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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9" title="جنيزة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنيزة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueniz%C3%A0" title="Guenizà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guenizà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genizo" title="Genizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="گنیزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنیزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueniza" title="Gueniza – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gueniza" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueniz%C3%A1" title="Guenizá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guenizá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1" title="Գենիզա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենիզա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genizah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghenizah" title="Ghenizah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghenizah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="גניזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גניזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghenizah" title="Ghenizah – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ghenizah" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="الجنيزا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجنيزا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genizah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniz%C3%A1" title="Genizá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genizá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гениза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гениза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гениза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гениза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniza" title="Geniza – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geniza" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%81" title="جنیزہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنیزہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q855266#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area in a synagogue or cemetery for the temporary storage of Jewish writing</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donation_Pit_at_Jewish_Cemetery,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Donation_Pit_at_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg/220px-Donation_Pit_at_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Donation_Pit_at_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg/330px-Donation_Pit_at_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Donation_Pit_at_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg/440px-Donation_Pit_at_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A genizah at the Narkeldanga Cemetery, in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>genizah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גניזה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'storage', also <i>geniza</i>; plural: <i>genizot</i>[<i>h</i>] or <i>genizahs</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a storage area in a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> or cemetery designated for the temporary storage of worn-out Hebrew-language books and papers on religious topics prior to proper cemetery burial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genizah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>genizah</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Hebrew triconsonantal root</a> <i>g-n-z</i>, which means "to hide" or "to put away", from <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Old Median</a> <i>*ganza-</i> (“depository; treasure”).<sup id="cite_ref-katz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The derived noun meant 'hiding' and later a place where one put things, and is perhaps best translated as "archive" or "repository".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genizah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeravshan_Okrug._Samarkand._A_Genizah_in_a_Synagogue_WDL11134.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Zeravshan_Okrug._Samarkand._A_Genizah_in_a_Synagogue_WDL11134.png/220px-Zeravshan_Okrug._Samarkand._A_Genizah_in_a_Synagogue_WDL11134.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Zeravshan_Okrug._Samarkand._A_Genizah_in_a_Synagogue_WDL11134.png/330px-Zeravshan_Okrug._Samarkand._A_Genizah_in_a_Synagogue_WDL11134.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Zeravshan_Okrug._Samarkand._A_Genizah_in_a_Synagogue_WDL11134.png/440px-Zeravshan_Okrug._Samarkand._A_Genizah_in_a_Synagogue_WDL11134.png 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A genizah in a synagogue (<a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, Uzbekistan, ca. 1865–72)</figcaption></figure> <p>Genizot are temporary repositories designated for the storage of worn-out <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> books and papers on religious topics prior to proper cemetery burial, it being forbidden to throw away writings containing the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">name of God</a>. As even personal letters and legal contracts may open with an invocation of God, the contents of genizot have not been limited to religious materials; in practice, they have also contained writings of a secular nature, with or without the customary opening invocation, as well as writings in other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a> that use the Hebrew alphabet (the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Genizot are typically found in the attic or basement of a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, but can also be in walls or buried underground. They may also be located in cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contents of genizot are periodically gathered solemnly and then buried in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">cemetery or <i>bet ḥayyim</i></a>. Synagogues in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> buried the contents of their genizot every seventh year, as well as during a year of drought, believing that this would bring rain. This custom is associated with the far older practice of burying a great or good man with a <a href="/wiki/Sefer_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer (Hebrew)"><i>sefer</i></a> (either a book of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, or any work of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>) which has become <i>pasul</i> (unfit for use through illegibility or old age). The tradition of paper-interment is known to have been practiced in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genizah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Tractate <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a> 115a) directs that holy writings in other than the Hebrew language require <i>genizah</i>, that is, preservation. In Tractate <a href="/wiki/Pesachim_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesachim (Talmud)"> Pesachim</a> 118b, <i>bet genizah</i> is a treasury. In Pesachim 56a, <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> hides (<i>ganaz</i>) a medical work; in Shabbat 115a, <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a> orders that the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">targum</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> should be hidden (<i>yigganez</i>) under the <i>nidbak</i> (layer of stones). In Shabbat 30b, there is a reference to those rabbis who sought to categorize the books of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Proverbs">Proverbs</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a>; this occurred before the canonization of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, when disputes flared over which books should be considered Biblical. The same thing occurs in Shabbat 13b in regard to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a>, and in Pesachim 62 in regard to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Genealogies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book of Genealogies (page does not exist)">Book of Genealogies</a> (<i>Sefer Yochasin</i>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Tannaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannaitic">tannaitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible"> exegesis</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Chronicles">Book of Chronicles</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In medieval times, Hebrew scraps and papers that were relegated to the genizah were known as <i>shemot</i> 'names', because their sanctity and consequent claim to preservation were held to depend on their containing the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">"names" of God</a>. In addition to papers, articles connected with ritual, such as <a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">lulavim</a>, and sprigs of myrtle, are similarly stored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to folklore, these scraps were used to hide the famed <a href="/wiki/Golem#The_classic_narrative:_The_Golem_of_Prague" title="Golem">Golem of Prague</a>, whose body is claimed to lie in the genizah of the <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">Old New Synagogue</a> in Prague.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaggedGeniza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TaggedGeniza.jpg/220px-TaggedGeniza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TaggedGeniza.jpg/330px-TaggedGeniza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TaggedGeniza.jpg/440px-TaggedGeniza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Modern genizah collection receptacle on street in <a href="/wiki/Nachlaot" title="Nachlaot">Nachlaot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By far, the best-known genizah, which is famous for both its size and spectacular contents, is the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>. Recognized for its importance and introduced to the Western world in 1864 by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Saphir" title="Jacob Saphir">Jacob Saphir</a>, and chiefly studied by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a>, Jacob Mann<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Dov_Goitein" title="Shelomo Dov Goitein">Shelomo Dov Goitein</a>, the genizah had an accumulation of almost 280,000 Jewish manuscript fragments dating from 870 to the 19th century. These materials were important for reconstructing the religious, social and economic history of Jews, especially in the Middle Ages. For all practical purposes, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, discovered between the years 1946 and 1956, belonged to a genizah.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1927, a manuscript containing <a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I"> Nathan ben Abraham</a>'s 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> commentary was discovered in the genizah of the Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, Yemen. Nathan had served as <i>President of the Academy</i> under the revised <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)"> Palestinian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Geonic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geonic period">geonate</a></i>, shortly before its demise in the early 12th century CE. In 2011, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Geniza" title="Afghan Geniza">Afghan Geniza</a>, an 11th-century collection of manuscript fragments in Hebrew, Aramaic, Judaeo-Arabic and Judeo-Persian, was found in Afghanistan, in caves used by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSNews_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSNews-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germanic lands genizot have been preserved in buildings dating back to the early modern period<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and till today, dozens of genizot have been saved. Researchers began to study the material, soon realizing that these findings could provide insight into the life of Jewish rural communities from the 17th to 19th century. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genisaprojekt_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genisaprojekt Veitshöchheim (page does not exist)">Genisaprojekt Veitshöchheim</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genisaprojekt_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim" class="extiw" title="de:Genisaprojekt Veitshöchheim">de</a>]</span> and other researchers are dealing with the inventory, the digitization and the publication of the finds.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genizah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2014" class="citation news cs1">Chakraborty, Showli (1 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905063351/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140901/jsp/calcutta/story_18786802.jsp#.VFZRFmefuuI">"Jewish Past, Digital Present"</a>. The Telegraph, Kolkata. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140901/jsp/calcutta/story_18786802.jsp#.VFZRFmefuuI">the original</a> on September 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jewish+Past%2C+Digital+Present&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Showli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1140901%2Fjsp%2Fcalcutta%2Fstory_18786802.jsp%23.VFZRFmefuuI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenizah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary,</i> 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katz_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katz_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katzover, Yisrael. "The Genizah on the Nile". <i><a href="/wiki/Hamodia" title="Hamodia">Hamodia</a></i> Features, April 21, 2016, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/mann-jacob">"Mann, Jacob"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Mann%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmann-jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenizah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1920–1922" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Jacob (1920–1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsinegyptinpal01mannuoft/page/n6"><i>The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the Fāṭimid caliphs: a contribution to their political and communal history, based chiefly on Genizah material hitherto unpublished</i></a>. London: Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+Egypt+and+in+Palestine+under+the+F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid+caliphs%3A+a+contribution+to+their+political+and+communal+history%2C+based+chiefly+on+Genizah+material+hitherto+unpublished&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1920%2F1922&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsinegyptinpal01mannuoft%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenizah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBSNews-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBSNews_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ancient-manuscripts-indicate-jewish-community-once-thrived-in-afghanistan/">"Ancient manuscripts indicate Jewish community once thrived in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+manuscripts+indicate+Jewish+community+once+thrived+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fancient-manuscripts-indicate-jewish-community-once-thrived-in-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenizah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger-Brehm" class="citation journal cs1">Singer-Brehm, Elisabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/2772-4026_EJBO_COM_042404">"Genizot of German Lands"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Book Cultures</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2772-4026_EJBO_COM_042404">10.1163/2772-4026_EJBO_COM_042404</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Book+Cultures&rft.atitle=Genizot+of+German+Lands&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2772-4026_EJBO_COM_042404&rft.aulast=Singer-Brehm&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F2772-4026_EJBO_COM_042404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenizah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger-Brehm2022" class="citation journal cs1">Singer-Brehm, Elisabeth (31 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/asch-2022-2011/pdf">"Research on Modern Genisot in Germany"</a>. <i>Aschkenas</i>. <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fasch-2022-2011">10.1515/asch-2022-2011</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aschkenas&rft.atitle=Research+on+Modern+Genisot+in+Germany&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E463&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fasch-2022-2011&rft.aulast=Singer-Brehm&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fasch-2022-2011%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenizah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=G&artid=139">"Genizah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genizah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DG%26artid%3D139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenizah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genizah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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