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title="Tongarevski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tongarevski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Penrhyn" title="Pagsasao a Penrhyn – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Penrhyn" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tongarevana" title="Lingua Tongarevana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tongarevana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пенрински јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пенрински јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ペンリン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペンリン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Penrhyn" title="Lenga Penrhyn – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Penrhyn" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongareva_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northern Cook Islands Māori dialect</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Penrhyn</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Mangarongaro, Penrhynese, Tongareva</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><i>tongareva</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrhyn Island">Penrhyn Island</a>, Northern Cook Islands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">200 (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Polynesian languages">Eastern Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tahitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahitic languages">Tahitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Penrhyn</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pnh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pnh">pnh</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/penr1237">penr1237</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2994">Penrhyn</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_40-SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> Penrhyn is classified as Severely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Penrhyn language</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Maori" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Maori">Cook Islands Maori</a> dialectal variant<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian language</a> family. It is spoken by about 200 people on <a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrhyn Island">Penrhyn Island</a> and other islands in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cook_Islands" title="Northern Cook Islands">Northern Cook Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered languages">endangered language</a> as many of its users are shifting to <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrhyn_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Maori#Writing_system_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Maori">Cook Islands Maori § Writing system and pronunciation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrhyn_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The alphabet used in the Penrhyn Dictionary has 21 letters: <span class="nowrap">⟨a, ā, e, ē, f, h, i, ī, k, m, n, ng, o, ō, p, r, s, t, u, ū, v⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-About_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long vowels are written with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrhyn_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonants in Penrhyn </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> is present in loanwords from languages like <a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Tongareva is one of the few Cook Islands languages without a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>. There is allophonic voicing of stops present.<sup id="cite_ref-About_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrhyn_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Maori#Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Maori">Cook Islands Maori § Grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrhyn_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pnh/">Penrhyn</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/num_act/trma2003130/"><i>Te Reo Maori Act 2003</i></a> – via www.paclii.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Te+Reo+Maori+Act+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Fck%2Flegis%2Fnum_act%2Ftrma2003130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenrhyn+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnh">"Penrhyn"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Penrhyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpnh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenrhyn+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penrhyn.cookislandsdictionary.com/about">"About - Penrhyn Dictionary"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Cook Islands Languages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Cook+Islands+Languages&rft.atitle=About+-+Penrhyn+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenrhyn.cookislandsdictionary.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenrhyn+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrhyn_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibata2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shibata, Norio, ed. (2003). <i>Penrhyn-English Dictionary</i>. ELPR Publications Series. Vol. A1-005. Kyoto: Nakanishi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249683569">249683569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penrhyn-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Kyoto&rft.series=ELPR+Publications+Series&rft.pub=Nakanishi&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249683569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenrhyn+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Languages of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Realm_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">New Zealand Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cook Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penrhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Niue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tokelau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Pacific_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template talk:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Pacific_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox 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