CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="nf4t7e6iczsqvimx8ny5v5qeb5x2o0" />  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-Z7M4S2LEP3"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-Z7M4S2LEP3'); </script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title>GNU Free Documentation License | AKBAN</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.akban.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/sc/style.css"> </head> <body class="wordpress"> <header class="header" role="banner"> <div class="wrap"> <hgroup> <div style="float: left;"><a href="/"><img src="/images/logo_side_eng1x.png" alt="AKBAN" width="110"></a></div> <div class="lang"><a href="/hebrew/" style="color: #fff;">עברית</a><span class="hiddenOnSmall"> | <a>English</a></span></div> <a href="/search/" class="convert-button">Search</a> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </hgroup> </div> </header> <nav class="nav" role="navigation"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="mobile-menu sub"><ul class="menu"> <li><a title="Learn Ninjutsu, Martial Art in AKBAN" href="/learn_ninjutsu/">learn Ninjutsu</a></li> <li><a title="Spiritual strength, Emotional Regulation, resilience" href="/emotion_regulation/">Combat Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a title="The AKBAN fitness program" href="/fitness/">Fitness</a></li> <li><a title="About AKBAN Ninjutsu academy" href="/about/">About</a></li> <li><a title="Archive - sitemap" href="/sitemap">Archive</a></li> <li><a title="Blog" href="/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li><a title="אקבן אומנויות לחימה" href="/hebrew/">אומנויות לחימה</a></li> <li><a title="Accessibility" href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> <a class="showOnSmall collapsed-button toggle-mobile-menu"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></a> <div class="hiddenOnSmall"> <ul id="menu-main" class="menu"> <li><a title="Learn Ninjutsu, Martial Art in AKBAN" href="/learn_ninjutsu/">learn Ninjutsu</a></li> <li><a title="Spiritual strength, Emotional Regulation, resilience" href="/emotion_regulation/">Combat Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a title="The AKBAN fitness program" href="/fitness/">Fitness</a></li> <li><a title="About AKBAN Ninjutsu academy" href="/about/">About</a></li> <li><a title="Archive - sitemap" href="/sitemap">Archive</a></li> <li><a title="Blog" href="/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li><a title="אקבן אומנויות לחימה" href="/hebrew/">אומנויות לחימה</a></li> <li><a title="Accessibility" href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </nav> <div class="main wrap"> <div class="main-content"> <div id="content" class="narrow"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="page-title" style="margin-bottom: 0;">GNU Free Documentation License</h1><a style="position: absolute;" id="top"></a> <div style="font-size: 1em; color: #626262; margin-bottom: 25px;">By <a style="color: #626262;" href="/about/sheriff">Yossi Sheriff</a></div> <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>The <b>GNU Free Documentation License</b> (<b>GNU FDL</b> or simply <b>GFDL</b>) is a copyleft license for free content, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. It is the counterpart to the GNU GPL that gives readers the same rights to copy, redistribute and modify a work and requires all copies and derivatives to be available under the same license. Copies may also be sold commercially, but if produced in larger quantities (greater than 100) then the original document or source code must be made available to the work's recipient. </p><p>The license was designed for manuals, textbooks, other reference and instructional materials, and documentation which often accompanies GPL software. However, it can be used for any text-based work, regardless of subject matter. </p><p><br> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Secondary_sections"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary sections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Commercial_redistribution"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Commercial redistribution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Criticism_of_the_GFDL"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism of the GFDL</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Overly_broad_DRM_clause"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Overly broad DRM clause</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Invariant_sections"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Invariant sections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#GPL_incompatible_in_both_directions"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">GPL incompatible in both directions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Burdens_when_printing"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Burdens when printing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ideological_tone"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ideological tone</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Transparent_formats"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Transparent formats</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other_free_content_licenses"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other free content licenses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Secondary_sections">Secondary sections</span></h2> <p>The license explicitly separates any kind of "Document" from "Secondary Sections", which may not be integrated with the Document, but exist as front-matter materials or appendices. Secondary sections can contain information regarding the author's or publisher's relationship to the subject matter, but not any subject matter itself. While the Document itself is wholly editable, and is essentially covered by a license equivalent to (but both-ways incompatible with) the GNU General Public License, some of the secondary sections have various restrictions designed primarily to deal with proper attribution to previous authors. </p><p>Specifically, the authors of prior versions have to be acknowledged and certain "invariant sections" specified by the original author and dealing with his or her relationship to the subject matter may not be changed. If the material is modified, its title has to be changed (unless the prior authors give permission to retain the title). The license also has provisions for the handling of front-cover and back-cover texts of books, as well as for "History", "Acknowledgements", "Dedications" and "Endorsements" sections. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commercial_redistribution">Commercial redistribution</span></h2> <p>The GFDL requires the ability to "copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially" and therefore is incompatible with material that excludes commercial re-use. Material that restricts commercial re-use is incompatible with the license and cannot be incorporated into the work. However, incorporating such restricted material may be <a href="/hebwiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use (page does not exist)">fair use</a> under United States copyright law and does not need to be licensed to fall within the GFDL if such fair use is covered by all potential subsequent uses. One good example of such liberal and commercial fair use is <a href="/hebwiki/Parody" title="Parody (page does not exist)">parody</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_of_the_GFDL">Criticism of the GFDL</span></h2> <p>The <a href="/hebwiki/Debian" title="Debian (page does not exist)">Debian</a> project and Nathanael Nerode has raised objection.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Debian developers eventually voted to consider works licensed under the GFDL to comply with their <a href="/hebwiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines (page does not exist)">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a> provided the invariant section clauses are not used.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> These critics recommend the use of alternate licenses such as the <a href="/hebwiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike (page does not exist)">share-alike</a> <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_licenses" title="Creative Commons licenses">Creative Commons licenses</a> or even the GNU GPL. They consider the GFDL a non-free license. The reasons for this are that the GFDL allows "invariant" text which cannot be modified or removed, and that its prohibition against <a href="/hebwiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management (page does not exist)">digital rights management</a> (DRM) systems applies to valid usages, like for "private copies made and not distributed".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Overly_broad_DRM_clause">Overly broad DRM clause</span></h3> <p>The GNU FDL contains the statement: </p> <blockquote><p>"You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute."</p></blockquote> <p>A criticism of this language is that it is too broad, because it applies to private copies made but not distributed. This means that a licensee is not allowed to save document copies "made" in a proprietary file format or using encryption. </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/hebwiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman (page does not exist)">Richard Stallman</a> <a class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/09/msg00212.html">said</a> about the above sentence on the <a class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal">debian-legal</a> mailing list: </p> <blockquote><p>"This means that you cannot publish them under DRM systems to restrict the possessors of the copies. It isn't supposed to refer to use of encryption or file access control on your own copy. I will talk with our lawyer and see if that sentence needs to be clarified."</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/hebwiki/As_of_2006" title="As of 2006 (page does not exist)">As of 2006</a>, the sentence has not yet been clarified. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Invariant_sections">Invariant sections</span></h3> <p>A GNU FDL work can quickly be encumbered because a new, different, title must be given and a list of previous titles must be kept. This could lead to the situation where there are a whole series of title pages, and dedications, in each and every copy of the book if it has a long lineage. These pages cannot <i>ever</i> be removed, at least not until the work enters the <a href="/hebwiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain (page does not exist)">public domain</a> after <a href="/hebwiki/Copyright" title="Copyright (page does not exist)">copyright</a> expires. </p><p><a href="/hebwiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman (page does not exist)">Richard Stallman</a> <a class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/08/msg00807.html">said</a> about invariant sections on the <a class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal">debian-legal</a> mailing list: </p> <blockquote><p>"The goal of invariant sections, ever since the 80s when we first made the GNU Manifesto an invariant section in the Emacs Manual, was to make sure they could not be removed. Specifically, to make sure that distributors of Emacs that also distribute non-free software could not remove the statements of our philosophy, which they might think of doing because those statements criticize their actions."</p></blockquote> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="GPL_incompatible_in_both_directions">GPL incompatible in both directions</span></h3> <p>The GNU FDL is incompatible in both directions with the GPL: that is GNU FDL material cannot be put into GPL code and GPL code cannot be put into a GNU FDL manual. Because of this, code samples are often <a href="/hebwiki/Dual_license" title="Dual license (page does not exist)">dual-licensed</a> so that they may appear in documentation and can be incorporated into a free software program. </p><p>At the June 22nd and 23rd international GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, Moglen hinted that a future version of the GPL could be made suitable for documentation:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>By expressing LGPL as just an additional permission on top of GPL we simplify our licensing landscape drastically. It's like for physics getting rid of a force, right? We just unified <a href="/hebwiki/Electro-weak" title="Electro-weak (page does not exist)">electro-weak</a>, ok? The <a href="/hebwiki/Grand_unified_field_theory" title="Grand unified field theory (page does not exist)">grand unified field theory</a> still escapes us until the document licences too are just additional permissions on top of GPL. I don't know how we'll ever get there, that's gravity, it's really hard.</p></blockquote> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Burdens_when_printing">Burdens when printing</span></h3> <p>The GNU FDL requires that licensees, when printing a document covered by the license, must also include "this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document". This means that if a licensee prints out a copy of an article whose text is covered under the GNU FDL, he or she must also include a copyright notice and a physical printout of the GNU FDL, which is a significantly large document in itself. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ideological_tone">Ideological tone</span></h3> <p>The license has a preamble, which some critics dislike because of its ideological tone.<a href="/hebwiki/Template:Cn" title="Template:Cn (page does not exist)">Template:Cn</a> Because the preamble is part of the license, it must be included (along with the rest of the license's text) with every copy of a licensed document. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transparent_formats">Transparent formats</span></h3> <p>The definition of a "transparent" format is complicated, and may be difficult to apply. For example, drawings are required to be in a format that allows them to be revised straightforwardly with "some widely available drawing editor." The definition of "widely available" may be difficult to interpret, and may change over time, since, e.g., the open-source <a href="/hebwiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape (page does not exist)">Inkscape</a> editor is rapidly maturing, but has not yet reached version 1.0. This section, which was rewritten somewhat between versions 1.1 and 1.2 of the license, uses the terms "widely available" and "proprietary" inconsistently and without defining them. According to a strict interpretation of the license, the references to "generic text editors" could be interpreted as ruling out a format used by an open-source word-processor such as <a href="/hebwiki/Abiword" title="Abiword (page does not exist)">Abiword</a>; according to a loose interpretation, however, <a href="/hebwiki/Microsoft_Office_Word" title="Microsoft Office Word (page does not exist)">Microsoft Word</a> .doc format could qualify as transparent, since a subset of .doc files can be edited perfectly using <a href="/hebwiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org (page does not exist)">OpenOffice.org</a>, and the format therefore is not one "that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors." </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>The FDL was released in draft form for feedback in late 1999. After revisions, version 1.1 was issued in March 2000, and version 1.2 in November 2002. The current state of the license is version 1.2. </p><p>The first discussion draft of the GNU Free Documentation License version 2 was released on <a href="/hebwiki/September_26" title="September 26 (page does not exist)">September 26</a> <a href="/hebwiki/2006" title="2006 (page does not exist)">2006</a>, along with a draft of the new <a href="/hebwiki/GNU_Simpler_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Simpler Free Documentation License (page does not exist)">GNU Simpler Free Documentation License</a>. </p><p>The new draft of the GNU FDL includes a number of improvements, such as new terms crafted during the GPLv3 process to improve internationalization, clarifications to help people applying the license to audio and video, and relaxed requirements for using an excerpt from a work. </p><p>The new proposed GNU Simpler Free Documentation License has no requirements to maintain Cover Texts and Invariant Sections. This will provide a simpler licensing option for authors who do not wish to use these features in the GNU FDL. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_free_content_licenses">Other free content licenses</span></h2> <p>Some of these were developed independently of the GNU FDL, while others were developed in response to perceived flaws in the GNU FDL. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_licenses" title="Creative Commons licenses">Creative Commons licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Design_Science_License" title="Design Science License (page does not exist)">Design Science License</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Free_Art_license" title="Free Art license (page does not exist)">Free Art license</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Open_Content_License" title="Open Content License (page does not exist)">Open Content License</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Open_Publication_License" title="Open Publication License (page does not exist)">Open Publication License</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <div style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 85%;" class="tright"> <table style="background: transparent;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position: relative; width: 32px; height: 28px; overflow: hidden"> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 2"> <a href="/hebwiki/Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Portal.svg" class="new" title="File:Portal.svg">Portal:Free software</a></div></div> </td> <td><i><b><a href="/hebwiki/Portal:Free_software" title="Portal:Free software (page does not exist)">Free software Portal</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/hebwiki/Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Text of the GNU Free Documentation License (page does not exist)">Text of the GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/BSD_license" title="BSD license (page does not exist)">BSD license</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Copyright" title="Copyright (page does not exist)">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft (page does not exist)">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Free_software_license" title="Free software license (page does not exist)">Free software license</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/GNU" title="GNU (page does not exist)">GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Open_content" title="Open content (page does not exist)">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike (page does not exist)">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Software_licensing" title="Software licensing (page does not exist)">Software licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/hebwiki/Non-commercial_educational" title="Non-commercial educational (page does not exist)">Non-commercial educational</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml">https://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001">https://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html">https://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://fsfeurope.org/projects/gplv3/barcelona-moglen-transcript#lgpl">https://fsfeurope.org/projects/gplv3/barcelona-moglen-transcript#lgpl</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GFDL official text</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://www.fsf.org/licenses/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html">Free Software and Free Manuals</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml">Draft of Debian position statement about the GFDL</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html">Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL</a></li> <li><a href="https://wikitravel.org/en/Wikitravel:Why_Wikitravel_isn%27t_GFDL" class="extiw" title="wikitravel:Wikitravel:Why Wikitravel isn't GFDL">Why Wikitravel isn't GFDL</a>: Problems with using the GFDL for short printed texts</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/">The Free Universal Encyclopedia And Learning Resource</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://gplv3.fsf.org/doclic-dd1-guide.html">Guide to the new drafts of documentation licenses</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/hebwiki/Template:GNU" title="Template:GNU (page does not exist)">Template:GNU</a> </p> <table class="messagebox protected" style="border:1px solid #88A; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/hebwiki/Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Wikipedia_logo.GIF" class="new" title="File:Wikipedia logo.GIF">File:Wikipedia logo.GIF</a> </td> <td><b>This article was taken from the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_PageWikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>We intend to improve on it, but we thank the people who contribute to our knowledge in the <a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">Wikimedia project</a>. Meanwhile the <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">Creative commons copyrights</a> that apply to the rest of our <a class="external text" href="https://www.ninjutsu.co.il">Ninjutsu website</a> do not apply to this article and you may use it under the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License">Wikipedia license</a>. </td> <td> </td> <td>If you have an <a href="/hebwiki/AKBAN-wiki_writing_permission" title="AKBAN-wiki writing permission (page does not exist)">AKBAN-wiki writing permission</a> you can help by improving or changing some of the information. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks">Categories: <ul><li><a href="/hebwiki/Category:GNU_project" title="Category:GNU project (page does not exist)">GNU project</a></li><li><a href="/hebwiki/Category:Free_content_licenses" title="Category:Free content licenses (page does not exist)">Free content licenses</a></li><li><a href="/hebwiki/Category:Free_software_culture_and_documents" title="Category:Free software culture and documents (page does not exist)">Free software culture and documents</a></li><li><a href="/hebwiki/Category:Technical_communication" title="Category:Technical communication (page does not exist)">Technical communication</a></li><li><a href="/hebwiki/Category:GFDL" title="Category:GFDL (page does not exist)">GFDL</a></li><li><a href="/hebwiki/Category:Copyleft_licensing" title="Category:Copyleft licensing (page does not exist)">Copyleft licensing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Other categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_file_links" title="Category:Pages with broken file links">Pages with broken file links</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="left-nav"></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="col" style="height: 20px;"></div> <div class="col"> <form action="/search/"> <input type="text" name="search" id="q" autocomplete="off" size="20" placeholder="Search"> </form> <p>(c) Copyright 1995–2024 AKBAN.</p> <p><a href="mailto:akban@akban.org">Send mail: akban@akban.org</a></p> <h4>Navigation</h4> <div class="menu-main-container"> <ul id="menu-main-1" class="menu"> <li><a title="Learn Ninjutsu, Martial Art in AKBAN" href="/learn_ninjutsu/">learn Ninjutsu</a></li> <li><a title="Spiritual strength, Emotional Regulation, resilience" href="/emotion_regulation/">Combat Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a title="The AKBAN fitness program" href="/fitness/">Fitness</a></li> <li><a title="About AKBAN Ninjutsu academy" href="/about/">About</a></li> <li><a title="Archive - sitemap" href="/sitemap">Archive</a></li> <li><a title="Blog" href="/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li><a title="Accessibility" href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a title="אקבן אומנויות לחימה" href="/hebrew/">אומנויות לחימה</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="menu-training-places-container"><ul id="menu-training-places" class="menu"> <li>Yossi Sheriff groups</li> <li><a href="/about/tel_aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li> <li><a title="אומנויות לחימה תל אביב נינג'יטסו" href="/hebrew/tel_aviv">תל אביב</a></li> <li><a title="אומנויות לחימה רמת השרון נינג'יטסו" href="/hebrew/ramat_hasharon">רמת השרון</a></li> <li><a title="Accessibility" href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="warning"><p>Training in martial arts and fitness is dangerous and might cause injury or worse. The material in this site is intended as a reference only. Any activity should be carried out under the supervision of a certified instructor. The site managers state that: Individual instructor seminars or lessons are posted on this site as a free service only.</p> <p style="text-align: right; direction: rtl;">הָאִימּוּנִים מְסֻכָּנִים וַעֲלוּלִים לִגְרֹם לִפְצִיעָה אוֹ גָּרוּעַ מִזֶּה. הַחֹמֶר בָּאֲתַר זֶה הוּא לְמַטְּרוֹת מֶחְקָר בִּלְבַד. כֹּל פְּעִילוּת צְרִיכָה לְהִתְבַּצֵּעַ תַּחַת פִּקּוּחוֹ שֶׁל מַדְרִיךְ מֻסְמָךְ וִינְגֵּייְט בִּלְבַד. הַהוֹדָעוֹת בָּאֲתַר הַקְּשׁוּרוֹת בִּפְעִילוּת הַדְרָכָה — שִׁעוּרִים וְסֶמִינָרִים, נִתָּנוֹת כְּשֵׁרוּת חִנָּם בִּלְבַד וְאֵינָן מְאֻרְגָּנוֹת עַל יְדֵי מְנַהֲלֵי הָאֲתַר </p> <p style="text-align: right; direction: rtl;">אֲתַר זֶה מְנֻסָּח בִּלְשׁוֹן זָכָר, אַךְ מִתְיַחֵס לְכָל הַמִּינִים כְּאֶחָד. כָּל הַכָּתוּב בָּאֲתַר זֶה בִּלְשׁוֹן זָכָר מִתְיַחֵס גַּם לִנְקֵבָה וּלְהֵפֶךְ וְכָל הָאָמוּר בִּלְשׁוֹן יָחִיד, מִתְיַחֵס גַּם לְרַבִּים וּלְהֵפֶךְ.</p> </div> </div></footer> <script async src="/sc/main.js"></script> </body> </html>