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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidare_läsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidare_läsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vidare läsning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidare_läsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ajivika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 33 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="آجيفيكا – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آجيفيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="আজীবিক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আজীবিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аджывіка – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аджывіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адживика – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адживика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81d%C5%BE%C3%ADvika" title="Ádžívika – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ádžívika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajivika" title="Ajivika – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ajivika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C5%BEiivika" title="Adžiivika – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adžiivika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ājīvika" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajivika" title="Ajivika – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ajivika" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajivika" title="Ajivika – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ajivika" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="આજીવિક – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આજીવિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%A7%80%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%B4%EA%B5%90" title="아지비카교 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아지비카교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)" title="आजीविक (संप्रदाय) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आजीविक (संप्रदाय)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ājīvika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ājīvika" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אג'יוויקה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אג'יוויקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಜೀವಿಕರು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಜೀವಿಕರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адживика – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адживика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адживика – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адживика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81dzs%C3%ADvika" title="Ádzsívika – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ádzsívika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ആജീവകമതം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആജീവകമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आजीविक – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आजीविक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AB%E6%95%99" title="アージーヴィカ教 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アージーヴィカ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਆਜੀਵਿਕ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਜੀਵਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آجیویک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آجیویک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C5%BAiwikowie" title="Adźiwikowie – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adźiwikowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajivica" title="Ajivica – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ajivica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адживика – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адживика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81d%C5%BE%C3%ADvika" title="Ádžívika – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ádžívika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆசீவகம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசீவகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="అజీవకులు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అజీవకులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адживіка – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адживіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Fil:Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Parinirvana_-_Kushan_dynasty,_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD,_Gandhara,_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05119.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Parinirvana_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05119.JPG/250px-Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Parinirvana_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05119.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Parinirvana_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05119.JPG/375px-Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Parinirvana_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05119.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Parinirvana_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05119.JPG/500px-Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Parinirvana_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05119.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Till vänster: <a href="/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha">Buddhas</a> efterföljare Mahakashyapa möter en Ajivika och får undervisning om <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar,_Bihar,_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar%2C_Bihar%2C_1870.jpg/250px-Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar%2C_Bihar%2C_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar%2C_Bihar%2C_1870.jpg/375px-Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar%2C_Bihar%2C_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar%2C_Bihar%2C_1870.jpg/500px-Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar%2C_Bihar%2C_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Grottor som använts av Ajivikas tiggarmunkars, tredje århundradet f.Kr. (Barabar, nära <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_Indien" title="Gaya, Indien">Gaya</a>, Bihar).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tile_with_Ajivaka_(%3F)_Ascetics_LACMA_M.82.152.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tile_with_Ajivaka_%28%3F%29_Ascetics_LACMA_M.82.152.jpg/250px-Tile_with_Ajivaka_%28%3F%29_Ascetics_LACMA_M.82.152.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tile_with_Ajivaka_%28%3F%29_Ascetics_LACMA_M.82.152.jpg/375px-Tile_with_Ajivaka_%28%3F%29_Ascetics_LACMA_M.82.152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tile_with_Ajivaka_%28%3F%29_Ascetics_LACMA_M.82.152.jpg/500px-Tile_with_Ajivaka_%28%3F%29_Ascetics_LACMA_M.82.152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Keramikplatta med asketer, möjligen Ajivika.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gopika_Cave_plan_and_location_of_the_Pali_inscription_of_Dasaratha_Maurya,_Nagarjuni_Barabar_Caves,_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gopika_Cave_plan_and_location_of_the_Pali_inscription_of_Dasaratha_Maurya%2C_Nagarjuni_Barabar_Caves%2C_Bihar.jpg/250px-Gopika_Cave_plan_and_location_of_the_Pali_inscription_of_Dasaratha_Maurya%2C_Nagarjuni_Barabar_Caves%2C_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gopika_Cave_plan_and_location_of_the_Pali_inscription_of_Dasaratha_Maurya%2C_Nagarjuni_Barabar_Caves%2C_Bihar.jpg/375px-Gopika_Cave_plan_and_location_of_the_Pali_inscription_of_Dasaratha_Maurya%2C_Nagarjuni_Barabar_Caves%2C_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gopika_Cave_plan_and_location_of_the_Pali_inscription_of_Dasaratha_Maurya%2C_Nagarjuni_Barabar_Caves%2C_Bihar.jpg/500px-Gopika_Cave_plan_and_location_of_the_Pali_inscription_of_Dasaratha_Maurya%2C_Nagarjuni_Barabar_Caves%2C_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Teckning av arkeologen <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a> från en arkeologisk undersökning 1861-1862. Den visar Gopika, ett av tre bergrum, i Nagarjuni Hill öster om de fyra grottorna i Barabar Hill. Inskriptioner från det tredje århundradet f.Kr. tyder på att Ajivika då fanns där. Platsen har senare övertagits av buddhister och efter dem hinduer.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ajivika</b>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>: Ājīvika; <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">pali</a>: Ājīvaka, (troligen 'den som har en asketisk livsföring'), är i buddhistiska källor en benämning på en filosofisk riktning, starkt förknippad med ledaren Makkhali Gosala (död 484 f.Kr.). </p><p>Ajivika framträdde under det femte århundradet f.Kr. som del i den <a href="/wiki/Sramanism" title="Sramanism">sramanska</a> rörelsen. Den var samtidig med <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">buddhismen</a>, grundad av <a href="/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> (död 486 f.Kr.), <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">jainismen</a>, grundad av <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> (599-517 f.Kr.) och andra rörelser som Ajnanas och Carvakas. Ajivika var då främsta konkurrent till tidig buddhism och jainism, och Gosala sägs ha avlidit som den första av de tre ledarna.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajivika blev en stor rörelse i äldre tid, men kom senare att minska och försvinna, men den omnämns ännu så sent som på 1300-talet i sydindiska källor på tamil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajivika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajivika&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det finns inga bevarade skrifter från ajivika. Därför kan deras läror och sätt att leva bara delvis rekonstrueras och endast från bevarade skrifter från deras filosofiska och religiösa motståndare. Ett sådant källmaterial har begränsad trovärdighet. </p><p>Gosala var möjligen inte den första Ajivika, utan bara en tidig och framträdande representant för riktningen. Ajivikas företrädde en radikal determinism, bedrev sträng askes, som omfattade total nakenhet, rigorös fasta och självspäkning. De kallas också <i>niyativadins</i>, 'förkunnare av ödesbestämdheten'. Gosala var en buddha och <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">jain</a>. Enligt buddhistiska och jainistiska källor kom Gosala från mycket knappa förhållanden. Han sägs ha blivit född i ett stall (<i>gosala</i> betyder "stall"), i kontrast till de konkurrerande rörelsernas ledare, både Buddha och Mahavira beskrivs vara av ädel härkomst.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enligt jainistisk tradition har Gosala varit följeslagare till <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> i sex år, men en rivalitet ledde så småningom till avståndstagandet. Liksom Mahavira var Gosala en strikt asket och bhikkhu (munk) och levde naken, vilket även var det jainistiska idealet. Han tillbringade sitt liv i samma region i östra Indien, där Buddha och Mahavira också vandrade. Centrum för ajivikas inflytande sägs ha varit i staden Sāvatthi i nuvarande <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I källmaterialet finns tecken på en konflikt. Enligt en text (Ashokavadana) från andra århundradet e.Kr. var <a href="/wiki/Mauryariket" title="Mauryariket">Mauryarikets</a> kejsare <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a> och drottning Shubhadrangi positiva till Ajivika, som under deras tid hade framgång. Texten nämner att efter kejsarens omvändelse till buddhism så ger hans son <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> order om att döda alla Ajivikas i Pundravardhana, och 18 000 Ajivikas avrättades.<sup id="cite_ref-John1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John1989-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beni2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beni2010-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Även en jainistisk text, <i>Bhagavati Sutra</i>, har liknade uppgifter om en strid mellan fraktioner ledda av Mahavira och Gosala. </p><p>Gosala startade en skola, vars antagning krävde initiering, för att testa aspirantens asketiska ambition.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajivikas undervisning var fundamentellt annorlunda än jainismen trots vissa likheter i praktiken. Enligt Ajivikas mening är ödet strikt bestämt. Det finns ingen gud, ingen fri vilja, men allt följer en naturlig lag, nödvändighet, <i>niyati</i>, precis som tillväxten hos en växt.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De flesta Ajivikas levde i större grupper, men det fanns också mindre. Riten omfattade ritualsång och dans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under tredje århundradet f.Kr. hade de stort inflytande<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och spred sig till södra Indien och så långt som till <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Enligt en sydindisk tradition är det källor i <a href="/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil">Tamil</a>, kallat Oṉpatu-katir eller Navakadir ("The Nine Stones"), som visar Ajivikas <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">kosmologi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sena sydindiska källor (7:e, 13:e och 14:e århundradet) visar att doktrinen genomgick betydande omvandling, åtminstone en del av Ajivikas närmar sig buddhismen. Några sena Ajivikas betraktade tid som en illusion och universum som statisk.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livssynen är präglad av <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a>. Människan kan inte påverka sitt öde. En moralisk världsordning eller gudomlig världsriktning finns inte. Ödet varken belönar goda gärningar eller straffar onda. Även gudarna är maktlösa, bara föremål för sin bestämmelse. </p><p>Nödvändighet leder själen ur reinkarnationscykeln vid slutet av en förutbestämd, oföränderlig period på 8 400 000 "stora åldrar". Men åtminstone några Ajivikas har antagit att de förlossade kommer senare återvända till cykeln och fortsätta på obestämd tid eftersom världen är evig. Därför finns det ingen utsikt till permanent frälsning.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajivika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajivika&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Marianne Yaldiz, Herbert Härtel, Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums, an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982, s. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Pia Brancaccio, Cave Architecture of India, in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-94-007-3934-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-94-007-3934-5">ISBN 978-94-007-3934-5</a>, pages 1-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Dating of the Historical Buddha – Die Datierung des historischen Buddha</i>, hg. Heinz Bechert, Teil 1-3, Göttingen 1991-1997, bes. Teil 1 S. 13–15, Teil 3 S. 1–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Basham S. 35–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Basham S. 39–53, zur Nacktheit S. 107–109; Augustus F. Rudolf Hoernle: <i>Ajivikas.</i> In: <i>Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics</i>, Bd. 1, Edinburgh 1955, S. 259–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John1989-6"><a href="#cite_ref-John1989_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Strong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Strong [inte skriven än]">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232">The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</a></i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. sid. 232. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-81-208-0616-0">ISBN 978-81-208-0616-0</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232">https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 oktober 2012</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.aulast=John+S.+Strong&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B232&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ajivika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beni2010-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Beni2010_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBeni_Madhab_Barua2010">Beni Madhab Barua (5 May 2010). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich">The Ajivikas</a></i>. General Books. sid. 68-69. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-152-74433-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-152-74433-2">ISBN 978-1-152-74433-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich">https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 oktober 2012</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ajivikas&rft.aulast=Beni+Madhab+Barua&rft.au=Beni+Madhab+Barua&rft.date=5+May+2010&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B68-69&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-152-74433-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajivikas00barurich&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ajivika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Basham S. 104–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Dighanikaya 2.20; siehe Hans Wolfgang Schumann: <i>Der historische Buddha</i>, Kreuzlingen 2004, S. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Basham S. 113–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Basham S. 146–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Sastri S. 394, 397; Basham S. 215f., 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Basham S. 236–238, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Glasenapp" title="Helmuth von Glasenapp">Helmuth von Glasenapp</a>: <i>Die Philosophie der Inder.</i> 4. Auflage. Stuttgart 1985, S. 134; Basham S. 257–261.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidare_läsning"><span id="Vidare_l.C3.A4sning"></span>Vidare läsning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajivika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vidare läsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajivika&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vidare läsning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arthur L. Basham: <i>History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas.</i> New Delhi 2002, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/81-208-1204-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/81-208-1204-2">ISBN 81-208-1204-2</a>. (första uppl. London 1951.)</li> <li>N. Aiyaswami Sastri: <i>Shramana or Non-Brahmanical Sects.</i> In: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (Hrsg.): <i>The Cultural Heritage of India.</i> Band 1: <i>The Early Phases.</i> Calcutta 1970, S. 389–399.</li> <li>Heinrich Zimmer: <i>Philosophie und Religion Indiens.</i> 8. Auflage. Frankfurt am Main 1994, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/3-518-27626-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/3-518-27626-3">ISBN 3-518-27626-3</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grenar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Traditionella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axiologi" title="Axiologi">Axiologi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik">Estetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Etik" title="Etik">Etik</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">Epistemologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logik" title="Logik">Logik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik">Metafysik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">Ontologi</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Filosofi om…</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Filosofin_kring_artificiell_intelligens" title="Filosofin kring artificiell intelligens">Artificiell intelligens</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bioetik" title="Bioetik">Bioetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feminism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Handlingsteori" title="Handlingsteori">Handling</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Historiefilosofi" title="Historiefilosofi">Historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Krigsfilosofi" title="Krigsfilosofi">Krig</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Matematikfilosofi" title="Matematikfilosofi">Matematik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medicinsk_filosofi" title="Medicinsk filosofi">Medicin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medvetandefilosofi" title="Medvetandefilosofi">Medvetande</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metafilosofi" title="Metafilosofi">Meta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturfilosofi" title="Naturfilosofi">Natur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogikens_filosofi" title="Pedagogikens filosofi">Pedagogik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsfilosofi" title="Rättsfilosofi">Rätt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialfilosofi" title="Socialfilosofi">Social</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfilosofi" title="Språkfilosofi">Språk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Religionsfilosofi" title="Religionsfilosofi">Religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsteori" title="Vetenskapsteori">Vetenskap</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Skolor</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofins_historia#Antikens_filosofi" title="Filosofins historia">Antiken</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_filosofi" title="Kinesisk filosofi">Kinesisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">Konfucianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(kinesisk_filosofi)" title="Legalism (kinesisk filosofi)">Legalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Namnskolan" title="Namnskolan">Namnskolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">Taoism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yin-yang-skolan" title="Yin-yang-skolan">Yin-yang-skolan</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grekisk-romersk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelism" title="Aristotelism">Aristotelism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eleaterna" title="Eleaterna">Eleaterna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epikurism" title="Epikurism">Epikurism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsokratisk_filosofi" title="Försokratisk filosofi">Försokrater</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/De_joniska_naturfilosoferna" title="De joniska naturfilosoferna">Joniska skolan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efesiska_skolan" title="Efesiska skolan">Efesiska skolan</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kyniska_skolan" title="Kyniska skolan">Kyniska skolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrenaiker" title="Kyrenaiker">Kyrenaiker</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peripatetiska_skolan" title="Peripatetiska skolan">Peripatetiska skolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nyplatonism" title="Nyplatonism">Ny</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pythagor%C3%A9erna" title="Pythagoréerna">Pytagoreism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nypytagoreism" title="Nypytagoreism">Ny</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sofister" title="Sofister">Sofister</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Indisk_filosofi" title="Indisk filosofi">Indisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ajivika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sautrantika" title="Sautrantika">Sautrantika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yoga_sutra" title="Yoga sutra">Yoga sutra</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Medeltidens_filosofi" title="Medeltidens filosofi">Medeltiden</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Västerländsk filosofi">Västerländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_filosofi" title="Kristen filosofi">Kristen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Skolastik" title="Skolastik">Skolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssanshumanism" title="Renässanshumanism">Renässanshumanism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Islamisk_filosofi" title="Islamisk filosofi">Islamisk</a> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Österländsk filosofi">österländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Advaita" title="Advaita">Advaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neokonfucianism" title="Neokonfucianism">Neokonfucianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Modern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Allmänt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">Empirism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fundamentism" title="Fundamentism">Fundamentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(filosofi_och_historia)" title="Historicism (filosofi och historia)">Historicism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kollektivism" title="Kollektivism">Kollektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">Konservatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Kontraktualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(filosofi)" title="Naturalism (filosofi)">Naturalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nykantianism" title="Nykantianism">Nykantianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nyskolastik" title="Nyskolastik">Nyskolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism">Utilitarism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Nutidens_filosofi" title="Nutidens filosofi">Nutid</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi">Analytisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_marxism" title="Analytisk marxism">Analytisk marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Experimentell_filosofi" title="Experimentell filosofi">Experimentell filosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_kvietism" title="Filosofisk kvietism">Filosofisk kvietism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Internalism_och_externalism" title="Internalism och externalism">Internalism och externalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koherentism" title="Koherentism">Koherentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarism" title="Kommunitarism">Kommunitarism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konsekventialism" title="Konsekventialism">Konsekventialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logisk_positivism" title="Logisk positivism">Logisk positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metaetik" title="Metaetik">Metaetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Normativ_etik" title="Normativ etik">Normativ etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttspositivism" title="Rättspositivism">Rättspositivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Till%C3%A4mpad_etik" title="Tillämpad etik">Tillämpad etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vardagsspr%C3%A5ksfilosofi" title="Vardagsspråksfilosofi">Vardagsspråksfilosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskaplig_skepticism" title="Vetenskaplig skepticism">Vetenskaplig skepticism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rderealism" title="Värderealism">Värderealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wienkretsen" title="Wienkretsen">Wienkretsen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_filosofi" title="Kontinental filosofi">Kontinental</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dekonstruktion" title="Dekonstruktion">Dekonstruktion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feministisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurtskolan" title="Frankfurtskolan">Frankfurtskolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">Kritisk teori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik">Hermeneutik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nymarxism" title="Nymarxism">Ny</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_marxism" title="Västerländsk marxism">Västerländsk</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialkonstruktivism" title="Socialkonstruktivism">Socialkonstruktivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Strukturalism" title="Strukturalism">Strukturalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poststrukturalism" title="Poststrukturalism">Post</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dialektik" title="Dialektik">Dialektik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Formalism" title="Formalism">Formalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nythomism" title="Nythomism">Nythomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">Objektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_skepticism" title="Filosofisk skepticism">Skepticism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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