CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '917d1c8cca89f8e2',cH: 'UdGL_LzPG69ZL13ifhgIt.SzlOB39Sm4qpRrk9Kfukc-1740543300-1.2.1.1-QQzvUfQm3IAWBAFGD87PEzkYbVNLL7Rj2SP0qqzz_CZlsPfhObmE7jQmSIQqbSdr',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=ties%20to%20neighbors&__cf_chl_tk=ZFfU4schpz5WnL7fbFNlBYfi.nXj_4TRtd4fGmvkXv8-1740543300-1.0.1.1-Op7FCkKhJlNAtx2.sUh.eJYn7fvRYeZ2MdXVxPfsgr8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740543300',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=ties%20to%20neighbors&__cf_chl_f_tk=ZFfU4schpz5WnL7fbFNlBYfi.nXj_4TRtd4fGmvkXv8-1740543300-1.0.1.1-Op7FCkKhJlNAtx2.sUh.eJYn7fvRYeZ2MdXVxPfsgr8",md: "60ho8T_b.aEDfUR2iVKv3P9Kr8hC3ZglUPu2whFCc1A-1740543300-1.2.1.1-SCONLOQR70_X7r1PwqsJE1Dvpwe4uDNjr3BYfyATLq2TR9UPvPehZz9id9j_vCjbNQIPShdQQlKHXm9ZueCRxn3bUhPblBmrYA1aj0VY3JZIgEX._LjqFr.J5KsFAQ6p.BrzdCYYAWpEtp7dlLMf4TTQjAR8euzcmyuHKY0zCradLFYfv9NVfcuhgm6Ew_VHYjWu7bKJcgqG_3DJsWpfg41GQCUmUNP.mC1hk8CU7UB4FszG0rN0uB_opvJ1KwrjgrsPvXnhwgTxnf3BmIlSbyAv_TXIhuX5kZOVJ4X7_NJ7Fpcz9X74T_xT2JLteqz8._oTYd4VW3vQwWoSvvgeVRwqQOjXJ72v6.2HiVJ40UBliQ8DEfLnwAbDoDjC29rAX5sKQ_q5l.hKCLhAnEG88nvIRlstCl5GxwmyUor_OiNZhexbrCy_ZHFMl1LjK2rYWqfT8l3kW2c.HXJ4DSjEElRA_38IxGb9Mot4Hla9TgZU7ocTdfK5QKODzN777zYUgBjZ5xUEmUHu5RKlJMUMY4GD0iDdvCI_6xFS7w3Mt2JOg_jvNoVFBNltYQeL6yNPuaLgZnTPX0iduHfYfmzL2y8QyRJb6Rb0JHKKF2I8BVqJQWOS9VPdzbVi5rFRIf7NXNoSIOFB68qRylIBd__m_QVUc0AC05RCNi0y0lidBBfMZk7OAgrzcEne7GKYFFl_88wVRk2_RUSS7_t65NsxC.eNidJBWyXetCzIUT8rndeGMpY3.SQ5JVGkmsXtlycZtgfAI5SPWs4pDSDkweIVmddGVBFHb7BBJZ2VEsY0fT5u0sYdku2UDYLk8f5jXM5uQe2cLWENQU_WoPzo56HmIzm9V56bs0Wz8QGh2dRMxTD1SQihkDFxo2zQ5RDyWPx9K3hrJphi7PSrLYnu3BkErVEMrG8o.AwD.4U2ZBXJ3GyaP3ou1poF1IfiPHh7DMlUHic9t_x0i.MffCWclvIZb7nQWZUT4XHJNWulhMbQ_rSns6.WN6XqxXmqW_vbE9NSskVsqHMp6anst9BhxXx22CSsqIL3Iausc8FvzJWk2K.ki9Ccf8lbU0stZ2vWizAHT3PaInKOY.otBSxij1zzdKR5TINBUBc7pNHY4HOWvx996T8OSTTqE6savsbCjkNEcC9m1RRbJ.0b61ib7pP4NKrpvGOFwutZ02yrIJSyf.WtN9v3nyX67sn1RZ.yKYnulABHEhPGy9M2MveeL2veLOvoiEiN4GbVJYI1.UrKn808nO_fYLdGTYOzbKir36pWt437wo2CLbZkB663m6hmQZhGNQmfo21.Y_D.qoxh_wT3Cc5SY97iX83n_NZr5K4RfSAlFBOUNxMvwcY2jAqxyuuGzVn361XeEXRmxV8dzWvoUNcT_Clg7HZEyrxt_n89dZUgQpAKzoRIHhCoJksQPMT0n0yiZyrfXfJAkigD7qq5b2OeL9UpLulHhgS8vD6Dp9sTpxiu5sT8etiqNwQ8MK2EIVlZOZA7Qfb3HxDRibtKFwmPHZ7J2hZh.thhkW5yJOnHtjhtBz_gfM6zCqAHe6ajettVCWpJYTdYNmL2c9rv8vOZMrsslz3VYMfpY1oOHxKvxWPtILuQe9Hf3RbUZ3gSyp67wtpHdBJHtzJ53BHpnAZIxxwbCkicKbNbOMcJka8jynjLFc8_39QzTpdcqy0.daSIJ6.B9V8_DgcMwydAs5sjoafltB_ZZ0.RgGNhWTn_kEC0PQSwpLzo18nv5ZHfI_8FCv..dRdhqs3_LEpSDYnrFvzo_eYb9SC.vW0nVA7SUcSuRTmHtLULqt1oOtjTrfI0m5n7Oc_Oc2WVKb.rATKgT7PTzWSHLeae9rg4AvYrtjHGfP5u3yEA6VmuZJDS7fe_JtNAhjM.RoUtU7gHqykL2Ddhfy4MxmOOcvntfQawde8VCOvufo1SVcM6e1uDT9L7I1ogWvPxgtbghm.sTiOJfhTDKWha8GxlkJIN",mdrd: "0jCe4vUMDttNf31LQfxBt8mMLsBqH9oYkEmDaWF0Djo-1740543300-1.2.1.1-Y4njwpkygMK9_n5z.aEHZh3fdvhStl_GpXJPhFAvFQjQdPBJkH6nQH4eMQVLdLHXSMZ.eNcw5yW4G1DORs1MsUFDjs88Nk7wx1c61QbIrz7sG1ZVKS6ms45nk4TDFXbOBOACqlkzTzx5ajqS_8PhyKo9bYAWCL0cwsZpyCjaSRaMvdKl.dk928KprLfU6yKM9x4P8Vl0fNqEEFn5vnEQYogE1Ah2hmdWpz_mXyZz3yUK7Gk8MciwviZwfhkjMjWlZjtRFiWtcC1QfI1tPIg7sU3HyYewwhHFU2WA.8nfOP1H7Fco2JfyDcci8KHQjYy6eif6U1N775eQnoS0cR6fz5cFTczxKRUhNYh.XjKBoPTR9hRmCpE4CV2EFuOMmilEcWI_u6IbrveGcxGd19LqR6Hs9UdEB2i9al6qgh9Xg9PFvFXIpKN20Tgsg_62H1cLMDgNDzZeIQhpSyLbKEOfCsmLBVP2UeeYbAfXxjtfPg..xBavbSBEkQ7R3XDcACXleWeWtg_k.dpTCgv0sJhElQ0EfyAplmq6RZArdJg_q9U55IHcxBoxJZogiut3I6VRfnmcZZFd45s604vfPlTFQe5VzNuukaZkXj1_CkEraeoisIl1EcVsYecc8CMTRP_Luiz7d6xmGljFVsRDwyKlp_wY7he8V0GGVO3IfRqTD1KOx_1KTmv03pD2clSVGhPer8YvsB.aTZ53AdKbSmoZxwO8HtFqgNlK6CZZyzom9X8jAyjF6WKwuL5R18erOHQUTmD.s2IBBkUTeMqLM4U7UzBBrH5qthtjvV1KcLF10QCmRPKEaZXZgvVplNhxs0Pf98Vj3xRLt8nVbJKGDd1tg8kC.l1hA1ZNcL2a8PAno4FOyyANXtAWzrcSJxK2PkyvUpJASGpYjIlMk3gJtEWz3_8XZvTxDzh1o4.v0Po5PHBMeJ4FBDdT6bNZSbG9h4HTieOM7BMB_ZpezLMY7xBNi_Gknl3_pVa2MGk4__fWslK2FWTUzy0JznUeBkHAXjjRihJfGMy4j_b6p3QP7NY7tg.kunZzeiuVd0ju5Kbw8YUXM78NT8eLAaEgkx3hWCzeX8nXZ.YCLHoNTcoFhEqDzBAhMEZBNhtcGREhzBV7YXD5H1uBYdDGDHv3hWbNrv3pPvVTfdH6Ptbq5Exs_8kGEpSm9etm0BY40VxymJFA2l9.LK_jaAxqawoOBOwKDV8PInAb13RVhgqHN8GZXxtQ0QafH8Iz2lktKD0lI6Gc2g4.3bvNM_vC_DFq51NQO9gWjYKU_u.adzs1D4VQL5zcRLt_.x2LhrDrOkHpJQtuhYeee6uUHUDmbR_toi8RK1ong0ELFzBYeb9GOg0HPQ5N7KX.IntIKzpfniCIFLem1tGeFwV5zLWG5J8F0DiApxLYdBJsroEUhRoMHSyirt2pf07GkYiKJcMZRKODjjrjQArmFDLHu6ICrHfwBvABRkNvaH.BgSs5vib5B470ygxYkyjzkcaWthIPZvwv4BB9ms52w6_GL.VwtAhdZnmCGOj8Lx7H2jW3_D9zISlJNqRzn.q8hW6DtzcbraORw1bqQl7OudAGOi8RP6PyI54PsELrOuXNpaieEBk3H6AH9fug9l6RAzznv05VenUCyZ6NkyD4d3SBFgwqU1XqHuJj46zO_Q0ucF48mlym_HwGW9FEmmk_IUmmKL7NqZ2q.ya82Q2h21LsMaZWlXndWleQsCDVZouBem513S1xsev_5k4HmFf8QJBi5cwbVIMVCKxNieCm0mRyzG23G4KJ6lyKOO.vcTPEfSeniKBivZnobM3YVX_avNcAnP2kPt70zA8Ppd5ycDBXrpHQsEg_D8bkcqa3lre08JtHw_e7InM0yTuycnij5HszIZ5ULIIDmNUZ5hicqdPjZyNHO9d7_dW9ppi7lycuy7VRuGipOFkIeNc9I3LEowT3sF.YWsMB0h4UtYiCeMpcXLtAqelqkOo3TgFO"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917d1c8cca89f8e2';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=ties%20to%20neighbors&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ZFfU4schpz5WnL7fbFNlBYfi.nXj_4TRtd4fGmvkXv8-1740543300-1.0.1.1-Op7FCkKhJlNAtx2.sUh.eJYn7fvRYeZ2MdXVxPfsgr8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>