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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding_theory_and_antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Binding theory and antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding_theory_and_antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binding_cross-linguistically" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding_cross-linguistically"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Binding cross-linguistically</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding_cross-linguistically-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>English pronouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English_pronouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English pronouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_and_possessive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_and_possessive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Personal and possessive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_and_possessive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Possessive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexive_and_reciprocal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_and_reciprocal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reflexive and reciprocal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_and_reciprocal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Demonstrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Indefinite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_and_interrogative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_and_interrogative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Relative and interrogative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_and_interrogative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Relative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Interrogative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Archaic forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Kinship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Special uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Related topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pronoun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voornaamwoord" title="Voornaamwoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voornaamwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%A0_%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D" title="ተውላጠ ስም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተውላጠ ስም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="ضمير (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضمير (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronombre" title="Pronombre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pronombre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome" title="Pronome – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pronome" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fv%C9%99zlik" title="Əvəzlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əvəzlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সর্বনাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সর্বনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88_(%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9)" title="Алмаш (һүҙ төркөмө) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алмаш (һүҙ төркөмө)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="सर्वनाम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सर्वनाम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panangli" title="Panangli – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Panangli" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Местоимение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Местоимение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raganv" title="Raganv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Raganv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronom" title="Pronom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pronom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88_(%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%95)" title="Ылмаш (пуплев пайĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ылмаш (пуплев пайĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1jmeno" title="Zájmeno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zájmeno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A5%27an" title="Klå'an – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Klå'an" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisazita" title="Chisazita – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisazita" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachizaana" title="Bachizaana – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachizaana" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedord" title="Stedord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stedord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ases%C3%B5na" title="Asesõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asesõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αντωνυμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντωνυμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronombre" title="Pronombre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pronombre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomo" title="Pronomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pronomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izenordain" title="Izenordain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izenordain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ضمیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضمیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronom" title="Pronom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pronom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foarnamwurd" title="Foarnamwurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Foarnamwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forainm" title="Forainm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Forainm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riochdair" title="Riochdair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Riochdair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome" title="Pronome – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pronome" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC" title="대명사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대명사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakilin_suna" title="Wakilin suna – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wakilin suna" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դերանուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դերանուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="सर्वनाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्वनाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamjenice" title="Zamjenice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zamjenice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomina" title="Pronomina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pronomina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B2%C3%A6%D0%B3" title="Номивæг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Номивæг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izimelabizo" title="Izimelabizo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Izimelabizo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornafn" title="Fornafn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornafn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome" title="Pronome – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pronome" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3" title="כינוי גוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כינוי גוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_sesulih" title="Tembung sesulih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung sesulih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_taa_ca%C9%A3y%CA%8A" title="Lone taa caɣyʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lone taa caɣyʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნაცვალსახელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაცვალსახელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%95_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="اِشارٕ ناوُت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِشارٕ ناوُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Есімдік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Есімдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viwakilishi" title="Viwakilishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Viwakilishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronon" title="Pronon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pronon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEnav" title="Cînav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cînav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Ат атооч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ат атооч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietniekv%C4%81rds" title="Vietniekvārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vietniekvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEvardis" title="Įvardis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įvardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomme" title="Pronomme – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pronomme" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoom" title="Pronoom – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pronoom" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likitana" title="Likitana – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likitana" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomes" title="Pronomes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pronomes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9vm%C3%A1s" title="Névmás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Névmás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpisolo_(fitsipiteny)" title="Mpisolo (fitsipiteny) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpisolo (fitsipiteny)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="സർവ്വനാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർവ്വനാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="सर्वनाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सर्वनाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_ganti_nama" title="Kata ganti nama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata ganti nama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Төлөөний нэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төлөөний нэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="နာမ်စား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာမ်စား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlapatilizt%C5%8Dc%C4%81itl" title="Tlapatiliztōcāitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapatiliztōcāitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voornaamwoord" title="Voornaamwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voornaamwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="代名詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wp/nqo%DF%95%DF%90%DF%AF%DF%A3%DF%98%DF%90%DF%AC%DF%93%DF%8C%DF%9F%DF%8A" title="Wp/nqoߕߐ߯ߣߘߐ߬ߓߌߟߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="Wp/nqoߕߐ߯ߣߘߐ߬ߓߌߟߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="ЦӀерметдош – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀерметдош" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronom" title="Pronom – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pronom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Олмештышмут – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Олмештышмут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqdhaala" title="Maqdhaala – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maqdhaala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5" title="ਪੜਨਾਂਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੜਨਾਂਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ضمیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ضمیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DA%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="نومځری (زمیر) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نومځری (زمیر)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="សព្វនាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សព្វនាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaimek" title="Zaimek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaimek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome" title="Pronome – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pronome" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronume" title="Pronume – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pronume" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutip_rantin" title="Sutip rantin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sutip rantin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Местоимение-существительное – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Местоимение-существительное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱩᱧᱩᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱧᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABremri" title="Përemri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përemri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pronoun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="ضمير (گرامر) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ضمير (گرامر)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1meno" title="Zámeno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zámeno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostalni%C5%A1ki_zaimek" title="Samostalniški zaimek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostalniški zaimek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Именичка заменица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Именичка заменица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecap_sulur" title="Kecap sulur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kecap sulur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomini" title="Pronomini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pronomini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pronomen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panghalip" title="Panghalip – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panghalip" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆங்கில இடப் பெயர்ச்சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆங்கில இடப் பெயர்ச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Алмашлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алмашлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="సర్వనామము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సర్వనామము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="คำสรรพนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำสรรพนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Ҷонишин (дастури забон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷонишин (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamir" title="Zamir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zamir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Займенник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Займенник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B6%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="اسم ضمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسم ضمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Đại từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prono" title="Prono – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Prono" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taligngaran" title="Taligngaran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taligngaran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D" title="代词 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="代词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9D" title="פראנאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="代名詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="代詞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="代詞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36224#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prop-word&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pronoun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pronoun (disambiguation)">Pronoun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a <b>pronoun</b> (<a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">glossed</a> <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRO</span></span></b>) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>. </p><p>Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">parts of speech</a>, but some modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in view of the variety of functions they perform cross-linguistically. An example of a pronoun is "you", which can be either singular or plural. Sub-types include <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">possessive pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">reciprocal</a> pronouns, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronoun">interrogative pronouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronouns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–34">: 1–34 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of pronouns often involves <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphora</a>, where the meaning of the pronoun is dependent on an <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" title="Antecedent (grammar)">antecedent</a>. For example, in the sentence <i>That poor man looks as if he needs a new coat</i>, the meaning of the pronoun <i>he</i> is dependent on its antecedent, <i>that poor man</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> form of the word "pronoun" is "<b>pronominal</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pronominal is also a word or phrase that acts as a pronoun. For example, in <i>That's not the one I wanted</i>, the phrase <i>the one</i> (containing the <a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">prop-word</a> <i>one</i>) is a pronominal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronoun_versus_pro-form">Pronoun versus pro-form</h3></div> <p>Pronoun is a category of words. A <a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">pro-form</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function word</a> or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a> is recoverable from the context.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, pronouns mostly function as pro-forms, but there are pronouns that are not pro-forms and pro-forms that are not pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>[p. 239]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns versus Pro-forms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Pro-form </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><i><u>It</u> is a good idea</i>. </td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><i>I know the people <u>who</u> work there.</i> </td> <td>✓ </td> <td>✓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><i><u>Who</u> works there?</i> </td> <td>✓ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><i><u>It</u> is raining</i>. </td> <td>✓ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><i>I asked her to help, and she <u>did so</u> right away.</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>✓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><i>JJ and Petra helped, but <u>the others</u> didn't.</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>✓ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples [1 & 2] are pronouns and pro-forms. In [1], the pronoun <i><a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a></i> "stands in" for whatever was mentioned and is a good idea. In [2], the <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronoun</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Who_(pronoun)" title="Who (pronoun)">who</a></i> stands in for "the people". </p><p>Examples [3 & 4] are pronouns but not pro-forms. In [3], the <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative pronoun</a> <i>who</i> does not stand in for anything. Similarly, in [4], <i>it</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">dummy pronoun</a>, one that does not stand in for anything. No other word can function there with the same meaning; we do not say "the sky is raining" or "the weather is raining". </p><p>A prop-word is a word with little or no semantic content used where grammar dictates a certain sentence member, e.g., to provide a "support" on which to hang a modifier. The word most commonly considered as a prop-word in English is <i>one</i> (with the plural form <i>ones</i>). The prop-word <i>one</i> takes the place of a countable noun in a noun phrase (or determiner phrase), normally in a context where it is clear which noun it is replacing. For example, in a context in which hats are being talked about, <i>the red one</i> means "the red hat", and <i>the ones we bought</i> means "the hats we bought". The prop-word thus functions somewhat similarly to a pronoun, except that a pronoun usually takes the place of a whole noun (determiner) phrase (for example, "the red hat" may be replaced by the pronoun "it".) </p><p>Finally, in [5 & 6], there are pro-forms that are not pronouns. In [5], <i>did so</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a> that stands in for "helped", inflected from <i>to help</i> stated earlier in the sentence. Similarly, in [6], <i>others</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">common noun</a>, not a pronoun, but <i>the others</i> probably stands in for the names of other people involved (e.g., <i>Sho, Alana, and Ali</i>), all <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3></div> <p>Pronouns (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">antōnymía</i></span>) are listed as one of <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech#Western_tradition" title="Part of speech">eight parts of speech</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Grammar" title="The Art of Grammar">The Art of Grammar</a></i>, a treatise on Greek grammar attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a> and dating from the 2nd century BC. The pronoun is described there as "a part of speech substitutable for a noun and marked for a person." Pronouns continued to be regarded as a part of speech in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> grammar (the Latin term being <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pronomen</i></span>, from which the English name – through <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> – ultimately derives), and thus in the European tradition generally. </p><p>Because of the many different syntactic roles that they play, pronouns are less likely to be a single <a href="/wiki/Word_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Word class">word class</a> in more modern approaches to grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_as_a_pronoun_or_determiner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Our_as_a_pronoun_or_determiner.png/150px-Our_as_a_pronoun_or_determiner.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Our_as_a_pronoun_or_determiner.png/225px-Our_as_a_pronoun_or_determiner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Our_as_a_pronoun_or_determiner.png/300px-Our_as_a_pronoun_or_determiner.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Examples of "our" as a determiner or a noun</figcaption></figure> <p>Linguists in particular have trouble classifying pronouns in a single category, and some do not agree that pronouns substitute nouns or noun categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain types of pronouns are often identical or similar in form to <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (class)">determiners</a> with related meaning; some English examples are given in the table. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Pronoun</th> <th>Determiner </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a> </th> <td><i>ours</i></td> <td><i>our</i> freedom </td></tr> <tr> <th>Demonstrative </th> <td><i>this</i></td> <td><i>this</i> gentleman </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite </th> <td><i>some</i></td> <td><i>some</i> frogs </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negative </th> <td><i>none</i></td> <td><i>no</i> information </td></tr> <tr> <th>Interrogative </th> <td><i>which</i></td> <td><i>which</i> option </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This observation has led some linguists, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Postal" title="Paul Postal">Paul Postal</a>, to regard pronouns as determiners that have had their following noun or noun phrase deleted.<sup id="cite_ref-Postal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Such patterning can even be claimed for certain personal pronouns; for example, <i>we</i> and <i>you</i> might be analyzed as determiners in phrases like <i>we Brits</i> and <i>you tennis players</i>.) Other linguists have taken a similar view, uniting pronouns and determiners into a single class, sometimes called "determiner-pronoun", or regarding determiners as a subclass of pronouns or vice versa. The distinction may be considered to be one of <a href="/wiki/Subcategorization" title="Subcategorization">subcategorization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency</a>, rather like the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitive and intransitive</a> verbs – determiners take a noun phrase <a href="/wiki/Complement_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement (grammar)">complement</a> like transitive verbs do, while pronouns do not.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Determiner_phrase" title="Determiner phrase">determiner phrase</a> viewpoint, whereby a determiner, rather than the noun that follows it, is taken to be the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> of the phrase. Cross-linguistically, it seems as though pronouns share 3 distinct categories: point of view, person, and number. The breadth of each subcategory however tends to differ among languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binding_theory_and_antecedents">Binding theory and antecedents</h4></div> <p>The use of pronouns often involves <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphora</a>, where the meaning of the pronoun is dependent on another referential element. The <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referent</a> of the pronoun is often the same as that of a preceding (or sometimes following) noun phrase, called the <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" title="Antecedent (grammar)">antecedent</a> of the pronoun. The grammatical behavior of certain types of pronouns, and in particular their possible relationship with their antecedents, has been the focus of studies in <a href="/wiki/Binding_(linguistics)" title="Binding (linguistics)">binding</a>, notably in the Chomskyan <a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory" title="Government and binding theory">government and binding theory</a>. In this binding context, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns in English (such as <i>himself</i> and <i>each other</i>) are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Anaphor" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphor">anaphors</a> (in a specialized restricted sense) rather than as pronominal elements. Under binding theory, specific principles apply to different sets of pronouns. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflexive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Reflexive.png/125px-Reflexive.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Reflexive.png/187px-Reflexive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Reflexive.png/250px-Reflexive.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Example reflexive structure. Since "himself" is immediately dominated by "John", Principle A is satisfied.</figcaption></figure> <p>In English, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns must adhere to <b>Principle A:</b> an anaphor (reflexive or reciprocal, such as "each other") must be bound in its governing category (roughly, the clause). Therefore, in syntactic structure it must be lower in structure (it must have an <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" title="Antecedent (grammar)">antecedent</a>) and have a direct relationship with its referent. This is called a <a href="/wiki/C-command" title="C-command">C-command</a> relationship. For instance, we see that <i>John cut himself</i> is grammatical, but <i>Himself cut John</i> is not, despite having identical arguments, since <i>himself</i>, the reflexive, must be lower in structure to John, its referent. Additionally, we see examples like <i>John said that Mary cut himself</i> are not grammatical because there is an intermediary noun, <i>Mary</i>, that disallows the two referents from having a direct relationship. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronoun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pronoun.png/125px-Pronoun.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pronoun.png/187px-Pronoun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pronoun.png/249px-Pronoun.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Example pronoun structure. Since "him" is immediately dominated by "John", Principle B is violated.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, personal pronouns (such as <i>him</i> or <i>them</i>) must adhere to <b>Principle B:</b> a pronoun must be free (i.e., not bound) within its governing category (roughly, the clause). This means that although the pronouns can have a referent, they cannot have a direct relationship with the referent where the referent selects the pronoun. For instance, <i>John said Mary cut him</i> is grammatical because the two co-referents, <i>John</i> and <i>him</i> are separated structurally by <i>Mary</i>. This is why a sentence like <i>John cut him</i> where <i>him</i> refers to <i>John</i> is ungrammatical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Binding_cross-linguistically">Binding cross-linguistically</h5></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Context plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Context" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pronoun&action=edit">improve the article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">providing more context for the reader</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The type of binding that applies to subsets of pronouns varies cross-linguistically. For instance, in German linguistics, pronouns can be split into two distinct categories — personal pronouns and d-pronouns. Although personal pronouns act identically to English personal pronouns (i.e. follow Principle B), d-pronouns follow yet another principle, Principle C, and function similarly to nouns in that they cannot have a direct relationship to an antecedent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Antecedents">Antecedents</h5></div> <p>The following sentences give examples of particular types of pronouns used with antecedents: </p> <ul><li>Third-person personal pronouns: <ul><li><i><b>That poor man</b> looks as if <b>he</b> needs a new coat.</i> (the noun phrase <i>that poor man</i> is the antecedent of <i>he</i>)</li> <li><i><b>Julia</b> arrived yesterday. I met <b>her</b> at the station.</i> (<i>Julia</i> is the antecedent of <i>her</i>)</li> <li><i>When <b>they</b> saw us, <b>the lions</b> began roaring</i> (<i>the lions</i> is the antecedent of <i>they</i>; as it comes after the pronoun it may be called a <i>postcedent</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Other personal pronouns in some circumstances: <ul><li><i><b>Terry and I</b> were hoping no one would find <b>us</b>.</i> (<i>Terry and I</i> is the antecedent of <i>us</i>)</li> <li><i><b>You and Alice</b> can come if <b>you</b> like.</i> (<i>you and Alice</i> is the antecedent of the second – plural – <i>you</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns: <ul><li><i><b>Jack</b> hurt <b>himself</b>.</i> (<i>Jack</i> is the antecedent of <i>himself</i>)</li> <li><i><b>We</b> were teasing <b>each other</b>.</i> (<i>we</i> is the antecedent of <i>each other</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Relative pronouns: <ul><li><i><b>The woman who</b> looked at you is my sister.</i> (<i>the woman</i> is the antecedent of <i>who</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Some other types, such as <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronouns</a>, are usually used without antecedents. Relative pronouns are used without antecedents in <a href="/wiki/Free_relative_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Free relative clause">free relative clauses</a>. Even third-person personal pronouns are sometimes used without antecedents ("unprecursed") – this applies to special uses such as <a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">dummy pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generic_they" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic they">generic <i>they</i></a>, as well as cases where the referent is implied by the context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_pronouns">English pronouns</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pronoun" title="Special:EditPage/Pronoun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>English pronouns have often traditionally been classified as different from nouns, but at least one modern grammar defines them as a subclass of nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-Pullum-2024_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pullum-2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–42">: 33–42 </span></sup> </p><p>English personal pronouns have a number of different syntactic contexts (Subject, Object, Possessive, Reflexive) and many features: </p> <ul><li>person (1st, 2nd, 3rd);</li> <li>number (singular, plural);</li> <li>gender (masculine, feminine, neuter or inanimate, epicene)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">Personal pronouns in standard Modern English</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th colspan="2">Number & gender </th> <th style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;"><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> </th> <th style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;"><a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> </th> <th style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;"><a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">Dependent possessive (determiner)</a> </th> <th style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;"><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Independent possessive</a> </th> <th style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;"><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">First </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <td><a href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)" title="I (pronoun)">I</a> </td> <td>me </td> <td>my </td> <td>mine </td> <td>myself </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td><a href="/wiki/We" title="We">we</a> </td> <td>us </td> <td>our </td> <td>ours </td> <td>ourselves </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Second </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/You" title="You">you</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">your </td> <td rowspan="2">yours </td> <td>yourself </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>yourselves </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5">Third </th> <th>Masculine </th> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)" title="He (pronoun)">he</a> </td> <td>him </td> <td colspan="2">his </td> <td>himself </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><a href="/wiki/She_(pronoun)" title="She (pronoun)">she</a> </td> <td colspan="2">her </td> <td>hers </td> <td>herself </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter/Inanimate </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a> </td> <td colspan="2">its </td> <td>itself </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epicenity" title="Epicenity">Epicene</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">they</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">them </td> <td rowspan="2">their </td> <td rowspan="2">theirs </td> <td>themself </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td>themselves </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>English also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Demonstrative </th> <th>Relative </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Interrogative </th></tr> <tr> <td>this </td> <td>who / whom / whose </td> <td>one / one's / oneself </td> <td>who / whom / whose </td></tr> <tr> <td>these </td> <td>what </td> <td>something / anything / nothing (things) </td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <td>that </td> <td>which </td> <td>someone / anyone / no one (people) </td> <td>which </td></tr> <tr> <td>those </td> <td>that </td> <td>somebody / anybody / nobody (people) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>former / latter </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_and_possessive">Personal and possessive</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal">Personal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal pronoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">English personal pronouns</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" border="1"> <caption>English personal pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Person </th> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th colspan="2">Case </th></tr> <tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Object </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>First</i></td> <td><i>Singular</i></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>I</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>me</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Plural</i></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>we</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>us</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>Second</i></td> <td><i>Singular</i></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b>you</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Plural</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>Third</i></td> <td rowspan="4"><i>Singular</i></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>he</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>him</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>she</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>her</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b>it</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>they</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>them</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Plural/<a href="/wiki/Epicene" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicene">Epicene</a></i></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>they</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>them</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Personal pronouns may be classified by <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. English has three persons (first, second and third) and two numbers (singular and plural); in the third person singular there are also distinct pronoun forms for male, female and neuter gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> Principal forms are shown in the adjacent table. </p><p>English personal pronouns have two cases, <i>subject</i> and <i>object</i>. <a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject pronouns</a> are used in <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> position (<i><b>I</b> like to eat chips, but <b>she</b> does not</i>). <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object pronouns</a> are used for the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> of a verb or <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> (<i>John likes <b>me</b> but not <b>her</b></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p><p>Other distinct forms found in some languages include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Second person informal and formal pronouns</a> (the T–V distinction), like <i>tu</i> and <i>vous</i> in French. Formal second person pronouns can also signify plurality in many languages. There is no such distinction in standard modern English, though Elizabethan English marked the distinction with <i><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a></i> (singular informal) and <i>you</i> (plural or singular formal). Some dialects of English have developed <a href="/wiki/You#Informal_plural_forms" title="You">informal plural second person pronouns</a>, for instance, <i>y'all</i> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>) and <i>you guys</i> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">Inclusive and exclusive first person plural pronouns</a>, which indicate whether or not the audience is included, that is, whether <i>we</i> means "you and I" or "they and I". There is no such distinction in English.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive (emphatic) pronouns</a>, which re-emphasize a noun or pronoun that has already been mentioned. English uses the same forms as the reflexive pronouns; for example: <i>I did it <b>myself</b></i> (contrast reflexive use, <i>I did it to myself</i>).</li> <li>Direct and indirect object pronouns, such as <i>le</i> and <i>lui</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_personal_pronouns" title="French personal pronouns">French</a>. English uses the same form for both; for example: <i>Mary loves <b>him</b></i> (direct object); <i>Mary sent <b>him</b> a letter</i> (indirect object).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional pronouns</a>, used after a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>. English uses ordinary object pronouns here: <i>Mary looked at <b>him</b></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive pronouns</a>, used in isolation or in certain other special grammatical contexts, like <i>moi</i> in French. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: <i>Who does this belong to? <b>Me</b>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong and weak forms</a> of certain pronouns, found in some languages such as Polish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_avoidance" title="Pronoun avoidance">Pronoun avoidance</a>, where personal pronouns are substituted by titles or kinship terms (particularly common in South-East Asia).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive">Possessive</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">Possessive determiner</a></div> <p>Possessive pronouns are used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a> (in a broad sense). Some occur as independent noun phrases: <i>mine</i>, <i>yours</i>, <i>hers</i>, <i>ours</i>, <i>theirs</i>. An example is: <i>Those clothes are <b>mine</b>.</i> Others act as a determiner and must accompany a noun: <i>my</i>, <i>your</i>, <i>her</i>, <i>our</i>, <i>your</i>, <i>their</i>, as in: <i>I lost <b>my</b> wallet.</i> (<i>His</i> and <i>its</i> can fall into either category, although <i>its</i> is nearly always found in the second.) Those of the second type have traditionally also been described as possessive <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, and in more modern terminology as <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive determiners</a>. The term "possessive pronoun" is sometimes restricted to the first type. Both types replace <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> noun phrases. As an example, <i><b>Their</b> crusade to capture our attention</i> could replace <i><b>The advertisers' </b>crusade to capture our attention.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–56">: 55–56 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflexive_and_reciprocal">Reflexive and reciprocal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal pronoun</a></div> <p>Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself, for example, <i>John cut <b>himself</b>.</i> In English they all end in <i>-self</i> or <i>-selves</i> and must refer to a noun phrase elsewhere in the same clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocal relationship (<i>each other</i>, <i>one another</i>). They must refer to a noun phrase in the same clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> An example in English is: <i>They do not like <b>each other</b>.</i> In some languages, the same forms can be used as both reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">Demonstrative pronoun</a></div> <p>Demonstrative pronouns (in English, <i>this</i>, <i>that</i> and their plurals <i>these</i>, <i>those</i>) often distinguish their targets by pointing or some other indication of position; for example, <i>I'll take <b>these</b>.</i> They may also be <i><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphoric</a></i>, depending on an earlier expression for context, for example, <i>A kid actor would try to be all sweet, and who needs <b>that</b>?</i><sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite">Indefinite</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite pronoun</a></div> <p>Indefinite pronouns, the largest group of pronouns, refer to one or more unspecified persons or things. One group in English includes compounds of <i>some-</i>, <i>any-</i>, <i>every-</i> and <i>no-</i> with <i>-thing</i>, <i>-one</i> and <i>-body</i>, for example: <i><b>Anyone</b> can do that.</i> Another group, including <i>many</i>, <i>more</i>, <i>both</i>, and <i>most</i>, can appear alone or followed by <i>of</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54–55">: 54–55 </span></sup> In addition, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive pronouns</a> are used to refer to members of a group separately rather than collectively. (<i>To <b>each</b> his own.</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">Negative pronouns</a> indicate the non-existence of people or things. (<i><b>Nobody</b> thinks that.</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Impersonal pronoun">Impersonal pronouns</a> normally refer to a person but are not specific as to first, second or third person in the way that the personal pronouns are. (<i><b>One</b> does not clean <b>one's</b> own windows.</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_and_interrogative">Relative and interrogative</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative">Relative</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative pronoun</a></div> <p>Relative pronouns in English include <i>who</i>, <i>whom</i>, <i>whose</i>, <i>what</i>, <i>which</i> and <i>that</i>. They rely on an antecedent, and refer back to people or things previously mentioned: <i>People <b>who</b> smoke should quit now.</i> They are used in <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> Relative pronouns can also be used as <a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">complementizers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative">Interrogative</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative word</a></div> <p>Relative pronouns can be used in an interrogative setting as interrogative pronouns. Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. In reference to a person, one may use <i>who</i> (subject), <i>whom</i> (object) or <i>whose</i> (possessive); for example, <i><b>Who</b> did that?</i> In colloquial speech, <i><a href="/wiki/Whom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whom">whom</a></i> is generally replaced by <i>who</i>. English non-personal interrogative pronouns (<i>which</i> and <i>what</i>) have only one form.<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> </p><p>In English and many other languages (e.g. <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns are nearly identical. Compare English: <i><b>Who</b> is that?</i> (interrogative) and <i>I know the woman <b>who</b> came</i> (relative). In some other languages, interrogative pronouns and indefinite pronouns are frequently identical; for example, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">什么</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shénme</i></span> means "what?" as well as "something" or "anything". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_forms">Archaic forms</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" border="1"> <caption>Archaic personal pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-Borjars_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Person </th> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th colspan="2">Case </th></tr> <tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Object </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>Second</i></td> <td><i>Singular</i></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>thou</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>thee</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Plural</i></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>ye</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>you</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Though the personal pronouns described above are the current English pronouns, <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> (as used by Shakespeare, for example) use a slightly different set of personal pronouns, shown in the table. The difference is entirely in the second person. Though one would rarely find these older forms used in recent literature, they are nevertheless considered part of Modern English. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship">Kinship</h3></div> <p>In English, <a href="/wiki/Kin_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin term">kin terms</a> like "mother", "uncle", "cousin" are a distinct word class from pronouns; however many <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> have more elaborated systems of encoding kinship in language including special kin forms of pronouns. In <a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a>, for example, when selecting a nonsingular exclusive pronoun to refer to a group, the speaker will assess whether or not the members of the group belong to a common class of gender or kinship. If all of the members of the referent group are male, the MASCULINE form will be selected; if at least one is female, the FEMININE is selected, but if all the members are in a sibling-like kinship relation, a third SIBLING form is selected.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Arabana-Wangkangurru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabana-Wangkangurru language">Arabana-Wangkangurru</a>, the speaker will use entirely different sets of pronouns depending on whether the speaker and the referent are or are not in a common <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">moiety.</a> See the following example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pulalakiya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3DU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="kinship" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">KIN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">panti-rda.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fight-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Pulalakiya panti-rda.</p><p style="display: none;">3DU.KIN fight-PRES</p><p style="clear: left;">They two [who are in the classificatory relationship of father and son] are fighting. (The people involved were a man and his wife's sister's son.)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a> for more details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_uses">Special uses</h3></div> <p>Some special uses of personal pronouns include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">Generic <i>you</i></a>, where second person pronouns are used in an indefinite sense: <i><b>You</b> can't buy good old-fashioned bulbs these days.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_they" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic they">Generic <i>they</i></a>: <i>In China <b>they</b> drive on the right.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_and_gender-neutral_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns">Gender non-specific</a> uses, where a pronoun refers to a non-specific person or a person whose gender is not specified: English usage and acceptance varies (and has varied) regarding <a href="/wiki/Generic_he" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic he">generic <i>he</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular <i>they</i></a>, among others. <ul><li>A closely related usage is the <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular <i>they</i></a> to refer to a person whose gender is specified as <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary</a>, genderqueer, or other, which has gained popularity in LGBTQ+ culture in particular.</li></ul></li> <li>Vernacular usage of "bro" as a gender-neutral, but often masculine pronoun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronoun" title="Preferred gender pronoun">Preferred gender pronoun</a> selected to reflect gender identity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy pronouns</a> (expletive pronouns), used to satisfy a grammatical requirement for a noun or pronoun, but contributing nothing to its meaning: <i><b>It</b> is raining.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">Royal we</a>, used to refer to a single person who is a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>: <i><b>We</b> are not amused.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosism" title="Nosism">Nosism</a>: The use of the pronoun <b>we</b> to refer to oneself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive pronouns</a>, "intrusive" personal pronouns found (for example) in some relative clauses where a gap (<a href="/wiki/Trace_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (linguistics)">trace</a>) might be expected: <i>This is the girl that I don't know what <b>she</b> said.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_topics">Related topics</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphora (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_and_gender-neutral_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns">Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic antecedents">Generic antecedents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">Deixis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logophoricity" title="Logophoricity">Logophoric pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopronouns">Neopronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_features" title="Phi features">Phi features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_game" title="Pronoun game">Pronoun game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English pronouns">Old English pronouns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_pronouns" title="Bulgarian pronouns">Bulgarian pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_pronouns" title="Cantonese pronouns">Cantonese pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pronouns" title="Chinese pronouns">Chinese pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar#Pronouns_and_determiners" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch grammar: Pronouns and determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar#Pronouns" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto grammar: Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_pronouns" title="French pronouns">French pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_pronouns" title="German pronouns">German pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)#Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar#Pronouns" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_morphology#Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish morphology">Irish morphology: Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar#Pronouns" title="Italian grammar">Italian grammar: Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Japanese pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pronouns" title="Korean pronouns">Korean pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_pronouns" title="Macedonian pronouns">Macedonian pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial#Personal_pronouns,_subject_and_object" title="Novial">Novial: Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese personal pronouns">Portuguese personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Proto-Indo-European pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_pronouns" title="Slovene pronouns">Slovene pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_pronouns" title="Spanish pronouns">Spanish grammar: Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_pronouns" title="Vietnamese pronouns">Vietnamese pronouns</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with <i>prenominal</i>, which means "before the noun". For example, English adjectives are prenominal, e.g. <i>the <b>blue</b> house</i>, while there are rare <i>postnominal</i> exceptions like <i>attorneys <b>general</b></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bhat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBhat2007" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, Darbhe Narayana Shankara (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pronounsoxfordst00bhat"><i>Pronouns</i></a></span> (Paperback ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pronounsoxfordst00bhat/page/n13">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199230242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199230242"><bdi>978-0199230242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pronouns&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199230242&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=Darbhe+Narayana+Shankara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpronounsoxfordst00bhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borjars-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borjars_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBörjarsBurridge2010" class="citation book cs1">Börjars, Kersti; Burridge, Kate (2010). <i>Introducing English grammar</i> (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. pp. 50–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444109870" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444109870"><bdi>978-1444109870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+English+grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50-57&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1444109870&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6rjars&rft.aufirst=Kersti&rft.au=Burridge%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosAndersonDayJordan2015" class="citation web cs1">Loos, Eugene E.; Anderson, Susan; Day, Dwight H. Jr.; Jordan, Paul C.; Wingate, J. Douglas (3 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/pronominal">"What is a pronominal?"</a>. <i>Glossary of linguistic terms</i>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114141719/https://glossary.sil.org/term/pronominal">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+linguistic+terms&rft.atitle=What+is+a+pronominal%3F&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=Eugene+E.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Susan&rft.au=Day%2C+Dwight+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Paul+C.&rft.au=Wingate%2C+J.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglossary.sil.org%2Fterm%2Fpronominal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1985" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (1985). <i>A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics</i> (2nd ed.). Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+linguistics+and+phonetics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). <i>Cambridge grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Vulf Plotkin (<i>The Language System of English</i>, Universal Publishers, 2006, pp. 82–83) writes: "[...] Pronouns exemplify such a word class, or rather several smaller classes united by an important semantic distinction between them and all the major parts of speech. The latter denote things, phenomena and their properties in the ambient world. [...] Pronouns, on the contrary, do not denote anything, but refer to things, phenomena or properties without involving their peculiar nature."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Postal_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostal1966" class="citation journal cs1">Postal, Paul (1966). Dinneen, Francis P. (ed.). "On So-Called "Pronouns" in English". <i>Report of the Seventeenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies</i>. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press: 177–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+of+the+Seventeenth+Annual+Round+Table+Meeting+on+Linguistics+and+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=On+So-Called+%22Pronouns%22+in+English&rft.pages=177-206&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Postal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For detailed discussion see George D. Morley, <i>Explorations in Functional Syntax: A New Framework for Lexicogrammatical Analysis</i>, Equinox Publishing Ltd., 2004, pp. 68–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonWiese2002" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Horst J.; Wiese, Heike (2002). <i>Pronouns - Grammar and Representation</i>. Linguistics Today. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027227737" title="Special:BookSources/9789027227737"><bdi>9789027227737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pronouns+-+Grammar+and+Representation&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Linguistics+Today&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789027227737&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Horst+J.&rft.au=Wiese%2C+Heike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pullum-2024-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pullum-2024_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullum2024" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey K.</a> (2024), <i>The Truth About English Grammar</i>, Polity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509560547" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509560547"><bdi>978-1509560547</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+English+Grammar&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1509560547&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, Michael James. 1976. <i>The Muɹinypata Language of Northern Australia</i>. The Australian National University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHercus1994" class="citation book cs1">Hercus, Luise Anna (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32850800"><i>A grammar of the Arabana-Wangkangurru language, Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia</i></a>. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-425-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-425-1"><bdi>0-85883-425-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32850800">32850800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Arabana-Wangkangurru+language%2C+Lake+Eyre+Basin%2C+South+Australia&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+and+Asian+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32850800&rft.isbn=0-85883-425-1&rft.aulast=Hercus&rft.aufirst=Luise+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32850800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales1995" class="citation book cs1">Wales, Katie (1995). <i>Personal pronouns in present-day English</i> (Digital print. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521471022" title="Special:BookSources/9780521471022"><bdi>9780521471022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+pronouns+in+present-day+English&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Digital+print.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521471022&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Katie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2002" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Horst J. (2002). <i>Pronouns - Grammar and Representation</i>. Linguistics Today. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027227737" title="Special:BookSources/9789027227737"><bdi>9789027227737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pronouns+-+Grammar+and+Representation&rft.pub=Linguistics+Today&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789027227737&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Horst+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat2007" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, Darbhe N.S. (2007). <i>Pronouns</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199230242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199230242"><bdi>978-0199230242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pronouns&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199230242&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=Darbhe+N.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APronoun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pronoun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pronoun">pronoun</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Pronouns_by_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Pronouns by language">Category:Pronouns by language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishgrammar.org/category/pronouns/">English pronouns exercises</a>, by Jennifer Frost</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Pronoun"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Pronoun">"Pronoun" </a></span>. <i><a 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexical_categories" title="Template talk:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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