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.compact-ambox table.ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 1.6em 0 0!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-right{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:square}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style> <table class="box-لا_صندوق_معلومات plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-no_infobox" role="presentation" style="display:none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> هذه المقالة <b>بحاجة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكيبيديا:دليل الأسلوب/صناديق المعلومات">لصندوق معلومات</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> فضلًا ساعد في <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%26action%3Dedit">تحسين هذه المقالة</a> بإضافة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مساعدة:قائمة صناديق المعلومات">صندوق معلومات مخصص</a> إليها.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i><span style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تعرَّف على طريقة التعامل مع هذه المسألة من أجل إزالة هذا القالب."><img alt="تعرَّف على طريقة التعامل مع هذه المسألة من أجل إزالة هذا القالب." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg/20px-Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg/30px-Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg/40px-Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>الاستعمار</b> مصطلح أطلق على السياسة التوسعية التي اتبعتها الدول الأوربية بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية وقد تنتج عن السياسة التوسعية الدينية والثقافية التي سعى له الأوروبين إلى التحكم بمصير الأمم واستغلال خيراتها لصالحهم.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Colonisation2.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Colonisation2.gif/300px-Colonisation2.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Colonisation2.gif/450px-Colonisation2.gif 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Colonisation2.gif/600px-Colonisation2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="810"></a> <figcaption> خريطة تبين امتداد الدول التي استعمرت أراضي دول أخرى من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1492?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1492">1492</a> حتى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1974">1974</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">محتويات</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">أنواع الاستعمار</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">التاريخ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">مفهوم الاستعمار</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">الأهداف السياسية من الاستعمار</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">الأهداف الاقتصادية</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">الأهداف الثقافية</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">الأهداف الدينية</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">الأهداف السكانية (الديموغرافية)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">المراجع</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%8B%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">انظر أيضًا</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="أنواع_الاستعمار"><span id=".D8.A3.D9.86.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.B9.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.B1"></span>أنواع الاستعمار</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: أنواع الاستعمار" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ol> <li><b>النوع الأول:</b> الاستعمار القديم أو الحركة الاستيطانية التي قامت بها <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أوروبا">أوروبا</a> منذ بداية العصور الحديثة حين اندفعت بعض الدول الأوربية في القرن السادس عشر للغزو والاستعمار في قارات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="آسيا">آسيا</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إفريقيا">وأفريقيا</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العالم الجديد">والعالم الجديد</a> (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الأمريكتان">الأمريكيتين</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أستراليا">وأستراليا</a>) وقد ظهر هذا النوع من الاستعمار نتيجة لانفتاح <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أوروبا">أوروبا</a> على العالم الخارجي وحب المغامرة والاستكشاف والبحث عن الثروة والذهب ومحاولة تخلص البعض من الاضطهاد الطائفي والسياسي في أوروبا.</li> <li><b>النوع الثاني:</b> الاستعمار الحديث وقد ظهر هذا الاستعمار بعد قيام الثورة الصناعية في أوروبا في القرن التاسع عشر، حيث بدأت هذه الدول تبحث عن الأسواق لتصريف منتجاتها وكذلك البحث عن المواد الأولية المتوفرة في آسيا وأفريقيا ولاستثمار رؤوس الأموال الأوربية الفائضة.</li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="التاريخ"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE"></span>التاريخ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: التاريخ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>ترتبط ظاهرة الاستعمار <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عصر النهضة">بالنهضة الأوروبية</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عصر الاستكشاف">وعصر الاستكشاف</a> وتعزز السلطات المركزية في كل من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="البرتغال">البرتغال</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إسبانيا">إسبانيا</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المملكة المتحدة">بريطانيا</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فرنسا">فرنسا</a> وبعض الممالك <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إيطاليا">الإيطالية</a>، حيث شهدت أوروبا في نهاية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصور الوسطى">القرون الوسطى</a> تطورات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تقانة">تكنولوجية</a> سريعة، خاصة في مجال <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ملاحة">الملاحة</a>، وحيث تمكنت السلطات المركزية الأكثر استقرارًا من تمويل مشاريع طموحة تشمل إرسال بعثات من الملّاحين والجنود والمستوطنين إلى مواقع بعيدة عن بلادهم الأصلية.</p> <p>يعتبر معظم المؤرخين تأسيس المستعمرة البرتغالية في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سبتة">سبتة</a> عام <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1415?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1415">1415</a> نقطة البداية لظاهرة الاستعمار. وبغض النظر عن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حملات صليبية">الحملات الصليبية</a>، كان احتلال سبتة من قبل الجيوش البرتغالية وتأسيس المستعمرة فيها أول عملية لتوسيع سيطرة دولة أوروبية خارج القارة الأوروبية. خلال القرن الخامس عشر، أيام الأمير <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="هنري الملاح">إنريكيه الملاح</a>، الملك <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أفونسو الخامس ملك البرتغال">أفونسو الخامس</a> والملك <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مانويل الأول ملك البرتغال">مانويل الأول.</a> شنت البرتغال حملات استكشافية بحرية، وتمكن ملاحوها عام <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1434?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1434">1434</a> من عبور <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="رأس بوجادور">رأس بوجادور</a> (اليوم في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="الصحراء الغربية (توضيح)">الصحراء الغربية</a>) الذي اعتبره الأوروبيون نقطة غير قابلة للاجتياز. وأقامت البرتغال في تلك الفترة محطات تجارية، بما في ذلك محطات التجارة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عبودية">بالعبيد</a>، على الشواطئ الأفريقية الغربية بدعم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الفاتيكان">الفاتيكان</a> الذي منحها الأولوية من بين الدول الكاثوليكية في السيطرة على المواقع المعثورة عليها جنوبي رأس بوجادور. عام <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1498?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1498">1498</a> وصل البرتغاليون إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="رأس الرجاء الصالح">رأس الرجاء الصالح</a> وفي عام <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1497?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1497">1497</a> وصلوا إلى شرقي أفريقيا.</p> <p>في نهاية القرن الخامس عشر انضمت إسبانيا إلى موجة الجولات الاستكشافية والاستعمار حيث قرر <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الملكان الكاثوليكيان">ملوك الكاثوليك</a> مراعاة محاولة الرحالة الإيطالي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كريستوفر كولومبوس">كريستوفر كولومبوس</a> اجتياز <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المحيط الأطلسي">المحيط الأطلسي</a>. وكانت نتيجة هذه المحاولة اكتشاف <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الكاريبي">الجزر الكاريبية</a> غربي القارة الأمريكية وإقامة «<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إسبانيا الجديدة">إسبانيا الجديدة</a>»، منطقة في أمريكا سيطر عليها نائب ملك إسبانيا، عام <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1525?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1525">1525</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="مفهوم_الاستعمار"><span id=".D9.85.D9.81.D9.87.D9.88.D9.85_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.B9.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.B1"></span>مفهوم الاستعمار</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: مفهوم الاستعمار" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>الاستعمار هو ظاهرة تهدف إلى سيطرة دولة قوية على دولة ضعيفة وبسط نفوذها من أجل استغلال خيراتها في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="المجالات الاقتصادية (الصفحة غير موجودة)">المجالات الاقتصادية</a> والاجتماعية والثقافية، وهي بالتالي نهب وسلب لمعظم ثروات البلاد المستعمرة، فضلًا عن تحطيم كرامة شعوب تلك البلاد وتدمير تراثها الحضاري والثقافي، وفرض <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثقافة">ثقافة</a> الاستعمار على أنها <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثقافة">الثقافة</a> الوحيدة القادرة على نقل البلاد المستعمرة إلى مرحلة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حضارة">الحضارة</a>. الاستعمار إخضاع جماعة من الناس لحكم أجنبي، ويسمى سكان البلاد المستعمَرين، وتسمى الأراضي الواقعة تحت الاحتلال؛ البلاد المستعمَرة. ومعظم المستعمرات مفصولة عن الدولة المستعمِرة ببحار ومحيطات. وغالبًا ما ترسل الدولة الأجنبية سكانًا للعيش في المستعمَرات وحكمها واستغلالها مصادر للثروة. وهذا ما يجعل حكام المستعمَرات منفصلين عرقيًا عن المحكومين.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الأهداف_السياسية_من_الاستعمار"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.87.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D9.85.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.B9.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.B1"></span>الأهداف السياسية من الاستعمار</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأهداف السياسية من الاستعمار" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>وتتمثل الأهداف السياسية في تحسين مركز الدولة الاستعمارية في التنافس على المراكز المتقدمة على سلم القوى الدولي، إذ إن تحسن المركز الدولي للدولة يوسع دائرة نفوذها في المجتمع الدولي والمحلي، ويجعلها أكثر قدرة على التحكم في القرارت الدولية وتوجيهها لصالحها، ويمكن اعتبار <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اجتماع برلين">مؤتمر برلين</a> عام (1884م) مؤشرًا على ذلك، فقد عُقد هذا المؤتمر بسبب الصراع بين الدول الاستعمارية على مناطق النفوذ.</p> <p>ويفسر العالم الأمريكي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="هانز مورغنثاو">هانز مورغنثاو</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إمبريالية">الإمبريالية</a> بأنها "سياسة تستهدف قلب الوضع القائم والقيام بمراجعة علاقات القوى بين دولتين أو أكثر من أجل تحقيق تفوق محلي أو إقامة إمبراطورية قارية أو تحقيق هيمنة عالمية ويرى أن الدول كالأفراد لديها "شهوة القوة" أي الرغبة في تحسين وضعها باستمرار، من غير الاقتناع بالوضع القائم.</p> <p>ولكي تتمكن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="الدولة الاستعمارية (الصفحة غير موجودة)">الدولة الاستعمارية</a> من تعزيز مركزها الدولي في إطار هذا التنافس، لا بد لها من زيادة مواردها، وهو أمر يستدعي البحث عن موارد خارج حدودها، فقامت هذه الدول بالإجراءات الآتية:</p> <p>تمويل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="بعثات الاستكشافات الجغرافية (الصفحة غير موجودة)">بعثات الاستكشافات الجغرافية</a> التي تستهدف البحث عن مناطق غنية بالموارد أو يمكن الاستثمار فيها، ومن أمثلة ذلك تمويل رحلة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فاسكو دا غاما">فاسكو دي غاما</a> البرتغالي الذي اكتشف الطريق إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الهند">الهند</a> عن طريق <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="رأس الرجاء الصالح">رأس الرجاء الصالح</a> في رحلته التي دامت من (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1497?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1497">1497</a> - <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1498?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1498">1498م</a>)، وتمويل الإسبان لبعثة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كريستوفر كولومبوس">كريستوفر كولومبوس</a> الذي اكتشف السواحل الأمريكية (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="باهاماس">البهاما</a>) عام (<b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1492?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1492">1492</a></b>م).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وتمويل بعثة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="ماجلان (توضيح)">ماجلان</a> الذي وصل إلى سواحل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أمريكا الجنوبية">أمريكا الجنوبية</a> عام (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1519?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1519">1519م</a>)، وعبر الباسيفيكي (الهادي) إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الفلبين">الفلبين</a> حيث قتل هناك، كما تعرضت القارة الأفريقية إلى حملات استكشافية في القرن الخامس عشر الميلادي، لا سيما المناطق الساحلية، وتواصلت هذه الحملات إلى القارة الأفريقية حتى القرن التاسع عشر من البعثات البريطانية والفرنسية والألمانية.</p> <p>الاحتلال العسكري المباشر للمناطق الغنية بالموارد، وإرسال موجات من المستوطنين في بعض الأحيان إلى المناطق التي تمت السيطرة عليها.</p> <p>ومن أمثلة الاحتلال العسكري المباشر: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الإمبراطورية البريطانية">الاحتلال البريطاني</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدن">لعدن</a> عام (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1839?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1839">1839م</a>)، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مصر">ولمصر</a> عام (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1882?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1882">1882م</a>)، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نيجيريا">ولنيجيريا</a> ابتداء من عام (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861">1861م</a>)، والاحتلال الفرنسي للجزائر عام (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1830">1830م</a>)، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فيتنام">ولفيتنام</a> عام (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858">1858م</a>)،</p> <p>أما المناطق التي عرفت استعمارًا استيطانيًا فمن أمثلتها: الاستيطان الصهيوني في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فلسطين">فلسطين</a>، والاستيطان الهولندي في جنوب أفريقيا منذ عام (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1652?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1652">1652م</a>)، والاستيطان البريطاني فيها منذ (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1823?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1823">1823م</a>).</p> <p>السيطرة على المواقع: يستدعي تعزيز المركز الدولي للدولة الاستعمارية سيطرتها على المواقع التي تمثل مراكز، يمكن منها السيطرة على <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="طرق المواصلات (الصفحة غير موجودة)">طرق المواصلات</a> أو التحكم بمنابع بعض الأنهر أو مجاريها، أو منع تشكيل أحلاف متصلة جغرافيا مع بعضها.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الأهداف_الاقتصادية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.87.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.82.D8.AA.D8.B5.D8.A7.D8.AF.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الأهداف الاقتصادية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأهداف الاقتصادية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>الحصول على <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مادة خام">المواد الخام</a>: أدت <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الثورة الصناعية">الثورة الصناعية</a> التي عرفتها <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أوروبا">أوروبا</a> في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر إلى حاجة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أوروبا">الدول الأوروبية</a> إلى المواد الخام التي اعتمدت عليها الصناعات الجديدة.</p> <p>ولسد حاجة مصانع الدول كافة من المواد الخام، اندفعت <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أوروبا">الدول الأوروبية</a> تبحث عن هذه المواد في أرجاء العالم (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قطن">كالقطن</a> من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مصر">مصر</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ألماس">والماس</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ذهب">والذهب</a> من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جنوب إفريقيا">جنوب أفريقيا</a> والأراضي الزراعية في الشمال الأفريقي، إلخ).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الأهداف_الثقافية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.87.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AB.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.81.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الأهداف الثقافية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأهداف الثقافية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>ويتلخص الهدف الثقافي للدولة الاستعمارية في إعادة تشكيل المنظومة الثقافية لمجتمع المستعمرات، لجعله أكثر ارتباطًا بالدولة المستعمرة.</p> <p>عند إلقاء نظرة على الخريطة اللغوية للعالم، نجد أن لغة المستعمر تحل مكان <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="لغة">اللغة</a> المحلية في البلدان المستعمرة؛ فأغلب المستعمرات الإسبانية في أمريكا اللاتينية تستخدم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة الإسبانية">اللغة الأسبانية</a> لغة رسمية، وتعد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة الإنجليزية">الإنجليزية</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="لغة">اللغة</a> الرسمية لعدد من المستعمرات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المملكة المتحدة">البريطانية</a> مثل: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الهند">الهند</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نيجيريا">ونيجيريا</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جنوب إفريقيا">وجنوب أفريقيا</a>، كما تعد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة الفرنسية">الفرنسية</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="لغة">اللغة</a> الرسمية في المستعمرات الفرنسية مثل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تشاد">تشاد</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مالي">ومالي</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="السنغال">والسنغال</a>، وتعد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة البرتغالية">اللغة البرتغالية</a> لغة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="موزمبيق">موزمبيق</a> الرسمية بوصفها مستعمرة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="البرتغال">برتغالية</a> سابقة.</p> <p>وإذا طبقنا ذلك على اللغة الثانية في عدد من الدول، فسنجد أنها لغة المستعمر، كما هو حال <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة الإنجليزية">الإنجليزية</a> في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العراق">العراق</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مصر">ومصر</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الأردن">والأردن</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة الفرنسية">والفرنسية</a> في دول المغرب العربي، وهو أمر ينسجم مع ما قاله العالم تريتشكا من: أن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="لغة">اللغة</a> هي أساس التجارة المزدهرة، إذ إن الأمة لا تفقد مستعمراتها المرتبطة بها <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="لغة">باللغة</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثقافة">والثقافة</a> حتى لو انقطعت الرابطة السياسية.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الأهداف_الدينية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.87.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AF.D9.8A.D9.86.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الأهداف الدينية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأهداف الدينية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>ارتبط عدد من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="الحملات الاستعمارية (الصفحة غير موجودة)">الحملات الاستعمارية</a> بوجود بعثات وارساليات تبشيرية دينية، وقد نجح عدد منها في تنصير قطاعات من سكان المستعمرات، وكان أبرز حالات النجاح في هذا المجال في الدول الإفريقية مثل جنوب <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="السودان">السودان</a> وجنوب <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نيجيريا">نيجيريا</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الأهداف_السكانية_(الديموغرافية)"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.87.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.83.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A.D8.A9_.28.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AF.D9.8A.D9.85.D9.88.D8.BA.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.81.D9.8A.D8.A9.29"></span>الأهداف السكانية (الديموغرافية)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأهداف السكانية (الديموغرافية)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>لتخفيف الضغط السكاني عندها بالسيطرة على أقاليم معينة ونقل الفائض السكاني إليها، وهو ما اعتمدته <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ألمانيا">ألمانيا</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إيطاليا">وإيطاليا</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اليابان">واليابان</a> في الحربين العالميتين، ولذا فإن من حق الدول الاستعمارية أن تنمو على حساب المناطق التي فيها أماكن للفائض السكاني، وقد قامت في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أوروبا">أوروبا</a> عند اشتداد البطالة في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="القرن 19">القرن التاسع عشر</a> مدرسة الإصلاح الاستعماري التي دعت لتحويل الفائض السكاني إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مستعمرة">المستعمرات</a> واستخدامهم في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="زراعة">الزراعة</a>، وكان في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المملكة المتحدة">بريطانيا</a> في هذه الفترة (103) جمعيات لهذا الغرض. لا شك ان المناطق التي اتخذها الاستعمار الأوروبي هدفاً له كانت على درجة كبيرة من الضعف والتأخر الاقتصادي والسياسي والعسكري والعلمي، وكان هذا دافعاً قوياً للدول على التوسع.</p> <p>الاستعمارية لاتخاذ مجموعة من الذرائع لتسويغ مسلكها الاستعماري، إذ تحاول إخفاء الدوافع الحقيقة للاستعمار، ولكنها في معظم الأحيان ليست إلا ستاراً للأسباب الأصلية.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="المراجع"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>المراجع</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: المراجع" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68964954">.mw-parser-output .reflist-wrap{overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:36em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:28em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-4{column-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style> <div class="reflist-wrap"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/643-summary-of-historical-events">Summary of Historical Events in Abkhazian History, 1810-1993</a><i>Abkhaz World</i>, 15 October 2008, retrieved 11 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308124941/http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/643-summary-of-historical-events">نسخة محفوظة</a> 08 مارس 2018 على موقع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="واي باك مشين">واي باك مشين</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68982381">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Overy2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard Overy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515011502/https://books.google.nl/books?id%3D32Vy2Fj4KFUC"><i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</i></a>. W.W Norton Company, Inc. ص. 558. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.nl/books?id%3D32Vy2Fj4KFUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Drichard%2Bovery%2Bdictators%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522limited%2520russification%2522%26f%3Dfalse">الأصل</a> في 2019-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=W.W+Norton+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Richard+Overy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32Vy2Fj4KFUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Drichard%2Bovery%2Bdictators%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522limited%2520russification%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68982381"><cite id="CITEREFMarcy_RockmanJames_Steele2003" class="citation book cs1">Marcy Rockman؛ James Steele (2003). <i>The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes</i>. Routledge. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/0-415-25606-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/0-415-25606-2"><bdi>0-415-25606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonization+of+Unfamiliar+Landscapes&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-25606-2&rft.au=Marcy+Rockman&rft.au=James+Steele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="انظر_أيضًا"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B8.D8.B1_.D8.A3.D9.8A.D8.B6.D9.8B.D8.A7"></span>انظر أيضًا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: انظر أيضًا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="استعمارية">استعمارية</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="استعمار ثقافي">استعمار ثقافي</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="استحواذ ثقافي">استيلاء ثقافي</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مستعمرة">مستعمرة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مستوطنة">استيطان</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="مقاومة (توضيح)">مقاومة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصبة المناهضة للإمبريالية والاستعمار">العصبة المناهضة للإمبريالية والاستعمار</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64177691">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:التاريخ">بوابة التاريخ</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:P_military.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/P_military.svg/32px-P_military.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="390"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 26px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/P_military.svg/32px-P_military.svg.png" data-width="32" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/P_military.svg/48px-P_military.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/P_military.svg/64px-P_military.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:الحرب">بوابة الحرب</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Society.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/32px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/32px-Society.svg.png" data-width="32" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/48px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/64px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:السياسة">بوابة السياسة</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:SuezCanalKantara.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/SuezCanalKantara.jpg/32px-SuezCanalKantara.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/SuezCanalKantara.jpg/32px-SuezCanalKantara.jpg" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/SuezCanalKantara.jpg/48px-SuezCanalKantara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/SuezCanalKantara.jpg/64px-SuezCanalKantara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:القرن 19">بوابة القرن 19</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Christianity_Symbol.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Christianity_Symbol.png/28px-Christianity_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="273"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Christianity_Symbol.png/28px-Christianity_Symbol.png" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Christianity_Symbol.png/41px-Christianity_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Christianity_Symbol.png/55px-Christianity_Symbol.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:المسيحية">بوابة المسيحية</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:P_Flags.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/P_Flags.png/31px-P_Flags.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="183"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/P_Flags.png/31px-P_Flags.png" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/P_Flags.png/46px-P_Flags.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/P_Flags.png/61px-P_Flags.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:علاقات دولية">بوابة علاقات دولية</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:P_sociology.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/P_sociology.svg/31px-P_sociology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/P_sociology.svg/31px-P_sociology.svg.png" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/P_sociology.svg/47px-P_sociology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/P_sociology.svg/62px-P_sociology.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بوابة:علم الاجتماع">بوابة علم الاجتماع</a></span></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64177691"> <link 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last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="بداح" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1734986061"> <span>آخر تعديل بتاريخ 23 ديسمبر 2024، في 20:34</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>اللغات</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasie" title="Kolonisasie – الأفريقانية" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kolonisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="الأفريقانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%25C3%25B3n" title="Colonización – الأسترية" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Colonización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="الأسترية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Каланізацыя – البيلاروسية" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каланізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="البيلاروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Колонизация – البلغارية" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колонизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="البلغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B6_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A5%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="উপনিবেশ স্থাপন – البنغالية" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপনিবেশ স্থাপন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="البنغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevadenni%25C3%25B1" title="Trevadenniñ – البريتونية" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trevadenniñ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="البريتونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacija" title="Kolonizacija – البوسنية" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kolonizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="البوسنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25DB%2586%25D9%2584%25DB%2586%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="کۆلۆنیسازی – السورانية الكردية" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆلۆنیسازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="السورانية الكردية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizace" title="Kolonizace – التشيكية" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolonizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="التشيكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisation" title="Kolonisation – الألمانية" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolonisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الألمانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CF%2580%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25BC%25CF%258C%25CF%2582" title="Αποικισμός – اليونانية" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="اليونانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization – الإنجليزية" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Colonization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="الإنجليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%25C3%25B3n" title="Colonización – الإسبانية" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="الإسبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisatsioon" title="Kolonisatsioon – الإستونية" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolonisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="الإستونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizazio" title="Kolonizazio – الباسكية" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolonizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="الباسكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="مستعمره‌سازی – الفارسية" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مستعمره‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="الفارسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisaatio" title="Kolonisaatio – الفنلندية" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolonisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="الفنلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation" title="Colonisation – الفرنسية" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="الفرنسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisaasje" title="Kolonisaasje – الفريزيان" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kolonisaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="الفريزيان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%25C3%25B3n" title="Colonización – الجاليكية" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colonización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="الجاليكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2594%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="औपनिवेशिकरण – الهندية" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औपनिवेशिकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="الهندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacija" title="Kolonizacija – الكرواتية" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolonizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="الكرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjajahan" title="Penjajahan – الإندونيسية" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjajahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="الإندونيسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloniigo" title="Koloniigo – الإيدو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Koloniigo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="الإيدو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="კოლონიზაცია – الجورجية" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლონიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="الجورجية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%258B%259D%25EB%25AF%25BC%25EC%25A7%2580%25ED%2599%2594" title="식민지화 – الكورية" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식민지화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="الكورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisatie" title="Kolonisatie – الليمبورغية" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kolonisatie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="الليمبورغية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacija" title="Kolonizacija – الليتوانية" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolonizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="الليتوانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloniz%25C4%2581cija" title="Kolonizācija – اللاتفية" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolonizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="اللاتفية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjanahantany" title="Fanjanahantany – الملغاشي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjanahantany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="الملغاشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjajahan" title="Panjajahan – المينانجكاباو" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panjajahan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="المينانجكاباو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjajahan" title="Penjajahan – الماليزية" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penjajahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="الماليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2583%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%258D" title="च्यःदेय् – النوارية" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="च्यःदेय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="النوارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisatie" title="Kolonisatie – الهولندية" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kolonisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="الهولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizacion" title="Colonizacion – الأوكسيتانية" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colonizacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="الأوكسيتانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacja" title="Kolonizacja – البولندية" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="البولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o" title="Colonização – البرتغالية" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="البرتغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizare" title="Colonizare – الرومانية" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colonizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="الرومانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Колонизация – الروسية" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="الروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacija" title="Kolonizacija – صربية-كرواتية" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolonizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="صربية-كرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colonization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizimi" title="Kolonizimi – الألبانية" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kolonizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الألبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Колонизација – الصربية" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колонизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="الصربية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisation" title="Kolonisation – السويدية" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolonisation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="السويدية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Колонізація – الأوكرانية" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колонізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="الأوكرانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25E1%25BB%25B1c_d%25C3%25A2n_h%25C3%25B3a" title="Thực dân hóa – الفيتنامية" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực dân hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="الفيتنامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25AE%2596%25E6%25B0%2591" title="殖民 – الصينية" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="殖民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" alt="ويكيبيديا" width="112" height="39" style="width: 7em; height: 2.4375em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">آخر تعديل لهذه الصفحة كان يوم 23 ديسمبر 2024، الساعة 20:34.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">المحتوى متاح وفق <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ar">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> ما لم يرد خلاف ذلك.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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