{line-height:20px}.ab{display:flex}.ac{height:57px}.ae{flex:1 0 auto}.af{color:inherit}.ag{fill:inherit}.ah{font-size:inherit}.ai{border:inherit}.aj{font-family:inherit}.ak{letter-spacing:inherit}.al{font-weight:inherit}.am{padding:0}.an{margin:0}.ao{cursor:pointer}.ap:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.aq:disabled{color:#6B6B6B}.ar:disabled{fill:#6B6B6B}.au{width:auto}.av path{fill:#242424}.aw{height:25px}.ax{margin-left:16px}.ay{border:none}.az{border-radius:20px}.ba{width:240px}.bb{background:#F9F9F9}.bc path{fill:#6B6B6B}.be{outline:none}.bf{font-family:sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif}.bg{font-size:14px}.bh{width:100%}.bi{padding:10px 20px 10px 0}.bj{background-color:transparent}.bk{color:#242424}.bl::placeholder{color:#6B6B6B}.bm{display:inline-block}.bn{margin-left:12px}.bo{margin-right:12px}.bp{border-radius:4px}.bq{margin-left:24px}.br{height:24px}.bx{background-color:#F9F9F9}.by{border-radius:50%}.bz{height:32px}.ca{width:32px}.cb{justify-content:center}.ch{max-width:680px}.ci{min-width:0}.cj{animation:k1 1.2s ease-in-out infinite}.ck{height:100vh}.cl{margin-bottom:16px}.cm{margin-top:48px}.cn{align-items:flex-start}.co{flex-direction:column}.cp{justify-content:space-between}.cq{margin-bottom:24px}.cw{width:80%}.cx{background-color:#F2F2F2}.dd{height:44px}.de{width:44px}.df{margin:auto 0}.dg{margin-bottom:4px}.dh{height:16px}.di{width:120px}.dj{width:80px}.dp{margin-bottom:8px}.dq{width:96%}.dr{width:98%}.ds{width:81%}.dt{margin-left:8px}.du{color:#6B6B6B}.dv{font-size:13px}.dw{height:100%}.ep{color:#FFFFFF}.eq{fill:#FFFFFF}.er{background:rgba(16, 149, 178, 1)}.es{border-color:rgba(16, 149, 178, 1)}.ew:disabled{cursor:inherit !important}.ex:disabled{opacity:0.3}.ey:disabled:hover{background:rgba(16, 149, 178, 1)}.ez:disabled:hover{border-color:rgba(16, 149, 178, 1)}.fa{border-radius:99em}.fb{border-width:1px}.fc{border-style:solid}.fd{box-sizing:border-box}.fe{text-decoration:none}.ff{text-align:center}.fi{margin-right:32px}.fj{position:relative}.fk{fill:#6B6B6B}.fn{background:transparent}.fo svg{margin-left:4px}.fp svg{fill:#6B6B6B}.fr{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)}.fs{position:absolute}.fz{margin:0 24px}.gd{background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.ge{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.gf{box-shadow:0 1px 4px #F2F2F2}.gg{max-height:100vh}.gh{overflow-y:auto}.gi{left:0}.gj{top:calc(100vh + 100px)}.gk{bottom:calc(100vh + 100px)}.gl{width:10px}.gm{pointer-events:none}.gn{margin-top:32px}.go{gap:8px}.gp{display:inline-flex}.gq{padding:6px 12px 6px 10px}.gr{border-radius:8px}.gs{word-break:break-word}.gt{word-wrap:break-word}.gu:after{display:block}.gv:after{content:""}.gw:after{clear:both}.gx{line-height:1.23}.gy{letter-spacing:0}.gz{font-style:normal}.ha{font-weight:700}.hq{margin-top:0px}.hr{margin-bottom:-0.27em}.hs{line-height:1.394}.in{align-items:baseline}.io{width:48px}.ip{height:48px}.iq{border:2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.ir{z-index:0}.is{box-shadow:none}.it{border:1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)}.iu{margin-left:-12px}.iv{width:28px}.iw{height:28px}.ix{z-index:1}.iy{width:24px}.iz{margin-bottom:2px}.ja{flex-wrap:nowrap}.jb{font-size:16px}.jc{line-height:24px}.je{margin:0 8px}.jf{display:inline}.jg{color:rgba(16, 149, 178, 1)}.jh{fill:rgba(16, 149, 178, 1)}.jk{flex:0 0 auto}.jn{flex-wrap:wrap}.jo{white-space:pre-wrap}.jp{margin-right:4px}.jq{overflow:hidden}.jr{max-height:20px}.js{text-overflow:ellipsis}.jt{display:-webkit-box}.ju{-webkit-line-clamp:1}.jv{-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.jw{word-break:break-all}.jy{padding-left:8px}.jz{padding-right:8px}.la> *{flex-shrink:0}.lb{overflow-x:scroll}.lc::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.ld{scrollbar-width:none}.le{-ms-overflow-style:none}.lf{width:74px}.lg{flex-direction:row}.lh{z-index:2}.lk{-webkit-user-select:none}.ll{border:0}.lm{fill:rgba(117, 117, 117, 1)}.lp{outline:0}.lq{user-select:none}.lr> svg{pointer-events:none}.ma{cursor:progress}.mb{margin-left:4px}.mc{opacity:1}.md{padding:4px 0}.mg{width:16px}.mn{max-width:100%}.mo{padding:8px 2px}.mp svg{color:#6B6B6B}.ng{line-height:1.58}.nh{letter-spacing:-0.004em}.ni{font-family:source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif}.ob{margin-bottom:-0.46em}.oc{font-style:italic}.od{text-decoration:underline}.oe{margin-left:auto}.of{margin-right:auto}.og{max-width:1920px}.om{clear:both}.oo{cursor:zoom-in}.op{z-index:auto}.or{height:auto}.os{margin-top:10px}.ot{max-width:728px}.ow{border-top:none}.ox{margin-bottom:50px}.oy{height:52px}.oz{max-height:52px}.pa{box-sizing:content-box}.pb{position:static}.pd{max-width:155px}.pj{margin-right:20px}.pk{margin-bottom:64px}.pl{margin-bottom:48px}.pz{border-radius:2px}.qb{height:64px}.qc{width:64px}.qd{align-self:flex-end}.qe{flex:1 1 auto}.qk{padding-right:4px}.ql{font-weight:500}.qy{margin-top:8px}.qz{margin-top:16px}.ra{color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.rb{padding:8px 16px}.rc{fill:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.rd{background:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.re{border-color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.rh:disabled{opacity:0.1}.ri:disabled:hover{background:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.rj:disabled:hover{border-color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.rp{height:0px}.sd{gap:18px}.se{fill:rgba(61, 61, 61, 1)}.sg{padding-bottom:6px}.sh{border-bottom:1px solid #F2F2F2}.sn{fill:#242424}.so{background:0}.sp{border-color:#242424}.sq:disabled:hover{color:#242424}.sr:disabled:hover{fill:#242424}.ss:disabled:hover{border-color:#242424}.td{border-bottom:solid 1px #E5E5E5}.te{margin-top:72px}.tf{padding:24px 0}.tg{margin-bottom:0px}.th{margin-right:16px}.as:hover:not(:disabled){color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.at:hover:not(:disabled){fill:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.et:hover{background:rgba(36, 127, 150, 1)}.eu:hover{border-color:rgba(36, 127, 150, 1)}.ev:hover{cursor:pointer}.fl:hover{color:#242424}.fm:hover{fill:#242424}.fq:hover svg{fill:#242424}.ft:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.jd:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ji:hover:not(:disabled){color:rgba(36, 127, 150, 1)}.jj:hover:not(:disabled){fill:rgba(36, 127, 150, 1)}.lo:hover{fill:rgba(8, 8, 8, 1)}.me:hover{fill:#000000}.mf:hover p{color:#000000}.mh:hover{color:#000000}.mq:hover svg{color:#000000}.qa:hover{background-color:none}.rf:hover{background:#000000}.rg:hover{border-color:#242424}.sf:hover{fill:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.bd:focus-within path{fill:#242424}.ln:focus{fill:rgba(8, 8, 8, 1)}.mr:focus svg{color:#000000}.oq:focus{transform:scale(1.01)}.ls:active{border-style:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)">.d{display:none}.bw{width:64px}.cg{margin:0 64px}.cv{height:48px}.dc{margin-bottom:52px}.do{margin-bottom:48px}.ef{font-size:14px}.eg{line-height:20px}.em{font-size:13px}.eo{padding:5px 12px}.fh{display:flex}.fy{margin-bottom:50px}.gc{max-width:680px}.hn{font-size:42px}.ho{line-height:52px}.hp{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.if{font-size:22px}.ig{margin-top:0.92em}.ih{line-height:28px}.im{align-items:center}.km{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.kn{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.ko{margin:32px 0 0}.kp{padding:3px 8px}.ky> *{margin-right:24px}.kz> :last-child{margin-right:0}.lz{margin-top:0px}.mm{margin:0}.nx{font-size:20px}.ny{margin-top:2.14em}.nz{line-height:32px}.oa{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.ol{margin-top:56px}.pi{display:inline-block}.pm{flex-direction:row}.pp{margin-bottom:0}.pq{margin-right:20px}.qf{max-width:500px}.qw{line-height:24px}.qx{letter-spacing:0}.ro{margin-bottom:88px}.sa{font-size:24px}.sb{line-height:30px}.sc{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.sm{margin:40px 0 16px}.sx{width:min-width}.tc{padding-top:72px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.e{display:none}.ly{margin-top:0px}.ou{margin-left:auto}.ov{text-align:center}.ph{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 903.98px)">.f{display:none}.lx{margin-top:0px}.pg{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 727.98px)">.g{display:none}.lv{margin-top:0px}.lw{margin-right:0px}.pf{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 551.98px)">.h{display:none}.s{display:flex}.t{justify-content:space-between}.bs{width:24px}.cc{margin:0 24px}.cr{height:40px}.cy{margin-bottom:44px}.dk{margin-bottom:32px}.dx{font-size:13px}.dy{line-height:20px}.eh{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fu{margin-bottom:2px}.hb{font-size:32px}.hc{line-height:38px}.hd{letter-spacing:-0.014em}.ht{font-size:18px}.hu{margin-top:0.79em}.hv{line-height:24px}.ii{align-items:flex-start}.jl{flex-direction:column}.ka{margin:24px -24px 0}.kb{padding:0}.kq> *{margin-right:8px}.kr> :last-child{margin-right:24px}.li{margin-left:0px}.lt{margin-top:0px}.lu{margin-right:0px}.mi{margin:0}.ms{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.mt{border-radius:99em}.mu{padding:0px 16px 0px 12px}.mv{height:38px}.mw{align-items:center}.my svg{margin-right:8px}.nj{margin-top:1.56em}.nk{line-height:28px}.nl{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.oh{margin-top:40px}.pe{display:inline-block}.px{margin-bottom:20px}.py{margin-right:0}.qj{max-width:100%}.qm{font-size:24px}.qn{line-height:30px}.qo{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.rk{margin-bottom:64px}.rq{font-size:20px}.rr{letter-spacing:0}.si{margin:32px 0 16px}.st{width:100%}.sy{padding-top:48px}.mx:hover{border-color:#E5E5E5}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 904px) and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.i{display:none}.bv{width:64px}.cf{margin:0 64px}.cu{height:48px}.db{margin-bottom:52px}.dn{margin-bottom:48px}.ed{font-size:14px}.ee{line-height:20px}.ek{font-size:13px}.el{padding:5px 12px}.fg{display:flex}.fx{margin-bottom:50px}.gb{max-width:680px}.hk{font-size:42px}.hl{line-height:52px}.hm{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.ic{font-size:22px}.id{margin-top:0.92em}.ie{line-height:28px}.il{align-items:center}.ki{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.kj{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.kk{margin:32px 0 0}.kl{padding:3px 8px}.kw> *{margin-right:24px}.kx> :last-child{margin-right:0}.ml{margin:0}.nt{font-size:20px}.nu{margin-top:2.14em}.nv{line-height:32px}.nw{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.ok{margin-top:56px}.pn{flex-direction:row}.pr{margin-bottom:0}.ps{margin-right:20px}.qg{max-width:500px}.qu{line-height:24px}.qv{letter-spacing:0}.rn{margin-bottom:88px}.rx{font-size:24px}.ry{line-height:30px}.rz{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.sl{margin:40px 0 16px}.sw{width:min-width}.tb{padding-top:72px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 728px) and (max-width: 903.98px)">.j{display:none}.w{display:flex}.x{justify-content:space-between}.bu{width:64px}.ce{margin:0 48px}.ct{height:48px}.da{margin-bottom:52px}.dm{margin-bottom:48px}.eb{font-size:13px}.ec{line-height:20px}.ej{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fw{margin-bottom:50px}.ga{max-width:680px}.hh{font-size:42px}.hi{line-height:52px}.hj{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.hz{font-size:22px}.ia{margin-top:0.92em}.ib{line-height:28px}.ik{align-items:center}.ke{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.kf{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.kg{margin:32px 0 0}.kh{padding:3px 8px}.ku> *{margin-right:24px}.kv> :last-child{margin-right:0}.mk{margin:0}.np{font-size:20px}.nq{margin-top:2.14em}.nr{line-height:32px}.ns{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.oj{margin-top:56px}.po{flex-direction:row}.pt{margin-bottom:0}.pu{margin-right:20px}.qh{max-width:500px}.qs{line-height:24px}.qt{letter-spacing:0}.rm{margin-bottom:88px}.ru{font-size:24px}.rv{line-height:30px}.rw{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.sk{margin:40px 0 16px}.sv{width:min-width}.ta{padding-top:72px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 552px) and (max-width: 727.98px)">.k{display:none}.u{display:flex}.v{justify-content:space-between}.bt{width:24px}.cd{margin:0 24px}.cs{height:40px}.cz{margin-bottom:44px}.dl{margin-bottom:32px}.dz{font-size:13px}.ea{line-height:20px}.ei{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fv{margin-bottom:2px}.he{font-size:32px}.hf{line-height:38px}.hg{letter-spacing:-0.014em}.hw{font-size:18px}.hx{margin-top:0.79em}.hy{line-height:24px}.ij{align-items:flex-start}.jm{flex-direction:column}.kc{margin:24px 0 0}.kd{padding:0}.ks> *{margin-right:8px}.kt> :last-child{margin-right:8px}.lj{margin-left:0px}.mj{margin:0}.mz{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.na{border-radius:99em}.nb{padding:0px 16px 0px 12px}.nc{height:38px}.nd{align-items:center}.nf svg{margin-right:8px}.nm{margin-top:1.56em}.nn{line-height:28px}.no{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.oi{margin-top:40px}.pv{margin-bottom:20px}.pw{margin-right:0}.qi{max-width:100%}.qp{font-size:24px}.qq{line-height:30px}.qr{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.rl{margin-bottom:64px}.rs{font-size:20px}.rt{letter-spacing:0}.sj{margin:32px 0 16px}.su{width:100%}.sz{padding-top:48px}.ne:hover{border-color:#E5E5E5}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="print">.pc{display:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="(orientation: landscape) and (max-width: 903.98px)">.jx{max-height:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="527" data-fela-type="RULE" media="(prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference)">.on{transition:transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1)}</style></head><body><div id="root"><div class="a b c"><div class="d e f g h i j k"></div><script>document.domain = document.domain;</script><div class="l c"><div class="l m n o c"><div class="p q r s t u v w x i d y z"><a class="du ag dv bf ak b am an ao ap aq ar as at s u w i d q dw z" href="https://rsci.app.link/?%24canonical_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fp%2F39932417d1f0&%7Efeature=LoOpenInAppButton&%7Echannel=ShowPostUnderCollection&source=---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow">Open in app<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 10 10" class="dt"><path fill="currentColor" d="M.985 8.485a.375.375 0 1 0 .53.53zM8.75 1.25h.375A.375.375 0 0 0 8.75.875zM8.375 6.5a.375.375 0 1 0 .75 0zM3.5.875a.375.375 0 1 0 0 .75zm-1.985 8.14 7.5-7.5-.53-.53-7.5 7.5zm6.86-7.765V6.5h.75V1.25zM3.5 1.625h5.25v-.75H3.5z"></path></svg></a><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><button class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav------------------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="p q r ab ac"><div class="ab q ae"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab" aria-label="Homepage" data-testid="headerMediumLogo" rel="noopener follow" href="/?source=---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="719" height="160" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 719 160" class="au av aw"><path fill="#242424" d="m174.104 9.734.215-.047V8.02H130.39L89.6 103.89 48.81 8.021H1.472v1.666l.212.047c8.018 1.81 12.09 4.509 12.09 14.242V137.93c0 9.734-4.087 12.433-12.106 14.243l-.212.047v1.671h32.118v-1.665l-.213-.048c-8.018-1.809-12.089-4.509-12.089-14.242V30.586l52.399 123.305h2.972l53.925-126.743V140.75c-.687 7.688-4.721 10.062-11.982 11.701l-.215.05v1.652h55.948v-1.652l-.215-.05c-7.269-1.639-11.4-4.013-12.087-11.701l-.037-116.774h.037c0-9.733 4.071-12.432 12.087-14.242m25.555 75.488c.915-20.474 8.268-35.252 20.606-35.507 3.806.063 6.998 1.312 9.479 3.714 5.272 5.118 7.751 15.812 7.368 31.793zm-.553 5.77h65.573v-.275c-.186-15.656-4.721-27.834-13.466-36.196-7.559-7.227-18.751-11.203-30.507-11.203h-.263c-6.101 0-13.584 1.48-18.909 4.16-6.061 2.807-11.407 7.003-15.855 12.511-7.161 8.874-11.499 20.866-12.554 34.343q-.05.606-.092 1.212a50 50 0 0 0-.065 1.151 85.807 85.807 0 0 0-.094 5.689c.71 30.524 17.198 54.917 46.483 54.917 25.705 0 40.675-18.791 44.407-44.013l-1.886-.664c-6.557 13.556-18.334 21.771-31.738 20.769-18.297-1.369-32.314-19.922-31.042-42.395m139.722 41.359c-2.151 5.101-6.639 7.908-12.653 7.908s-11.513-4.129-15.418-11.63c-4.197-8.053-6.405-19.436-6.405-32.92 0-28.067 8.729-46.22 22.24-46.22 5.657 0 10.111 2.807 12.236 7.704zm43.499 20.008c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V1.309l-48.716 14.353v1.757l.299-.024c6.72-.543 11.278.386 13.925 2.83 2.072 1.915 3.082 4.853 3.082 8.987v18.66c-4.803-3.067-10.516-4.56-17.448-4.56-14.059 0-26.909 5.92-36.176 16.672-9.66 11.205-14.767 26.518-14.767 44.278-.003 31.72 15.612 53.039 38.851 53.039 13.595 0 24.533-7.449 29.54-20.013v16.865h43.711v-1.746zM424.1 19.819c0-9.904-7.468-17.374-17.375-17.374-9.859 0-17.573 7.632-17.573 17.374s7.721 17.374 17.573 17.374c9.907 0 17.375-7.47 17.375-17.374m11.499 132.546c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951h-.035V43.635l-43.714 12.551v1.705l.263.024c9.458.842 12.047 4.1 12.047 15.152v81.086h43.751v-1.746zm112.013 0c-8.018-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V43.635l-41.621 12.137v1.71l.246.026c7.733.813 9.967 4.257 9.967 15.36v59.279c-2.578 5.102-7.415 8.131-13.274 8.336-9.503 0-14.736-6.419-14.736-18.073V43.638l-43.714 12.55v1.703l.262.024c9.459.84 12.05 4.097 12.05 15.152v50.17a56.3 56.3 0 0 0 .91 10.444l.787 3.423c3.701 13.262 13.398 20.197 28.59 20.197 12.868 0 24.147-7.966 29.115-20.43v17.311h43.714v-1.747zm169.818 1.788v-1.749l-.213-.05c-8.7-2.006-12.089-5.789-12.089-13.49v-63.79c0-19.89-11.171-31.761-29.883-31.761-13.64 0-25.141 7.882-29.569 20.16-3.517-13.01-13.639-20.16-28.606-20.16-13.146 0-23.449 6.938-27.869 18.657V43.643L545.487 55.68v1.715l.263.024c9.345.829 12.047 4.181 12.047 14.95v81.784h40.787v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.941-1.631-9.181-4.606-9.181-12.239V66.998c1.836-4.289 5.537-9.37 12.853-9.37 9.086 0 13.692 6.296 13.692 18.697v77.828h40.797v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.94-1.631-9.18-4.606-9.18-12.239V75.066a42 42 0 0 0-.578-7.26c1.947-4.661 5.86-10.177 13.475-10.177 9.214 0 13.691 6.114 13.691 18.696v77.828z"></path></svg></a><div class="ax h"><div class="ab ay az ba bb q bc bd"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="searchResults" aria-labelledby="searchResults"></div><div class="bn bo ab"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div><input role="combobox" aria-controls="searchResults" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="search" data-testid="headerSearchInput" tabindex="0" class="ay be bf bg z bh bi bj bk bl" placeholder="Search" value=""/></div></div></div><div class="h k w fg fh"><div class="fi ab"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerWriteButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fnew-story&source=---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------new_post_topnav------------------"><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Write"><path fill="currentColor" d="M14 4a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1zm7 6a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0zm-7-7H4v1h10zM3 4v16h1V4zm1 17h16v-1H4zm17-1V10h-1v10zm-1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1-1h-1zM3 20a1 1 0 0 0 1 1v-1zM4 3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1h1z"></path><path stroke="currentColor" d="m17.5 4.5-8.458 8.458a.25.25 0 0 0-.06.098l-.824 2.47a.25.25 0 0 0 .316.316l2.47-.823a.25.25 0 0 0 .098-.06L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2.323-2.323a.25.25 0 0 1 .354 0l1.646 1.646a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2 2"></path></svg><div class="dt l">Write</div></div></a></span></div></div><div class="k j i d"><div class="fi ab"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSearchButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/search?source=---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------------------------"><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Search"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></a></div></div><div class="fi h k j"><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><button class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav------------------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ay fn am ab q ao fo fp fq" aria-label="user options menu" data-testid="headerUserIcon"><div class="l fj"><img alt="" class="l fd by bz ca cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png" width="32" height="32" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/><div class="fr by l bz ca fs n ay ft"></div></div></button></div></div></div><div class="l"><div class="fu fv fw fx fy l"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"></div></div><article class="meteredContent"><div class="l"><div class="l"><span class="l"></span><section><div><div class="fs gi gj gk gl gm"></div><div><div class="speechify-ignore l"><div class="gn l"></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="cq ab go"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="gp q gq ge gr go ao"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg><p class="bf b bg z du">Member-only story</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gs gt gu gv gw"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div><h1 id="5fe5" class="pw-post-title gx gy gz bf ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr bk" data-testid="storyTitle"><strong class="al">How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty</strong></h1></div><div><h2 id="0b40" class="pw-subtitle-paragraph hs gy gz bf b ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih cq du">A story of vitality and vulnerability, from our quirky evolutionary history to modern selfies</h2><div><div class="speechify-ignore ab cp"><div class="speechify-ignore bh l"><div class="ii ij ik il im ab"><div><div class="ab in"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><a rel="noopener follow" href="/@ConversationUS?source=post_page---byline--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------"><div class="l io ip by iq ir"><div class="l fj"><img alt="The Conversation U.S." class="l fd by dd de cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1*lR7ZVA81ARWCsvZC_q45hQ.png" width="44" height="44" loading="lazy" data-testid="authorPhoto"/><div class="is by l dd de fs n it ft"></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="iu ab fj"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><a href="https://medium.com/wise-well?source=post_page---byline--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="l iv iw by iq ix"><div class="l fj"><img alt="Wise & Well" class="l fd by br iy cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:48:48/1*tlSJZopCPn4cndd9KrDLPg.png" width="24" height="24" loading="lazy" data-testid="publicationPhoto"/><div class="is by l br iy fs n it ft"></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bn bh l"><div class="ab"><div style="flex:1"><span class="bf b bg z bk"><div class="iz ab q"><div class="ab q ja"><div class="ab q"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><p class="bf b jb jc bk"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar jd" data-testid="authorName" rel="noopener follow" href="/@ConversationUS?source=post_page---byline--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------">The Conversation U.S.</a></p></div></div></div><span class="je jf" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span><p class="bf b jb jc du"><span><a class="jg jh ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar ex ji jj" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fsubscribe%2Fuser%2Fd1b56bf5576f&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&user=The+Conversation+U.S.&userId=d1b56bf5576f&source=post_page-d1b56bf5576f--byline--39932417d1f0---------------------post_header------------------">Follow</a></span></p></div></div></span></div></div><div class="l jk"><span class="bf b bg z du"><div class="ab cn jl jm jn"><div class="fu fv ab"><div class="bf b bg z du ab jo"><span class="jp l jk">Published in</span><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar jd ab q" data-testid="publicationName" href="https://medium.com/wise-well?source=post_page---byline--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b bg z jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx bk">Wise & Well</p></a></div></div></div><div class="h k"><span class="je jf" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span></div></div><span class="bf b bg z du"><div class="ab ae"><span data-testid="storyReadTime">5 min read</span><div class="jy jz l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span></div><span data-testid="storyPublishDate">Feb 14, 2025</span></div></span></div></span></div></div></div><div class="ab cp ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp"><div class="h k w fg fh q"><div class="lf l"><div class="ab q lg lh"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj jp li lj lk"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fwise-well%2F39932417d1f0&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&user=The+Conversation+U.S.&userId=d1b56bf5576f&source=---header_actions--39932417d1f0---------------------clap_footer------------------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ll ao lm ln lo lp am lq lr ls lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l lt lu lv lw lx ly lz"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="ma">--</span></p></div></div></div><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ao ll mc md ab q fk me mf" aria-label="responses"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="hq"><path d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"></path></svg><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="pw-responses-count mb hq">10</span></p></button></div></div></div><div class="ab q kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le"><div class="mg k j i d"></div><div class="h k"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerBookmarkButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F39932417d1f0&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&source=---header_actions--39932417d1f0---------------------bookmark_footer------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="du mh" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div><div class="fd gp cn"><div class="l ae"><div class="ab cb"><div class="mi mj mk ml mm mn ci bh"><div class="ab"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mo an ao ap ex mp mq mf mr ms mt mu mv s mw mx my mz na nb nc u nd ne nf"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="6893" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ng nh gz ni b ht nj nk nl hw nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob gs bk"><em class="oc">By </em><a class="af od" href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kent-dunlap-2207461" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><strong class="ni ha"><em class="oc">Kent Dunlap</em></strong></a><em class="oc">, Professor of Biology, Trinity College</em></p><figure class="oh oi oj ok ol om oe of paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="on oo fj op bh oq"><div class="oe of og"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh mn or c" width="700" height="572" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="os ff ot oe of ou ov bf b bg z du">Jack Lemmon kisses Lee Remick’s neck in a scene from the 1962 film ‘Days Of Wine And Roses.’ Warner Brothers/Getty Images</figcaption></figure><p id="f4f9" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ng nh gz ni b ht nj nk nl hw nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob gs bk">I broke its neck.</p><p id="3918" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ng nh gz ni b ht nj nk nl hw nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob gs bk">When making a vase at the potter’s wheel, I torqued its slippery neck clear off the pot as I tried to thin it into a graceful curve.</p><p id="6fa0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ng nh gz ni b ht nj nk nl hw nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob gs bk">I find vases gratifying to make and their shapes especially pleasing to the eye. But vases also must be handled with particular care because one part of their “body” — the neck — is often so narrow that it can be easily broken.</p><p id="7586" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ng nh gz ni b ht nj nk nl hw nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob gs bk">That day at the wheel, I realized that it was not unlike the human neck. Though only a small portion of the human body — <a class="af od" href="https://wikem.org/wiki/Estimating_body_surface_area" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">about 1% by surface area</a> — our necks have an outsize influence on our psyche and culture.</p><p id="4236" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ng nh gz ni b ht nj nk nl hw nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob gs bk">From selfies to formal portraits, the neck positions the head in expressive poses. The neck’s vocal cords <a class="af od" href="https://theconversation.com/gilbert-gottfried-and-the-mechanics-of-crafting-one-of-the-most-memorable-voices-of-all-time-181703" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">vibrate to make meaningful words</a> and moving songs. We passionately kiss it and spritz it with alluring perfume. We use it to nod our head in agreement, tilt our head in confusion and bow our head in prayer.</p><p id="0a24" class="pw-post-body-paragraph ng nh gz ni b ht nj nk nl hw nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob gs bk">Ornaments such as necklaces can express fashion sense as well as signal wealth and status…</p></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="l"></div><footer class="ow ox oy oz pa ab q pb ix c"><div class="l ae"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="ab cp pc"><div class="ab q lg"><div class="pd l"><span class="l pe pf pg e d"><div class="ab q lg lh"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj jp li lj lk"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fwise-well%2F39932417d1f0&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&user=The+Conversation+U.S.&userId=d1b56bf5576f&source=---footer_actions--39932417d1f0---------------------clap_footer------------------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ll ao lm ln lo lp am lq lr ls lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l lt lu lv lw lx ly lz"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="ma">--</span></p></div></div></span><span class="l h g f ph pi"><div class="ab q lg lh"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj jp li lj lk"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fwise-well%2F39932417d1f0&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&user=The+Conversation+U.S.&userId=d1b56bf5576f&source=---footer_actions--39932417d1f0---------------------clap_footer------------------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ll ao lm ln lo lp am lq lr ls lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l lt lu lv lw lx ly lz"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="ma">--</span></p></div></div></span></div><div class="bq ab"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ao ll mc md ab q fk me mf" aria-label="responses"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="hq"><path d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"></path></svg><p class="bf b bg z du"><span class="pw-responses-count mb hq">10</span></p></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ab q"><div class="pj l jk"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerBookmarkButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F39932417d1f0&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwise-well%2Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0&source=---footer_actions--39932417d1f0---------------------bookmark_footer------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="du mh" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div><div class="pj l jk"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="footerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mo an ao ap ex mp mq mf mr"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></footer><div class="pk l"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="pl l"><div class="ab pm pn po jm jl"><div class="pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py ab cp"><div class="h k"><a href="https://medium.com/wise-well?source=post_page---post_publication_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="fj ab"><img alt="Wise & Well" class="pz io ip cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:96:96/1*tlSJZopCPn4cndd9KrDLPg.png" width="48" height="48" loading="lazy"/><div class="pz l ip io fs n fr qa"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d"><a href="https://medium.com/wise-well?source=post_page---post_publication_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="fj ab"><img alt="Wise & Well" class="pz qc qb cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:128:128/1*tlSJZopCPn4cndd9KrDLPg.png" width="64" height="64" loading="lazy"/><div class="pz l qb qc fs n fr qa"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d qd jk"><div class="ab"></div></div></div><div class="ab co qe"><div class="qf qg qh qi qj l"><a class="af ag ah aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab q" href="https://medium.com/wise-well?source=post_page---post_publication_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><h2 class="pw-author-name bf ql qm qn qo qp qq qr np qs qt nt qu qv nx qw qx bk"><span class="gs qk">Published in Wise & Well</span></h2></a><div class="qy ab in"><div class="l jk"><span class="pw-follower-count bf b bg z du"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar jd" rel="noopener follow" href="/wise-well/followers?source=post_page---post_publication_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------">22K Followers</a></span></div><div class="bf b bg z du ab jo"><span class="je l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar jd" rel="noopener follow" href="/wise-well/wise-well-weekly-6cdc7e00e842?source=post_page---post_publication_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------">Last published 4 hours ago</a></div></div><div class="qz l"><p class="bf b bg z bk"><span class="gs">Science-backed insights into health, wellness and wisdom, to help you make tomorrow a little better than today.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="h k"><div class="ab"></div></div></div></div><div class="ab pm pn po jm jl"><div class="pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py ab cp"><div class="h k"><a tabindex="0" rel="noopener follow" href="/@ConversationUS?source=post_page---post_author_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------"><div class="l fj"><img alt="The Conversation U.S." class="l fd by ip io cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:96:96/1*lR7ZVA81ARWCsvZC_q45hQ.png" width="48" height="48" loading="lazy"/><div class="fr by l ip io fs n ay qa"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d"><a tabindex="0" rel="noopener follow" href="/@ConversationUS?source=post_page---post_author_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------"><div class="l fj"><img alt="The Conversation U.S." class="l fd by qb qc cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:128:128/1*lR7ZVA81ARWCsvZC_q45hQ.png" width="64" height="64" loading="lazy"/><div class="fr by l qb qc fs n ay qa"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d qd jk"><div class="ab"><span><button class="bf b bg z ra rb rc rd re rf rg ev ew rh ri rj fa fb fc fd bm fe ff">Follow</button></span></div></div></div><div class="ab co qe"><div class="qf qg qh qi qj l"><a class="af ag ah aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab q" rel="noopener follow" href="/@ConversationUS?source=post_page---post_author_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------"><h2 class="pw-author-name bf ql qm qn qo qp qq qr np qs qt nt qu qv nx qw qx bk"><span class="gs qk">Written by The Conversation U.S.</span></h2></a><div class="qy ab in"><div class="l jk"><span class="pw-follower-count bf b bg z du"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar jd" rel="noopener follow" href="/@ConversationUS/followers?source=post_page---post_author_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------">12.7K Followers</a></span></div><div class="bf b bg z du ab jo"><span class="je l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar jd" rel="noopener follow" href="/@ConversationUS/following?source=post_page---post_author_info--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------">431 Following</a></div></div><div class="qz l"><p class="bf b bg z bk"><span class="gs">An independent, nonprofit news organization dedicated to unlocking the ideas and knowledge of academic experts for the public.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="h k"><div class="ab"><span><button class="bf b bg z ra rb rc rd re rf rg ev ew rh ri rj fa fb fc fd bm fe ff">Follow</button></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rk rl rm rn ro l"><div class="rp bh r pk"></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="ab q cp"><h2 class="bf ql rq hv rr rs hy rt ru rv rw rx ry rz sa sb sc bk">Responses (10)</h2><div class="ab sd"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><a class="se sf" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-rules-30e5502c4eb4?source=post_page---post_responses--39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" viewBox="0 0 25 25"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.987 5.036a.754.754 0 0 1 .914-.01c.972.721 1.767 1.218 2.6 1.543.828.322 1.719.485 2.887.505a.755.755 0 0 1 .741.757c-.018 3.623-.43 6.256-1.449 8.21-1.034 1.984-2.662 3.209-4.966 4.083a.75.75 0 0 1-.537-.003c-2.243-.874-3.858-2.095-4.897-4.074-1.024-1.951-1.457-4.583-1.476-8.216a.755.755 0 0 1 .741-.757c1.195-.02 2.1-.182 2.923-.503.827-.322 1.6-.815 2.519-1.535m.468.903c-.897.69-1.717 1.21-2.623 1.564-.898.35-1.856.527-3.026.565.037 3.45.469 5.817 1.36 7.515.884 1.684 2.25 2.762 4.284 3.571 2.092-.81 3.465-1.89 4.344-3.575.886-1.698 1.299-4.065 1.334-7.512-1.149-.039-2.091-.217-2.99-.567-.906-.353-1.745-.873-2.683-1.561m-.009 9.155a2.672 2.672 0 1 0 0-5.344 2.672 2.672 0 0 0 0 5.344m0 1a3.672 3.672 0 1 0 0-7.344 3.672 3.672 0 0 0 0 7.344m-1.813-3.777.525-.526.916.917 1.623-1.625.526.526-2.149 2.152z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sg sh si sj sk sl sm l"></div><div class="gn l"><button class="bf b bg z bk rb sn so sp mh me rg ev ew ex sq sr ss fa st su sv sw sx fb fc fd bm fe ff">See all responses</button></div></div></div></div><div class="sy sz ta tb tc l bx"><div class="h k j"><div class="rp bh td te"></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="tf ab lg jn"><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://help.medium.com/hc/en-us?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Help</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://medium.statuspage.io/?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Status</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/about?autoplay=1&source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">About</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/jobs-at-medium/work-at-medium-959d1a85284e?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">Careers</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="mailto:pressinquiries@medium.com" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Press</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://blog.medium.com/?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Blog</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-privacy-policy-f03bf92035c9?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Privacy</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-terms-of-service-9db0094a1e0f?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Terms</p></a></div><div class="tg th l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://speechify.com/medium?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Text to speech</p></a></div><div class="tg l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/business?source=post_page-----39932417d1f0---------------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">Teams</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__BUILD_ID__="main-20250221-100554-7b0ca5c787"</script><script>window.__GRAPHQL_URI__ = "https://medium.com/_/graphql"</script><script>window.__PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"algolia":{"queries":{}},"cache":{"experimentGroupSet":true,"reason":"","group":"enabled","tags":["group-edgeCachePosts","post-39932417d1f0","user-d1b56bf5576f","collection-c84d35f8a57c"],"serverVariantState":"44136fa355b3678a1146ad16f7e8649e94fb4fc21fe77e8310c060f61caaff8a","middlewareEnabled":true,"cacheStatus":"DYNAMIC","shouldUseCache":true,"vary":[],"pubFeaturingPostPageLabelEnabled":false,"pubHierarchyEnabled":false},"client":{"hydrated":false,"isUs":false,"isNativeMedium":false,"isSafariMobile":false,"isSafari":false,"isFirefox":false,"routingEntity":{"type":"DEFAULT","explicit":false},"viewerIsBot":false},"debug":{"requestId":"fc9a4db1-b52d-4b13-bb67-802ebb2f2869","requestTag":"","hybridDevServices":[],"originalSpanCarrier":{"traceparent":"00-0068cd5fdfe7bd2c0f371d80c0f8620b-c0b061d871f53e0f-01"}},"multiVote":{"clapsPerPost":{}},"navigation":{"branch":{"show":null,"hasRendered":null,"blockedByCTA":false},"hideGoogleOneTap":false,"hasRenderedAlternateUserBanner":null,"currentLocation":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fwise-well\u002Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0","host":"medium.com","hostname":"medium.com","referrer":"","hasSetReferrer":false,"susiModal":{"step":null,"operation":"register"},"postRead":false,"partnerProgram":{"selectedCountryCode":null},"queryString":"","currentHash":""},"config":{"nodeEnv":"production","version":"main-20250221-100554-7b0ca5c787","target":"production","productName":"Medium","publicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-client.medium.com\u002Flite","authDomain":"medium.com","authGoogleClientId":"216296035834-k1k6qe060s2tp2a2jam4ljdcms00sttg.apps.googleusercontent.com","favicon":"production","glyphUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fglyph.medium.com","branchKey":"key_live_ofxXr2qTrrU9NqURK8ZwEhknBxiI6KBm","algolia":{"appId":"MQ57UUUQZ2","apiKeySearch":"394474ced050e3911ae2249ecc774921","indexPrefix":"medium_","host":"-dsn.algolia.net"},"recaptchaKey":"6Lfc37IUAAAAAKGGtC6rLS13R1Hrw_BqADfS1LRk","recaptcha3Key":"6Lf8R9wUAAAAABMI_85Wb8melS7Zj6ziuf99Yot5","recaptchaEnterpriseKeyId":"6Le-uGgpAAAAAPprRaokM8AKthQ9KNGdoxaGUvVp","datadog":{"applicationId":"6702d87d-a7e0-42fe-bbcb-95b469547ea0","clientToken":"pub853ea8d17ad6821d9f8f11861d23dfed","rumToken":"pubf9cc52896502b9413b68ba36fc0c7162","context":{"deployment":{"target":"production","tag":"main-20250221-100554-7b0ca5c787","commit":"7b0ca5c78749167860ea20c481fc575ffa370803"}},"datacenter":"us"},"googleAnalyticsCode":"G-7JY7T788PK","googlePay":{"apiVersion":"2","apiVersionMinor":"0","merchantId":"BCR2DN6TV7EMTGBM","merchantName":"Medium","instanceMerchantId":"13685562959212738550"},"applePay":{"version":3},"signInWallCustomDomainCollectionIds":["3a8144eabfe3","336d898217ee","61061eb0c96b","138adf9c44c","819cc2aaeee0"],"mediumMastodonDomainName":"me.dm","mediumOwnedAndOperatedCollectionIds":["8a9336e5bb4","b7e45b22fec3","193b68bd4fba","8d6b8a439e32","54c98c43354d","3f6ecf56618","d944778ce714","92d2092dc598","ae2a65f35510","1285ba81cada","544c7006046e","fc8964313712","40187e704f1c","88d9857e584e","7b6769f2748b","bcc38c8f6edf","cef6983b292","cb8577c9149e","444d13b52878","713d7dbc99b0","ef8e90590e66","191186aaafa0","55760f21cdc5","9dc80918cc93","bdc4052bbdba","8ccfed20cbb2"],"tierOneDomains":["medium.com","thebolditalic.com","arcdigital.media","towardsdatascience.com","uxdesign.cc","codeburst.io","psiloveyou.xyz","writingcooperative.com","entrepreneurshandbook.co","prototypr.io","betterhumans.coach.me","theascent.pub"],"topicsToFollow":["d61cf867d93f","8a146bc21b28","1eca0103fff3","4d562ee63426","aef1078a3ef5","e15e46793f8d","6158eb913466","55f1c20aba7a","3d18b94f6858","4861fee224fd","63c6f1f93ee","1d98b3a9a871","decb52b64abf","ae5d4995e225","830cded25262"],"topicToTagMappings":{"accessibility":"accessibility","addiction":"addiction","android-development":"android-development","art":"art","artificial-intelligence":"artificial-intelligence","astrology":"astrology","basic-income":"basic-income","beauty":"beauty","biotech":"biotech","blockchain":"blockchain","books":"books","business":"business","cannabis":"cannabis","cities":"cities","climate-change":"climate-change","comics":"comics","coronavirus":"coronavirus","creativity":"creativity","cryptocurrency":"cryptocurrency","culture":"culture","cybersecurity":"cybersecurity","data-science":"data-science","design":"design","digital-life":"digital-life","disability":"disability","economy":"economy","education":"education","equality":"equality","family":"family","feminism":"feminism","fiction":"fiction","film":"film","fitness":"fitness","food":"food","freelancing":"freelancing","future":"future","gadgets":"gadgets","gaming":"gaming","gun-control":"gun-control","health":"health","history":"history","humor":"humor","immigration":"immigration","ios-development":"ios-development","javascript":"javascript","justice":"justice","language":"language","leadership":"leadership","lgbtqia":"lgbtqia","lifestyle":"lifestyle","machine-learning":"machine-learning","makers":"makers","marketing":"marketing","math":"math","media":"media","mental-health":"mental-health","mindfulness":"mindfulness","money":"money","music":"music","neuroscience":"neuroscience","nonfiction":"nonfiction","outdoors":"outdoors","parenting":"parenting","pets":"pets","philosophy":"philosophy","photography":"photography","podcasts":"podcast","poetry":"poetry","politics":"politics","privacy":"privacy","product-management":"product-management","productivity":"productivity","programming":"programming","psychedelics":"psychedelics","psychology":"psychology","race":"race","relationships":"relationships","religion":"religion","remote-work":"remote-work","san-francisco":"san-francisco","science":"science","self":"self","self-driving-cars":"self-driving-cars","sexuality":"sexuality","social-media":"social-media","society":"society","software-engineering":"software-engineering","space":"space","spirituality":"spirituality","sports":"sports","startups":"startup","style":"style","technology":"technology","transportation":"transportation","travel":"travel","true-crime":"true-crime","tv":"tv","ux":"ux","venture-capital":"venture-capital","visual-design":"visual-design","work":"work","world":"world","writing":"writing"},"defaultImages":{"avatar":{"imageId":"1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png","height":150,"width":150},"orgLogo":{"imageId":"7*V1_7XP4snlmqrc_0Njontw.png","height":110,"width":500},"postLogo":{"imageId":"bd978bb536350a710e8efb012513429cabdc4c28700604261aeda246d0f980b7","height":810,"width":1440},"postPreviewImage":{"imageId":"1*hn4v1tCaJy7cWMyb0bpNpQ.png","height":386,"width":579}},"collectionStructuredData":{"8d6b8a439e32":{"name":"Elemental","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F980\u002F1*9ygdqoKprhwuTVKUM0DLPA@2x.png","width":980,"height":159}}},"3f6ecf56618":{"name":"Forge","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F596\u002F1*uULpIlImcO5TDuBZ6lm7Lg@2x.png","width":596,"height":183}}},"ae2a65f35510":{"name":"GEN","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F264\u002F1*RdVZMdvfV3YiZTw6mX7yWA.png","width":264,"height":140}}},"88d9857e584e":{"name":"LEVEL","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*JqYMhNX6KNNb2UlqGqO2WQ.png","width":540,"height":108}}},"7b6769f2748b":{"name":"Marker","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F383\u002F1*haCUs0wF6TgOOvfoY-jEoQ@2x.png","width":383,"height":92}}},"444d13b52878":{"name":"OneZero","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*cw32fIqCbRWzwJaoQw6BUg.png","width":540,"height":123}}},"8ccfed20cbb2":{"name":"Zora","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*tZUQqRcCCZDXjjiZ4bDvgQ.png","width":540,"height":106}}}},"embeddedPostIds":{"coronavirus":"cd3010f9d81f"},"sharedCdcMessaging":{"COVID_APPLICABLE_TAG_SLUGS":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES_FOR_TOPIC_PAGE":[],"COVID_MESSAGES":{"tierA":{"text":"For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":66,"end":73,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"tierB":{"text":"Anyone can publish on Medium per our Policies, but we don’t fact-check every story. For more info about the coronavirus, see cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":37,"end":45,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Fcategories\u002F201931128-Policies-Safety"},{"start":125,"end":132,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"paywall":{"text":"This article has been made free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":56,"end":70,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":138,"end":145,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"unbound":{"text":"This article is free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":45,"end":59,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":127,"end":134,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]}},"COVID_BANNER_POST_ID_OVERRIDE_WHITELIST":["3b31a67bff4a"]},"sharedVoteMessaging":{"TAGS":["politics","election-2020","government","us-politics","election","2020-presidential-race","trump","donald-trump","democrats","republicans","congress","republican-party","democratic-party","biden","joe-biden","maga"],"TOPICS":["politics","election"],"MESSAGE":{"text":"Find out more about the U.S. election results here.","markups":[{"start":46,"end":50,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcookpolitical.com\u002F2020-national-popular-vote-tracker"}]},"EXCLUDE_POSTS":["397ef29e3ca5"]},"embedPostRules":[],"recircOptions":{"v1":{"limit":3},"v2":{"limit":8}},"braintreeClientKey":"production_zjkj96jm_m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","braintree":{"enabled":true,"merchantId":"m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","merchantAccountId":{"usd":"AMediumCorporation_instant","eur":"amediumcorporation_EUR","cad":"amediumcorporation_CAD"},"publicKey":"ds2nn34bg2z7j5gd","braintreeEnvironment":"production","dashboardUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.braintreegateway.com\u002Fmerchants","gracePeriodDurationInDays":14,"mediumMembershipPlanId":{"monthly":"ce105f8c57a3","monthlyV2":"e8a5e126-792b-4ee6-8fba-d574c1b02fc5","monthlyWithTrial":"d5ee3dbe3db8","monthlyPremium":"fa741a9b47a2","yearly":"a40ad4a43185","yearlyV2":"3815d7d6-b8ca-4224-9b8c-182f9047866e","yearlyStaff":"d74fb811198a","yearlyWithTrial":"b3bc7350e5c7","yearlyPremium":"e21bd2c12166","monthlyOneYearFree":"e6c0637a-2bad-4171-ab4f-3c268633d83c","monthly25PercentOffFirstYear":"235ecc62-0cdb-49ae-9378-726cd21c504b","monthly20PercentOffFirstYear":"ba518864-9c13-4a99-91ca-411bf0cac756","monthly15PercentOffFirstYear":"594c029b-9f89-43d5-88f8-8173af4e070e","monthly10PercentOffFirstYear":"c6c7bc9a-40f2-4b51-8126-e28511d5bdb0","monthlyForStudents":"629ebe51-da7d-41fd-8293-34cd2f2030a8","yearlyOneYearFree":"78ba7be9-0d9f-4ece-aa3e-b54b826f2bf1","yearly25PercentOffFirstYear":"2dbb010d-bb8f-4eeb-ad5c-a08509f42d34","yearly20PercentOffFirstYear":"47565488-435b-47f8-bf93-40d5fbe0ebc8","yearly15PercentOffFirstYear":"8259809b-0881-47d9-acf7-6c001c7f720f","yearly10PercentOffFirstYear":"9dd694fb-96e1-472c-8d9e-3c868d5c1506","yearlyForStudents":"e29345ef-ab1c-4234-95c5-70e50fe6bc23","monthlyCad":"p52orjkaceei","yearlyCad":"h4q9g2up9ktt"},"braintreeDiscountId":{"oneMonthFree":"MONTHS_FREE_01","threeMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_03","sixMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_06","fiftyPercentOffOneYear":"FIFTY_PERCENT_OFF_ONE_YEAR"},"3DSecureVersion":"2","defaultCurrency":"usd","providerPlanIdCurrency":{"4ycw":"usd","rz3b":"usd","3kqm":"usd","jzw6":"usd","c2q2":"usd","nnsw":"usd","q8qw":"usd","d9y6":"usd","fx7w":"cad","nwf2":"cad"}},"paypalClientId":"AXj1G4fotC2GE8KzWX9mSxCH1wmPE3nJglf4Z2ig_amnhvlMVX87otaq58niAg9iuLktVNF_1WCMnN7v","paypal":{"host":"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.paypal.com:443","clientMode":"production","serverMode":"live","webhookId":"4G466076A0294510S","monthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-9WR0658853113943TMU5FDQA","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-7N8963881P8875835MU5JOPQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oneYearGift":{"name":"Medium Membership (1 Year, Digital Gift Code)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Gift codes can be redeemed at medium.com\u002Fredeem.","price":"50.00","currency":"USD","sku":"membership-gift-1-yr"},"oldMonthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-96U02458LM656772MJZUVH2Y","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-59P80963JF186412JJZU3SMI","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"monthlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-66C21969LR178604GJPVKUKY","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-6XW32684EX226940VKCT2MFA","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oldMonthlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-4N046520HR188054PCJC7LJI","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-7A4913502Y5181304CJEJMXQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"sdkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.paypal.com\u002Fsdk\u002Fjs"},"stripePublishableKey":"pk_live_7FReX44VnNIInZwrIIx6ghjl","log":{"json":true,"level":"info"},"imageUploadMaxSizeMb":25,"staffPicks":{"title":"Staff Picks","catalogId":"c7bc6e1ee00f"}},"session":{"xsrf":""}}</script><script>window.__APOLLO_STATE__ = {"ROOT_QUERY":{"__typename":"Query","viewer":null,"collectionByDomainOrSlug({\"domainOrSlug\":\"wise-well\"})":{"__ref":"Collection:c84d35f8a57c"},"postResult({\"id\":\"39932417d1f0\"})":{"__ref":"Post:39932417d1f0"}},"ImageMetadata:":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"","originalWidth":0,"originalHeight":0},"Collection:c84d35f8a57c":{"__typename":"Collection","id":"c84d35f8a57c","favicon":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:"},"customStyleSheet":null,"colorPalette":{"__typename":"ColorPalette","highlightSpectrum":{"__typename":"ColorSpectrum","backgroundColor":"#FFFFFFFF","colorPoints":[{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFE3F7FE","point":0},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFDDF6FF","point":0.1},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFD8F5FF","point":0.2},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFD2F4FF","point":0.3},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFCCF4FF","point":0.4},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFC6F3FF","point":0.5},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFBFF2FF","point":0.6},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFB9F1FF","point":0.7},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFB2F0FF","point":0.8},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFAAEFFF","point":0.9},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFA3EEFF","point":1}]},"defaultBackgroundSpectrum":{"__typename":"ColorSpectrum","backgroundColor":"#FFFFFFFF","colorPoints":[{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF1095B2","point":0},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF1E8AA4","point":0.1},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF247F96","point":0.2},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF277488","point":0.3},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF29697A","point":0.4},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF285D6C","point":0.5},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF26515E","point":0.6},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF22454F","point":0.7},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF1E3840","point":0.8},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF172B31","point":0.9},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF0F1C21","point":1}]},"tintBackgroundSpectrum":{"__typename":"ColorSpectrum","backgroundColor":"#FF0091AE","colorPoints":[{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF0091AE","point":0},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF3A9EB8","point":0.1},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF57AAC2","point":0.2},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF6FB6CC","point":0.3},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF85C2D5","point":0.4},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF99CDDE","point":0.5},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFACD8E7","point":0.6},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFBEE3F0","point":0.7},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFD0EEF8","point":0.8},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFE2F8FF","point":0.9},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFF3FFFF","point":1}]}},"domain":null,"slug":"wise-well","googleAnalyticsId":null,"name":"Wise & Well","avatar":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*tlSJZopCPn4cndd9KrDLPg.png"},"description":"Science-backed insights into health, wellness and wisdom, to help you make tomorrow a little better than today.","subscriberCount":22209,"latestPostsConnection({\"paging\":{\"limit\":1}})":{"__typename":"PostConnection","posts":[{"__ref":"Post:6cdc7e00e842"}]},"isAuroraVisible":false,"tintColor":"#FF0091AE","newsletterV3":{"__ref":"NewsletterV3:e48f54bcbcb"},"viewerEdge":{"__ref":"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:c84d35f8a57c-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695"},"twitterUsername":null,"facebookPageId":null,"logo":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:"}},"ImageMetadata:1*tlSJZopCPn4cndd9KrDLPg.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*tlSJZopCPn4cndd9KrDLPg.png"},"User:d7565ccd3605":{"__typename":"User","id":"d7565ccd3605","customDomainState":{"__typename":"CustomDomainState","live":{"__typename":"CustomDomain","domain":"robertroybritt.medium.com"}},"hasSubdomain":true,"username":"robertroybritt"},"Post:6cdc7e00e842":{"__typename":"Post","id":"6cdc7e00e842","firstPublishedAt":1740136587160,"creator":{"__ref":"User:d7565ccd3605"},"collection":{"__ref":"Collection:c84d35f8a57c"},"isSeries":false,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fwise-well\u002Fwise-well-weekly-6cdc7e00e842","sequence":null,"uniqueSlug":"wise-well-weekly-6cdc7e00e842"},"NewsletterV3:e48f54bcbcb":{"__typename":"NewsletterV3","id":"e48f54bcbcb"},"LinkedAccounts:d1b56bf5576f":{"__typename":"LinkedAccounts","mastodon":null,"id":"d1b56bf5576f"},"User:d1b56bf5576f":{"__typename":"User","id":"d1b56bf5576f","linkedAccounts":{"__ref":"LinkedAccounts:d1b56bf5576f"},"isSuspended":false,"name":"The Conversation U.S.","imageId":"1*lR7ZVA81ARWCsvZC_q45hQ.png","customDomainState":null,"hasSubdomain":false,"username":"ConversationUS","verifications":{"__typename":"VerifiedInfo","isBookAuthor":false},"socialStats":{"__typename":"SocialStats","followerCount":12784,"followingCount":394,"collectionFollowingCount":37},"bio":"An independent, nonprofit news organization dedicated to unlocking the ideas and knowledge of academic experts for the public.","membership":null,"allowNotes":true,"viewerEdge":{"__ref":"UserViewerEdge:userId:d1b56bf5576f-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695"},"twitterScreenName":"ConversationUS"},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_0":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_0","name":"5fe5","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":62,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_1":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_1","name":"0b40","type":"H4","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"A story of vitality and vulnerability, from our quirky evolutionary history to modern selfies","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_2":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_2","name":"6893","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"By Kent Dunlap, Professor of Biology, Trinity College","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":3,"end":14,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fprofiles\u002Fkent-dunlap-2207461","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":3,"end":14,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":53,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg","originalHeight":1568,"originalWidth":1920,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_3":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_3","name":"b832","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg"},"text":"Jack Lemmon kisses Lee Remick’s neck in a scene from the 1962 film ‘Days Of Wine And Roses.’ Warner Brothers\u002FGetty Images","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_4":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_4","name":"f4f9","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I broke its neck.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_5":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_5","name":"3918","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"When making a vase at the potter’s wheel, I torqued its slippery neck clear off the pot as I tried to thin it into a graceful curve.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_6":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_6","name":"6fa0","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I find vases gratifying to make and their shapes especially pleasing to the eye. But vases also must be handled with particular care because one part of their “body” — the neck — is often so narrow that it can be easily broken.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_7":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_7","name":"7586","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"That day at the wheel, I realized that it was not unlike the human neck. Though only a small portion of the human body — about 1% by surface area — our necks have an outsize influence on our psyche and culture.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":121,"end":145,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwikem.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEstimating_body_surface_area","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_8":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_8","name":"4236","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"From selfies to formal portraits, the neck positions the head in expressive poses. The neck’s vocal cords vibrate to make meaningful words and moving songs. We passionately kiss it and spritz it with alluring perfume. We use it to nod our head in agreement, tilt our head in confusion and bow our head in prayer.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":106,"end":138,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fgilbert-gottfried-and-the-mechanics-of-crafting-one-of-the-most-memorable-voices-of-all-time-181703","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:922e1561463b_9":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"922e1561463b_9","name":"0a24","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Ornaments such as necklaces can express fashion sense as well as signal wealth and status…","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:c84d35f8a57c-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695":{"__typename":"CollectionViewerEdge","id":"collectionId:c84d35f8a57c-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695","isEditor":false,"isMuting":false},"UserViewerEdge:userId:d1b56bf5576f-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695":{"__typename":"UserViewerEdge","id":"userId:d1b56bf5576f-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695","isMuting":false},"PostViewerEdge:postId:39932417d1f0-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695":{"__typename":"PostViewerEdge","shouldIndexPostForExternalSearch":true,"id":"postId:39932417d1f0-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695"},"Tag:evolution":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"evolution","displayTitle":"Evolution","normalizedTagSlug":"evolution"},"Tag:beauty":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"beauty","displayTitle":"Beauty","normalizedTagSlug":"beauty"},"Tag:history":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"history","displayTitle":"History","normalizedTagSlug":"history"},"Tag:culture":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"culture","displayTitle":"Culture","normalizedTagSlug":"culture"},"Tag:science":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"science","displayTitle":"Science","normalizedTagSlug":"science"},"Post:39932417d1f0":{"__typename":"Post","id":"39932417d1f0","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:c84d35f8a57c"},"content({\"postMeteringOptions\":{\"referrer\":\"\"}})":{"__typename":"PostContent","isLockedPreviewOnly":true,"bodyModel":{"__typename":"RichText","sections":[{"__typename":"Section","name":null,"startIndex":0,"textLayout":null,"imageLayout":null,"backgroundImage":null,"videoLayout":null,"backgroundVideo":null}],"paragraphs":[{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_0"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_1"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_2"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_3"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_4"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_5"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_6"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_7"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_8"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:922e1561463b_9"}]},"validatedShareKey":"","shareKeyCreator":null},"creator":{"__ref":"User:d1b56bf5576f"},"inResponseToEntityType":null,"isLocked":true,"isMarkedPaywallOnly":false,"lockedSource":"LOCKED_POST_SOURCE_UGC","mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fwise-well\u002Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0","primaryTopic":null,"topics":[{"__typename":"Topic","slug":"science"}],"isLimitedState":false,"isPublished":true,"allowResponses":true,"latestPublishedVersion":"922e1561463b","visibility":"LOCKED","responsesLocked":false,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":10},"responseDistribution":"NOT_DISTRIBUTED","clapCount":261,"title":"How the Human Neck Became a Locus of Power, Beauty and Frailty","isSeries":false,"sequence":null,"uniqueSlug":"how-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-39932417d1f0","socialTitle":"","socialDek":"","canonicalUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-the-human-neck-became-a-locus-of-power-beauty-and-frailty-238672","metaDescription":"","latestPublishedAt":1739545316389,"readingTime":4.5424528301886795,"previewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"A story of vitality and vulnerability, from our quirky evolutionary history to modern selfies"},"previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*ybeGa4kg1nS7cAbO.jpg"},"isShortform":false,"seoTitle":"","firstPublishedAt":1739545316389,"updatedAt":1739949177213,"shortformType":"SHORTFORM_TYPE_LINK","seoDescription":"The neck’s vitality and vulnerability are rooted in a quirky evolutionary history.","viewerEdge":{"__ref":"PostViewerEdge:postId:39932417d1f0-viewerId:lo_4b4f69b62695"},"isSuspended":false,"license":"CC_40_BY_ND","tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:evolution"},{"__ref":"Tag:beauty"},{"__ref":"Tag:history"},{"__ref":"Tag:culture"},{"__ref":"Tag:science"}],"isFeaturedInPublishedPublication":false,"isNewsletter":false,"statusForCollection":"APPROVED","pendingCollection":null,"detectedLanguage":"en","wordCount":1058,"layerCake":1}}</script><script>window.__MIDDLEWARE_STATE__={"session":{"xsrf":""},"cache":{"cacheStatus":"HIT"}}</script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/manifest.75bdb494.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9865.1496d74a.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/main.643c061d.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/instrumentation.5bef8967.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/reporting.ff22a7a5.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9120.5df29668.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5049.d1ead72d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4505.6dfaf853.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6618.db187378.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9380.fb176dee.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2707.4313e528.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9977.933c1c9a.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8599.68bc318b.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3045.1cc3d8cb.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6349.3329b100.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2648.26563adf.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8393.67b7130d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6428.7d30b23c.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6199.c727247b.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5642.7d9f7f3d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6546.e46b7f66.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6834.8aa8d357.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4492.0c3e1a1d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2571.6814b962.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/839.1c286b32.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6128.f8800a13.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2135.780af2f8.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7975.60bcefe8.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/144.7485bbe6.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5240.6281357f.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8819.c627c2bf.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8204.d0637ed0.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/PostPage.MainContent.f255810d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8414.0d800846.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3974.8d3e0217.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2527.18a8996d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/PostResponsesContent.e1e580cb.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/responses.editor.e89462cb.chunk.js"></script><script>window.main();</script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'9157bc589d53f8d2',t:'MTc0MDE1MTM4Ny4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></html>