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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Heart disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_clots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_clots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Blood clots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_clots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stroke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stroke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Stroke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stroke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endometrial_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endometrial_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Endometrial cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endometrial_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Breast cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovarian_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovarian_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Ovarian cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovarian_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cancers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cancers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Other cancers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cancers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorectal_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorectal_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Colorectal cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorectal_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cervical_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cervical_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Cervical cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cervical_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurodegenerative_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurodegenerative_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Neurodegenerative disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurodegenerative_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Contraindications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contraindications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Absolute contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Relative contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History and research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Available_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Available_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Available forms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Available_forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Available forms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Available_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continuous_versus_cyclic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_versus_cyclic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Continuous versus cyclic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_versus_cyclic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Route_of_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Route_of_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Route of administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Route_of_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioidentical_hormone_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioidentical_hormone_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Bioidentical hormone therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioidentical_hormone_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compounding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Compounding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wyeth_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wyeth_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Wyeth controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wyeth_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Popularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hormone replacement therapy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="العلاج باستخدام الهرمونات البديلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاج باستخدام الهرمونات البديلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E2%80%99%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80" title="হৰম’ন ৰিপ্লেচমেণ্ট থেৰাপী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হৰম’ন ৰিপ্লেচমেণ্ট থেৰাপী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamjenska_hormonska_terapija" title="Zamjenska hormonska terapija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zamjenska hormonska terapija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A0pia_hormonal_substitutiva" title="Teràpia hormonal substitutiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teràpia hormonal substitutiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonersatztherapie" title="Hormonersatztherapie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hormonersatztherapie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="درمان جایگزینی هورمون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درمان جایگزینی هورمون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiripe_athshol%C3%A1thar_horm%C3%B3n" title="Teiripe athsholáthar hormón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teiripe athsholáthar hormón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC_%EB%8C%80%EC%B2%B4%EC%9A%94%EB%B2%95" title="호르몬 대체요법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호르몬 대체요법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_ormonale_sostitutiva" title="Terapia ormonale sostitutiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terapia ormonale sostitutiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99" title="טיפול הורמונלי חליפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפול הורמונלי חליפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Терапија за замена на хормони – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Терапија за замена на хормони" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8" title="ഹോർമോൺ പുനഃസ്ഥാപന ചികിത്സ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോർമോൺ പുനഃസ്ഥാപന ചികിത്സ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E8%A3%9C%E5%85%85%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" title="ホルモン補充療法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルモン補充療法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ହରମୋନ ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପନ ଚିକିତ୍ସା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହରମୋନ ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପନ ଚିକିତ୍ସା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="د هورمون بدیل درملنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هورمون بدیل درملنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonalna_terapia_zast%C4%99pcza" title="Hormonalna terapia zastępcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hormonalna terapia zastępcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_de_reposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_hormonal" title="Terapia de reposição hormonal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terapia de reposição hormonal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Заместительная гормональная терапия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заместительная гормональная терапия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hormone replacement therapy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonsko_nadomestno_zdravljenje" title="Hormonsko nadomestno zdravljenje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hormonsko nadomestno zdravljenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="چارەسەری دانانەوەی ھۆرمۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارەسەری دانانەوەی ھۆرمۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRT_(behandling)" title="HRT (behandling) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="HRT (behandling)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_replacement_therapy" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menopausal_hormone_therapy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">Menopausal hormone therapy</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hormone therapy used to treat symptoms of menopause</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about hormone replacement therapy in menopause. For transgender applications, see <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Gender-affirming hormone therapy</a>. For other forms, see <a href="/wiki/Hormone_therapy" title="Hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a>.</div> Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Hormone_therapy" title="Hormone therapy">hormone therapy</a> used to treat <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal symptoms">symptoms</a> associated with female <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> Effects of menopause can include symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>, accelerated skin aging, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_dryness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal dryness">vaginal dryness</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Muscle_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle mass">muscle mass</a>, and complications such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> (bone loss), <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal atrophy">vaginal atrophy</a>. They are mostly caused by low levels of female <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>) that occur during menopause.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogens</a> are the main hormone drugs used in HRT. <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a> is the main female sex hormone that occurs naturally and is also <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">manufactured</a> into a drug that is used in menopausal hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a> Although both classes of hormones can have symptomatic benefit, progestogen is specifically added to estrogen regimens, unless the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> has been removed, to avoid the increased risk of endometrial cancer. Unopposed estrogen therapy promotes <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a> and increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">cancer</a>, while progestogen reduces this risk.<a href="#cite_note-Maturitas-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-eden-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> are sometimes used as well.<a href="#cite_note-ziaei-5">[5]</a> HRT is available through a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Routes_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Routes of administration">routes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> The long-term effects of HRT on most organ systems vary by age and time since the last <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> exposure to hormones, and there can be large differences in individual regimens, factors which have made analyzing effects difficult.<a href="#cite_note-WHI_18_year_follow_up-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a> (WHI) is an ongoing study of over 27,000 women that began in 1991, with the most recent analyses suggesting that, when initiated within 10 years of menopause, HRT reduces all-cause <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a> and risks of coronary disease, osteoporosis, and dementia; after 10 years the beneficial effects on mortality and coronary heart disease are no longer apparent, though there are decreased risks of hip and vertebral fractures and an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">venous thromboembolism</a> when taken orally.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lokkegard_2017-8">[8]</a> "Bioidentical" hormone replacement is a development in the 21st century and uses manufactured compounds with "exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body."<a href="#cite_note-Mayo-9">[9]</a> These are mainly manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Plant_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant steroid">plant steroids</a><a href="#cite_note-clev-10">[10]</a> and can be a component of either registered pharmaceutical or custom-made compounded preparations, with the latter generally not recommended by regulatory bodies due to their lack of standardization and formal oversight.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21464264-11">[11]</a> Bioidentical hormone replacement has inadequate <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> to determine its safety and efficacy as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-cobin-12">[12]</a> The current indications for use from the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) include short-term treatment of <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal symptoms">menopausal symptoms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor" title="Vasomotor">vasomotor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal atrophy">vaginal atrophy</a>, and prevention of <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Approved uses of HRT in the United States include short-term treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal atrophy, and prevention of osteoporosis.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Obstetrics_and_Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology">American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology</a> (ACOG) approves of HRT for symptomatic relief of menopausal symptoms,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and advocates its use beyond the age of 65 in appropriate scenarios.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_American_Menopause_Society" title="North American Menopause Society">North American Menopause Society</a> (NAMS) 2016 annual meeting mentioned that HRT may have more benefits than risks in women before the age of 60.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A consensus expert opinion published by <a href="/wiki/The_Endocrine_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Endocrine Society">The Endocrine Society</a> stated that when taken during perimenopause or the initial years of menopause, HRT carries fewer risks than previously published, and reduces all cause mortality in most scenarios.<a href="#cite_note-endocrine-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Clinical_Endocrinologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists">American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists</a> (AACE) has also released position statements approving of HRT when appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-cobin-12">[12]</a> Women receiving this treatment are usually <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">post-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perimenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimenopause">peri-</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">surgically induced menopausal</a>. Menopause is the permanent cessation of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity, defined as beginning twelve months after the final natural menstrual cycle. This twelve month time point divides menopause into early and late transition periods known as 'perimenopause' and 'postmenopause'.<a href="#cite_note-eden-4">[4]</a> Premature menopause can occur if the ovaries are <a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">surgically removed</a>, as can be done to treat <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a>. Demographically, the vast majority of data available is in postmenopausal American women with concurrent pre-existing conditions and an average age of over 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-marjoribanks-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menopausal_symptoms">Menopausal symptoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Menopausal symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_menopause_(vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Symptoms_of_menopause_%28vector%29.svg/300px-Symptoms_of_menopause_%28vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Symptoms_of_menopause_%28vector%29.svg/450px-Symptoms_of_menopause_%28vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Symptoms_of_menopause_%28vector%29.svg/600px-Symptoms_of_menopause_%28vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Symptoms of menopause</figcaption></figure> HRT is often given as a short-term relief from menopausal symptoms during <a href="/wiki/Perimenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimenopause">perimenopause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nhs-19">[19]</a> Potential menopausal symptoms include:<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">Hot flashes</a> – vasomotor symptoms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvovaginal_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulvovaginal atrophy">Vulvovaginal atrophy</a> – atrophic vaginitis and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_dryness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal dryness">dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a> – painful sexual intercourse due to vaginal atrophy and lack of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">lubrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Bone loss</a> – decreased <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone mineral density">bone mineral density</a>, which can eventually lead to <a href="/wiki/Osteopenia" title="Osteopenia">osteopenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, and associated <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fractures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decreased_sexual_desire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreased sexual desire">Decreased sexual desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeminization" title="Defeminization">Defeminization</a> – diminished <a href="/wiki/Gynoid_fat_distribution" title="Gynoid fat distribution">feminine fat distribution</a> and accelerated <a href="/wiki/Skin_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin aging">skin aging</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12762829-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22533363-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disturbance">Sleep disturbances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">joint pain</a></li></ul> The most common of these are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">loss of sexual drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_dryness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal dryness">vaginal dryness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eden-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-sarrel-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_function">Sexual function</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sexual function">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)#Women" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone (medication) § Women</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png/300px-Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png/450px-Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png/600px-Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Atrophy of vaginal mucosa that occurs with menopause</figcaption></figure> HRT can help with the lack of sexual desire and sexual dysfunction that can occur with menopause. Epidemiological surveys of women between 40 and 69 years suggest that 75% of women remain sexually active after menopause.<a href="#cite_note-eden-4">[4]</a> With increasing life spans, women today are living one third or more of their lives in a postmenopausal state, a period during which healthy sexuality can be integral to their <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miller-23">[23]</a> Decreased libido and sexual dysfunction are common issues in postmenopausal women, an entity referred to <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a> (HSDD); its signs and symptoms can both be improved by HRT.<a href="#cite_note-ziaei-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonzalez-24">[24]</a> Several hormonal changes take place during this period, including a decrease in estrogen and an increase in <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a>. For most women, the majority of change occurs during the late perimenopausal and postmenopausal stages.<a href="#cite_note-eden-4">[4]</a> Decreases in <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) and <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">inhibin</a> (A and B) also occur. Testosterone is present in women at a lower level than men, peaking at age 30 and declining gradually with age; there is less variation during the menopausal transition relative to estrogen and progesterone.<a href="#cite_note-eden-4">[4]</a> A global consensus position statement has advised that postmenopausal testosterone replacement to premenopausal levels can be effective for HSDD. Safety information for testosterone treatment is not available beyond two years of continuous therapy however and dosing above physiologic levels is not advised.<a href="#cite_note-Testosterone_Consensus_2019-25">[25]</a> Testosterone patches have been found to restore sexual desire in post menopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> There is insufficient data to evaluate the impact of testosterone replacement on heart disease, breast cancer, with most trials having included women taking concomitant estrogen and progesterone and with testosterone therapy itself being relatively short in duration. In the setting of this limited data, testosterone therapy has not been associated with adverse events.<a href="#cite_note-Testosterone_Consensus_2019-25">[25]</a> Not all women are responsive, especially those with preexisting sexual difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-sarrel-22">[22]</a> Estrogen replacement can restore vaginal cells, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> levels, and blood flow to the vagina, all of which tend to deteriorate at the onset of menopause. <a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Pain or discomfort with sex</a> appears to be the most responsive component to estrogen.<a href="#cite_note-sarrel-22">[22]</a> It also has been shown to have positive effects on the urinary tract.<a href="#cite_note-sarrel-22">[22]</a> Estrogen can also reduce vaginal atrophy and increase <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>, frequency and <a href="/wiki/Female_orgasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Female orgasm">orgasm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sarrel-22">[22]</a> The effectiveness of hormone replacement can decline in some women after long-term use.<a href="#cite_note-sarrel-22">[22]</a> A number of studies have also found that the combined effects of estrogen/androgen replacement therapy can increase libido and arousal over estrogen alone.<a href="#cite_note-sarrel-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a>, a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic properties that is available in Europe, has the ability to improve mood, libido, and physical symptomatology. In various placebo-controlled studies, improvements in vasomotor symptoms, emotional response, sleep disturbances, physical symptoms, and sexual desire have been seen, though it also carries a similar risk profile to conventional HRT.<a href="#cite_note-ziaei-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_and_bone">Muscle and bone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muscle and bone">edit</a>]</div> There is a significant decrease in <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a> risk during treatment that to a lesser degree persists after HRT is stopped.<a href="#cite_note-Manson_WHI_2013-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> It also helps <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> formation, which in turn improves <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral disc</a> and bone strength.<a href="#cite_note-Ten-29">[29]</a> Hormone replacement therapy in the form of estrogen and androgen can be effective at reversing the effects of aging on muscle.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Lower testosterone is associated with lower bone density and higher free testosterone is associated with lower hip fracture rates in older women.<a href="#cite_note-Androgens_Review_2017-31">[31]</a> Testosterone therapy, which can be used for decreased sexual function, can also increase bone mineral density and muscle mass.<a href="#cite_note-Testosterone_Consensus_2019-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Side_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Side effects">Side effects</a> in HRT occur with varying frequency and include:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div style="display:flex; flex-direction:row; flex-wrap:wrap; gap: 0.8em; align-items:stretch; justify-content:flex-start"><div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common">Common</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Headache</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upset_stomach" class="mw-redirect" title="Upset stomach">Upset stomach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach cramp">stomach cramps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">Appetite</a> and weight changes</li> <li>Changes in <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">sex drive</a> or performance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Nervousness</a></li> <li>Brown or black patches on the skin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">Acne</a></li> <li>Swelling of hands, feet, or lower legs due to <a href="/wiki/Water_retention_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water retention (medicine)">fluid retention</a></li> <li>Changes in <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual flow">menstrual flow</a></li> <li>Breast tenderness, enlargement, or discharge</li> <li>Sudden difficulty wearing <a href="/wiki/Contact_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact lenses">contact lenses</a></li></ul> </div><div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncommon">Uncommon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uncommon">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Double vision">Double vision</a></li> <li>Severe <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a></li> <li>Yellowing of skin or eyes</li> <li>Severe depression</li> <li>Unusual bleeding</li> <li>Loss of appetite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin rash">Skin rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassitude">Lassitude</a></li> <li>Fever</li> <li>Dark-colored urine</li> <li>Light colored stool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea_(disease)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorea (disease)">Chorea</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_disease">Heart disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heart disease">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0257_CoronaryArtery_Plaque.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blausen_0257_CoronaryArtery_Plaque.png/220px-Blausen_0257_CoronaryArtery_Plaque.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blausen_0257_CoronaryArtery_Plaque.png/330px-Blausen_0257_CoronaryArtery_Plaque.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blausen_0257_CoronaryArtery_Plaque.png/440px-Blausen_0257_CoronaryArtery_Plaque.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>The risks of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary disease">coronary heart disease</a> with HRT vary depending on age and time since menopause.</figcaption></figure> The effect of HRT in menopause appears to be divergent, with lower risk of heart disease when started within five years, but no impact after ten.<a href="#cite_note-BoardmanHartley20152-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> For women who are in early menopause and have no issues with their cardiovascular health, HRT comes with a low risk of adverse cardiovascular events.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There may be an increase in heart disease if HRT is given twenty years post-menopause.<a href="#cite_note-Manson_WHI_20132-38">[38]</a> This variability has led some reviews to suggest an absence of significant effect on <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hormone_replacement_therapy_after_s2-39">[39]</a> Importantly, there is no difference in long-term mortality from HRT, regardless of age.<a href="#cite_note-WHI_18_year_follow_up2-40">[40]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> suggested that women starting HRT less than 10 years after menopause had lower mortality and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, without any strong effect on the risk of stroke and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BoardmanHartley20152-34">[34]</a> Those starting therapy more than 10 years after menopause showed little effect on mortality and coronary heart disease, but an increased risk of stroke. Both therapies had an association with <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">venous clots</a> and pulmonary embolism.<a href="#cite_note-BoardmanHartley20152-34">[34]</a> HRT with estrogen and progesterone also improves <a href="/wiki/Lipid_profile" title="Lipid profile">cholesterol levels</a>. With menopause, <a href="/wiki/High_density_lipoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="High density lipoprotein">HDL</a> decreases, while <a href="/wiki/Low_density_lipoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Low density lipoprotein">LDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoprotein a">lipoprotein a</a> increase, patterns that reverse with estrogen. Beyond this, HRT improves <a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">heart contraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary</a> blood flow, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">sugar</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, and decreases <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> aggregation and <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">plaque formation</a>. HRT may promote <a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">reverse cholesterol transport</a> through induction of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> <a href="/wiki/ABC_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC transporters">ABC transporters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid208071642-41">[41]</a> Atherosclerosis imaging trials show that HRT decreases the formation of new vascular lesions, but does not reverse the progression of existing lesions.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> HRT also results in a large reduction in the pro-thrombotic <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoprotein a">lipoprotein a</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Studies on cardiovascular disease with testosterone therapy have been mixed, with some suggesting no effect or a mild negative effect, though others have shown an improvement in surrogate markers such as cholesterol, triglycerides and weight.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Testosterone_Consensus_20192-45">[45]</a> Testosterone has a positive effect on vascular endothelial function and tone with observational studies suggesting that women with lower testosterone may be at greater risk for heart disease. Available studies are limited by small sample size and study design. Low <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a>, which occurs with menopause, is associated with increased body mass index and risk for type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Androgens_Review_20172-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_clots">Blood clots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blood clots">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_saphenous_vein_thrombosis_05091312009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Great_saphenous_vein_thrombosis_05091312009.jpg/220px-Great_saphenous_vein_thrombosis_05091312009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Great_saphenous_vein_thrombosis_05091312009.jpg/330px-Great_saphenous_vein_thrombosis_05091312009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Great_saphenous_vein_thrombosis_05091312009.jpg/440px-Great_saphenous_vein_thrombosis_05091312009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Clot in the greater <a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">saphenous vein</a>; oral estrogen is associated with increased risk of venous blood clots due to increased liver formation of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>-dependent <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting factors</a>.</figcaption></figure> Effects of hormone replacement therapy on <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">venous blood clot</a> formation and potential for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> may vary with different estrogen and progestogen therapies, and with different doses or method of use.<a href="#cite_note-marjoribanks-18">[18]</a> Comparisons between routes of administration suggest that when estrogens are applied to the skin or vagina, there is a lower risk of blood clots,<a href="#cite_note-marjoribanks-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scarabin_341–345-47">[47]</a> whereas when used orally, the risk of blood clots and pulmonary embolism is increased.<a href="#cite_note-BoardmanHartley2015-48">[48]</a> Skin and vaginal routes of hormone therapy are not subject to <a href="/wiki/First_pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First pass metabolism">first pass metabolism</a>, and so lack the <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> effects that oral therapy has on liver synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>-dependent <a href="/wiki/Clotting_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotting factor">clotting factors</a>, possibly explaining why oral therapy may increase blood clot formation.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> While a 2018 review found that taking progesterone and estrogen together can decrease this risk,<a href="#cite_note-Scarabin_341–345-47">[47]</a> other reviews reported an increased risk of blood clots and pulmonary embolism when estrogen and progestogen were combined, particularly when treatment was started 10 years or more after menopause and when the women were older than 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-marjoribanks-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-BoardmanHartley2015-48">[48]</a> The risk of venous thromboembolism may be reduced with bioidentical preparations, though research on this is only preliminary.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stroke">Stroke</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stroke">edit</a>]</div> Multiple studies suggest that the possibility of HRT related stroke is absent if therapy is started within five years of menopause,<a href="#cite_note-Carras_PLOIS_2017-51">[51]</a> and that the association is absent or even preventive when given by non-oral routes.<a href="#cite_note-Lokkegard_2017-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic stroke">Ischemic stroke</a> risk was increased during the time of intervention in the WHI, with no significant effect after the cessation of therapy<a href="#cite_note-Manson_WHI_2013-27">[27]</a> and no difference in mortality at long term follow up.<a href="#cite_note-WHI_18_year_follow_up-6">[6]</a> When oral synthetic estrogen or combined estrogen-progestogen treatment is delayed until five years from menopause, <a href="/wiki/Cohort_analysis" title="Cohort analysis">cohort studies</a> in Swedish women have suggested an association with <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhagic stroke">hemorrhagic</a> and ischemic stroke.<a href="#cite_note-Carras_PLOIS_2017-51">[51]</a> Another large cohort of Danish women suggested that the specific route of administration was important, finding that although oral estrogen increased risk of stroke, absorption through the skin had no impact, and vaginal estrogen actually had a decreased risk.<a href="#cite_note-Lokkegard_2017-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endometrial_cancer">Endometrial cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Endometrial cancer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0348_EndometrialCancer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Blausen_0348_EndometrialCancer.png/220px-Blausen_0348_EndometrialCancer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Blausen_0348_EndometrialCancer.png/330px-Blausen_0348_EndometrialCancer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Blausen_0348_EndometrialCancer.png/440px-Blausen_0348_EndometrialCancer.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Endometrial cancer can be associated with HRT, particularly in those not taking a <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogen</a>.</figcaption></figure> In postmenopausal women, continuous combined estrogen plus progestin decreases <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> incidence.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The duration of progestogen therapy should be at least 14 days per cycle to prevent endometrial disease.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Endometrial cancer has been grouped into two forms in the context of hormone replacement. Type 1 is the most common, can be associated with estrogen therapy, and is usually low grade. Type 2 is not related to estrogen stimulation and usually higher grade and poorer in prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-Progestogerone-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a> that leads to <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> with estrogen therapy can be prevented by concomitant administration of <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Progestogerone-54">[54]</a> The extensive use of high-dose estrogens for <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> in the 1970s is thought to have resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of type 1 endometrial cancer.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Paradoxically, progestogens do promote the growth of <a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine fibroids">uterine fibroids</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic ultrasound">pelvic ultrasound</a> can be performed before beginning HRT to make sure there are no underlying uterine or endometrial lesions.<a href="#cite_note-Progestogerone-54">[54]</a> Androgens do not stimulate endometrial proliferation in post menopausal women, and appear to inhibit the proliferation induced by estrogen to a certain extent.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> There is insufficient high‐quality evidence to inform women considering hormone replacement therapy after treatment for endometrial cancer.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Breast cancer">edit</a>]</div> In general, hormone replacement therapy to treat <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> is associated with only a small increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-60">[60]</a> The level of risk also depends on the type of HRT, the duration of the treatment and the age of the person. <a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Oestrogen</a>-only HRT, taken by people who had a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a>, comes with an extremely low level of breast cancer risk. The most commonly taken combined HRT (oestrogen and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">progestogen</a>) is linked to a small risk of breast cancer. This risk is lower for women in their 50s and higher for older women. The risk increases with the duration of HRT. When HRT is taken for a year or less, there is no increased risk of breast cancer. HRT taken for more than 5 years comes with an increased risk but the risk reduces after the therapy is stopped.<a href="#cite_note-:52-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-60">[60]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">non-statistically significant</a> increased rate of breast cancer for hormone replacement therapy with synthetic <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">progestogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHI_18_year_follow_up-6">[6]</a> The risk may be reduced with <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical">bioidentical</a> progesterone,<a href="#cite_note-Breast_cancer_and_progesterone-63">[63]</a> though the only prospective study that suggested this was <a href="/wiki/Power_(statistics)" title="Power (statistics)">underpowered</a> due to the rarity of breast cancer in the <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">control population</a>. There have been no <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized controlled trials">randomized controlled trials</a> as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Conjugated_equine_estrogen_and_medr-64">[64]</a> The relative risk of breast cancer also varies depending on the interval between menopause and HRT and route of synthetic progestin administration.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The most recent follow up of the Women's Health Initiative participants demonstrated a lower incidence of breast cancer in post-hysterectomy participants taking equine estrogen alone, though the relative risk was increased if estrogen was taken with medroxyprogesterone.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Estrogen is usually only given alone in the setting of a hysterectomy due to the increased risk of vaginal bleeding and uterine cancer with unopposed estrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson04-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> HRT has been more strongly associated with risk of breast cancer in women with lower <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass indices</a> (BMIs). No breast cancer association has been found with BMIs of over 25.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> It has been suggested by some that the absence of significant effect in some of these studies could be due to selective prescription to overweight women who have higher baseline <a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">estrone</a>, or to the very low progesterone serum levels after oral administration leading to a high tumor inactivation rate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23336704-71">[71]</a> Evaluating the response of breast tissue density to HRT using mammography appears to help assessing the degree of breast cancer risk associated with therapy; women with dense or mixed-<a href="/wiki/Dense_breast_tissue" title="Dense breast tissue">dense breast tissue</a> have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than those with low density tissue.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Micronization" title="Micronization">Micronized</a> progesterone does not appear to be associated with breast cancer risk when used for less than five years with limited data suggesting an increased risk when used for longer duration.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> For women who previously have had breast cancer, it is recommended to first consider other options for menopausal effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulators</a> (SERMs) for osteoporosis, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol-lowering_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol-lowering agent">cholesterol-lowering agents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> for cardiovascular disease, and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_estrogen" title="Vaginal estrogen">vaginal estrogen</a> for local symptoms. Observational studies of systemic HRT after breast cancer are generally reassuring. If HRT is necessary after breast cancer, estrogen-only therapy or estrogen therapy with a progestogen may be safer options than combined systemic therapy.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In women who are <a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a> or <a href="/wiki/BRCA2" title="BRCA2">BRCA2</a> mutation carriers, HRT does not appear to impact breast cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The relative number of women using HRT who also obtain regular screening mammograms is higher than that in women who do not use HRT, a factor which has been suggested as contributing to different breast cancer detection rates in the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> With androgen therapy, pre-clinical studies have suggested an inhibitory effect on breast tissue though the majority of epidemiological studies suggest a positive association.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovarian_cancer">Ovarian cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ovarian cancer">edit</a>]</div> HRT is associated with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>, with women using HRT having about one additional case of ovarian cancer per 1,000 users.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This risk is decreased when progestogen therapy is given concomitantly, as opposed to estrogen alone, and also decreases with increasing time since stopping HRT.<a href="#cite_note-Shi_2016-79">[79]</a> Regarding the specific <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">subtype</a>, there may be a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Serous_ovarian_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous ovarian cancer">serous cancer</a>, but no association with <a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_ovarian_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear-cell ovarian carcinoma">clear cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometrioid_tumor" title="Endometrioid tumor">endometrioid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_mucinous_tumor" title="Ovarian mucinous tumor">mucinous ovarian cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shi_2016-79">[79]</a> Hormonal therapy in ovarian cancer survivors after surgical removal of the ovaries is generally thought to improval survival rates.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cancers">Other cancers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other cancers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colorectal_cancer">Colorectal cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colorectal cancer">edit</a>]</div> In the WHI, women who took combined estrogen-progesterone therapy had a lower risk of getting <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>. However, the cancers they did have were more likely to have spread to <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a> or distant sites than colorectal cancer in women not taking hormones.<a href="#cite_note-cancer.org-81">[81]</a> In colorectal cancer survivors, usage of HRT is thought to lead to lower recurrence risk and overall mortality.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cervical_cancer">Cervical cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cervical cancer">edit</a>]</div> There appears to be a significantly decreased risk of cervical squamous cell cancer in post menopausal women treated with HRT and a weak increase in adenocarcinoma. No studies have reported an increased risk of recurrence when HRT is used with cervical cancer survivors.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurodegenerative_disorders">Neurodegenerative disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Neurodegenerative disorders">edit</a>]</div> For prevention, the WHI suggested that HRT may increase risk of dementia if initiated after 65 years of age, but have a neutral outcome or be neuroprotective for those between 50 and 55 years.<a href="#cite_note-Manson_WHI_2013-27">[27]</a> Other studies in perimenopause have shown HRT to be consistently associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's.<a href="#cite_note-Dye_et_al._2012-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> With Parkinson's the majority of clinical and epidemiological studies show have demonstrated either no association<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> or inconclusive results.<a href="#cite_note-Dye_et_al._2012-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A Danish study suggested an increased risk of Parkinson's with HRT in cyclical dosing schedules.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> With regards to treatment, randomized trials have shown that HRT improves executive and attention processes outside of the context of dementia in postmenopausal women, both in those that are asymptomatic and those with mild cognitive impairment.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8909345-92">[92]</a> Estrogen replacement appears to improve motor symptoms and activities of daily living in post menopausal women with Parkinson's, with significant improvement of <a href="/wiki/Unified_Parkinson%27s_disease_rating_scale" title="Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale">UPDRS scores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Clinical trials have also shown testosterone replacement to be associated with small statistically significant improvements in verbal learning and memory in postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> DHEA has not been found to improve cognitive performance after menopause.<a href="#cite_note-Androgens_Review_2017-31">[31]</a> Pre-clinical studies indicate that endogenous estrogen and testosterone are neuroprotective and can prevent brain amyloid deposition.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> The following are absolute and relative <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindications</a> to HRT:<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_contraindications">Absolute contraindications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Absolute contraindications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding</li> <li>Severe <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a></li> <li>Pregnancy</li> <li>Severe <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a></li> <li>Aggressive <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_contraindications">Relative contraindications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relative contraindications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a> headaches</li> <li>History of breast cancer</li> <li>History of ovarian cancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">Venous thrombosis</a></li> <li>History of <a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine fibroids">uterine fibroids</a></li> <li>Atypical ductal <a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a></li> <li>Active <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/Cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholangitis">cholangitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a>)</li> <li>Well-differentiated and early <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> – once treatment for the malignancy is complete, is no longer an absolute contraindication.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_research">History and research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History and research">edit</a>]</div> The extraction of CEEs from the urine of pregnant <a href="/wiki/Mares" class="mw-redirect" title="Mares">mares</a> led to the marketing in 1942 of <a href="/wiki/Premarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Premarin">Premarin</a>, one of the earlier forms of estrogen to be introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-HumansOrganization2007-99">[99]</a> From that time until the mid-1970s, estrogen was administered without a supplemental progestogen. Beginning in 1975, studies began to show that without a progestogen, unopposed estrogen therapy with Premarin resulted in an eight-fold increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>, eventually causing sales of Premarin to plummet.<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> It was recognized in the early 1980s that the addition of a progestogen to estrogen reduced this risk to the endometrium.<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> This led to the development of combined estrogen–progestogen therapy, most commonly with a combination of conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin) and medroxyprogesterone (Provera).<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials">Trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Trials">edit</a>]</div> The Women's Health Initiative trials were conducted between 1991 and 2006 and were the first large, <a href="/wiki/Blind_experiment#Double-blind_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind experiment">double-blind</a>, placebo-controlled clinical trials of HRT in healthy women.<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> Their results were both positive and negative, suggesting that during the time of hormone therapy itself, there are increases in invasive breast cancer, stroke and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">lung clots</a>. Other risks include increased <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> disease, and <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>, while benefits include decreased <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fractures</a>, decreased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, and improvement of <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor" title="Vasomotor">vasomotor</a> symptoms. There is also an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> with HRT in women over 65, though at younger ages it appears to be neuroprotective. After the cessation of HRT, the WHI continued to observe its participants, and found that most of these risks and benefits dissipated, though some elevation in breast cancer risk did persist.<a href="#cite_note-Manson_WHI_2013-27">[27]</a> Other studies have also suggested an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shi_2016-79">[79]</a> The arm of the WHI receiving combined estrogen and progestin therapy was closed prematurely in 2002 by its <a href="/wiki/Data_Monitoring_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Monitoring Committee">Data Monitoring Committee</a> (DMC) due to perceived health risks, though this occurred a full year after the data suggesting increased risk became manifest. In 2004, the arm of the WHI in which post-hysterectomy patients were being treated with estrogen alone was also closed by the DMC. Clinical medical practice changed based upon two parallel <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a> (WHI) studies of HRT. Prior studies were smaller, and many were of women who electively took hormonal therapy. One portion of the parallel studies followed over 16,000 women for an average of 5.2 years, half of whom took <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>, while the other half took a combination of CEEs and MPA (Prempro). This WHI estrogen-plus-progestin trial was stopped prematurely in 2002 because preliminary results suggested risks of combined CEEs and progestins exceeded their benefits. The first report on the halted WHI estrogen-plus-progestin study came out in July 2002.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA-100">[100]</a> Initial data from the WHI in 2002 suggested mortality to be lower when HRT was begun earlier, between age 50 to 59, but higher when begun after age 60. In older patients, there was an apparent increased incidence of breast cancer, heart attacks, <a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">venous thrombosis</a>, and stroke, although a reduced incidence of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone fracture</a>. At the time, The WHI recommended that women with non-surgical menopause take the lowest feasible dose of HRT for the shortest possible time to minimize associated risks.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA-100">[100]</a> Some of the WHI findings were again found in a larger national study done in the United Kingdom, known as the <a href="/wiki/Million_Women_Study" title="Million Women Study">Million Women Study</a> (MWS). As a result of these findings, the number of women taking HRT dropped precipitously.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19196674-101">[101]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Preventive Task Force">United States Preventive Task Force</a> (USPSTF) concluded that the harmful effects of combined estrogen and progestin therapy likely exceeded their chronic disease prevention benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Krea2013-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-103">[103]</a> In 2002 when the first WHI follow up study was published, with HRT in post menopausal women, both older and younger age groups had a slightly higher incidence of breast cancer, and both heart attack and stroke were increased in older patients, although not in younger participants. Breast cancer was increased in women treated with estrogen and a progestin, but not with estrogen and progesterone or estrogen alone. Treatment with unopposed estrogen (i.e., an estrogen alone without a progestogen) is contraindicated if the uterus is still present, due to its proliferative effect on the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a>. The WHI also found a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer when estrogen and a progestogen were used together, and most importantly, a reduced incidence of bone fractures. Ultimately, the study found disparate results for all cause mortality with HRT, finding it to be lower when HRT was begun during ages 50–59, but higher when begun after age 60. The authors of the study recommended that women with non-surgical menopause take the lowest feasible dose of hormones for the shortest time to minimize risk.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA-100">[100]</a> The data published by the WHI suggested supplemental estrogen increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">venous thromboembolism</a> and breast cancer but was protective against <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>, while the impact on cardiovascular disease was mixed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> These results were later supported in trials from the United Kingdom, but not in more recent studies from France and China. Genetic polymorphism appears to be associated with inter-individual variability in metabolic response to HRT in postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21117950-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChlebowskiAnderson2015-106">[106]</a> The WHI reported <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistically significant</a> increases in rates of breast cancer, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, strokes and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary emboli</a>. The study also found statistically significant decreases in rates of <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>. "A year after the study was stopped in 2002, an article was published indicating that estrogen plus progestin also increases the risks of dementia."<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The conclusion of the study was that the HRT combination presented risks that outweighed its measured benefits. The results were almost universally reported as risks and problems associated with HRT in general, rather than with Prempro, the specific proprietary combination of CEEs and MPA studied.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the increased clotting found in the first WHI results was reported in 2002, the number of Prempro prescriptions filled reduced by almost half. Following the WHI results, a large percentage of HRT users opted out of them, which was quickly followed by a sharp drop in breast cancer rates. The decrease in breast cancer rates has continued in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> An unknown number of women started taking alternatives to Prempro, such as compounded bioidentical hormones, though researchers have asserted that compounded hormones are not significantly different from conventional hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The other portion of the parallel studies featured women who were post <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> and so received either placebo progestogen or CEEs alone. This group did not show the risks demonstrated in the combination hormone study, and the estrogen-only study was not halted in 2002. However, in February 2004 it, too, was halted. While there was a 23% decreased incidence of breast cancer in the estrogen-only study participants, risks of stroke and pulmonary embolism were increased slightly, predominantly in patients who began HRT over the age of 60.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Several other large studies and meta-analyses have reported reduced mortality for HRT in women younger than age 60 or within 10 years of menopause, and a debatable or absent effect on mortality in women over 60.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-endocrine-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Though research thus far has been substantial, further investigation is needed to fully understand differences in effect for different types of HRT and lengths of time since menopause.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ten-29">[29]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit">[update]</a>, for example, no trial has studied women who begin taking HRT around age 50 and continue taking it for longer than 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sex-hormonal_agent" title="Sex-hormonal agent">Sex-hormonal agent</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sex-hormonal_medications_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of sex-hormonal medications available in the United States">List of sex-hormonal medications available in the United States</a></div> There are five major human steroid hormones: estrogens, progestogens, <a href="/wiki/Androgens" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgens">androgens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralocorticoids">mineralocorticoids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucocorticoids">glucocorticoids</a>. Estrogens and progestogens are the two most often used in menopause. They are available in a wide variety of FDA approved and non–FDA-approved formulations.<a href="#cite_note-Mayo-9">[9]</a> In women with intact <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uteruses</a>, estrogens are almost always given in combination with progestogens, as long-term unopposed estrogen therapy is associated with a markedly increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> Conversely, in women who have undergone a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> or do not have a uterus, a progestogen is not required, and estrogen can be used alone. There are many <a href="/wiki/Combination_drug" title="Combination drug">combined formulations</a> which include both estrogen and progestogen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Specific types of hormone replacement include:<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical">bioidentical</a> estrogens like <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">estriol</a>, animal-derived estrogens like <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">conjugated estrogens</a> (CEEs), and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> estrogens like <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> – bioidentical <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a> (synthetic progestogens) like <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> (MPA), <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> – bioidentical <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">dehydroepiandrosterone</a> (DHEA), and synthetic <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12730248-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18488873-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a> – a synthetic medication available in Europe but not the United States– is more effective than <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> but less effective than combination hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. It may have a decreased risk of breast and colorectal cancer, though conversely it can be associated with vaginal bleeding, endometrial cancer, and increase the risk of stroke in women over age 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-Formoso-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_estrogen" title="Vaginal estrogen">Vaginal estrogen</a> can improve local <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> and dryness, with fewer systemic effects than estrogens delivered by other routes.<a href="#cite_note-mayo2011-123">[123]</a> Sometimes an androgen, generally testosterone, can be added to treat diminished <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_versus_cyclic">Continuous versus cyclic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Continuous versus cyclic">edit</a>]</div> Dosage is often varied cyclically to more closely mimic the ovarian hormone cycle, with estrogens taken daily and progestogens taken for about two weeks every month or every other month, a schedule referred to as 'cyclic' or 'sequentially combined'. Alternatively, 'continuous combined' HRT can be given with a constant daily hormonal dosage.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Continuous combined HRT is associated with less complex endometrial hyerplasia than cyclic.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Impact on breast density appears to be similar in both regimen timings.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Route_of_administration">Route of administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Route of administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0585_IUD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blausen_0585_IUD.png/220px-Blausen_0585_IUD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blausen_0585_IUD.png/330px-Blausen_0585_IUD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blausen_0585_IUD.png/440px-Blausen_0585_IUD.png 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>An intrauterine device can be used to receive HRT.</figcaption></figure> The medications used in menopausal HRT are available in numerous different <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_formulation" title="Pharmaceutical formulation">formulations</a> for use by a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Routes_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Routes of administration">routes of administration</a>:<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral administration</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">Transdermal administration</a> – <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal gel">gels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmacy)" title="Cream (pharmacy)">creams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">Vaginal administration</a> – tablets, creams, <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">suppositories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a> – <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">vials</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">ampoules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">Subcutaneous implant</a> – <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgically-inserted</a> pellets placed into <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fat tissue</a></li> <li>Less commonly <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">intranasal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">rectal administration</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a></li></ul> More recently developed forms of drug delivery are alleged to have increased local effect lower dosing, fewer side effects, and constant rather than cyclical serum hormone levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26444994-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20566620-2">[2]</a> Transdermal and vaginal estrogen, in particular, avoid <a href="/wiki/First_pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First pass metabolism">first pass metabolism</a> through the liver. This in turn prevents an increase in clotting factors and accumulation of anti-estrogenic metabolites, resulting in fewer adverse side effects, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease and stroke.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-129">[129]</a> Injectable forms of estradiol exist and have been used occasionally in the past.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16530874-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-131">[131]</a> However, they are rarely used in menopausal hormone therapy in modern times and are no longer recommended.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16530874-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartinBarbieri2021-132">[132]</a> Instead, other non-oral forms of estradiol such as transdermal estradiol are recommended and may be used.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16530874-130">[130]</a> Estradiol injectables are generally well-tolerated and convenient, requiring infrequent administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16530874-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-131">[131]</a> However, this form of estradiol does not release estradiol at a constant rate and there are very high circulating estradiol levels soon after injection followed by a rapid decline in levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16530874-130">[130]</a> Injections may also be painful.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16530874-130">[130]</a> Examples of estradiol injectables that may be used in menopausal hormone therapy include <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate" title="Estradiol cypionate">estradiol cypionate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16530874-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-131">[131]</a> In terms of injectable progestogens, injectable progesterone is associated with pain and injection site reactions as well as a short duration of action requiring very frequent injections, and is similarly not recommended in menopausal hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16109599-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioidentical_hormone_therapy">Bioidentical hormone therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bioidentical hormone therapy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical hormone therapy">Bioidentical hormone therapy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical hormone therapy">Bioidentical hormone therapy</a> (BHT) is the usage of hormones that are chemically identical to those produced in the body. Although proponents of BHT claim advantages over non-bioidentical or conventional hormone therapy, the FDA does not recognize the term 'bioidentical hormone', stating there is no scientific evidence that these hormones are identical to their <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">naturally</a> occurring counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21464264-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA2008-134">[134]</a> There are, however, FDA approved products containing hormones classified as 'bioidentical'.<a href="#cite_note-cobin-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mayo-9">[9]</a> Bioidentical hormones can be used in either pharmaceutical or compounded preparations, with the latter generally not recommended by regulatory bodies due to their lack of standardization and regulatory oversight.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21464264-11">[11]</a> Most classifications of bioidentical hormones do not take into account manufacturing, source, or delivery method of the products, and so describe both non-FDA approved compounded products and FDA approved pharmaceuticals as 'bioidentical'.<a href="#cite_note-Mayo-9">[9]</a> The British Menopause Society has issued a <a href="/wiki/Medical_consensus" title="Medical consensus">consensus statement</a> endorsing the distinction between "compounded" forms (cBHRT), described as unregulated, custom made by specialty pharmacies and subject to heavy marketing and "regulated" pharmaceutical grade forms (rBHRT), which undergo formal oversight by entities such as the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> and form the basis of most clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-BMS-135">[135]</a> Some practitioners recommending compounded bioidentical HRT also use salivary or serum hormonal testing to monitor response to therapy, a practice not endorsed by current clinical guidelines in the United States and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Bioidentical hormones in pharmaceuticals may have very limited clinical data, with no randomized controlled prospective trials to date comparing them to their animal derived counterparts. Some pre-clinical data has suggested a decreased risk of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, and breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21464264-11">[11]</a> As of 2012, guidelines from the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Menopause_Society" title="North American Menopause Society">North American Menopause Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_Society" title="Endocrine Society">Endocrine Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Menopause_Society" title="International Menopause Society">International Menopause Society</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Menopause_and_Andropause_Society" title="European Menopause and Andropause Society">European Menopause and Andropause Society</a> endorsed the reduced risk of bioidentical pharmaceuticals for those with increased clotting risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21464264-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24398406-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compounding">Compounding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Compounding">edit</a>]</div> Compounding for HRT is generally discouraged by the FDA and medical industry in the United States due to a lack of regulation and standardized dosing.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21464264-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA2008-134">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U._S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> did grant the FDA explicit but limited oversight of compounded drugs in a 1997 amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> (FDCA), but they have encountered obstacles in this role since that time. After 64 patient deaths and 750 harmed patients from a 2012 meningitis outbreak due to contaminated steroid injections, Congress passed the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Drug_Quality_and_Security_Act" title="Drug Quality and Security Act">Drug Quality and Security Act</a>, authorizing creation by the FDA of a voluntary registration for facilities that manufactured compounded drugs, and reinforcing FDCA regulations for traditional compounding.<a href="#cite_note-auto-138">[138]</a> The DQSA and its reinforcement of provision §503A of the FDCA solidifies FDA authority to enforce FDCA regulation of against compounders of bioidentical hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-auto-138">[138]</a> In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, compounding is a regulated activity. The <a href="/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency" title="Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency">Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency</a> regulates compounding performed under a Manufacturing Specials license and the <a href="/wiki/General_Pharmaceutical_Council" title="General Pharmaceutical Council">General Pharmaceutical Council</a> regulates compounding performed within a pharmacy. All testosterone prescribed in the United Kingdom is bioidentical, with its use supported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. There is also marketing authorisation for male testosterone products. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> guideline 1.4.8 states: "consider testosterone supplementation for menopausal women with low sexual desire if HRT alone is not effective". The footnote adds: "at the time of publication (November 2015), testosterone did not have a United Kingdom marketing authorisation for this indication in women. Bioidentical progesterone is used in IVF treatment and for pregnant women who are at risk of premature labour."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wyeth_controversy">Wyeth controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Wyeth controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_ghostwriter" title="Medical ghostwriter">Medical ghostwriter</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Wyeth" title="Wyeth">Wyeth</a>, now a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">pharmaceutical company</a> that marketed the HRT products Premarin (CEEs) and Prempro (CEEs + MPA).<a href="#cite_note-Singer2009-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20838656-140">[140]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> involving Wyeth resulted in the release of 1,500 documents that revealed practices concerning its promotion of these medications.<a href="#cite_note-Singer2009-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20838656-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-MayMay2012-141">[141]</a> The documents showed that Wyeth commissioned dozens of <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostwriting">ghostwritten</a> <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">reviews</a> and commentaries that were published in <a href="/wiki/Medical_journal" title="Medical journal">medical journals</a> to promote unproven benefits of its HRT products, downplay their harms and risks, and cast competing therapies in a negative light.<a href="#cite_note-Singer2009-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20838656-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-MayMay2012-141">[141]</a> Starting in the mid-1990s and continuing for over a decade, Wyeth pursued an aggressive "publication plan" strategy to promote its HRT products through the use of ghostwritten publications.<a href="#cite_note-MayMay2012-141">[141]</a> It worked mainly with DesignWrite, a medical writing firm.<a href="#cite_note-MayMay2012-141">[141]</a> Between 1998 and 2005, Wyeth had 26 papers promoting its HRT products published in scientific journals.<a href="#cite_note-Singer2009-139">[139]</a> These favorable publications emphasized the benefits and downplayed the risks of its HRT products, especially the "misconception" of the association of its products with breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-MayMay2012-141">[141]</a> The publications defended unsupported cardiovascular "benefits" of its products, downplayed risks such as breast cancer, and promoted <a href="/wiki/Off-label" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-label">off-label</a> and unproven uses like prevention of dementia, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vision_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision problems">vision problems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wrinkle" title="Wrinkle">wrinkles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20838656-140">[140]</a> In addition, Wyeth emphasized negative messages against the SERM <a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">raloxifene</a> for osteoporosis, instructed writers to stress the fact that "alternative therapies have increased in usage since the WHI even though there is little evidence that they are effective or safe...", called into question the quality and therapeutic equivalence of approved generic CEE products, and made efforts to spread the notion that the unique risks of CEEs and MPA were a class effect of all forms of menopausal HRT: "Overall, these data indicate that the benefit/risk analysis that was reported in the Women's Health Initiative can be generalized to all postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy products."<a href="#cite_note-pmid20838656-140">[140]</a> Following the publication of the WHI data in 2002, the stock prices for the pharmaceutical industry plummeted, and huge numbers of women stopped using HRT.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28801526-142">[142]</a> The stocks of Wyeth, which supplied the Premarin and Prempro that were used in the WHI trials, decreased by more than 50%, and never fully recovered.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28801526-142">[142]</a> Some of their articles in response promoted themes such as the following: "the WHI was flawed; the WHI was a controversial trial; the population studied in the WHI was inappropriate or was not representative of the general population of menopausal women; results of clinical trials should not guide treatment for individuals; observational studies are as good as or better than randomized clinical trials; animal studies can guide clinical decision-making; the risks associated with hormone therapy have been exaggerated; the benefits of hormone therapy have been or will be proven, and the recent studies are an aberration."<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> Similar findings were observed in a 2010 analysis of 114 editorials, reviews, guidelines, and letters by five industry-paid authors.<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> These publications promoted positive themes and challenged and criticized unfavorable trials such as the WHI and MWS.<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> In 2009, Wyeth was acquired by Pfizer in a deal valued at US$68 billion.<a href="#cite_note-SorkinWilson2009-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chiang2009-144">[144]</a> Pfizer, a company that produces Provera and Depo-Provera (MPA) and has also engaged in medical ghostwriting, continues to market Premarin and Prempro, which remain best-selling medications.<a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-MayMay2012-141">[141]</a> According to Fugh-Berman (2010), "Today, despite definitive scientific data to the contrary, many gynecologists still believe that the benefits of [HRT] outweigh the risks in asymptomatic women. This non-evidence–based perception may be the result of decades of carefully orchestrated corporate influence on medical literature."<a href="#cite_note-pmid20838656-140">[140]</a> As many as 50% of physicians have expressed skepticism about large trials like the WHI and HERS in a 2011 survey.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21949743-145">[145]</a> The positive perceptions of many physicians of HRT in spite of large trials showing risks that potentially outweigh any benefits may be due to the efforts of pharmaceutical companies like Wyeth, according to May and May (2012) and Fugh-Berman (2015).<a href="#cite_note-MayMay2012-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fugh-Berman2015-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity">Popularity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Popularity">edit</a>]</div> The 1990s showed a dramatic decline in prescription rates, though more recently they have begun to rise again.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Transdermal therapy, in part due to its lack of increase in venous thromboembolism, is now often the first choice for HRT in the United Kingdom. Conjugate equine estrogen, in distinction, has a potentially higher thrombosis risk and is now not commonly used in the UK, replaced by estradiol based compounds with lower thrombosis risk. Oral progestogen combinations such as medroxyprogesterone acetate have changed to dyhydrogesterone, due to a lack of association of the latter with venous clot.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_therapy" title="Hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Gender-affirming hormone therapy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone_replacement_therapy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid26444994-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26444994_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStuenkelDavisGompelLumsden2015" class="citation journal cs1">Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV, Santen RJ (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/113696/1/113696.pdf">"Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"</a> (PDF). 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Hormone Health Network, The Endocrine Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menopause.org/">Sexual Health and Menopause Online</a>, The North American Menopause Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause">Menopause</a>, US Food and Drug Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebms.org.uk/">British Menopause Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estradiol" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estradiol" title="Template:Estradiol"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estradiol" title="Template talk:Estradiol"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estradiol" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estradiol"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estradiol" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol (as a hormone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol (as a medication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics_of_estradiol" title="Pharmacodynamics of estradiol">Pharmacodynamics of estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics_of_estradiol" title="Pharmacokinetics of estradiol">Pharmacokinetics of estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen (as a hormone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogen (as a medication)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menopausal hormone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">Feminizing hormone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol-containing_birth_control_pill" title="Estradiol-containing birth control pill">Estradiol-containing birth control pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_birth_control" title="Combined injectable birth control">Combined injectable birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dose_estrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dose estrogen">High-dose estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation_of_estradiol" title="Hydroxylation of estradiol">Hydroxylation of estradiol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_ester" title="Estrogen ester">Esters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_acetate" title="Estradiol acetate">Estradiol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_acetylsalicylate" title="Estradiol acetylsalicylate">Estradiol acetylsalicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_anthranilate" title="Estradiol anthranilate">Estradiol anthranilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate_butyrate" title="Estradiol benzoate butyrate">Estradiol benzoate butyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate_cyclooctenyl_ether" title="Estradiol benzoate cyclooctenyl ether">Estradiol benzoate cyclooctenyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate" title="Estradiol benzoate">Estradiol benzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_butyrylacetate" title="Estradiol butyrylacetate">Estradiol butyrylacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cyclooctyl_acetate" title="Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate">Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate" title="Estradiol cypionate">Estradiol cypionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_decanoate" title="Estradiol decanoate">Estradiol decanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_diacetate" title="Estradiol diacetate">Estradiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_dibutyrate" title="Estradiol dibutyrate">Estradiol dibutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_dienantate" title="Estradiol dienantate">Estradiol dienantate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_dipropionate" title="Estradiol dipropionate">Estradiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_distearate" title="Estradiol distearate">Estradiol distearate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_disulfate" title="Estradiol disulfate">Estradiol disulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_diundecylate" title="Estradiol diundecylate">Estradiol diundecylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_diundecylenate" title="Estradiol diundecylenate">Estradiol diundecylenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_enantate" title="Estradiol enantate">Estradiol enantate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_furoate" title="Estradiol furoate">Estradiol furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_glucuronide" title="Estradiol glucuronide">Estradiol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_hemisuccinate" title="Estradiol hemisuccinate">Estradiol hemisuccinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_hexahydrobenzoate" title="Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate">Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_monopropionate" title="Estradiol monopropionate">Estradiol monopropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_mustard" title="Estradiol mustard">Estradiol mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_palmitate" title="Estradiol palmitate">Estradiol palmitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_phenylpropionate" title="Estradiol phenylpropionate">Estradiol phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_phosphate" title="Estradiol phosphate">Estradiol phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_pivalate" title="Estradiol pivalate">Estradiol pivalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_propoxyphenylpropionate" title="Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate">Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_salicylate" title="Estradiol salicylate">Estradiol salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_stearate" title="Estradiol stearate">Estradiol stearate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_sulfamate" title="Estradiol sulfamate">Estradiol sulfamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_sulfate" title="Estradiol sulfate">Estradiol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_undecylate" title="Estradiol undecylate">Estradiol undecylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_undecylenate" title="Estradiol undecylenate">Estradiol undecylenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">Estradiol valerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate (estradiol normustine phosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_ester" title="Estrogen ester">Estrogen ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">Polyestradiol phosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_(medication)" title="Estrone (medication)">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol_(medication)" title="Estetrol (medication)">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate_(medication)" title="Estrone sulfate (medication)">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template talk:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">testosterone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">nandrolone esters</a>) (via estrogenic metabolites)</li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">etynodiol diacetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">tibolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomestrone" title="Clomestrone">Clomestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol_acetate" title="Cloxestradiol acetate">Cloxestradiol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estriol" title="Conjugated estriol">Conjugated estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">Epiestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimestrol" title="Epimestrol">Epimestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol_(medication)" title="Estetrol (medication)">Estetrol</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estradiol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_acetate" title="Estradiol acetate">estradiol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate" title="Estradiol benzoate">estradiol benzoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate" title="Estradiol cypionate">estradiol cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_enanthate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol enanthate">estradiol enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_undecylate" title="Estradiol undecylate">estradiol undecylate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_ester_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol ester mixture">estradiol ester mixtures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climacteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteron">Climacteron</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estriol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estriol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estriol_succinate" title="Estriol succinate">estriol succinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate" title="Polyestriol phosphate">polyestriol phosphate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogenic_substances" title="Estrogenic substances">Estrogenic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_(medication)" title="Estrone (medication)">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estrone_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estrone esters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate_(medication)" title="Estrone sulfate (medication)">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">Ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyestrone_diacetate" title="Hydroxyestrone diacetate">Hydroxyestrone diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxestrol" title="Moxestrol">Moxestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilestriol" title="Nilestriol">Nilestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">Prasterone sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promestriene" title="Promestriene">Promestriene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestradol" title="Quinestradol">Quinestradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Benzestrol" title="Benzestrol">Benzestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Diethylstilbestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestilbol" title="Mestilbol">Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynoestrol" title="Doisynoestrol">Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Hexestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Hexestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol" title="Methestrol">Methestrol (promethestrol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol_dipropionate" title="Methestrol dipropionate">Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrosilan" title="Quadrosilan">Quadrosilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylbromoethylene" title="Triphenylbromoethylene">Triphenylbromoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylchloroethylene" title="Triphenylchloroethylene">Triphenylchloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> (gonadorelin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone"><abbr title="follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone, <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor antagonists (incl. <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip selective estrogen receptor modulators/<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_downregulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor downregulators"><abbr title="selective estrogen receptor downregulators">SERDs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip selective estrogen receptor downregulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolbifene" title="Acolbifene">Acolbifene</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordrin" title="Anordrin">Anordrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broparestrol" title="Broparestrol">Broparestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclofenil" title="Cyclofenil">Cyclofenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">Enclomifene</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Exclusively antagonistic: <a href="/wiki/Elacestrant" title="Elacestrant">Elacestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Noncompetitive inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">Aromatase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First-generation: <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testolactone" title="Testolactone">Testolactone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Second-generation: <a href="/wiki/Fadrozole" title="Fadrozole">Fadrozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Third-generation: <a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">Anastrozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letrozole" title="Letrozole">Letrozole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">testosterone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">nandrolone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">fluoxymesterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> releasers) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">goserelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">elagolix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mixed mechanism of action: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Androstenedione immunogens: <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal estrogens">List of estrogens</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template talk:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">antiprogestogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogens</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="PRTooltip_Progesterone_receptor_agonists" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Retroprogesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (and closely related) derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: <a href="/wiki/Acetomepregenol" title="Acetomepregenol">Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagestone_acetate" title="Anagestone acetate">Anagestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate" title="Chlormethenmadinone acetate">Chlormethenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">Melengestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_acetate" title="Methenmadinone acetate">Methenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate" title="Pentagestrone acetate">Pentagestrone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proligestone" title="Proligestone">Proligestone</a>; 17α-Methylated: <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Haloprogesterone" title="Haloprogesterone">Haloprogesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate (nestorone, elcometrine)</a>; 17α-Methylated: <a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: Estranes: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: Estranes: <a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrenogest" title="Altrenogest">Altrenogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">Norgesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a>; Gonanes: <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spirolactone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid">Anabolic–androgenic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">trenbolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenbolone ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">ethylestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">norethandrolone</a>, others)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">Antiprogestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators">SPRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_progestogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal progestogens">List of progestogens</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgens_and_antiandrogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template talk:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgens_and_antiandrogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid"><abbr title="anabolic–androgenic steroid">AAS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip anabolic–androgenic steroid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate (DHEA enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">Prasterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">testosterone cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester mixture">testosterone ester mixtures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposterona" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposterona">Deposterona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnadren" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnadren">Omnadren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Sustanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testoviron_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Testoviron depot">Testoviron Depot</a>))</li></ul> <ul><li>Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Androstanolone (stanolone, dihydrotestosterone, DHT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Androstanolone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate (dromostanolone propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate (methenolone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate (methenolone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">nandrolone phenylpropionate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone (thiomesterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol (propethandrol)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">Progestins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">norgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">norgestrienone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH (gonadorelin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone, <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin"><abbr title="human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip human chorionic gonadotropin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Steroidogenesis inhibitor">Steroidogenesis inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">Epristeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto extract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">prolactin releasers</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">bifluranol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">estradiol esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">paroxypropione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist">GnRH antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (incl., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Androstenedione immunogens: <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids">List of androgens/anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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