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<li id="toc-Liberal_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Liberal reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beveridge_Report_and_Labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beveridge_Report_and_Labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Beveridge Report and Labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beveridge_Report_and_Labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expenditure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_statistics_on_welfare_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_statistics_on_welfare_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical statistics on welfare trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_statistics_on_welfare_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical statistics on welfare trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_statistics_on_welfare_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefit_rates_as_a_percentage_of_industrial_earnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefit_rates_as_a_percentage_of_industrial_earnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Benefit rates as a percentage of industrial earnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefit_rates_as_a_percentage_of_industrial_earnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_National_Assistance/Supplementary_Benefit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_National_Assistance/Supplementary_Benefit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Changes in National Assistance/Supplementary Benefit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_National_Assistance/Supplementary_Benefit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increases_in_National_Insurance_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increases_in_National_Insurance_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Increases in National Insurance benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increases_in_National_Insurance_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_security_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_average_earnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_security_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_average_earnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_security_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_average_earnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy_benefits_and_earnings_under_the_Labour_Government_1964–69" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy_benefits_and_earnings_under_the_Labour_Government_1964–69"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1964–69</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy_benefits_and_earnings_under_the_Labour_Government_1964–69-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementary_benefits_rates_as_a_proportion_of_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_benefits_rates_as_a_proportion_of_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_benefits_rates_as_a_proportion_of_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Households_dependent_on_Supplementary_Benefit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Households_dependent_on_Supplementary_Benefit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Households_dependent_on_Supplementary_Benefit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_real_terms_in_social_security_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_real_terms_in_social_security_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Changes in real terms in social security benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_real_terms_in_social_security_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percentage_change_in_social_security_benefits,_prices_and_earnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percentage_change_in_social_security_benefits,_prices_and_earnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Percentage change in social security benefits, prices and earnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percentage_change_in_social_security_benefits,_prices_and_earnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment_and_sickness_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment_and_sickness_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment_and_sickness_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_real_value_of_social_security_benefits,_1948–75" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_real_value_of_social_security_benefits,_1948–75"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>The real value of social security benefits, 1948–75</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_real_value_of_social_security_benefits,_1948–75-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Welfare Programs in the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Welfare state in the United Kingdom">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Talk:Welfare state in the United Kingdom">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs attention from an expert in Sociology</b>. The specific problem is: <b>The article needs a broader understanding of the historical context and social climate that gave rise to the Welfare State in Britain.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology">WikiProject Sociology</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UKExpenditure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UKExpenditure.svg/290px-UKExpenditure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UKExpenditure.svg/435px-UKExpenditure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UKExpenditure.svg/580px-UKExpenditure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Pie chart of <a href="/wiki/Government_spending_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government spending in the United Kingdom">UK central government expenditure</a>, 2009–10. Social Protection is shown in orange, health in red, education in grey, and personal services in light blue. The <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> represents around two-thirds of total government spending.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>welfare state of the United Kingdom</b> began to evolve in the 1900s and early 1910s, and comprises expenditures by the government of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> intended to improve health, education, <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>. The British system has been classified as a liberal <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Esping-Andersen_1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esping-Andersen_1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom">History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Before the official establishment of the modern welfare state, clear examples of social welfare existed to help the poor and vulnerable within British society. A key date in the welfare state's history is 1563; when Queen Elizabeth I's government encouraged the wealthier members of society to give to the poor,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by passing the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Act_1562" title="Poor Act 1562">Poor Act 1562</a>. </p><p>The welfare state in the modern sense was anticipated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_the_Operation_of_the_Poor_Laws_1832" title="Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832">Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832</a> which found that the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a> (a part of the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="English Poor laws">English Poor laws</a>) was subject to widespread abuse and promoted squalor, idleness and criminality in its recipients, compared to those who received private charity. Accordingly, the qualifications for receiving aid were tightened up, forcing many recipients to either turn to private charity or accept employment. </p><p>Opinions began to be changed late in the century by reports drawn up by men such as <a href="/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Booth (philanthropist)">Charles Booth</a> into the levels of poverty in Britain. These reports indicated that in the massive industrial cities, between one-quarter and one-third of the population were living below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>. </p><p>A 2022 study linked trade shocks during the <a href="/wiki/First_globalization" title="First globalization">first globalization</a> (1870–1914) with increased support for a welfare state and reduced support for the Conservative Party.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_reforms">Liberal reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liberal reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a></div> <p><br /> The late nineteenth century saw the emergence of New Liberalism within the Liberal Party, which advocated state intervention as a means of guaranteeing freedom and removing obstacles to it such as poverty and unemployment. The policies of the New Liberalism are now known as <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChurchillGeorge0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ChurchillGeorge0001.jpg/220px-ChurchillGeorge0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ChurchillGeorge0001.jpg/330px-ChurchillGeorge0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ChurchillGeorge0001.jpg/440px-ChurchillGeorge0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption>Liberal politicians <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> enacted the 1909 <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a> which specifically aimed at the redistribution of wealth.</figcaption></figure> <p>The New Liberals included intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/L._T._Hobhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="L. T. Hobhouse">L. T. Hobhouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a>. They saw individual liberty as something achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-adams_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented, and interventionist state.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the historic 1906 victory, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> launched the welfare state with a series of major welfare reforms in 1906–1914.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcliberalreforms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms were greatly extended over the next forty years.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcliberalreforms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberal Party introduced multiple reforms on a range of issues, including <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pensions</a> for elderly workers, thereby laying the groundwork for the future British <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. Some proposals failed, such as licensing fewer pubs, or rolling back Conservative educational policies. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a> of 1909, championed by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and fellow Liberal <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, introduced unprecedented taxes on the wealthy in Britain and radical social welfare programmes to the country's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Liberal camp, as noted by one study, "the Budget was on the whole enthusiastically received."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first budget with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth among the public. It imposed increased taxes on luxuries, liquor, tobacco, high incomes, and land – <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">taxation that fell heavily on the rich</a>. The new money was to be made available for new welfare programmes as well as new battleships. In 1911 Lloyd George succeeded in putting through Parliament his <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Insurance Act">National Insurance Act</a>, making provision for sickness and invalidism, and this was followed by his <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Insurance_Act_1920" title="Unemployment Insurance Act 1920">Unemployment Insurance Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_minimum_wage#Great_Britain" title="History of the minimum wage">minimum wage was introduced in Great Britain in 1909</a> for certain low-wage industries and expanded to numerous industries, including farm labour, by 1920. However, by the 1920s, a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasise the usefulness of <a href="/wiki/Family_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Family allowance">family allowance</a> targeted at low-income families was the alternative to relieving poverty without distorting the labour market.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">trade unions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> adopted this view. In 1945, family allowances were introduced; minimum wages faded from view.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The experience of almost total state control during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> had encouraged the belief that the state might be able to solve problems in wide areas of national life.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1905%E2%80%931915" title="Liberal government, 1905–1915">Liberal government</a> of 1906–1914 implemented welfare policies concerning three main groups in society: the old, the young and working people.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcliberalreforms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Young</th> <th>Old</th> <th>Working </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>In 1906 local authorities were allowed to provide free school meals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Children_and_Young_Persons_Act_1908" class="mw-redirect" title="Children and Young Persons Act 1908">Children and Young Persons Act 1908</a> introduced a set of regulations that became known as the Children's Charter. This imposed severe punishments for neglecting or treating children cruelly. It was made illegal to sell cigarettes to children or send them out begging. Separate juvenile courts were set up, which sent children convicted of a crime to borstals (a forerunner to modern youth detention centres), instead of prison.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>In 1908 pensions were introduced for the over 70s.<sup id="cite_ref-poverty_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poverty-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>In 1909 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Exchange">Labour Exchanges</a> were set up to help unemployed people find work.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a> was passed, ensuring free medical treatment, and sick pay of 10 shillings a week for 26 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcliberalreforms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 13 million workers came to be compulsorily covered under this scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1988_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1988-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beveridge_Report_and_Labour">Beveridge Report and Labour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beveridge Report and Labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">Post-war consensus</a></div> <p>The aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> boosted demands for social reform, and led to a permanent increase in the role of the state in British society. The end of the war also brought <a href="/wiki/Interwar_unemployment_and_poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom">a period of unemployment and poverty</a>, particularly in northern industrial towns, that deepened into the Great Depression by the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, the government became much more involved in people's lives via governmental organisation of the rationing of foodstuffs, clothing and fuel and extra milk and meals being given to expectant mothers and children.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wartime coalition, and the introduction of family allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-spicker_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spicker-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people welcomed this government intervention and wanted it to go further.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> of 1942, (which identified five "Giant Evils" in society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease) essentially recommended a national, compulsory, <a href="/wiki/Flat_rate" title="Flat rate">flat rate</a> <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> scheme which would combine unemployment, widows benefit, child benefit and retirement benefits into one central government support scheme. In regards to healthcare Beveridge preferred the contemporary healthcare system of voluntary and private hospitals "more than that of a taxpayer funded healthcare"<sup id="cite_ref-Beveridge_report_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beveridge_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing more people would access healthcare when they need it if they were voluntarily involved in their own healthcare. But it is key to note Beveridge still emphasised that healthcare should be accessible for everyone in the United Kingdom and that people should give what they can according to their means when receiving healthcare in voluntary hospitals. Beveridge himself was careful to emphasise that unemployment benefits should be held to a subsistence level, and after six months would be conditional on work or training, so as not to encourage abuse of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was however predicated on the concept of the "maintenance of employment" which meant 'it should be possible to make unemployment of any individual for more than 26 weeks continuously a rare thing in normal times' <sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recognised that the imposition of a training condition would be impractical if the unemployed were numbered by the million.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its victory in the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a>, the Labour Party pledged to eradicate the Giant Evils, and undertook policy measures to provide for the people of the United Kingdom "from the cradle to the grave." While the original intention of the report was to abolish these Giant Evils, the implementation of these suggested policies aimed to reduce income, health, and educational inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the lack of real follow-through on Beveridge's recommended strategies meant that the Labour government ultimately failed to abolish poverty with their welfare reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Included among the laws passed were the <a href="/wiki/National_Assistance_Act_1948" title="National Assistance Act 1948">National Assistance Act 1948</a> (<a href="/wiki/11_%26_12_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="11 & 12 Geo. 6">11 & 12 Geo. 6</a>. c. 29), <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1946" title="National Insurance Act 1946">National Insurance Act 1946</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_(Industrial_Injuries)_Act_1946" title="National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1946">National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1946</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This policy resulted in increased expenditure and a widening of what was considered to be the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state's</a> responsibility. In addition to the central services of education, health, unemployment and sickness allowances, the welfare state also included the idea of increasing redistributive taxation, and increasing regulation of industry, food, and housing (better safety regulations, <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom">weights and measures</a> controls, etc.) </p><p>The foundation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) did not involve building new hospitals, but <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of existing municipal provision and charitable foundations. The aim was not to substantially increase provision but to standardise care across the country; indeed <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> believed that the overall cost of medical care would decrease, as people became healthier and so needed less treatment. </p><p>However, instead of falling, the cost of the NHS has risen by 4% annually on average due to an ageing population,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to a reduction in provision. Charges for dentures, and spectacles were introduced in 1951 by the same <a href="/wiki/Second_Attlee_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Attlee ministry">Labour government</a> that had founded the NHS three years earlier, and prescription charges by the successive <a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Conservative Government</a> were introduced in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, free eye tests for all were abolished, although they are now free for the over-60s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1979, Margaret Thatcher had laid the post-war Keynesian consensus to rest, in favour of an Individualist and <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">Monetarist</a> Welfare policy, guided by the economy. This Thatcherite consensus was characterised by policies such as Privatisation, driven by her belief in Individualism and Competition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, her main focus was to attempt to control public spending, privatisation, targeting and rising inequality, so much of the 1980s was focused on cutting public spending in the UK. </p><p>Policies differ in different regions of the United Kingdom, but the provision of a welfare state is still a basic principle of government policy in the United Kingdom today. The principle of health care "free at the point of use" became a central idea of the welfare state, which later <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> governments, although critical of some aspects of the welfare state, did not reverse. </p><p>Welfare spending on poor people dropped by 25% under the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">United Kingdom government austerity programme</a>, cuts to <a href="/wiki/Disability_benefits" title="Disability benefits">benefits that disabled people</a> receive were significant, <a href="/wiki/Personal_Independence_Payment" title="Personal Independence Payment">Personal Independence Payments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employment_and_Support_Allowance" title="Employment and Support Allowance">Employment and Support Allowance</a> have both dropped by 10%. Over half of families living below the breadline have at least one relative with a disability. Cuts include, tax credits (£4.6bn), universal credit (£3.6bn), child benefit (£3.4bn), disability benefits (£2.8bn), <a href="/wiki/Employment_and_Support_Allowance" title="Employment and Support Allowance">Employment and Support Allowance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incapacity_Benefit" title="Incapacity Benefit">Incapacity Benefit</a> (£2bn) and housing benefit (£2.3bn). <a href="/wiki/Frank_Field_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Field (British politician)">Frank Field</a> said, "A £37bn attack has been mounted on the living standards of many of our fellow citizens to such an extent that possibly millions struggle to keep on top of their rent, pay the bills and buy adequate food. Likewise, an unknown number are unable to clothe their children properly before sending them to school where all too many of these children not only rely on <a href="/wiki/Free_school_dinners" class="mw-redirect" title="Free school dinners">free school dinners</a> as a cornerstone of their diet, but on breakfast and supper clubs as well."<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expenditure">Expenditure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the financial year 2014/15, state pensions were overwhelmingly the largest governmental welfare expense, costing £86,500,000,000 followed by <a href="/wiki/Housing_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing benefit">housing benefit</a>, which accounted for over £20,000,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-OBR1415_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBR1415-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expenditure in 2015–16 on benefits included: £2,300,000,000 paid to unemployed people and £27,100,000,000 to people on low incomes, and £27,600,000,000 for personal tax credits.<sup id="cite_ref-ifs-2012-unem_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifs-2012-unem-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ifs-2012-low_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifs-2012-low-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 120.87923504096px; border-left-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.727194597248px; border-left-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 54.975465219277px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 32.491969623291px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12.632937844611px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:95.105651629515px 30.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:80.901699437495px 58.778525229247px 0 0; border-top-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:42.577929156507px 90.482705246602px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 389.47428549299px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12 (percent) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> State pension (46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> Housing Benefit (11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> Disability Living Allowance (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Pension Credit (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> Income Support (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> Rent rebates (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6CEE3; color:;"> </span> Attendance Allowance (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2DF8A; color:;"> </span> Jobseeker's Allowance (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FB9A99; color:;"> </span> Incapacity Benefit (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FDBF6F; color:;"> </span> Council Tax Benefit (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (11%)</div> </div> </div></div><p>In 2023/24, it is expected that government health spending, which is the biggest element of public spending, will reach £176,200,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other welfare expenses include education, which is predicted to reached £81,400,000,000, and state pensions, for which expenditure will be £124,300,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>UK Government welfare expenditure 2014–15<sup id="cite_ref-OBR1415_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBR1415-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Benefit</th> <th>Expenditure (£bn) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="State pension">State pension</a></td> <td>86.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tax credits (<a href="/wiki/Working_tax_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Working tax credit">Working tax credits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_tax_credit" title="Child tax credit">Child tax credits</a>)</td> <td>29.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Housing_Benefit" title="Housing Benefit">Housing Benefit</a></td> <td>23.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a></td> <td>15.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Incapacity benefits</td> <td>14.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child benefits in the United Kingdom">Child benefit</a></td> <td>11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pension_Credit" title="Pension Credit">Pension Credit</a></td> <td>6.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Attendance_Allowance" title="Attendance Allowance">Attendance Allowance</a></td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">Jobseeker's Allowance</a></td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Income_Support" title="Income Support">Income Support</a></td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maternity and paternity pay</td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carer%27s_Allowance" title="Carer's Allowance">Carer's Allowance</a></td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Winter fuel payments</td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>War pensions</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Universal Credit</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>213.9</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In the grammar of British social attitudes, an entitlement is something I get, a benefit is something you get, a handout is something they get, and taxpayers’ hard-earned money is something <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> seekers get. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Stephen Daisley<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Conservative thinkers have debated the structural incompatibility between liberal principles and welfare state principles. Certain sectors of society have argued that the welfare state creates a disincentive for working and investment.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also suggesting that the welfare state at times does not eliminate the causes of individual contingencies and needs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economically, the net losers of the welfare state are often more against its values and role within society.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Cameron-Clegg_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron-Clegg coalition">Conservative-Lib Dem coalition government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> argued for a reduction of welfare spending in the United Kingdom as part of their <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">programme of austerity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-cameron_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-cameron-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government ministers have argued that a growing culture of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_dependency" title="Welfare dependency">welfare dependency</a> is perpetuating welfare spending, and claim that a cultural change is required to reduce the welfare bill.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-ids_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-ids-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public opinion in the UK appears to support a reduction in welfare spending, however commentators have suggested that negative public perceptions are founded on exaggerated assumptions about the proportion of spending on <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment benefit">unemployment benefit</a> and the level of <a href="/wiki/Benefit_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefit fraud">benefit fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grice_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grice-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tuc-2012-poll_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuc-2012-poll-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figures from the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a> show that benefit fraud is thought to have cost taxpayers £1.2 billion during 2012–13, up 9% on the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was lower than the £1.5 billion of benefit underpayment due to error.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some cases, relatives who bring up a child when the parents cannot bring up the child face sanctions and financial penalties, they can be left poor and homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also widespread complaints from church groups and others that the UK welfare state does insufficient work to prevent <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, deprivation and even <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Food_bank" title="Food bank">food bank</a> usage in the UK reached its highest point on record, with the UK's main food bank provider, <a href="/wiki/The_Trussell_Trust" title="The Trussell Trust">The Trussell Trust</a>, stating that welfare benefits do not cover basic living costs. The Trussell Trust's figures showed that 1,332,952 three-day emergency food supplies were delivered to people from March 2017 to March 2018. This represented a 13% increase from the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 support for raising taxes to finance more provision on health, education and social benefits was the highest it had been since 2002 according to <a href="/wiki/NatCen_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="NatCen Social Research">NatCen Social Research</a>. Two-thirds of Labour supporters favoured tax rises and 53% of Conservatives also favoured that.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> library estimated that by 2021, £37bn less would be spent on working-age social security than in 2010. Cuts to <a href="/wiki/Disability_benefits" title="Disability benefits">disability benefits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_Independence_Payment" title="Personal Independence Payment">Personal Independence Payments</a> (PIP) and <a href="/wiki/Employment_and_support_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment and support allowance">employment and support allowance</a> (ESA) are noteworthy, they will have fallen by 10%, since 2010. Over half of families with income below the breadline include at least one person with a disability. There are also cuts to <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credits</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Credit" title="Universal Credit">Universal Credit</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">child benefit</a> <a href="/wiki/Disability_benefits" title="Disability benefits">disability benefits</a> ESA and <a href="/wiki/Incapacity_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Incapacity benefit">incapacity benefit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Housing_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing benefit">housing benefit</a>. Alison Garnham of the <a href="/wiki/Child_Poverty_Action_Group" title="Child Poverty Action Group">Child Poverty Action Group</a> said, "Cuts and freezes have taken family budgets to the bone as costs rise and there is more pain to come as the two-child limit for tax credits and universal credit, the bedroom tax, the benefit cap and the rollout of universal credit push families deeper into poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social security payments in 2019 were the lowest they had been since the welfare state was started and <a href="/wiki/Food_bank" title="Food bank">food bank</a> use had increased. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a> (IPPR) found £73 per week, (which is standard for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Credit" title="Universal Credit">Universal Credit</a> that 2.3 million people claim) amounted to 12.5% of median earnings. When <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment benefit">unemployment benefit</a> was introduced in 1948 it amounted to 20%. Millions of people in 2019 were "excluded from mainstream society, with the basic goods and amenities needed to survive let alone thrive increasingly out of their grip". The IPPR urged all parties to add an emergency £8.4bn into the welfare system, which has become harder than previous systems because debt deductions are made from payments, there is increasing underpayment and strict sanctions are applied. One in three universal credit claimants are working.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous negative consequences have been attributed to benefit sanctions imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a> (DWP), the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government department</a> that runs the welfare state in the UK. These include "increased debt and rent arrears, food poverty, crime and worsening physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics indicate that in the period of 2011 to 2015 benefit sanctions on people with mental health problems increased by 668%. 19,259 people with mental health problems had benefits stopped in the period of 2014 to 2015, compared to 2,507 people in the period of 2011 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the UK Government admitted that it had made no assessment of the impact that benefit sanctions made on mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same point in time the Government also refused to assess the impact benefit sanctions have on people's mental health, which came after repeated warnings on the long-term damage they can cause to people that use the welfare state and to these people's families.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2020, it was reported that at least 69 suicides were linked to the DWP's handling of benefit claims. The National Audit Office (NAO) said the actual number of deaths linked to claims could be much higher than this. It was also reported that the DWP were not looking into information from coroners or families, nor investigating all the reports of suicide made aware to it.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year the DWP were accused of a "cover-up" due to destroying approximately 50 reports connected to benefits being stopped. Officials blamed data protection laws for the actions, though the data watchdog denied there was any requirement to destroy the documents by any date.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2022, an academic study into whether benefit sanctions are linked to claimant ill-health, including mental illness and suicide was stopped after the DWP and Government ministers refused to release their recorded data on sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a contemporary perspective, in practice, social welfare in the United Kingdom is very different from the ideal version of the welfare state that people may carry. Coverage is extensive, but benefits and services are delivered at a low level. The social protection provided is patchy, and services are tightly rationed." This opinion appears to be growing in popularity amongst the general population of the UK. This argument does stand when you compare certain statistics with some of Europe's biggest nations. The UK has a tax revenue, as a share of GDP percentage of 12.55%... this is in this is simply incomparable when matched with France's (57%), Germany's (66.66%), and Italy's (75%). It was also found, in a 2021 study by The Health Foundation, that Britain spends the 6th most money on health care amongst "developed countries." This figure sits below the EU average and explains why some believe the welfare state is not so successful. It is also a fact that "The UK dedicates roughly one-fifth of its GDP to social spending. That places us 17th – roughly in the middle – of OECD countries" (Whiteford, 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, it became clear that there was a distinct shortage of provisions available to support public health, including a lack of beds in the NHS and a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE). In the closing statement of the British Medical Association (BMA) in July 2023, it was noted that this lack of pandemic preparedness manifested in four key areas; failure to protect healthcare workers, lack of capacity and resources, failings of the test and trace system, and failings in government structures and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-bma.org.uk_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bma.org.uk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement also claimed that the "UK was bottom of the table on numbers of doctors, nurses, beds, intensive care units, respirators and ventilators",<sup id="cite_ref-bma.org.uk_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bma.org.uk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that funding of healthcare has been inadequate since 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-bma.org.uk_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bma.org.uk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that the state the NHS found itself in at the outbreak of the pandemic had not been an overnight shift, but rather the effect of the past decade's funding issues. </p><p>The UK has seen a drastic increase in the usage of foodbanks nationwide: 2.17m food bank users in 2021/22 in comparison to the 41,000 in 2009/10.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the COVID-19 crisis, food insecurity impacted 16% of the population, and some critics argue that government food aid was instigated too late for the elderly and vulnerable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There have also been criticisms of the food parcels given, as reports stated that the parcels lacked nutritional food and instead contained an abundance of processed foods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_statistics_on_welfare_trends">Historical statistics on welfare trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical statistics on welfare trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: seems to run from 1948 to the late 70s – ideally should run to the present day, and in single sequences.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefit_rates_as_a_percentage_of_industrial_earnings">Benefit rates as a percentage of industrial earnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Benefit rates as a percentage of industrial earnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Benefit rates as a per cent of industrial earnings of male manual workers aged 21 and over (1948–71)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year (month)</th> <th>Single pension</th> <th>Supplementary Benefit for single person</th> <th>Family Allowance for four children </th></tr> <tr> <td>1948 (October)</td> <td>18.9</td> <td>17.5</td> <td>10.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 (April)</td> <td>19.1</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 (April)</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>17.1</td> <td>8.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 (May)</td> <td>20.8</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>8.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 (April)</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>18.1</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 (October)</td> <td>18.7</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>7.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 (April)</td> <td>21.2</td> <td>20.1</td> <td>7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 (October)</td> <td>20.4</td> <td>19.4</td> <td>7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 (April)</td> <td>19.8</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 (October)</td> <td>19.7</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 (April)</td> <td>19.4</td> <td>19.7</td> <td>6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 (October)</td> <td>21.0</td> <td>20.1</td> <td>7.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 (April)</td> <td>20.2</td> <td>19.3</td> <td>11.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 (October)</td> <td>19.6</td> <td>19.8</td> <td>12.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 (April)</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>19.3</td> <td>12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 (November)</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>11.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 (April)</td> <td>19.0</td> <td>18.3</td> <td>11.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 (November)</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>18.3</td> <td>10.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 (March) (est.)</td> <td>17.3</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>10.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note on source, as quoted in the text: "based on statistics of weekly earnings, <i>Employment and Productivity Gazette</i>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_National_Assistance/Supplementary_Benefit"><span id="Changes_in_National_Assistance.2FSupplementary_Benefit"></span>Changes in National Assistance/Supplementary Benefit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Changes in National Assistance/Supplementary Benefit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Changes in National Assistance/Supplementary Benefit scale (1963–1969) (a)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date of change</th> <th>Real value single pensioner</th> <th>Real value married man with three children (b)</th> <th>Real take home pay for average worker </th></tr> <tr> <td>May 1963</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1965</td> <td>111</td> <td>112</td> <td>106 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1966</td> <td>117</td> <td>110</td> <td>106 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1967</td> <td>122</td> <td>115</td> <td>108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1969</td> <td>122</td> <td>115</td> <td>110 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <ul><li>(a) As quoted in the text: "the scale is calculated using the average discretionary addition (adjusted to spread winter fuel costs throughout the year) for retirement pensioners. It does not include any allowance for rent. The price index used for the single pensioner is that in the <i>Employment and Productivity Gazette</i>."</li> <li>(b) As quoted in the text: "it is assumed that the children are aged four, six, and eleven."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increases_in_National_Insurance_benefits">Increases in National Insurance benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Increases in National Insurance benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Increases in National Insurance benefits (1963–69):<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date of increase</th> <th>Real take home pay for average worker (a)</th> <th>Real value of single pension (b)</th> <th>Real value of unemployment benefit<br />(man with wife and three children) (c) </th></tr> <tr> <td>March/May 1963</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>January/March 1965</td> <td>106</td> <td>111</td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1967</td> <td>108</td> <td>114</td> <td>113 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1969</td> <td>110</td> <td>114</td> <td>116 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>(a) As quoted by text: "Based on average earnings for adult male manual workers in manufacturing, allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions."</li> <li>(b) As quoted by text: "Calculated on the special price index for single pensioner households published by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Employment_and_Productivity_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Employment and Productivity Gazette (page does not exist)">Employment and Productivity Gazette</a></i> adjusted for housing expenditure using the housing component of the retail price index. Since a disproportionate number of pensioners have controlled tenancies, this may overstate the increase in prices."</li> <li>(c) This column is deflated by use of the <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_security_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_average_earnings">Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings for last increases of various governments, 1951–79<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Government</th> <th>Sickness/unemployment benefit <i>a</i></th> <th><i>a</i> plus earnings related supplement</th> <th>Retirement pensions <i>c</i></th> <th>Supplementary allowance/benefits <i>d</i></th> <th>Family allowance/child benefit <i>e</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dc241f; width:20px;"></td> <td>Labour (1951) </td> <td>25.7 </td> <td>25.7 </td> <td>30.4 </td> <td>30.4 </td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0087dc; width:20px;"></td> <td>Conservative (1963) </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td>33.0 </td> <td>31.6 </td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dc241f; width:20px;"></td> <td>Labour (1969) </td> <td>32.4 </td> <td>52.3 </td> <td>32.4 </td> <td>31.4 </td> <td>3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0087dc; width:20px;"></td> <td>Conservative (1973) </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>46.2 </td> <td>30.5 </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dc241f; width:20px;"></td> <td>Labour (1978) </td> <td>30.5 </td> <td>44.4 </td> <td>37.4 </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td>3.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>a,b Man plus dependent wife.</li> <li>c Man plus dependent wife on his insurance.</li> <li>d Married couple.</li> <li>e For one child.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policy_benefits_and_earnings_under_the_Labour_Government_1964–69"><span id="Social_policy_benefits_and_earnings_under_the_Labour_Government_1964.E2.80.9369"></span>Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1964–69</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1964–69"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Social policy benefits and earnings under Labour 1963–69:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Unemployment, sickness, and retirement benefits (single)</th> <th>Retirement pension (married)</th> <th>National assistance/supplementary benefit (married couple)</th> <th>Adult male manual workers (weekly earnings)</th> <th>Adult male administrative, technical, and clerical employees (weekly earnings) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>148</td> <td>149</td> <td>150</td> <td>154</td> <td>148 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplementary_benefits_rates_as_a_proportion_of_income">Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Supplementary benefit rates as a proportion of gross and net income at average earnings, married couple:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th colspan="2">End of year (a) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">As % of gross average earnings </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ordinary rate</th> <th>Long term rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td>31.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>28.1 </td> <td>33.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>29.8 </td> <td>36.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>30.8 </td> <td>37.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>32.3 </td> <td>38.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>30.6 </td> <td>37.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">As % of net income (b) at average earnings </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ordinary rate</th> <th>Long term rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>37.9 </td> <td>41.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>38.8 </td> <td>46.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>42.4 </td> <td>51.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>43.9 </td> <td>52.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>44.1 </td> <td>53.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>41.6 </td> <td>51.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Supplementary benefit: long term scale rate as proportion of ordinary rate (%) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date of introduction</th> <th>Single</th> <th>Married couple </th></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td>10.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>23.8 </td> <td>19.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 (April) </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>20.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 (November) </td> <td>25.7 </td> <td>21.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>23.6 </td> <td>20.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>23.4 </td> <td>20.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>28.0 </td> <td>23.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Households_dependent_on_Supplementary_Benefit">Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Numbers in households dependent on supplementary benefit or with estimated incomes below SB level, 1974 and 1976 (thousands) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="2">Pensioners </th> <th colspan="4">Under pensionable age family head or single parent </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>(as % of total)</th> <th>Unemployed</th> <th>Normally in full-time work</th> <th>Sick or disabled</th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td>2,680</td> <td>(52%)</td> <td>450</td> <td>360</td> <td>480</td> <td>1,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td>2,800</td> <td>(44%)</td> <td>1,080</td> <td>890</td> <td>280</td> <td>1,300 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_real_terms_in_social_security_benefits">Changes in real terms in social security benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Changes in real terms in social security benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Changes in real terms in social security benefits, 1964–79 (in 1981 prices, 1951= 100):<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Supplementary benefits (a)</th> <th>Sickness/unemployment benefit (b)</th> <th>Retirement pensions (c)</th> <th>Family allowance/child benefit (d) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td>146</td> <td>176</td> <td>149</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td>166</td> <td>199</td> <td>168</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>165</td> <td>199</td> <td>168</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td>173</td> <td>318</td> <td>173</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td>173</td> <td>318</td> <td>173</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>172</td> <td>329</td> <td>172</td> <td>72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>173</td> <td>329</td> <td>172</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>178</td> <td>354</td> <td>177</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>187</td> <td>356</td> <td>183</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973</td> <td>186</td> <td>342</td> <td>191</td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td>191</td> <td>345</td> <td>216</td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>187</td> <td>327</td> <td>215</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td>189</td> <td>323</td> <td>219</td> <td>72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977</td> <td>190</td> <td>326</td> <td>221</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978</td> <td>189</td> <td>321</td> <td>228</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979</td> <td>190</td> <td>308</td> <td>232</td> <td>102 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>(a) Refers to married couple.</li> <li>(b) Refers to man plus dependent wife.</li> <li>(c) Refers to man plus wife on his insurance. After 1971 refers to recipients under 80 years old.</li> <li>(d) Includes family allowance and tax allowance combined for second child up to 1977, when these were unified into the child benefit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percentage_change_in_social_security_benefits,_prices_and_earnings"><span id="Percentage_change_in_social_security_benefits.2C_prices_and_earnings"></span>Percentage change in social security benefits, prices and earnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Percentage change in social security benefits, prices and earnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Percentage change in social security benefits, prices, and earnings since previous updating (1974–1978):<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Unemployment and sickness benefit (a)</th> <th>Retirement pension (b)</th> <th>Prices (c)</th> <th>Average earnings (d) </th></tr> <tr> <td>July 1974</td> <td>17.0</td> <td>29.0</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>12.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1975</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>17.7</td> <td>17.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1975</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>14.7</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>10.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1976</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>12.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1977</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>14.4</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>9.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1978</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total increase October 1973 – 1978</b></td> <td><b>114.3</b></td> <td><b>151.6</b></td> <td><b>109.6</b></td> <td><b>107.9</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>(a) Single person.</li> <li>(b) Single pensioner under age 80.</li> <li>(c) General index of retail prices.</li> <li>(d) Average gross weekly earnings of full-time adult male manual workers. For November 1978, October 1977 to October 1978 increase used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment_and_sickness_benefits_as_a_percentage_of_income">Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Unemployment or sickness benefits as percentage of net income (a) at average earnings (b):<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="2">Single person </th> <th colspan="2">Married couple </th> <th colspan="2">Married couple with two children </th></tr> <tr> <th>Excl. ERS</th> <th>Inc. ERS (c)</th> <th>Excl. ERS</th> <th>Inc. ERS (c)</th> <th>Excl. ERS</th> <th>Inc. ERS (c) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>27.0 </td> <td>27.0 </td> <td>41.2 </td> <td>41.2 </td> <td>49.3 </td> <td>49.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>53.3 </td> <td>38.4 </td> <td>65.2 </td> <td>48.3 </td> <td>72.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>24.8 </td> <td>48.4 </td> <td>38.7 </td> <td>61.5 </td> <td>49.5 </td> <td>70.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>25.6 </td> <td>48.6 </td> <td>39.5 </td> <td>61.6 </td> <td>50.2 </td> <td>70.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>24.5 </td> <td>45.9 </td> <td>38.0 </td> <td>58.4 </td> <td>48.3 </td> <td>67.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>24.9 </td> <td>46.7 </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td>59.1 </td> <td>48.4 </td> <td>67.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>25.8 </td> <td>47.9 </td> <td>39.1 </td> <td>59.9 </td> <td>49.7 </td> <td>68.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>25.4 </td> <td>45.1 </td> <td>38.8 </td> <td>57.4 </td> <td>49.6 </td> <td>66.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>(a) After allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions.</li> <li>(b) Average earnings of adult male manual workers.</li> <li>(c) Earnings Related Supplement calculated using average earnings in October of the relevant tax year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_real_value_of_social_security_benefits,_1948–75"><span id="The_real_value_of_social_security_benefits.2C_1948.E2.80.9375"></span>The real value of social security benefits, 1948–75</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The real value of social security benefits, 1948–75"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Value of social security benefits in £1981 s </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Unemployment benefit<sup id="cite_ref-rodneylowe_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodneylowe-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Retirement pension<sup id="cite_ref-rodneylowe_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodneylowe-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Supplementary benefit<sup id="cite_ref-rodneylowe_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodneylowe-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Child support: one child<sup id="cite_ref-rodneylowe_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodneylowe-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Child support: three children<sup id="cite_ref-rodneylowe_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodneylowe-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1948, July</td> <td>19.64</td> <td>19.64</td> <td>17.93</td> <td>4.87</td> <td>17.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961, April</td> <td>26.88</td> <td>26.88</td> <td>25.31</td> <td>4.36</td> <td>16.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971, September</td> <td>34.96</td> <td>34.96</td> <td>33.39</td> <td>4.27</td> <td>15.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975, November</td> <td>36.47</td> <td>42.96</td> <td>35.10</td> <td>3.67</td> <td>13.81 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workfare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Workfare in the United Kingdom">Workfare in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><b>Housing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_house" title="Council house">Council house</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Esping-Andersen_1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esping-Andersen_1990_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGøsta_Esping-Andersen1998" class="citation book cs1">Gøsta Esping-Andersen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zW2ungEACAAJ"><i>The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press; Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745607962" title="Special:BookSources/9780745607962"><bdi>9780745607962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Worlds+of+Welfare+Capitalism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%3B+Polity+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780745607962&rft.au=G%C3%B8sta+Esping-Andersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzW2ungEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartholomew, J. (2004). "The Welfare State We're In" Politico's Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheveSerlin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Scheve, Kenneth; Serlin, Theo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422000673">"The German Trade Shock and the Rise of the Neo-Welfare State in Early Twentieth-Century Britain"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>117</b> (2): 557–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422000673">10.1017/S0003055422000673</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251172841">251172841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+German+Trade+Shock+and+the+Rise+of+the+Neo-Welfare+State+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+Britain&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=557-574&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251172841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055422000673&rft.aulast=Scheve&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Serlin%2C+Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003055422000673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Michael Freeden</a>, <i>The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform</i> (Oxford UP, 1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adams-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adams_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam"><i>Political Ideology Today (Politics Today)</i></a></span>. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719060205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719060205"><bdi>978-0719060205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today+%28Politics+Today%29&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0719060205&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalideolog0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Routledge encyclopaedia of philosophy</i> (2016), p. 599 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcliberalreforms-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcliberalreforms_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/britain/liberalreformsrev1.shtml">"Britain 1905–1975: The Liberal reforms 1906–1914"</a>. <i>GCSE Bitesize</i>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCSE+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Britain+1905%E2%80%931975%3A+The+Liberal+reforms+1906%E2%80%931914&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fhistory%2Fmwh%2Fbritain%2Fliberalreformsrev1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Lee – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/images/inside_image/The_People_Budget.pdf">"The People's Budget: An Edwardian Tragedy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305182535/http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/images/inside_image/The_People_Budget.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mr Balfour's Poodle</i> by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1976" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff (1976). "David Lloyd George: Land, the Budget, and Social Reform". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>81</b> (5): 1058–1066. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1852870">10.2307/1852870</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1852870">1852870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=David+Lloyd+George%3A+Land%2C+the+Budget%2C+and+Social+Reform&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1058-1066&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1852870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1852870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Bentley+Brinkerhoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Lewis, "The English Movement for Family Allowances, 1917–1945." <i>Histoire sociale/Social History</i> 11.22 (1978) pp. 441–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Macnicol, <i>Movement for Family Allowances, 1918–45: A Study in Social Policy Development</i> (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Schifferes2005" class="citation news cs1">Steve Schifferes (26 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4696391.stm">"Britain's long road to the welfare state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+long+road+to+the+welfare+state&rft.date=2005-07-26&rft.au=Steve+Schifferes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4696391.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/school-dinners/">"Why were school dinners brought in?"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Why+were+school+dinners+brought+in%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fschool-dinners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intriguing-history.com/childrens-act/">"1908 Children's Act was created to protect the poorest children in society from abuse"</a>. Intriguing History. 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1908+Children%27s+Act+was+created+to+protect+the+poorest+children+in+society+from+abuse&rft.pub=Intriguing+History&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intriguing-history.com%2Fchildrens-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poverty-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poverty_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazeley2003" class="citation book cs1">Gazeley, Ian (17 July 2003). <i>Poverty in Britain 1900–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333716199" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333716199"><bdi>978-0333716199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+in+Britain+1900%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft.isbn=978-0333716199&rft.aulast=Gazeley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g1_cs3.pdf">"Case Study: Working People"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Case+Study%3A+Working+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fbritain1906to1918%2Fpdf%2Fcomplete_g1_cs3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor1988-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1988_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Taylor1988" class="citation book cs1">David Taylor (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYDrnQEACAAJ"><i>Mastering Economic and Social History</i></a>. Macmillan Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36804-6"><bdi>978-0-333-36804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Economic+and+Social+History&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-333-36804-6&rft.au=David+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYDrnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spicker-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spicker_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicker" class="citation web cs1">Spicker, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spicker.uk/social-policy/uk.htm">"Social policy in the UK"</a>. <i>spicker.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spicker.uk&rft.atitle=Social+policy+in+the+UK&rft.aulast=Spicker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spicker.uk%2Fsocial-policy%2Fuk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beveridge_report-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beveridge_report_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pombo.free.fr/beveridge42.pdf">"The Beveridge Report 1942"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. His Majesties publishing office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beveridge+Report+1942&rft.pub=His+Majesties+publishing+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpombo.free.fr%2Fbeveridge42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psi.org.uk/publications/archivepdfs/Victims/VV2.pdf">"The Beveridge Report and the postwar reforms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Policy Studies Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beveridge+Report+and+the+postwar+reforms&rft.pub=Policy+Studies+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psi.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Farchivepdfs%2FVictims%2FVV2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Crafts, N., 2023. <i>The welfare state and inequality: were the UK reforms of the 1940s a success?,</i> s.l.: IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities.</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/data-and-charts/history-nhs-spending-uk">"A history of NHS spending in the UK"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+health+and+care+funding+reform+in+England&rft.pub=Socialist+Health+Association&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sochealth.co.uk%2Fnational-health-service%2Faccess-to-health-care-and-charges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmhealth/815/815-i.pdf">"NHS Charges, Third Report of Session 2005–06"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publications.parliament.uk</i>. House of Commons Health Committee. 18 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=NHS+Charges%2C+Third+Report+of+Session+2005%E2%80%9306&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmselect%2Fcmhealth%2F815%2F815-i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collette, C. and Laybourn, K. (2003) 'Modern Britain Since 1979. A Reader'. Chapter 2: The Welfare State, 1979–2002. I.B. Tauris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/23/welfare-spending-uk-poorest-austerity-frank-field">Welfare spending for UK's poorest shrinks by £37bn</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBR1415-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBR1415_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBR1415_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113173721/http://cdn.budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/EFO_November__2015.pdf">"Welfare spending p.132"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 4 December 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+real+significance+of+the+winter+fuel+row&rft.date=2024-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-real-significance-of-the-winter-fuel-row%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bartholomew_(journalist)" title="James Bartholomew (journalist)">Bartholomew, James</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bitebackpublishing.com/books/the-welfare-state-we-re-in"><i>The Welfare State We're In</i></a> (2nd ed.). Biteback Publishing. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849544504" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849544504"><bdi>978-1849544504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welfare+State+We%27re+In&rft.pages=480&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1849544504&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitebackpublishing.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-welfare-state-we-re-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steffen Mau, "The Moral Economy of Welfare States: Britain and Germany Compared." 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Support+for+benefit+cuts+dependent+on+ignorance%2C+TUC-commissioned+poll+finds&rft.pub=TUC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuc.org.uk%2Fsocial%2Ftuc-21796-f0.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+state+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2013" class="citation news cs1">Dixon, Hayley (13 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10515091/Majority-of-benefit-cheats-not-prosecuted-official-figures-show.html">"Majority of benefit cheats not prosecuted, official figures show"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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From Relief to Income Maintenance</i> (Yale UP, 1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocZMAQAAQBAJ&dq=heclo+britain+sweden&pg=PR9">online</a></li> <li>Hill, Michael J. <i>The welfare state in Britain : a political history since 1945</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/welfarestateinbr0000hill">online</a></li> <li>Jones, Margaret, and Rodney Lowe, eds. <i>From Beveridge to Blair: the first fifty years of Britain's welfare state 1948–98</i> (Manchester UP, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V367G5U0Cp4C&dq=+Margaret+Jones+welfare&pg=PP11">online</a></li> <li>Laybourn Keith. <i>The Evolution of British Social Policy and the Welfare State, c. 1800–1993</i> (Keele University Press. 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofbriti0000layb">online</a></li> <li>Slater, Tom. "The myth of "Broken Britain": welfare reform and the production of ignorance." <i>Antipode</i> 46.4 (2014): 948–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/tslater/mythofbrokenbritain_slater.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Sullivan, Michael. <i>The development of the British welfare state</i> (1996)</li> <li>Welshman John. <i>Underclass: A History of the Excluded, 1880–2000</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Underclass-History-Excluded-Since-1880/dp/1780935706/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sochealth.co.uk/public-health-and-wellbeing/beveridge-report/">Text of the Beveridge Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/field_01.shtml">The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform</a> Brief history of the Welfare State by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Field_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Field (British politician)">Frank Field</a> (BBC website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/uk-economy-2018-03.pdf">The UK Economy at the Crossroads</a>, research paper from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welfare_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Welfare_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Welfare in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Cyprus" title="Welfare in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Poland" title="Welfare in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Romania" title="Welfare in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welfare in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_benefits" title="Template:UK benefits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:UK_benefits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:UK benefits (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_benefits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK benefits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State benefits in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Income assistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_Tax_Credit" title="Working Tax Credit">Working Tax Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">Jobseeker's Allowance</a> (JSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Support" title="Income Support">Income Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carer%27s_Allowance" title="Carer's Allowance">Carer's Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_and_Support_Allowance" title="Employment and Support Allowance">Employment and Support Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_Support_Fund" title="Flexible Support Fund">Flexible Support Fund</a> (FSF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_State_Pension" class="mw-redirect" title="UK State Pension">State Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Credit" title="Pension Credit">Pension Credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disability relief</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Independence_Payment" title="Personal Independence Payment">Personal Independence Payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attendance_Allowance" title="Attendance Allowance">Attendance Allowance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Child support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child benefits in the United Kingdom">Child Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Maintenance_Group" title="Child Maintenance Group">Child Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_tax_credit" title="Child tax credit">Child Tax Credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Credit" title="Universal Credit">Universal Credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_Benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bereavement Benefit">Bereavement Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Benefit" title="Housing Benefit">Housing Benefit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambiguous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_Maintenance_Allowance" title="Education Maintenance Allowance">Education Maintenance Allowance</a> (abolished in England only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax_Benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Council Tax Benefit">Council Tax Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacity_Benefit" title="Incapacity Benefit">Incapacity Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assistance" title="National Assistance">National Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_Disablement_Allowance" title="Severe Disablement Allowance">Severe Disablement Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Benefit" title="Supplementary Benefit">Supplementary Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalidity_Benefit" title="Invalidity Benefit">Invalidity Benefit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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