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id="toc-Medicinal_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinal_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medicinal uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinal_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_and_shelf_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_shelf_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Storage and shelf life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_shelf_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of 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interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permen_gula" title="Permen gula – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permen gula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula_watu" title="Gula watu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gula watu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomboan%C4%83_de_zah%C4%83r" title="Bomboană de zahăr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bomboană de zahăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Candy primarily composed of sugar</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">hard candy</a>, which is called "sugar candy" in British English</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandiszucker_wei%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kandiszucker_wei%C3%9F.jpg/220px-Kandiszucker_wei%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kandiszucker_wei%C3%9F.jpg/330px-Kandiszucker_wei%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kandiszucker_wei%C3%9F.jpg/440px-Kandiszucker_wei%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Sugar candy – large crystals of sugar produced from concentrated solutions, often called <a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">rock candy</a> in America </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sugar candy</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a> whose primary ingredient is <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. The main types of sugar candies are <a href="/wiki/Hard_candies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard candies">hard candies</a>, fondants, <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramels</a>, jellies, and <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In British English, this broad category of sugar candies is called <i>sweets</i>, and the name <i>candy</i> or <i>sugar-candy</i> is used only for hard candies that are nearly solid sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar candy is a sub-type of <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a>, which includes sugar candies as well as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a> and other sweet foods. Candy, in turn, is a sub-type of <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a>, which also includes sweet pastries and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest sugar candies are presumed to have been made where the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> plant was domesticated.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugar cane probably originated in Papua New Guinea, and from there was taken to Southeast Asia and other Pacific Islands, and ultimately to India and China.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From India, sugar spread to the Arab states and eventually to Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_uses">Traditional uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brauner_Kandiszucker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brauner_Kandiszucker.jpg/220px-Brauner_Kandiszucker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brauner_Kandiszucker.jpg/330px-Brauner_Kandiszucker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brauner_Kandiszucker.jpg/440px-Brauner_Kandiszucker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Brown sugar candy resulting from <a href="/wiki/Caramelisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramelisation">caramelisation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sugar candy is often used to sweeten tea. Northern Germany, specifically <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>, has an established <a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">tea culture</a>, where a large crystal of sugar candy <i>(Kandiszucker</i> or in the regional dialect <i>Kluntje)</i> is placed at the bottom of the cup and the hot tea added, which cracks and dissolves the crystal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly in Iran, tea is consumed with sugar candy (called <i>nabat</i>) placed either in the tea or in the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, sugar candy is used to sweeten <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_tea" title="Chrysanthemum tea">Chrysanthemum tea</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Tong_sui" title="Tong sui">Cantonese dessert soups</a> and the liquor <i><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a></i>. </p><p>Sugar candy is a common ingredient in Chinese cooking, and many households have sugar candy available to marinate meats and add to stir fry. Sugar candy is also regarded as having medicinal properties and is used to prepare food such as <i>yao shan</i>. It is a common ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Green sugar crystals on a stick, called rock candy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/170px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/255px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/340px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption> In candy classification, rock-hard sugar candies that look similar to real <a href="/wiki/Crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystals">crystals</a> actually have an amorphous crystal structure, not a crystalline one.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Chemically, sugar candies are broadly divided into two groups: <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> candies and <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> candies.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Crystalline candies</i> are not as hard as <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> of the mineral variety, but derive their name and their texture from their microscopically organized sugar structure, formed through a process of <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a>, which makes them easy to bite or cut into. <a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">Fudge</a>, creams, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondant_candy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondant candy (page does not exist)">fondant</a> are examples of crystalline candies. <i>Amorphous candies</i> have a disorganized crystalline structure. They usually have higher sugar concentrations, and the texture may be chewy, hard, or brittle. <a href="/wiki/Hard_candies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard candies">Hard candies</a>, such as lollipops, <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittle_(food)" title="Brittle (food)">nut brittles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">toffees</a> are all examples of amorphous sugar candies, even though some of them are <a href="/wiki/Mineral#Hardness" title="Mineral">as hard as rocks</a> and resemble crystals in their overall appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crystalline sugar candies are chemically described as having two phases, because the tiny, solid sugar crystals are suspended in a thick liquid solution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are also called <i>grained</i> candies, because they can have a grainy texture. Amorphous sugar candies have only one phase, which is either solid or liquid, and do not have a grainy texture, so they may be called <i>ungrained</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercially, sugar candies are often divided into three groups, according to the amount of sugar they contain:<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>100% sugar (or nearly so), such as <a href="/wiki/Hard_candies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard candies">hard candies</a> or creams</li> <li>95% sugar or more, with up to 5% other ingredients, such as <a href="/wiki/Marshmallow" title="Marshmallow">marshmallows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougats</a>, and</li> <li>75 to 95% sugar, with 5 to 25% other ingredients, such as fudge or caramels.</li></ul> <p>Each of these three groups contains both crystalline (grained) and amorphous (ungrained) sugar candies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaziuko_mug%C4%97_saldainiai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kaziuko_mug%C4%97_saldainiai.JPG/220px-Kaziuko_mug%C4%97_saldainiai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kaziuko_mug%C4%97_saldainiai.JPG/330px-Kaziuko_mug%C4%97_saldainiai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kaziuko_mug%C4%97_saldainiai.JPG/440px-Kaziuko_mug%C4%97_saldainiai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Colorfully wrapped hard candy is a traditional treat for children sold in <a href="/wiki/Kaziuko_mug%C4%97" title="Kaziuko mugė">Kaziuko mugė</a>, Lithuania</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Hard candies and pulled candies</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hard_candies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard candies">Hard candies</a> (also called <i>boiled sweets</i>) are single-phase, amorphous sugar candies that are commonly made from a combination of sucrose and glucose syrups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typically about 98% or more solid sugar. They have a glassy, translucent appearance. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_candy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulled candy (page does not exist)">Pulled candy</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Rock_(confectionery)" title="Rock (confectionery)">rock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brach%27s" title="Brach's">Brach's</a> starlight mints, is a hard candy that has been pulled or stretched to incorporate air. This process makes the candy opaque, as the air bubbles that are incorporated lead to more light being reflected back.</dd> <dt>Fondants</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondant_candy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondant candy (page does not exist)">Fondant candy</a> is a partly crystallized, two-phased candy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is about 88% sugar by weight, usually with much more sucrose than glucose. In making fondant, a stiff sugar paste is cooked to a high temperature, then carefully cooled in order to let the sugar soften and mechanically beaten to produce the desired texture.</dd> <dt>Caramels and toffees</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_caramel_apples_(7714802530).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close up of caramel apples in a row" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Closeup_of_caramel_apples_%287714802530%29.jpg/220px-Closeup_of_caramel_apples_%287714802530%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Closeup_of_caramel_apples_%287714802530%29.jpg/330px-Closeup_of_caramel_apples_%287714802530%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Closeup_of_caramel_apples_%287714802530%29.jpg/440px-Closeup_of_caramel_apples_%287714802530%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Caramel is also used as an ingredient in other confections, such as a coating for <a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">caramel apples</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Caramels" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramels">Caramels</a> contain milk and are cooked to a lower temperature than most sugar candies; toffees are similar, but use less milk and are cooked hotter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, the milk protein causes these emulsified sugar candies to hold their shapes and prevents the sugars from crystallizing. Their brown colour is due to a <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a> between the milk protein and the sugars.</dd> <dt>Fudges</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fudge_in_Newquay_(5937).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="14 different kinds of fudge, in a wide variety of colors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fudge_in_Newquay_%285937%29.jpg/220px-Fudge_in_Newquay_%285937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fudge_in_Newquay_%285937%29.jpg/330px-Fudge_in_Newquay_%285937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fudge_in_Newquay_%285937%29.jpg/440px-Fudge_in_Newquay_%285937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Fudge is defined by its texture, and many kinds do not contain any chocolate.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">Fudges</a>, which are made in a wide variety of flavours, are essentially two-phased, crystallized caramels, with a short texture (easily broken).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugar crystals are formed either due to agitation or the addition of crystal seeds in the form of powdered sugar or crushed fondant candy. The texture depends on the number and size of sugar crystals, the fat content, and the dispersion of milk solids.</dd> <dt>Nougats and marshmallows</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">Nougats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshmallows" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshmallows">marshmallows</a> are confectionery foams, full of air.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final product, there is often as much air, or even more, than sugar; for marshmallows, a ratio of 5 parts air to two parts syrup by volume is typical. Chemically, they may be single-phase or two-phased. Marshmallows are stabilized by a <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a> like gelatin. Compared to nougats, marshmallows have higher moisture content, are softer and more rubbery, and dry out more easily.</dd> <dt>Jellies and gums</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)">Jellies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gumdrop" title="Gumdrop">gums</a> are thick, liquid sugar candies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gums, such as <a href="/wiki/Wine_gums" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine gums">wine gums</a>, are drier than jellies. They are made from sugar syrup plus a <a href="/wiki/Gelling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelling agent">gelling agent</a>. They are cooked to the lowest temperature of all sugar candies and consequently have the highest water content of sugar candies, about 20 to 25% water. Their stiffness depends on the type and amount of gelling agent, the final concentration, the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the product, and other factors. The most popular forms of gelling agent are <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agar-agar" class="mw-redirect" title="Agar-agar">agar-agar</a>, starch (more typical of American jelly candies), and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> (more typical of European candies). These produce different effects. For example, starch produces cloudy jellies, while high-methoxyl pectin produces clear ones. Agar-based jellies are harder to dissolve, and gelatin-based jellies have a more rubbery texture.</dd> <dt>Nut pastes</dt> <dd>The most common <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nut_paste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nut paste (page does not exist)">nut paste</a> candy is <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">marzipan</a>, which is an almond nut paste.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nut pastes are made by mixing crushed nuts with a sugar syrup.</dd> <dt>Panned candies</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragee_%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White-coated peanuts. One has been split open to show the peanut inside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dragee_%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22_02.jpg/220px-Dragee_%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dragee_%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22_02.jpg/330px-Dragee_%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dragee_%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22_02.jpg/440px-Dragee_%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Candy-coated peanuts are called <i>dragees</i>.</figcaption></figure><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panned_candy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panned candy (page does not exist)">Panned candy</a> is a category of sugar candy that includes <a href="/wiki/Drag%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragées">dragées</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comfits" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfits">comfits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sugar candies are formed by coating nuts, preserved fruits, or other sugar candies with either sugar or chocolate in a revolving pan.</dd> <dt>Pralines, truffles, and noisettes</dt> <dd>There is significant variation among <a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">pralines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffle" title="Chocolate truffle">truffles</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noisette_(candy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noisette (candy) (page does not exist)">noisettes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, they involve roasting nuts in a high-temperature sugar syrup, and then grinding the cooled result into a paste.</dd> <dt>Lozenge pastes and cream pastes</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweethearts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="pile of colorful, heart-shaped candies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sweethearts.jpg/220px-Sweethearts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sweethearts.jpg/330px-Sweethearts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sweethearts.jpg/440px-Sweethearts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conversation_hearts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversation hearts">Conversation hearts</a> are a non-medicinal <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lozenge (medicine)">lozenge</a> paste candy.</figcaption></figure><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozenge_paste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lozenge paste (page does not exist)">Lozenge paste</a> is a candy made by combining fine sugar with a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">natural gum</a> like <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paste is stamped, cut, and dried until almost no water content remains. <a href="/wiki/Conversation_hearts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversation hearts">Conversation hearts</a> are an example of lozenge paste candies that have been manufactured for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cream_paste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cream paste (page does not exist)">cream paste</a> may include gelatin and is not dried as completely.</dd> <dt>Licorice</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Licorice_(candy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice (candy)">Licorice</a> is a candy flavored by <a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">liquorice</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually a stiff, gelatinous paste.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal_uses">Medicinal uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medicinal uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, candy was used not only as food but also as <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical</a> preparations, to disguise the unpleasant taste of the drug ingredients. <a href="/wiki/Cough_sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough sweet">Cough drops</a> and some other drugs show this heritage in the form of sugar tablets containing drugs, active drug ingredients being added to hard candies, and panned sugar coatings surrounding unpalatable pills.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> authorized the consumption of sugar <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a> during the fasting period of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, because "sugared spices" (such as <a href="/wiki/Comfits" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfits">comfits</a>) were, in his opinion, digestive aids on par with medicine rather than food.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_and_shelf_life">Storage and shelf life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Storage and shelf life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a> is largely determined by the amount of water present in the candy and the storage conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-sugar candies, such as hard candies, can have a shelf life of many years if kept covered in a dry environment. Spoilage for low-moisture candies tends to involve a loss of shape, color, texture and flavor, rather than the growth of dangerous microbes. Impermeable packaging can reduce spoilage due to storage conditions. </p><p>Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for example, a candy that combines marshmallow and nougat), or if they are stored in high-moisture environments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Water_activity" title="Water activity">water activity</a>, which results in the transfer of unwanted water from a high-moisture environment into a low-moisture candy, rendering it rubbery, or the loss of desirable water from a high-moisture candy into a dry environment, rendering the candy dry and brittle. </p><p>Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous sugar candies, is the <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass transition</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In George Orwell's satirical book <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> which equates the Soviet Union with an animal farm ruthlessly dominated by a ruling class of pigs, a raven called Moses regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called "Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!" Orwell portrays <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and politics">established religion</a> as "the black raven of priestcraft—promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power." The pigs bring the exiled raven back (Ch. IX), as Stalin brought back the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a> – a form of sugar used in beer brewing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></i> – a chinese brown sugar and candy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a> – a crystallized sugar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard candy</a> – a hardened sugar</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rock_candy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rock candy">Rock candy</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_candy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNPCS2013" class="citation book cs1">NPCS (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a989AQAAQBAJ"><i>Confectionery Products Handbook (Chocolate, Toffees, Chewing Gum & Sugar Free Confectionery)</i></a>. India: Asia Pacific Business Press. pp. 9–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178331539" title="Special:BookSources/9788178331539"><bdi>9788178331539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confectionery+Products+Handbook+%28Chocolate%2C+Toffees%2C+Chewing+Gum+%26+Sugar+Free+Confectionery%29&rft.place=India&rft.pages=9-13&rft.pub=Asia+Pacific+Business+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788178331539&rft.au=NPCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da989AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudy_PearsalBill_Truble1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Judy Pearsal; Bill Truble, eds. (1996). "candy". <i>The Oxford English Reference Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860050-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860050-X"><bdi>0-19-860050-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=candy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Reference+Dictionary&rft.pages=213&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-860050-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Food_Information_Service2009" class="citation book cs1">International Food Information Service, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYLOTMdCSEC&pg=PA106"><i>Dictionary of Food Science and Technology</i></a> (2nd ed.). Chichester, U.K.: Wiley–Blackwell. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405187404" title="Special:BookSources/9781405187404"><bdi>9781405187404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Food+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405187404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakYLOTMdCSEC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2002" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Tim H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/68"><i>Sweets: A History of Candy</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-229-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-229-6"><bdi>1-58234-229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweets%3A+A+History+of+Candy&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58234-229-6&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Tim+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsweets00timr%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.de/kultur/immaterielles-kulturerbe/bundesweites-verzeichnis/eintrag/ostfriesische-teekultur.html">"Bundesweites Verzeichnis Immaterielles Kulturerbe : Ostfriesische Teekultur"</a>. <i>Unesco.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unesco.de&rft.atitle=Bundesweites+Verzeichnis+Immaterielles+Kulturerbe+%3A+Ostfriesische+Teekultur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.de%2Fkultur%2Fimmaterielles-kulturerbe%2Fbundesweites-verzeichnis%2Feintrag%2Fostfriesische-teekultur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228104137/http://www.mypersiancorner.com/2013/04/sweet-tea-persian-style.html">"Sweet Tea, Persian Style"</a>. <i>www.mypersiancorner.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mypersiancorner.com/2013/04/sweet-tea-persian-style.html">the original</a> on 2015-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mypersiancorner.com&rft.atitle=Sweet+Tea%2C+Persian+Style&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mypersiancorner.com%2F2013%2F04%2Fsweet-tea-persian-style.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutrition2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrition2007_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWilliams,_Margaret2007" class="citation book cs1">McWilliams, Margaret (2007). <i>Nutrition and Dietetics' 2007 Edition</i>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 177–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4738-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4738-2"><bdi>978-971-23-4738-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutrition+and+Dietetics%27+2007+Edition&rft.pages=177-184&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4738-2&rft.au=McWilliams%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNPCS2013" class="citation book cs1">NPCS (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a989AQAAQBAJ"><i>Confectionery Products Handbook (Chocolate, Toffees, Chewing Gum & Sugar Free Confectionery)</i></a>. India: Asia Pacific Business Press. pp. 9–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178331539" title="Special:BookSources/9788178331539"><bdi>9788178331539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confectionery+Products+Handbook+%28Chocolate%2C+Toffees%2C+Chewing+Gum+%26+Sugar+Free+Confectionery%29&rft.place=India&rft.pages=9-13&rft.pub=Asia+Pacific+Business+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788178331539&rft.au=NPCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da989AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.necco.com/about.aspx#sweethearts">"Candy History: Sweethearts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NECCO" class="mw-redirect" title="NECCO">NECCO</a>. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Candy+History%3A+Sweethearts&rft.pub=NECCO&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.necco.com%2Fabout.aspx%23sweethearts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2000" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, W.P. (2000). <i>The Science of Sugar Confectionery</i>. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854045938" title="Special:BookSources/9780854045938"><bdi>9780854045938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Sugar+Confectionery&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780854045938&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=W.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2002" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Tim H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/147"><i>Sweets: A History of Candy</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/147">147–148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-229-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-229-6"><bdi>1-58234-229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweets%3A+A+History+of+Candy&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58234-229-6&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Tim+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsweets00timr%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+candy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErgunLiethaHartel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ergun R, Lietha R, Hartel RW (February 2010). "Moisture and shelf life in sugar confections". <i>Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 162–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408390802248833">10.1080/10408390802248833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20112158">20112158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19980997">19980997</a>.</cite><span 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title="Template talk:Candy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_confectionery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugar candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_candy" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny candy">Penny candy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_chocolate" title="Types of chocolate">Types of chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound chocolate">Compound chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couverture_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Couverture chocolate">Couverture chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">White chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffle" title="Chocolate truffle">Chocolate truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_chocolate" title="Mint chocolate">Mint chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudge" 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(candy)">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">Licorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_bean" title="Jelly bean">Jelly bean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicinal candy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cough_sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough sweets">Cough sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_gum" title="Nicotine gum">Nicotine gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horehound_drops" class="mw-redirect" title="Horehound drops">Horehound drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop" title="Lollipop">Lollipops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cakes" title="List 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