CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <link rel=preload href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/vendor-9c08a-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/lib-b9ffd-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/felib-2dda6-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/felib-core-f80e2-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/1f8c0fb7-0c4f-4fb1-9b88-8035c35a7d18/mnt/pages/tabbed.js-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous> <title>HIV in children: Symptoms, treatment, and more</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children"/><meta name="description" content="Learn about how HIV affects children, including facts about transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the outlook for children with HIV."/><meta name="keywords" content="HIV in children"/><meta name="k1" content="hivaids"/><meta name="k2" content="infectious"/><meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOODP"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="cat_hiv-aids,cat_infectious_diseases,cat_pediatrics,k1_hivaids,k2_infectious"/><meta name="article:published_time" content="2021-10-29T01:00:00.000Z"/><meta name="article:author" content="Mary West"/><meta property="og:title" content="HIV in children: Symptoms, treatment, and more"/><meta property="og:description" content="Learn about how HIV affects children, including facts about transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the outlook for children with HIV."/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="HIV in children: Symptoms, treatment, and more"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Learn about how HIV affects children, including facts about transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the outlook for children with HIV."/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg"/><meta name="kmeta" content="pfizer-blocked"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-thumb.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="732"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="549"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-thumb.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="732"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="549"/> <style data-emotion="css 0 1pf0x3y 79elbk 1mqo1cs z1zfa by55vd 1ynwxft 2nnb2j 1tn87m4 13njx2h 17cs55w 1081t4c 1dvthki upe1zs jwb353 eqytyw v23quv 1qsp2zb 1vtpbs6 spwcx4 7wivn5 1bnren8 1ujqk39 1v78rwm 90fpmc wy0i0w gc7rbi 1qfr3bt d2znx6 142e5vg 8pel1w 1ugtprl h9jo37 w8u3o4 b26b7j v34bze i4o77u 1l95nvm u8uhak 1ub4i5m 1rkrrlx 1xx5q6 hh42uh 1acbpvw rre5oz une8nx 1d75hb8 15lc7zf 2wv3mf 14uyzrw 1g9ioi4 3jro8 12wdr8u 4a7tih s3rqk7 1ggvc7 6a6zvz 12qvns3 1wdo63k ro87dg 12va8w7 1avyp1d wp9hsz kxscys 1ugaz02 1ivue52 1ti7iub 7bezlb 1p2cbqg 1xdhyk6 yeoi4c n98yn4 5f7251 bufxhs 7vynax 10ib5jr k3xa71 1pvwan1 1mj85ht 1bisyf5 1kdolwm 140fa3i t143ak 1p4nzih 1lmhqiv">.css-1pf0x3y{width:100%;display:block;}.css-79elbk{position:relative;}.css-1mqo1cs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:[center|flex-start];-webkit-box-align:[center|flex-start];-ms-flex-align:[center|flex-start];align-items:[center|flex-start];-webkit-box-pack:[center|flex-start];-ms-flex-pack:[center|flex-start];-webkit-justify-content:[center|flex-start];justify-content:[center|flex-start];position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;z-index:1;background:[rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)|transparent];opacity:0;padding:[|20px];}.touchevents-false .css-1mqo1cs:hover,.css-1mqo1cs.mobile-hover{opacity:1;}.css-z1zfa{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;color:transparent;width:1px;height:1px;margin-left:-1px;}.css-by55vd::before{border:none;border-radius:100%;font-size:45px;height:45px;line-height:45px;width:45px;}.css-by55vd:hover::before{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);}@media tablet{.css-by55vd::before{content:"\7a";width:50px;height:50px;font-size:23px;text-align:center;line-height:54px;color:#231f20;display:block;position:absolute;top:20px;left:20px;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);}.css-by55vd:hover::before{background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);color:hover;}}.css-1ynwxft{padding:0px;margin:0px;list-style:none;}.css-2nnb2j{font-size:16px;line-height:18px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;margin-bottom:0;display:block;}.css-2nnb2j:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-1tn87m4{margin-right:0;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1tn87m4{margin-right:0;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-1tn87m4{margin-right:140px;}}.css-13njx2h{margin-bottom:50px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-13njx2h{margin-bottom:0;}}.css-17cs55w{display:none;margin-top:32px;min-width:510px;max-width:100%;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-17cs55w{display:none;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-17cs55w{display:block;}}.css-1081t4c{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1dvthki{width:40%;margin:0 20px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1dvthki{width:40%;margin:0 20px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-1dvthki{width:200px;margin:0 20px 0 0;}}.css-upe1zs{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-jwb353{display:none;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-jwb353{display:none;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-jwb353{display:block;}}.css-eqytyw{display:block;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-eqytyw{display:block;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-eqytyw{display:none;}}.css-v23quv{margin-bottom:30px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-v23quv{margin-bottom:30px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-v23quv{margin-bottom:0;}}.css-1qsp2zb{-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}.css-1vtpbs6{width:auto;height:40px;margin-left:0;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1vtpbs6{margin-left:0;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-1vtpbs6{margin-left:50px;}}.css-spwcx4{width:auto;height:40px;}@-webkit-keyframes animation-7wivn5{from{right:-600px;}to{right:0;}}@keyframes animation-7wivn5{from{right:-600px;}to{right:0;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1bnren8{from{right:0;visibility:visible;}to{right:-600px;visibility:hidden;}}@keyframes animation-1bnren8{from{right:0;visibility:visible;}to{right:-600px;visibility:hidden;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1ujqk39{from{right:-600px;display:none;}to{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@keyframes animation-1ujqk39{from{right:-600px;display:none;}to{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1v78rwm{from{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}to{right:-600px;display:none;}}@keyframes animation-1v78rwm{from{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}to{right:-600px;display:none;}}.css-90fpmc{cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;}.css-90fpmc:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-90fpmc:hover img,.css-90fpmc:hover .image{opacity:0.8;}.css-90fpmc:hover svg{fill:currentColor;}.css-90fpmc:active{color:#f0533a;}.css-90fpmc.content-link{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-wy0i0w{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;margin-left:-12px;padding:0;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-wy0i0w{margin-left:-15px;}}.css-gc7rbi{white-space:nowrap;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;color:#007FAA;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-gc7rbi{font-size:28px;line-height:40px;}}.css-gc7rbi:after{content:"";background:#dcdbdb;position:absolute;top:2px;right:1px;bottom:0;height:16px;width:1px;margin:auto;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-gc7rbi:after{top:4px;height:22px;width:2px;}}.css-gc7rbi:last-child:after{content:none;}.css-1qfr3bt{cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;font-size:16px;line-height:28px;padding:0 12px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1qfr3bt{font-size:20px;line-height:40px;padding:0 15px;}}.css-1qfr3bt:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-1qfr3bt:hover img,.css-1qfr3bt:hover .image{opacity:0.8;}.css-1qfr3bt:hover svg{fill:currentColor;}.css-1qfr3bt:active{color:#f0533a;}.css-1qfr3bt.content-link{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-d2znx6{margin-bottom:25px;}.css-142e5vg{margin:0 0 0 44px;padding:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;list-style:none;gap:24px;}.css-8pel1w{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:0;}.css-8pel1w svg{fill:#231f20;}.css-8pel1w:last-child{margin-right:0;}.css-8pel1w:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-8pel1w:hover svg{fill:#f0533a;}.css-8pel1w:hover button{color:#f0533a;}.css-1ugtprl{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;background-color:transparent;border:none;display:block;padding:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;color:#231f20;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:color 0.2s;transition:color 0.2s;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1ugtprl{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-1ugtprl{font-size:20px;line-height:28px;}}.css-1ugtprl svg{width:10px;height:10px;margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:fill 0.2s;transition:fill 0.2s;fill:#231f20;}.css-1ugtprl:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-1ugtprl:hover svg{fill:#f0533a;}.css-h9jo37{height:1px;overflow:visible;}.css-w8u3o4{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;max-width:100%;}.css-w8u3o4::after{content:"";clear:both;display:block;height:1px;margin-top:40px;margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;background:#dcdbdb;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-w8u3o4::after{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}}.css-b26b7j{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;list-style:none;margin-bottom:40px;}.css-b26b7j:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.css-b26b7j:last-child .css-w8u3o4::after{display:none;}.css-v34bze{margin:10px 0 20px 0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;display:-webkit-box;}.css-i4o77u{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:18px;font-size:22px;line-height:20px;line-height:28px;display:block;color:#231f20;margin:0;}.css-1l95nvm{margin:0;padding:0;}.css-1ub4i5m{margin-top:-15px;}.css-1rkrrlx{margin-bottom:0;line-height:26px;}.css-1rkrrlx ul{-webkit-padding-start:20px;padding-inline-start:20px;list-style-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='10' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='5' cy='5' r='1.5' fill='%23000000'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.css-1xx5q6{color:#231f20;}@-webkit-keyframes animation-hh42uh{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-15%);-moz-transform:translateY(-15%);-ms-transform:translateY(-15%);transform:translateY(-15%);}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0);-moz-transform:translateY(0);-ms-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0);}}@keyframes animation-hh42uh{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-15%);-moz-transform:translateY(-15%);-ms-transform:translateY(-15%);transform:translateY(-15%);}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0);-moz-transform:translateY(0);-ms-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0);}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1acbpvw{0%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}@keyframes animation-1acbpvw{0%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}.css-rre5oz{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-bottom:4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#767474;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;line-height:19px;}.css-rre5oz >span{font-weight:700;}.css-une8nx{-webkit-animation:animation-1acbpvw 0.2s ease-in;animation:animation-1acbpvw 0.2s ease-in;display:none;overflow:hidden;}.css-une8nx[open]{display:block;}.css-une8nx>div{margin-bottom:0;}.css-une8nx ul li a{color:#3D5191;}.css-une8nx ul li a:hover{color:#D3422E;}.css-1d75hb8{height:20px;width:20px;margin-right:12px;}.css-1d75hb8 svg{fill:#767474;height:20px;width:20px;}.css-15lc7zf>h3{margin-bottom:12px;}.css-2wv3mf{position:static;top:0;right:0;color:#767474;z-index:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:16px 0;row-gap:8px;border-top:2px solid #dcdbdb;margin-top:24px;width:auto;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-2wv3mf{position:static;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:16px 0;row-gap:8px;border-top:2px solid #dcdbdb;margin-top:24px;width:auto;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-2wv3mf{position:absolute;padding:0px;row-gap:0px;border-top:0px;margin-top:0px;width:175px;}}.css-2wv3mf>p{font-size:14px;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-2wv3mf>p{margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-2wv3mf>p{margin:7px 0 0;}}.css-14uyzrw{height:25px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:-20px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-14uyzrw{margin-right:-22px;}}.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper{margin-right:20px;color:#767474;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper{margin-right:22px;}}.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper>.button{font-size:20px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.print{display:none;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.print{display:none;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.print{display:block;}}.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.pinterest,.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.reddit{display:none;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.pinterest,.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.reddit{display:block;}}.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.more{display:block;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-14uyzrw>.button-wrapper.more{display:none;}}.css-1g9ioi4{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-bottom:0;gap:25px;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1g9ioi4{gap:30px;}}.QSIEmbeddedTarget div:first-child{border:0!important;}.QSIEmbeddedTarget img[alt="Close"]{top:0!important;right:0!important;padding:12px;}.css-12wdr8u{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:500;display:block;}.css-4a7tih{top:50px;z-index:401;pointer-events:none;position:-webkit-sticky;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.css-4a7tih{padding-top:70;}}.css-s3rqk7{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:8px;}@media(min-width:990px){.css-s3rqk7{padding-bottom:5px;margin-bottom:10px;}}.css-1ggvc7{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:0;-webkit-transition:color 0.2s;transition:color 0.2s;color:#231f20;line-height:1;}.css-6a6zvz{font-size:20px;height:20px;margin-left:8px;margin-top:0;color:#231f20;}.css-12qvns3{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;-webkit-order:4;-ms-flex-order:4;order:4;-webkit-flex:0 0 56px;-ms-flex:0 0 56px;flex:0 0 56px;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;cursor:pointer;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-12qvns3{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;-webkit-order:4;-ms-flex-order:4;order:4;-webkit-flex:0 0 120px;-ms-flex:0 0 120px;flex:0 0 120px;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-12qvns3{margin-left:auto;margin-right:25px;-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;-webkit-flex:0 1 auto;-ms-flex:0 1 auto;flex:0 1 auto;-webkit-box-pack:normal;-ms-flex-pack:normal;-webkit-justify-content:normal;justify-content:normal;}}.css-1wdo63k{cursor:pointer;color:#231f20;font-family:Proxima Nova,Arial Narrow,helvetica,arial,system-ui,sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.21px;-webkit-transition:color 0.2s;transition:color 0.2s;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1wdo63k{font-size:15px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-1wdo63k{font-size:18px;}}.css-1wdo63k:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-ro87dg{color:#231f20;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-12va8w7 p:first-of-type{margin-top:0px;padding-top:0px;}.css-12va8w7 p.disclaimer:first-of-type{padding-top:15px;}.css-12va8w7 .non-cost-jump-link{margin-bottom:30px;}.css-wp9hsz{margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:20px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-wp9hsz{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;}}.css-kxscys{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;border:none;padding:0;border-radius:0;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;cursor:pointer;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-kxscys{overflow:hidden;}}.css-kxscys[open]>div{border-bottom:2px solid undefined;}.css-1ugaz02{height:0;overflow:hidden;}.css-1ivue52{selector:css-oivvn2;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word;word-wrap:break-word;}.css-1ti7iub{margin-bottom:25px;}.css-1ti7iub:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.css-7bezlb{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:50px;}.css-1p2cbqg{margin-bottom:50px;}.css-yeoi4c{margin-bottom:0;border-top:1px solid #dcdbdb;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:102px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-top:20px;width:100%;margin-bottom:0;min-height:unset;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-n98yn4{display:block;margin-right:15px;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;line-height:0;}.css-5f7251{background-color:#f7f7f7;width:84px;}.css-bufxhs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;}.css-7vynax{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;overflow:hidden;pointer-events:none;z-index:-1;}.css-10ib5jr{margin-bottom:40px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-k3xa71{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}.css-1pvwan1{text-align:center;font-size:0;line-height:0;-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;margin:0 0 20px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1pvwan1{margin-right:30px;width:200px;}}.css-1mj85ht{font-size:16px;font-weight:600;text-align:center;margin:0 auto 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:0;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;}.css-1mj85ht:active,.css-1mj85ht:hover:not(:focus){outline:none;}@media max-mobile{.css-1mj85ht{display:block;font-size:14px;padding:9px 18px 10px 16px;width:210px;color:white;background:theme.colors.magenta;}.css-1mj85ht:hover{color:white;background:#aa311f;}}.css-1mj85ht:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-1mj85ht:hover img,.css-1mj85ht:hover .image{opacity:0.8;}.css-1mj85ht:hover svg{fill:currentColor;}.css-1mj85ht:active{color:#f0533a;}.css-1mj85ht.content-link{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media max-mobile{.css-1mj85ht{font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;background:#3D5191;color:white;}.css-1mj85ht:hover{color:white;}.css-1mj85ht:active{color:white;}}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1mj85ht{margin-top:20px;}}.css-1mj85ht:hover{color:#f0533a;}.css-1mj85ht:hover img,.css-1mj85ht:hover .image{opacity:0.8;}.css-1mj85ht:hover svg{fill:currentColor;}.css-1mj85ht:active{color:#f0533a;}.css-1mj85ht.content-link{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media max-mobile{.css-1mj85ht{font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;background:#3D5191;color:white;}.css-1mj85ht:hover{color:white;}.css-1mj85ht:active{color:white;}}.css-1bisyf5{margin-left:7px;position:relative;top:1px;}@media max-mobile{.css-1bisyf5{display:none;}}.css-1kdolwm article>h2:first-child{margin-top:30px;}.css-140fa3i{margin-bottom:16px;border-bottom:2px solid #dcdbdb;padding-bottom:0;position:relative;margin-top:24px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-140fa3i{padding-bottom:0;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-140fa3i{padding-bottom:30px;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-t143ak{from{rotate:none;}to{rotate:45deg;}}@keyframes animation-t143ak{from{rotate:none;}to{rotate:45deg;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1p4nzih{from{rotate:45deg;}to{rotate:0;}}@keyframes animation-1p4nzih{from{rotate:45deg;}to{rotate:0;}}.css-1lmhqiv{contain:content;}</style><script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/gpp.stub.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" data-domain-script="9b54d80c-2000-43bf-9670-aab208be0254"></script><script> let newDate = new Date(); newDate.setTime(newDate.getTime() + 1 * 3600 * 1000 * 24 * 365); function delete_cookie() { if (!getOTCookie('cleared-onetrust-cookies')) { console.log("Deleting Cookies: OptanonAlertBoxClosed, OTGPPConsent, OptanonConsent"); document.cookie = "OptanonAlertBoxClosed=;path=/;domain=.www.healthline.com;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT'"; document.cookie = "OTGPPConsent=;path=/;domain=.www.healthline.com;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT"; document.cookie = "OptanonConsent=;path=/;domain=.www.healthline.com;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT"; } const hostname = window.location.hostname .split('.') .slice(-2) .join('.'); document.cookie = "cleared-onetrust-cookies=;path=/;domain=" + hostname + ";expires=" + newDate; } function getOTCookie(cookieName) { var value = '; ' + document.cookie; var parts = value.split('; ' + cookieName + '='); if (parts.length == 2) { return true; } } delete_cookie(); </script><script> (function (){window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];})() </script><script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ "gtm.start": new Date().getTime(), event: "gtm.js" }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != "dataLayer" ? "&l=" + l : ""; j.async = true; j.src = "https://gtm-server.healthline.com/gtm.js?id=" + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, "script", "dataLayer", "GTM-MB6365D"); </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "ABConfig received", "ABConfig": {"activationReadNext":true,"experimentalRPM":"control","dcsCopayBestOffer":"control","dcsNativeCoupon":"variant","dcsCopayOnly":"variant","adbridgFlag":false,"oneTrustCPRA":true,"moveImageGalleryBelowDeck":"control","dcsEditInfoSectionPlacement":"control","pillIdentifierNoDupes":"control"}})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "Tenant Received", "Tenant": "mnt"})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "TLDDomain Received", "TLDDomain": "medicalnewstoday.com"})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "appState Received", "appState": {"title":"HIV in children: Symptoms, treatment, and more","canonical":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children","hrlContentId":"mnt-1301190","isArticle":true,"isContentSeries":false,"canonicalPath":"/articles/hiv-in-children","pageTemplate":"Tabbed Article","logMoreMetrics":true,"adsSponsored":false,"isCPUV":false,"newsletter":{"tags":"","categories":"hiv-aids,infectious_diseases,pediatrics"},"isSponsoredArticle":false,"targeting":{"k1":"hivaids","k2":"infectious","k3":"health","kmeta":"pfizer-blocked","msiteactive":"false","url":"/articles/hiv-in-children","articleId":"mnt-1301190","adLayout":"REDUCED"},"categories":[{"name":"HIV and AIDS","slug":"hiv-aids","link":"/categories/hiv-aids","primary":true,"children":[]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses","slug":"infectious_diseases","link":"/categories/infectious_diseases","children":[]},{"name":"Pediatrics / Children's Health","slug":"pediatrics","link":"/categories/pediatrics","children":[]}],"subcategories":[],"sponsoredNavMenu":false,"author":"Mary West","editor":"Maté Jarai","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature","vertical":"Chronic Condition","trackingTerms":[],"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"hasDisabledPrerollJWPlayer":false,"isNewsArticle":false,"hasEmbeddedJWPlayer":false,"byline":{"authors":[{"id":2878,"name":{"display":"Mary West","first":"Mary","last":"West"},"link":"/authors/mary-west","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">Mary West is a freelance writer based in Louisiana. Her work has appeared in various publications, including Medical News Today, Small Business Today Magazine, and Livestrong. She holds two bachelor’s degrees in health-related fields from the University of Louisiana at Monroe.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":2983,"name":{"display":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","first":"Joseph","last":"Vinetz, MD"},"userLogin":"jvinetz","links":{"website":"https://www.yalemedicine.org/specialists/joseph_vinetz","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/joseph-vinetz-0a083210/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/joseph-vinetz-md","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"164200","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p><em>This individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.</em></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Joseph Vinetz is an </span><a href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ABMS board certified</span></a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">infectious disease doctor at </span><a href=\"https://www.yalemedicine.org/doctors/joseph_vinetz/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yale Medicine</span></a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and a professor of medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, in the section of infectious diseases, department of internal medicine. He is also a research professor in the faculty of sciences and the laboratory of research and development at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. His background in the history of medicine informs his perspectives on current emerging epidemic diseases.</span></p>\n<p><strong>Education</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yale University, BS</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">University of California San Diego School of Medicine, MD</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Institutes of Health, Postdoctoral Fellowship</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Johns Hopkins Hospital, Residency, Fellowship</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Certifications</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Board of Internal Medicine – Internal Medicine</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Board of Internal Medicine – Infectious Disease</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Professional Accomplishments</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Associated investigator of the Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conducts research in global health and infectious diseases, focusing on diseases of high consequence such as malaria and leptospirosis</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Affiliations</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://www.nih.gov/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Institutes of Health (NIH)</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://the-asci.org/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI)</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://aap-online.org/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Association of American Physicians (AAP)</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://www.astmh.org/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"mnt-1301190","updateReason":[],"editor":"Maté Jarai","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2021-10-29":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Mary West","editor":"Maté Jarai","copyEditor":"Kate Phelan","medicallyReviewedBy":"Joseph Vinetz, MD"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"published":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"modified":{"date":1635469255,"display":"October 29, 2021"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"cesData":{"metaDescription":"Learn about how HIV affects children, including facts about transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the outlook for children with HIV.","title":"HIV in children: Symptoms, treatment, and more","iab_tag_tier_1":[],"iab_tag_tier_2":[],"mpdTags":[{"confidence":0.9989763821663594,"type":"topic_level_1","value":"health"},{"confidence":0.9266788205806471,"type":"topic_level_2","value":"disease_risks_and_transmission"},{"confidence":0.7757899053034054,"type":"topic_level_3","value":"stis_and_stds"},{"confidence":0.5418393873663157,"type":"topic_level_4","value":"hiv_overview"},{"confidence":0.7030993291187658,"type":"entity","value":"hiv"}]},"relatedStories":[{"title":"What one man's 'escape' from Alzheimer's might tell us about the disease","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-one-mans-escape-from-alzheimers-might-tell-us-about-the-disease","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/brain-scans-gloved-fingers-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","summary":"A 75-year-old man with a genetic predisposition for Alzheimer’s has yet to show signs of the disease. Could this offer insights on new preventive and therapeutic avenues?"},{"title":"Health misinformation and disinformation: How to avoid it","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/featureinconvo-misinformation-732x549.jpg","summary":"How can we learn to spot inaccurate and even malicious health information? Why do we fall so easily for false health info, and how can we update our mistaken beliefs? This In Conversation episode answer these questions with the help of Prof. Stephan Lewandowsky and Dr. Jenny Yu."},{"title":"Artificial sweetener may increase heart disease risk by triggering insulin surges","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/artificial-sweetener-triggers-insulin-spike-leading-to-blood-vessel-inflammation-in-mice","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/Artificial-sweetener-capsules-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","summary":"A common artificial sweetener may trigger insulin spikes that lead to the build up of fatty plaques in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes, a new study in mice indicates."},{"title":"Drug for diabetes and kidney disease may also lower heart attack, stroke risks","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-diabetes-kidney-disease-may-also-lower-heart-attack-stroke-risks","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/senior-man-sports-field-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","summary":"An FDA-approved medication already used to treat people who have type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease may also help lower their stroke and heart attack risk, a new study has found."},{"title":"A natural supplement may help people with a new type of heart disease","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/natural-supplement-tricaprin-may-help-people-new-type-heart-disease","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/supplement-heart-Stocksy_txp020705eecF5400_Medium_180947-Thumb.jpg","summary":"The supplement tricaprin, which is found in coconut or MCT oil, improved long-term survival for people with triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy, according to the results of a recent study."}],"hidePlacements":[],"userPreloadDrivers":{"headerNewsletter":{"_driverPath":"/articles/hiv-in-children","_contentIndex":"page","driverId":"ff4ad816-143d-4c2a-968c-ea480f595bfe","siteId":"40fa3d40-7108-11ea-a8fe-ab86e8b4e4d7","site":"mnt","status":"on","deleted":false,"overridePredictiveRPM":false,"created":"2022-12-19T15:45:12.000Z","updated":"2024-12-02T21:12:00.000Z","createdBy":"liallison@redventures.com","updatedBy":"eprater@rvohealth.com","isTest":true,"overridePredictiveRPMType":"none","sdapiTestName":"","rewardType":"","modelType":"","customModel":false,"holdout":"","imageMobile":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","color":"#8E0B0F","driverTypeId":"1ed6a315-4241-4254-92ae-17d0570ee038","sailthruAccount":"mnt","source":"menu_newsletter_link","titleOverride":"“You are my favorite medical source online”","callToAction":"Join us","id":"63422538-0caf-42be-8262-7835128de6ef","trackingNumber":39685,"adTagIds":["5bfa54a0-cb61-11ea-841d-230b5918b98d"],"articlePlacement":"headerNewsletter","image":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","secondarySubscriptionSubhead":"Other newsletters you won’t want to miss:","titleOverrideMobile":"“You are my favorite medical source online”","secondaryNewsletters":[],"descriptionModal":"Join the thousands who trust MNT for accurate, timely medical information. Our expert writers and medical professionals provide daily health news and insights. See why we’re the go-to source for savvy readers.","includeFeedbackStep":false,"driverType":"headerNewsletter","verticalId":"7b2406da-a0bd-42a6-95aa-7d6c6d2e0d75","verticalName":"MNT Daily","lists":["MNT Daily News"],"newsletterMeta":true,"name":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter","imageDesktop":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","descriptionModalMobile":"","driverPlacementId":"d5b8e667-55c1-4a6d-b05d-728a1733109b","campaignName":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter_39685","productId":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter_39685","_uuid":"m08dc2007-3e8e-4769-b35f-cf93735b222empd_headerNewsletter_ff4ad816-143d-4c2a-968c-ea480f595bfe","cpm":1.3113954868455626e+308}},"travelerDisabledReasons":["Ineligible site (mnt)","User is located outside the US (SG)"]}})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "GDPR Consent Status Received", "isGdprFullConsentGranted": true})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "USP Consent Status Received", "hasBlockedTargetingCookies": false})})() </script><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1" name="viewport"/><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_7_0.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_9_0.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/38C507_0_0.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link href="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/MNT-Periwinkle-White.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/MNT-Periwinkle-White.png"/><link href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://ib.adnxs.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://prebid.media.net" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://tlx.3lift.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://static.chartbeat.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://adserver-us.adtech.advertising.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><style>.css-90fpmc{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191}.css-90fpmc:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-90fpmc:hover img,.css-90fpmc:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-90fpmc:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-90fpmc:active{color:#f0533a}.css-90fpmc.content-link{text-decoration:underline}@keyframes animation-b7n1on{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}a{background-color:transparent;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:objects}a:active,a:hover{outline-width:0}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:inherit}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}dfn{font-style:italic}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-0.25em}sup{top:-0.5em}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}button,html [type="button"],[type="reset"],[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}button:-moz-focusring,[type="button"]:-moz-focusring,[type="reset"]:-moz-focusring,[type="submit"]:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}fieldset{border:1px solid #c0c0c0;margin:0 2px;padding:0.35em 0.625em 0.75em}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal}progress{display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline}textarea{overflow:auto}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}details,menu{display:block}summary{display:list-item}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_7_0.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_7_0.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_9_0.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_9_0.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_1_0.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_1_0.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova Fallback';src:local('Arial');size-adjust:99%;ascent-override:80%}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/ProximaNova-Light.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/ProximaNova-Light.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:900;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/ProximaNova-ExtraBold.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/fonts/proxima/v1/ProximaNova-ExtraBold.woff') format('woff')}*{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:inherit}:-moz-ui-invalid{box-shadow:none}html{box-sizing:border-box;text-size-adjust:100%;cursor:default;font-size:17px;line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;color:#231f20}html,body{height:100%;width:100%;margin:0;overflow-anchor:auto}.sro{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}button{font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px}cite{font-style:inherit}figure{margin:0}form{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}h1,.h1{font-weight:900;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:25px}h2,.h2{font-weight:bold;position:relative;clear:both;font-size:24px;line-height:30px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:30px}h3,.h3{font-weight:bold;clear:both;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:20px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:30px}h4{font-weight:bold;font-size:17px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:20px;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:18px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:20px}hr{border:none;border-top:1px solid #dcdbdb;line-height:0;margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:30px}img{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;max-width:100%}iframe{max-width:100%}li{font-size:17px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:8px}ol.hl-long-line > li,ul.hl-long-line > li{margin-bottom:15px}p,.p{margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:20px;font-size:17px;line-height:26px}p a.content-link span.icon-hl-trusted-source-after,.p a.content-link span.icon-hl-trusted-source-after{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none}ul{list-style-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='10' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='5' cy='5' r='2.5' fill='%23000'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}ul li > ul{list-style-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='10' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='5' cy='5' r='2.5' fill='%23FFF' stroke='%23000'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}small{font-size:14px;line-height:20px}table{border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16px;line-height:24px}.__chrome{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100%}#__next{flex-grow:1}body:not(.user-is-tabbing) :focus{outline:none}body .aa-Panel{z-index:500}@font-face{font-family:'healthline';font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/_static/nku3xo2nmvjomg==.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'healthline-video';font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/_static/mhze5frbrsgdxw==.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'healthline-video-mobile';font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/_static/bwpcf/z3fqxyxg==.woff') format('woff')}[class*="icon-hl"]::before,[class*="icon-hl"]::after{font-family:"healthline";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;speak:none;line-height:1}[class*="icon-hlvideo-"]::before{font-family:"healthline-video"}[class*="icon-hlvideo-mobile-"]::before{font-family:"healthline-video-mobile"}.icon-hl-arrow-right::before{content:''}.icon-hl-circle-arrow::before{content:''}.icon-hl-circle-arrow-bold::before{content:''}.icon-hl-arrow-right-bold::before{content:''}.icon-hl-check::before{content:'u'}.icon-hl-check-thin::before{content:'p'}.icon-hl-chevron-left::before{content:''}.icon-hl-chevron-right::before{content:''}.icon-hl-circle-alert::before{content:'b'}.icon-hl-circle-heart::before{content:'t'}.icon-hl-circle-question::before{content:'q'}.icon-hl-circle-thumb-down::before{content:'r'}.icon-hl-circle-thumb-up::before{content:'s'}.icon-hl-close::before{content:'h'}.icon-hl-close-thick::before{content:''}.icon-hl-close-thin::before{content:'x'}.icon-hl-email::before{content:''}.icon-hl-facebook::before{content:'v'}.icon-hl-frown::before{content:''}.icon-hl-gallery::before{content:'y'}.icon-hl-logo-icon::before{content:'m'}.icon-hl-more::before{content:''}.icon-hl-instagram::before{content:''}.icon-hl-pinterest::before{content:'z'}.icon-hl-print::before{content:''}.icon-hl-reddit::before{content:''}.icon-hl-smile::before{content:''}.icon-hl-twitter::before{content:''}.icon-hl-flipboard::before{content:''}.icon-hl-sms::before{content:'{'}.icon-hl-trusted-source::before{content:''}.icon-hl-new-logo-icon::before{content:''}.icon-hl-ribbon::before{content:''}.icon-hl-star::before{content:''}.icon-hl-outbound-link::before{content:''}.icon-hl-linkedin::before{content:''}.icon-hl-youtube-new::before{content:''}.icon-hl-trusted-source-after::after{content:''}.icon-hl-ribbon-after::after{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play-circle-after::after{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-back-10::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-minus::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-pause::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play-circle::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play-square::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-plus::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-replay::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-close::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-expand::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-loading::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-mute::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-pause::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-play::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-replay::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-unmute::before{content:''}.css-4aeg3z{font-weight:300;font-size:22px;line-height:32px;margin:20px 0}.css-rwmw5v{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:0;line-height:0;outline:none;position:relative;-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;z-index:0}.css-1jytyml{left:0;bottom:0;position:absolute}.css-yhe8zq{margin:25px -20px;max-width:1296px}.css-mjp0j9{display:block;position:relative;padding-bottom:56.17283950617284%}.css-16pk1is{line-height:0}.css-13b3g0x{color:#767474;display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:5px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:10px 20px;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word;word-wrap:break-word}.css-13b3g0x a[href]{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;color:inherit;text-decoration:underline}.css-13b3g0x a[href]:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-13b3g0x a[href]:hover img,.css-13b3g0x a[href]:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-13b3g0x a[href]:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-13b3g0x a[href]:active{color:#f0533a}.css-13b3g0x a[href].content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-13b3g0x p{font-size:14px}.css-13b3g0x li{font-size:14px}.css-xqmvw1{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;color:inherit}.css-xqmvw1:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-xqmvw1:hover img,.css-xqmvw1:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-xqmvw1:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-xqmvw1:active{color:#f0533a}.css-xqmvw1.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-2fdibo{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:inherit}.css-a10gts{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0}.css-zya54r{display:block;min-height:0px}.css-871rh7{position:relative;z-index:500;background-color:white;color:#231f20;border-bottom:1px solid #231f20}.css-m260rd{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:550px;width:calc(100vw - 40px)}.css-tqpz90{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;height:50px}.css-tqpz90 .logo{fill:white}.css-1w3ble7{display:flex;flex:0 0 75px}.css-cs3emt{display:flex;margin-right:14px}.css-x4xfyn{width:22px;height:14px;position:relative;background-color:transparent;border:none;height:14px;width:25px}.css-18a1afd{display:block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:100%;background:white;border-radius:3px;opacity:1;left:0;background-color:#231f20;height:3px;top:0;width:100%}.css-eafq96{display:block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:100%;background:white;border-radius:3px;opacity:1;left:0;background-color:#231f20;height:3px;top:50%}.css-14x00sv{display:block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:100%;background:white;border-radius:3px;opacity:1;left:0;background-color:#231f20;height:3px;top:100%;width:100%}.css-10aca47{display:flex}.css-gv8cz7{margin-top:1px;height:16px;fill:#231f20;z-index:10;transition:fill 0.2s}.css-1g6cesj{display:flex}.css-6qhv17{width:168px;height:14px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.css-kg8ull{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;width:168px;height:14px;display:flex;width:100%;align-items:center}.css-yc5e1l{min-height:22px}.css-1wyiq3l{display:none;flex:1 0 auto}.css-1gj0gsa{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;text-decoration:none}.css-1gj0gsa:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-1gj0gsa:hover img,.css-1gj0gsa:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-1gj0gsa:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-1gj0gsa:active{color:#f0533a}.css-1gj0gsa.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-1bdb0zy{padding-top:20px;border-top-width:0;border-top-color:#767474;border-top-style:solid}.css-1bdb0zy a{width:24px;height:24px;margin-left:0;margin-right:35px}.css-1bdb0zy a::before{font-size:24px;line-height:24px;text-align:center}.css-2sn1us{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;display:inline-flex;text-decoration:none;width:20px;height:20px;color:#231f20;margin-right:30px;margin-left:0px}.css-2sn1us:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-2sn1us:hover img,.css-2sn1us:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-2sn1us:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-2sn1us:active{color:#f0533a}.css-2sn1us.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-2sn1us::before{font-size:20px}.css-2sn1us:last-child{margin-right:0}.css-pf8wg0{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;display:inline-flex;text-decoration:none;width:20px;height:20px;color:#231f20;margin-right:25px}.css-pf8wg0:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-pf8wg0:hover img,.css-pf8wg0:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-pf8wg0:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-pf8wg0:active{color:#f0533a}.css-pf8wg0.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-pf8wg0::before{font-size:20px}.css-pf8wg0:last-child{margin-right:0}.css-1gdwmjx{cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;border:none;color:#767474;font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.css-1gdwmjx:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-2dofw9{position:relative;display:none;align-items:center;min-width:40px;order:4}.css-2dofw9 svg{height:16px}.css-ifmqwy{position:relative;left:0;width:100%}.css-1wm8u43{position:fixed;z-index:1;top:0;left:0;right:0;opacity:1;transition:none;position:static;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:130px;z-index:300;margin:0;padding-top:0;background:#f7f7f7;border-bottom:none;pointer-events:all}.css-1hjaa0k{position:fixed}.css-1jpwf16{display:block;justify-content:center}.css-1j2d96m{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center}.css-1j2d96m::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;position:absolute;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-1j2d96m:empty::before{display:none}.css-1j2d96m::before{text-align:center}.css-1j2d96m.css-1j2d96m{width:unset}.css-11egx89{align-items:flex-end;background:white;display:flex;justify-content:center;height:auto;padding-top:14px}.css-pdceuf{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:300}.css-1pr9u9e{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;color:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;background:transparent;border-radius:1px;border-width:0;color:#231f20;padding:0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:-15px;width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:100%;color:#767474;background:white;z-index:1;font-size:13px}.css-1pr9u9e:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-1pr9u9e:hover img,.css-1pr9u9e:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-1pr9u9e:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-1pr9u9e:active{color:#f0533a}.css-1pr9u9e.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-1pr9u9e:active,.css-1pr9u9e:hover:not(:focus){outline:none}.css-1pr9u9e:active{color:#ec1d8f}.css-1pr9u9e::before{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;line-height:30px;text-align:center}.css-bcus5s{display:block;justify-content:center;min-height:50px;width:320px}.css-1fteite{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;display:block;min-height:50px;width:320px;padding-bottom:6px;z-index:1;height:auto}.css-1fteite::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;position:absolute;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-1fteite:empty::before{display:none}.css-1fteite::before{pointer-events:none;line-height:9px;text-align:left;height:auto;max-width:330px;padding:0 5px;top:-10px;right:0;left:0;margin:auto}.css-1h1rean{display:block;justify-content:space-between;width:100%}.css-z468a2{width:100%;max-width:550px;position:relative;margin:0 auto}.css-1r4r6jy{display:flex;line-height:20px;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:20px;font-size:14px}.css-1q67gt9{flex:none;height:50px;width:50px;line-height:0;margin-right:20px;position:relative}.css-1edxg1f{border-radius:100%;overflow:hidden;background-color:#92A2C6}.css-1kir5of{font-size:14px;color:#767474;clear:both;margin:20px 0}.css-5b5f7q{margin:25px 0 20px}.css-5b5f7q ul{padding:0}.css-5b5f7q ul li{list-style-image:none;display:inline-block;margin:0 20px 0 0;font-size:14px}.css-5b5f7q ul li a{color:#767474}.css-1xn3edc{margin-bottom:30px}.css-1vedeqe{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:20px;position:relative;opacity:0;top:-10px;transition:all 500ms cubic-bezier(0.165,0.84,0.44,1)}.css-1vedeqe cite{font-style:normal}.css-1vedeqe cite a{text-decoration:underline}.css-17lceqi{display:none;flex:none;margin-left:50px;width:300px}.css-npv6dx{border-bottom:8px solid #231f20}.css-19c5efk{display:flex;line-height:20px;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:20px;font-size:14px;padding-top:13px;margin-top:25px}.css-488q2e{display:block;justify-content:center;height:600px;display:flex}.css-1y1s420{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;display:none;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;margin-bottom:70px}.css-1y1s420::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-1y1s420:empty::before{display:none}.css-1p5bah9{border-bottom:2px solid #231f20;border-top:8px solid #231f20}.css-120r23d{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;margin:15px 0 15px 0}.css-rlaxw5{display:block;position:relative;padding-bottom:75%}.css-107m7zl{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:24px;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-size:20px;line-height:26px}.css-1lyqwde{left:0;bottom:0;top:0}.css-1767n2d{display:block}.css-1fb1nmp{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;top:0;left:0;z-index:0}.css-prb4v6{display:block;justify-content:center}.css-vhteyv{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;display:none;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;margin-bottom:0}.css-vhteyv::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;position:absolute;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-vhteyv:empty::before{display:none}.css-1huyk6v{opacity:1}.css-14ktbsh{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.css-79elbk{position:relative}.css-175h8ux{display:none;flex:none;margin-left:50px;width:300px;position:relative}.css-1080dvu{font-family:Proxima Nova Condensed,Arial Narrow,helvetica,arial,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:34px;line-height:38px;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 20px}.css-1rznang{font-size:20px;line-height:26px;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 12px}.css-1q83h4t{margin:0 0 32px}.css-1p5mq94{position:relative;background-color:#F2F4FA;background-image:url("https://assets.healthline.com/content/images/dark-#007FAA-wave-background-desktop.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50% 100%;background-size:225%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;padding:24px 24px 64px 24px}.css-18tyfou{position:relative;min-height:26px;transition:padding 500ms cubic-bezier(0.165,0.84,0.44,1);overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.5);border:1px solid transparent;min-width:150px;padding:6px 12px 6px 12px;color:white;font-weight:600;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;color:white;background:#3D5191;margin:0;padding:15px 10px;width:100%;max-width:341px;background-color:#3D5191;text-transform:uppercase;border:none;font-size:16px;display:block}.css-18tyfou:active,.css-18tyfou:hover:not(:focus){outline:none}.css-18tyfou:hover{border:1px solid}.css-18tyfou:hover img{opacity:0.8}.css-18tyfou:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-18tyfou:disabled{background:#bcbfc5}.css-18tyfou[data-branded-review]{min-width:335px;margin:0 auto;background-color:hl:magenta}.css-18tyfou:hover{color:white}.css-18tyfou:active{color:white}.css-18tyfou:hover{background:#f0533a}.css-18tyfou:active{background:#f0533a}.css-18tyfou:hover{background-color:#D3422E}.css-zykd3q{display:block;width:20px;height:20px;margin:0 auto 5px;fill:#3D5191}.css-lhmed6{position:fixed;z-index:298;right:27px;bottom:175px;transition:opacity 0.25s linear,bottom 0.25s linear;border-radius:50%;opacity:0;color:#231f20;font-size:12px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);width:50px;height:50px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.css-x84v64{position:fixed;background-color:white;text-align:center;padding:10px 0 70px 0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;margin:0;z-index:298;width:100%}.css-14o9p71{position:relative;min-height:26px;transition:padding 500ms cubic-bezier(0.165,0.84,0.44,1);overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.5);border:1px solid transparent;min-width:150px;padding:6px 12px 6px 12px;color:white;font-weight:600;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;color:white;background:#3D5191;margin:25px auto 15px;padding:15px 10px;width:100%;max-width:341px;background-color:#3D5191;text-transform:uppercase;border:none;font-size:16px;display:block}.css-14o9p71:active,.css-14o9p71:hover:not(:focus){outline:none}.css-14o9p71:hover{border:1px solid}.css-14o9p71:hover img{opacity:0.8}.css-14o9p71:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-14o9p71:disabled{background:#bcbfc5}.css-14o9p71[data-branded-review]{min-width:335px;margin:0 auto;background-color:hl:magenta}.css-14o9p71:hover{color:white}.css-14o9p71:active{color:white}.css-14o9p71:hover{background:#f0533a}.css-14o9p71:active{background:#f0533a}.css-14o9p71:hover{background-color:#D3422E}.css-i9gxme{flex-grow:1}.css-1ocfdvu{font-size:14px;background-color:#f7f7f7}.css-1dppxl0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;max-width:none;width:100%;padding:40px 0}.css-1b2ri56{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center}.css-uktbta{width:100%;max-width:550px}.css-16bllps{font-weight:normal;font-size:14px;width:100%;padding:0 20px;color:#231f20}.css-1xx5q6{color:#231f20}.css-1xceiwh{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.css-10ma15c{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-around;flex-wrap:wrap;max-width:max-content;margin-top:0}.css-lb03wr{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;font-family:inherit;color:inherit}.css-3gcukm{display:list-item;margin:0 0 20px;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;font-weight:bold}.css-en1nu6{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;color:#231f20;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;padding:4px 0;text-decoration:none}.css-en1nu6:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-en1nu6:hover img,.css-en1nu6:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-en1nu6:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-en1nu6:active{color:#f0533a}.css-en1nu6.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-en1nu6:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-yjay6q{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;border:none;padding:4px 0;border-radius:0;color:#231f20;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none}.css-yjay6q:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-1us2gxx{background-color:#000000;width:100%;color:#dcdbdb;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif}.css-11upubx{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;max-width:none;width:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:center;padding:40px 0 50px}.css-6da01m{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;display:inline-block;margin-right:0}.css-6da01m:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-6da01m:hover img,.css-6da01m:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-6da01m:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-6da01m:active{color:#f0533a}.css-6da01m.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-d2oo9m{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-end}.css-s2uf1z{text-align:right}.css-si16g9{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;text-decoration:underline;color:#dcdbdb;display:inline-block}.css-si16g9:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-si16g9:hover img,.css-si16g9:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-si16g9:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-si16g9:active{color:#f0533a}.css-si16g9.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-si16g9:after{display:inline-block;content:'|';margin:0 1rem;cursor:default}.css-si16g9:last-of-type{margin-right:0}.css-si16g9:last-of-type:after{display:none;margin-left:0}.css-si16g9:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-si16g9:hover:after{color:#dcdbdb}.css-huujs8{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:40px;line-height:20px}.css-1vtxghn{display:inline-block;font-size:14px;margin:0;padding:0;font-weight:bold;color:#dcdbdb;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif}.css-87xp{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5191;text-decoration:underline;color:#dcdbdb;margin-right:0}.css-87xp:hover{color:#f0533a}.css-87xp:hover img,.css-87xp:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-87xp:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-87xp:active{color:#f0533a}.css-87xp.content-link{text-decoration:underline}.css-87xp:last-of-type{margin-right:0}.css-87xp:hover{color:#f0533a} @media(min-width:550px){.css-yhe8zq{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.css-13b3g0x{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0}} @media(min-width:768px){h2.with-image-at-left{float:right}h2.with-image-at-right{float:left}h2.with-image-at-left,h2.with-image-at-right{width:calc(100% - 280px)}html{font-size:18px;line-height:1.44;}html,body{overflow-anchor:none;}h1,.h1{font-size:50px;line-height:54px;margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;}h2,.h2{font-size:38px;line-height:42px;margin-top:45px;}h3,.h3{font-size:26px;line-height:30px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:35px;}h4{font-size:22px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:25px;}li{font-size:18px;}p,.p{margin-bottom:25px;margin-top:25px;font-size:18px;}.css-4aeg3z{font-size:28px;line-height:40px;margin:30px 0;}.css-yhe8zq{margin:30px auto;}.css-m260rd{max-width:989px;width:calc(100vw - 110px);}.css-tqpz90{height:70px;}.css-1w3ble7{flex:0 0 120px;}.css-cs3emt{margin-right:20px;}.css-x4xfyn{height:18px;width:34px;}.css-gv8cz7{height:20px;}.css-1g6cesj{align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex:1 0 auto;}.css-6qhv17{width:240px;height:20px;}.css-kg8ull{width:240px;height:20px;}.css-1bdb0zy{padding-top:30px;border-top-width:2px;}.css-2sn1us{margin-right:20px;}.css-pf8wg0{margin-right:20px;}.css-1wm8u43{display:flex;}.css-1jpwf16{min-height:90px;width:728px;}.css-1j2d96m{display:block;min-height:90px;width:728px;}.css-pdceuf{display:none;}.css-1fteite{display:none;}.css-z468a2{max-width:879px;}.css-1r4r6jy{margin-bottom:25px;font-size:16px;}.css-19c5efk{margin-bottom:25px;font-size:16px;}.css-1y1s420{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.css-107m7zl{font-size:24px;}.css-vhteyv{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.css-1080dvu{font-size:50px;line-height:54px;}.css-1rznang{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}.css-1p5mq94{background-position:center bottom;background-size:contain;padding:24px 32px 64px 24px;}.css-16bllps{padding:0;}.css-10ma15c{max-width:375px;margin-top:44px;}} @media(min-width:990px){.css-m260rd{max-width:1100px;width:calc(100vw - 90px);}.css-1w3ble7{display:none;}.css-cs3emt{display:none;}.css-10aca47{display:none;}.css-1g6cesj{justify-content:normal;flex:0 1 auto;}.css-1wyiq3l{display:block;}.css-1bdb0zy a::before{font-size:30px;line-height:30px;}.css-1bdb0zy a{width:30px;height:30px;margin-right:50px;}.css-2dofw9{display:inline;align-items:normal;}.css-1h1rean{display:flex;}.css-z468a2{width:calc(100% - 350px);max-width:750px;}.css-1r4r6jy{display:none}.css-1q67gt9{height:75px;width:75px;}.css-17lceqi{display:block;}.css-488q2e{min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-1y1s420{display:block;min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-prb4v6{min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-vhteyv{display:block;min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-175h8ux{display:block;}.css-1dppxl0{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:calc(100vw - 90px);padding:60px 0;}.css-1b2ri56{flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;}.css-uktbta{width:50%;}.css-1xceiwh{align-items:flex-start;}.css-10ma15c{max-width:max-content;margin-top:0;}.css-11upubx{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:calc(100vw - 90px);flex-direction:row;padding:35px 0;}.css-6da01m{margin-right:auto;}.css-huujs8{flex-direction:row;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0;}.css-1vtxghn{margin:0 20px 0 0;}.css-87xp{margin-right:20px;}} @media (max-width:320px){.css-1g6cesj{margin-right:5px}}</style> </head><body><noscript><iframe title="GTM-noscript" src="https://gtm-server.healthline.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MB6365D" style="display:none;visibility:hidden;width:0;height:0"></iframe></noscript><svg style="display:none"><defs><svg id="logo-mnt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="500" height="42" viewBox="0 0 500 42"><g fill="#3D5191" fill-rule="evenodd"><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="m479.387 40.187 3.07-.64c.961-.182 1.236-.365 1.236-.914V29.77l-8.933-13.66c-.458-.685-.64-.868-1.283-1.097l-1.282-.457v-1.37h11.407v1.37l-2.108.503c-.778.183-1.191.228-.733.914l7.146 10.965 6.367-10.828c.458-.777.092-.96-1.098-1.188l-2.016-.41v-1.326H500v1.325l-1.328.365c-.733.183-1.145.366-1.604 1.142l-8.107 12.884v9.731c0 .64.137.685 1.19.914l3.116.64v1.325h-13.88v-1.325zm-14.874-8.914-4.494-12.142-4.264 12.142h8.758zm-17.196 8.925 2.064-.498c.596-.136.917-.408 1.146-1.042l9.905-25.96H463l9.859 26.006c.183.497.55.86 1.145 1.041l1.606.453v1.314h-11.555v-1.314l2.43-.498c.78-.181 1.009-.453.733-1.178l-1.971-5.256h-10.134l-1.88 5.438c-.23.68.091.86.642.996l2.384.498v1.314h-8.942v-1.314zm-15.661-.194c6.027 0 10.045-4.843 10.045-12.838 0-6.442-2.466-12.564-10.684-12.564h-.96c-.913 0-2.283.274-2.967.594v24.306c.776.274 2.237.502 3.653.502h.913zm-13.607.182 2.511-.548c1.096-.228 1.233-.273 1.233-.913V16.018c0-.594-.137-.73-1.188-.96l-2.556-.548v-1.324h13.744c8.448 0 15.524 4.888 15.524 13.797 0 8.042-5.616 14.529-14.429 14.529h-14.84v-1.326zm-8.167-13.13c0-6.276-2.345-12.733-8.93-12.733-6.493 0-8.883 6.457-8.883 12.732 0 6.321 2.345 13.275 8.884 13.275 6.54 0 8.93-6.954 8.93-13.275zm-23.54 0c0-7.722 5.908-14.358 14.61-14.358 8.705 0 14.658 6.592 14.658 14.357 0 7.812-5.907 14.945-14.657 14.945-8.703 0-14.611-7.178-14.611-14.945zM356.249 39.61l4.216-.852c1.581-.328 1.779-.328 1.779-1.246V3.148h-2.306c-4.017 0-7.048.852-8.168 1.574-1.252 1.835-2.503 5.508-3.162 8.328h-1.779L347.29 0c1.318.525 3.624.852 6.06.852h26.154c1.382 0 4.413-.327 5.401-.786l.46 13.05h-1.844c-.592-2.82-2.042-6.559-3.162-8.33-2.436-1.442-4.48-1.638-7.509-1.638h-2.965v34.364c0 .918.199.918 1.713 1.246l4.348.852v1.902h-19.697V39.61z"></path><path d="M324.878 31.644h1.449c.374 1.9.934 4.477 1.868 6.241 1.075 1.312 2.57 2.577 5.328 2.577 3.831 0 5.981-2.306 5.981-5.516 0-3.166-1.962-4.568-4.532-5.608l-2.945-1.176c-4.205-1.673-6.682-3.979-6.682-7.958 0-4.567 4.533-7.506 9.906-7.506 2.758 0 4.767.723 6.262 1.537l.982-1.31h.981l.28 8.861H342.4c-.373-1.853-1.215-4.07-2.01-5.245-1.167-1.13-2.662-2.351-5.186-2.351-2.616 0-4.813 1.718-4.813 4.612 0 2.442 1.261 3.799 3.832 4.974l4.252 1.945c2.85 1.31 6.402 3.3 6.402 7.913 0 5.29-4.626 8.366-10.84 8.366-3.552 0-5.702-.678-7.151-1.357L326.093 42h-1.029c.14-1.674-.092-6.557-.186-10.356zM283.04 16.017c-.274-.73-.73-.868-1.413-1.096l-1.14-.41v-1.325h11.306v1.324l-2.188.503c-.911.228-1.14.319-.957.913l6.382 19.499 6.11-16.485-1.186-2.923c-.273-.73-.73-.913-1.322-1.096l-1.277-.41v-1.325h10.942v1.324l-2.052.503c-.866.228-.956.548-.729 1.141l6.884 19.134 6.474-19.134c.274-.776.045-.913-1.186-1.187l-2.188-.457v-1.324h8.89v1.324l-1.458.457c-.64.182-1.05.229-1.369 1.096L311.67 42h-2.096l-7.203-19.773L294.164 42h-2.142l-8.982-25.983zm-26.942 24.17 2.518-.548c1.1-.228 1.236-.273 1.236-.913V16.03c0-.64-.137-.73-1.19-.959l-2.564-.548V13.2h18.224c1.283 0 2.977-.274 3.664-.502l.824 9.086h-1.237c-.549-2.1-1.373-4.383-2.289-5.57-1.008-.64-3.663-1.37-6.549-1.37h-.411c-1.1 0-2.198.091-3.16.274v10.731h5.082c1.283-.776 2.382-2.832 2.61-4.248h.917V32.06h-.916c-.412-1.872-1.283-3.47-2.61-4.384h-5.082v11.919c1.007.137 1.922.319 3.846.319h1.053c1.785 0 4.625-.457 5.907-1.415.96-1.142 2.198-3.836 2.793-5.891H280l-1.327 8.905h-22.575v-1.325zm-37.1-32.408v22.53c0 2.495.263 5.649.395 6.896.131.854.33 1.183 1.184 1.314l5.332.789v1.904h-15.665v-1.904l3.95-.657c.854-.132 1.052-.46 1.184-1.314.066-1.314.394-4.467.394-6.963V4.626c0-1.05-.262-1.05-1.908-1.444l-3.225-.723V.489h11.453l23.367 29.162V11.523c0-2.759-.198-5.32-.396-6.765-.065-.788-.329-1.445-1.25-1.576l-5.332-.789V.488h15.665v1.905l-3.883.657c-.79.132-1.316.394-1.316 1.51-.066 1.38-.33 3.876-.33 6.832V42h-2.171L218.998 7.78z"></path><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="m185.9 40.187 2.455-.549c1.091-.228 1.227-.273 1.227-.914V16.018c0-.64-.136-.685-1.181-.913l-2.547-.594v-1.325h13.23v1.325l-3.046.594c-1 .182-1.182.32-1.182.913v21.748c0 2.055 2.091 2.146 3.501 2.146h.5c2.137 0 4.637-.594 5.82-1.416.91-1.142 1.864-2.924 2.455-4.432l.91-2.375h1.226l-2.09 9.823h-21.279v-1.325zm-11.631-8.914-4.495-12.142-4.263 12.142h8.758zm-17.196 8.925 2.064-.498c.596-.136.917-.408 1.146-1.042l9.905-25.96h2.568l9.858 26.006c.183.497.55.86 1.146 1.041l1.606.453v1.314H173.81v-1.314l2.43-.498c.78-.181 1.01-.453.734-1.178l-1.972-5.256H164.87l-1.88 5.438c-.23.68.091.86.641.996l2.385.498v1.314h-8.942v-1.314zm-26.829-12.804c0-8.637 6.772-14.696 15.878-14.696 2.791 0 5.354.406 7.596 1.402l.87-1.131h.96l.504 9.722h-1.236c-.411-1.944-1.373-5.155-2.288-6.376-1.19-1.086-3.248-2.17-6.27-2.17-7.595 0-10.157 6.556-10.157 12.977 0 7.914 4.027 13.296 9.518 13.296 2.609 0 4.896-1.04 6.132-1.9 1.007-.994 2.516-4.657 3.065-6.602h1.282l-1.556 8.41c-1.784.814-5.309 1.674-9.106 1.674-9.93 0-15.192-6.918-15.192-14.606zm-15.122 12.793 2.491-.549c1.087-.228 1.223-.273 1.223-.914V16.018c0-.64-.136-.685-1.177-.913l-2.537-.594v-1.325h12.683v1.325l-2.492.594c-1.042.228-1.222.274-1.222.913v22.706c0 .64.136.686 1.177.914l2.537.549v1.325h-12.683v-1.325zm-18.1-.183c6.027 0 10.045-4.843 10.045-12.838 0-6.442-2.466-12.564-10.685-12.564h-.958c-.914 0-2.283.274-2.968.594v24.306c.776.274 2.237.502 3.653.502h.913zm-13.607.182 2.511-.548c1.096-.228 1.233-.273 1.233-.913V16.018c0-.594-.137-.73-1.187-.96l-2.557-.548v-1.324h13.744c8.447 0 15.524 4.888 15.524 13.797 0 8.042-5.616 14.529-14.428 14.529h-14.84v-1.326zm-26.342.001 2.519-.548c1.098-.228 1.236-.273 1.236-.913V16.03c0-.64-.138-.73-1.191-.959l-2.564-.548V13.2h18.225c1.282 0 2.976-.274 3.663-.502l.824 9.086H78.55c-.55-2.1-1.374-4.383-2.289-5.57-1.008-.64-3.663-1.37-6.549-1.37H69.3c-1.099 0-2.198.091-3.159.274v10.731h5.082c1.283-.776 2.381-2.832 2.61-4.248h.916V32.06h-.916c-.412-1.872-1.282-3.47-2.61-4.384H66.14v11.919c1.007.137 1.923.319 3.846.319h1.053c1.786 0 4.626-.457 5.907-1.415.962-1.142 2.198-3.836 2.793-5.891h1.237l-1.328 8.905H57.073v-1.325zM0 39.417l4.455-.657c.983-.132 1.244-.92 1.376-1.842.066-1.315.328-3.287.328-6.311V4.701c0-1.118-.328-1.053-1.966-1.447L.785 2.465V.493h12.45l14.217 29.785L42.13.558h12.187V2.4l-3.67.92c-1.309.328-1.571.46-1.571 1.315v32.678c0 .921.196.986 1.703 1.315l3.604.79v1.906H36.56v-1.907l3.08-.723c1.507-.329 1.769-.46 1.769-1.38v-28.8L25.356 41.26h-.394L9.5 9.303v21.238c0 2.893.196 4.865.328 6.246 0 .855.196 1.775 1.113 1.907l4.652.723v1.907H0v-1.907z"></path></g></svg><svg id="icon-hamburger" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="25" viewBox="0 0 40 25"><path d="M38 3H2L0 2V1l2-1h36l1 1v1l-1 1zm0 11H2l-2-1v-1l2-1h36l1 1v1l-1 1zm0 11H2l-2-1v-1l2-1h36l1 1v1l-1 1z"></path></svg><svg id="icon-hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="19" viewBox="0 0 30 19"><path d="M29.823 17.211c.236.38.236.864 0 1.244-.233.38-.663.589-1.1.537H1.276a1.136 1.136 0 0 1-1.1-.537 1.186 1.186 0 0 1 0-1.244 1.14 1.14 0 0 1 1.1-.537h27.447c.437-.051.867.158 1.1.537zm0-8.333c.236.38.236.864 0 1.244-.233.38-.663.589-1.1.537H1.276a1.138 1.138 0 0 1-1.1-.537 1.186 1.186 0 0 1 0-1.244c.234-.38.663-.589 1.1-.537h27.447c.437-.052.867.158 1.1.537zm0-8.333c.236.38.236.863 0 1.244a1.139 1.139 0 0 1-1.1.537H1.276a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-1.1-.537 1.186 1.186 0 0 1 0-1.244c.234-.38.663-.589 1.1-.537h27.447c.437-.052.867.157 1.1.537z"></path></svg><svg id="icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 41 41"><defs><path id="a" d="M16.4 28a11.7 11.7 0 1 1 0-23.4 11.7 11.7 0 0 1 0 23.5zm22.9 8-9.8-10a16 16 0 0 0 3.2-9.6A16.3 16.3 0 0 0 1.7 9C-1.7 15.8.1 24 6 29a16.4 16.4 0 0 0 20.4.4l9.7 10a2.3 2.3 0 0 0 4-1 2.3 2.3 0 0 0-.8-2.2z"></path></defs><use xlink:href="#a" fill-rule="evenodd"></use></svg><svg id="icon-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M23.65 20 39 4.66A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 35.34 1L20 16.35 4.66 1A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 1 4.66L16.35 20 1 35.34A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 4.66 39L20 23.65 35.34 39A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 39 35.34z"></path></svg></defs></svg><div id="top-of-page"></div><div id="modal-host"></div><div class="__chrome"><div id="__next"><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div id="ZN_42F6O366pYyG3rg" data-testid="qualtrics-container"></div><div class="css-fdjy12"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-12wdr8u"><div id="site-header" data-testid="header-ux3" class="css-871rh7"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-tqpz90"><div class="css-1w3ble7"><div class="css-cs3emt"><button type="button" class="css-x4xfyn" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Main Menu" tabindex="0" data-testid="hamburger"><span style="transform:scale(1) translateY(0px)" class="css-18a1afd"></span><span style="transform:rotate(0deg)" class="css-eafq96"></span><span style="transform:rotate(0deg)" class="css-eafq96"></span><span style="transform:scale(1) translateY(0px)" class="css-14x00sv"></span></button></div><div class="css-10aca47"><svg viewBox="0 0 41 41" width="40" height="40" class="css-gv8cz7"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></div></div><div class="css-1g6cesj logo-wrapper"><div class="css-6qhv17"><a class="css-kg8ull" data-event="|Global Header|Logo Click" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|HEADER|Any Page|GLOBAL HEADER|LOGO|false|" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/" data-testid="site-logo"><svg class="css-yc5e1l logo" viewBox="0 0 500 42"><title>Medical News Today</title><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#logo-mnt"></use></svg></a></div></div><div style="opacity:1" class="css-1wyiq3l"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><ul role="menubar" class="css-142e5vg" data-testid="desktop-nav-bar"><li class="css-8pel1w" role="none"><button class="css-1ugtprl" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Health Conditions options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Health Conditions</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>Health Conditions</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/alzheimers-and-dementia">Alzheimer's & Dementia</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/anxiety">Anxiety</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/asthma-and-allergies">Asthma & Allergies</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-atopic-dermatitis">Atopic Dermatitis</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/breast-cancer">Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/cancer">Cancer</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/cardiovascular-health">Cardiovascular Health</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92">COVID-19</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/diabetes">Diabetes</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/environment-and-sustainability">Environment & Sustainability</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/exercise-and-fitness">Exercise & Fitness</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/eye-health">Eye Health</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/headache-and-migraine">Headache & Migraine</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/health-equity">Health Equity</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/hiv-and-aids">HIV & AIDS</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/human-biology">Human Biology</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/leukemia">Leukemia</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/LGBTQIA">LGBTQIA+</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/mens-health">Men's Health</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/mental-health">Mental Health</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/multiple-sclerosis">Multiple Sclerosis (MS)</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/nutrition">Nutrition</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/parkinsons-disease">Parkinson's Disease</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/a-deeper-look-at-psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/beneath-the-surface-with-psoriatic-arthritis">Psoriatic Arthritis</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/sexual-health">Sexual Health</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/program/investigating-ulcerative-colitis">Ulcerative Colitis</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/womens-health">Women's Health</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="css-8pel1w" role="none"><button class="css-1ugtprl" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Health Products options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Health Products</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>Health Products</h3><a class="css-1gj0gsa css-s3rqk7" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews"><span class="css-1ggvc7">All</span><span class="icon-hl-circle-arrow css-6a6zvz"></span></a><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/nutrition-and-fitness-products">Nutrition & Fitness</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/vitamin-and-supplement-products">Vitamins & Supplements</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/cbd-products">CBD</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/sleep-products">Sleep</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/mental-health-services-and-products">Mental Health</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/at-home-testing-products">At-Home Testing</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/mens-health-products">Men’s Health</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/products-and-reviews/womens-health-products">Women’s Health</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="css-8pel1w" role="none"><button class="css-1ugtprl" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Discover options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Discover</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>News</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/news">Latest News</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Original Series</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/content-series/medical-myths">Medical Myths</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/content-series/honest-nutrition">Honest Nutrition</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/content-series/through-my-eyes">Through My Eyes</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/content-series/new-normal-health">New Normal Health</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Podcasts</h3><a class="css-1gj0gsa css-s3rqk7" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/in-conversation-podcast"><span class="css-1ggvc7">All</span><span class="icon-hl-circle-arrow css-6a6zvz"></span></a><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it">Health misinformation and disinformation: How to avoid it</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brain-health-sleep-diet-3-health-resolutions-for-2025">Brain health, sleep, diet: 3 health resolutions for 2025</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5-things-everyone-should-know-about-menopause">5 things everyone should know about menopause</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/3-lifestyle-changes-slow-down-type-2-diabetes-related-brain-aging">3 ways to slow down type 2 diabetes-related brain aging</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/toxic-metals-tampons-arsenic-lead-should-you-be-worried#1">Toxic metals in tampons: Should you be worried?</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-tattoos-cause-blood-or-skin-cancer">Can tattoos cause blood or skin cancer?</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="css-8pel1w" role="none"><button class="css-1ugtprl" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Tools options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Tools</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>General Health</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/drugs">Drugs A-Z</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/content-hubs">Health Hubs</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/newsletter">Newsletter</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Health Tools</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/provider-near-me">Find a Doctor</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323586">BMI Calculators and Charts</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327077">Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316898">Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sleep-calculator">Sleep Calculator</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Quizzes</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/science-fact-or-fiction-separating-ra-myths-from-facts#1">RA Myths vs Facts</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/managing-blood-sugar-type-2-diabetes-quiz#1">Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/complementary-therapies-for-as-quiz#1">Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="css-8pel1w" role="none"><button class="css-1ugtprl" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Connect options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Connect</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>About Medical News Today</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about">Who We Are</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process">Our Editorial Process</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/content-integrity">Content Integrity</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/conscious-language">Conscious Language</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Find Community</h3><ul><li><a class="css-90fpmc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bezzybc.com/lp/2/?verzenio&utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect">Bezzy Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bezzyms.com/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect">Bezzy MS</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bezzymigraine.com/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect">Bezzy Migraine</a></li><li><a class="css-90fpmc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bezzypsoriasis.com/?utm_source=mnt&utm_medium=nav-bar-connect">Bezzy Psoriasis</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Follow Us</h3><div role="menu" class="css-1bdb0zy"><a class="icon-hl-facebook css-2sn1us" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="|social channel footer click|Facebook channel icon clicked" href="https://www.facebook.com/MedicalNewsToday/" aria-label="Visit our Facebook page"></a><a class="icon-hl-twitter css-pf8wg0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="|social channel footer click|Twitter channel icon clicked" href="https://twitter.com/mnt" aria-label="Visit our Twitter page"></a><a class="icon-hl-instagram css-pf8wg0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="|social channel footer click|Instagram channel icon clicked" href="https://www.instagram.com/medicalnewstoday/" aria-label="Visit our Instagram page"></a><a class="icon-hl-linkedin css-pf8wg0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="|social channel footer click|LinkedIn channel icon clicked" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mednewstoday/?originalSubdomain=ec" aria-label="Visit our LinkedIn page"></a><a class="icon-hl-flipboard css-pf8wg0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="|social channel footer click|Flipboard channel icon clicked" href="https://flipboard.com/@MedNewsToday" aria-label="Visit our Flipboard page"></a></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="css-12qvns3"><button aria-label="Click to Subscribe to our Newsletter" id="newsletter-subscription-button" data-test-id="newsletter-subscribe-button" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="css-1gdwmjx"><span class="css-1wdo63k">Subscribe</span></button></div><div class="css-2dofw9"></div></div></div></div><div class="css-ifmqwy"></div></div><div class="css-4a7tih"><aside class="css-1wm8u43" data-testid="header-leaderboard" data-sticky="true"><div data-empty="true" class="css-1j2d96m"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="dlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="dlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-1jpwf16"></div></div></aside></div><aside data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-1pr9u9e"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-1h1rean css-1kdolwm"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>What to know about HIV in children</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-1r4r6jy"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-1edxg1f"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Joseph Vinetz, MD</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mary West</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on October 29, 2021</span></div></section></div><div><nav class="css-wp9hsz" id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar"><ul class="css-wy0i0w"><li class="css-gc7rbi"><a href="#how-hiv-affects-children" class="css-1qfr3bt">How HIV affects children</a></li><li class="css-gc7rbi"><a href="#transmission" class="css-1qfr3bt">Transmission</a></li><li class="css-gc7rbi"><a href="#symptoms" class="css-1qfr3bt">Symptoms</a></li><li class="css-gc7rbi"><a href="#diagnosis" class="css-1qfr3bt">Diagnosis</a></li><li class="css-gc7rbi"><a href="#treatment" class="css-1qfr3bt">Treatment</a></li><li class="css-gc7rbi"><a href="#outlook" class="css-1qfr3bt">Outlook</a></li><li class="css-gc7rbi"><a href="#summary" class="css-1qfr3bt">Summary</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><p class="css-4aeg3z">Doctors encounter challenges is diagnosing HIV in children during the first year of life. Infants may have symptoms such as inadequate weight gain, intermittent diarrhea, and pneumonia. Later, symptoms may involve a broad array of health issues, depending on the severity of the HIV.</p></div></div><div><p>The source of <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311323" class="content-link css-90fpmc">HIV</a> transmission in children is <a href="https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">usually</a> the parent who has birthed them. Exposure to the virus may occur in the womb, during childbirth, or when breastfeeding.</p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>Treatment is the same as for adults with HIV ⁠— <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323897" class="content-link css-90fpmc">antiretroviral therapy (ART)</a>. If an infant has a severe case of HIV, the risk of death within the first few months <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">is high</a></hl-trusted-source> even with treatment. Afterward, the likelihood of death drops quickly, and the long-term risk is low.</p></div><div><p>This article will look at the transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV in children. It will also discuss the outlook for children with HIV. </p></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="how-hiv-affects-children">How does HIV affect children?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><figure class="css-yhe8zq"><span class="css-rwmw5v"><span class="css-mjp0j9"><picture class="css-16pk1is"><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w" media="(min-width: 1190px)"/><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w" media="(min-width: 990px)"/><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1845 879w" media="(min-width: 768px)"/><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528" alt="A shadow of a parent and child who may have HIV." class="css-1jytyml"/></picture></span><hl-share-overlay class="css-1mqo1cs"><a class="css-90fpmc icon-hl-pinterest css-by55vd" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-event="Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked" data-element-event="OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fhiv-in-children&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2021%2F10%2FHIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg&description=HIV%20in%20children%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20treatment%2C%20and%20more" title="Share on Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" data-share-url="https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg"><span class="css-z1zfa">Share on Pinterest</span></a></hl-share-overlay></span><figcaption class="css-13b3g0x">Zanel De Lange/EyeEm/Getty Images</figcaption></figure></div></div><div><p>HIV is a virus that harms the immune system, impairing the body’s ability to fight <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196271" class="content-link css-90fpmc">infections</a> and some types of <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323648" class="content-link css-90fpmc">cancer</a>. Since children do not have fully developed immunity, those with HIV become <a href="https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">more severely ill</a> from common pediatric infections than those who are HIV-negative. </p></div><div><p>Because they cannot fight infections well, children with HIV frequently get the following:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/inner-ear-infection" class="content-link css-90fpmc">ear infections</a></li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/307190" class="content-link css-90fpmc">sinus infections</a></li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151632" class="content-link css-90fpmc">pneumonia</a></li><li>intestinal illness</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305782" class="content-link css-90fpmc">sepsis</a>, a serious blood infection</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316622" class="content-link css-90fpmc">skin diseases</a></li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9276" class="content-link css-90fpmc">meningitis</a>, inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord</li></ul></div><div><p>Doctors diagnosed <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-31.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">87</a></hl-trusted-source> cases of HIV in children younger than 13 in the United States during 2018. </p></div><div><p><hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">That year</a></hl-trusted-source>, 1,544 children in the U.S. were living with HIV from transmission that happened before, during, or immediately after birth. Of these, 60% were African American.</p></div><div><p>Globally, approximately <a href="https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">1.7 million</a> children under the age of 15 are living with HIV.</p></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="transmission">Transmission</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>A <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323742" class="content-link css-90fpmc">pregnant person</a> with HIV can transmit the virus to their fetus while it develops in the womb. Transmission from a parent with HIV to an infant may also occur during birth or breastfeeding. Doctors refer to these three routes of HIV spread as perinatal transmission.</p></div><div><p>In the U.S., perinatal transmission is the <a href="https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">most common</a> way children get HIV. Virtually all children contract it through this means, but not every child born to a person with HIV will get the virus.</p></div><div><p>Prior to <a href="https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">1985</a>, a small number of children contracted HIV through contaminated blood products. Due to routine screening that began at this time, the risk of transmission through blood is now very low.</p></div><div><p>Additionally, there are no known cases of HIV that have resulted from exposure via:</p></div><div><ul><li>tears</li><li>saliva</li><li>sweat</li><li>casual contact, such as sharing bedding or food</li><li>toilet seats</li></ul></div><div><p><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315920" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Learn more about HIV transmission here.</a></p></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="symptoms">Symptoms</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Below are <a href="https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">common</a> symptoms of HIV in infants and children:</p></div><div><h3>Infants up to 1 year of age</h3></div><div><p>In the first year of life, doctors have more difficulty recognizing HIV. Symptoms in infants may include:</p></div><div><ul><li>delayed physical development, manifesting in inadequate weight gain and bone growth</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324105" class="content-link css-90fpmc">swollen lymph nodes</a></li><li>intermittent <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634" class="content-link css-90fpmc">diarrhea</a></li><li>swollen abdomen</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317970" class="content-link css-90fpmc">fungal infection</a> in the mouth called oral thrush</li><li>pneumonia</li></ul></div><div><h3>Children older than 1 year</h3></div><div><p>Doctors may categorize symptoms in children as mild, moderate, or severe. </p></div><div><p>Mild symptoms include:</p></div><div><ul><li>swollen lymph nodes</li><li>swollen salivary glands</li><li>itchy <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317999" class="content-link css-90fpmc">rash</a></li><li>constant or reoccurring ear or sinus infections</li><li>abdominal swelling</li></ul></div><div><p>Moderate symptoms include:</p></div><div><ul><li>inflammation and swelling of lung tissue</li><li>constant or reoccurring diarrhea</li><li>oral thrush that lasts longer than 2 months</li><li>inflammation of the liver</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179" class="content-link css-90fpmc">kidney disease</a></li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168266" class="content-link css-90fpmc">fever</a> that lasts longer than 1 month</li><li>complicated <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/239450" class="content-link css-90fpmc">chickenpox</a></li></ul></div><div><p>Severe symptoms include:</p></div><div><ul><li>two serious <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bacterial-infection-symptoms" class="content-link css-90fpmc">bacterial infections</a> within 1 year</li><li>inflammation of the brain</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151172" class="content-link css-90fpmc">yeast infection</a> in the lungs or digestive tract</li><li>pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, the type of pneumonia common in people with HIV</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249141" class="content-link css-90fpmc">tumors</a></li></ul></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Doctors diagnose HIV in infants using different means than those they use to diagnose children older than 18 months.</p></div><div><h3>Infants below 18 months</h3></div><div><p>When a person with HIV gives birth, doctors <a href="https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">usually</a> order virologic tests for the infant at the following intervals:</p></div><div><ul><li>within 2 days of birth</li><li>after 1 or 2 months</li><li>at 4 or 6 months of age</li></ul></div><div><p>Infants receive an HIV diagnosis when two different blood samples test positive for the virus.</p></div><div><h3>Children older than 18 months</h3></div><div><p>When fetuses develop within the womb, they receive nourishment from the pregnant parent through the placenta. If the pregnant parent has HIV, the placenta also transfers HIV antibodies to the fetus. For this reason, all infants birthed by a parent with HIV will test positive for the antibodies at birth.</p></div><div><p>After birth, antibodies for HIV from the birthing parent can remain in the blood for up to 18 months. Once children are over 18 months old, doctors use the <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323901" class="content-link css-90fpmc">HIV antibody test</a> to make a diagnosis.</p></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="treatment">Treatment and management</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The standard treatment for HIV is ART. Practitioners <a href="https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">recommend</a> this for people of all ages, including children. Experts advocate early treatment, as it <a href="https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">can help</a> children live longer, healthier lives.</p></div><div><p>The dose for children may depend on weight rather than age. Additionally, if a child is too young to swallow a pill, doctors may prescribe the liquid form of ART.</p></div><div><p>Several factors may affect adherence, which refers to taking the medication consistently. For instance, children may refuse treatment due to an unpleasant taste, or side effects may make them reluctant to take it.</p></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="outlook">Outlook</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Infants who contract HIV in the womb or during birth have a <a href="https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">less positive outlook</a> than those who contract it during breastfeeding. They need ART very quickly to prevent death.</p></div><div><p>A <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">2016 study</a></hl-trusted-source> found that in the years following the availability of ART, the risk of death declined greatly. However, the likelihood remains high within the first few months after the start of ART in young children with severe HIV. After this period, the rate of death decreases quickly, and the long-term risk is low.</p></div><div><p>The study authors noted that suboptimal adherence to ART threatens these high survival rates. Yet even with good adherence, children continue to have a high likelihood of associated illnesses.</p></div><div><p>Cancer is 5–10 times more common in children with HIV compared with those who are HIV-negative. Infections are another threat, as they are the major cause of death.</p></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1lmhqiv"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="summary">Summary</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>HIV in children manifests in health conditions that stem from impaired immunity. </p></div><div><p>Children with HIV cannot fight disease-causing microbes well, putting them at a <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">higher risk</a></hl-trusted-source> of infections, including pneumonia and meningitis. They also have a higher likelihood of developing cancer.</p></div><div><p>Doctors treat the condition with ART. It is <a href="https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">important</a> to start treatment as early as possible. </p></div><div><p>Early treatment is <a href="https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">particularly critical</a> for infants who contract HIV in the womb or during birth.</p></div></div></article><div class="css-1p5mq94"><p class="css-1080dvu">Get started with </p><p class="css-1rznang">Interested in trying ? We can help!</p><p class="css-1q83h4t"></p><button class="css-18tyfou" data-testid="button"><span class="css-14ktbsh"><span class="css-1huyk6v"></span></span></button></div><div class="css-x84v64"><button class="css-14o9p71" data-testid="button"><span class="css-14ktbsh"><span class="css-1huyk6v">Try </span></span></button><a href="#" class="css-lhmed6"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 19" class="css-zykd3q"><path d="M12.23.96l8.33 14.3a2.34 2.34 0 01-3.06 3.28 15.78 15.78 0 00-14 0 2.34 2.34 0 01-3.06-3.29L8.77.96a2 2 0 013.46 0z"></path></svg>TOP</div></a></div></div><p data-testid="last-medically-reviewed" class="css-1kir5of"><span> </span></p><div class="css-5b5f7q"><ul><li itemProp="genre"><a class="css-90fpmc" data-event="Navigation|article tag click|HIV and AIDS" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/hiv-aids">HIV and AIDS</a></li><li itemProp="genre"><a class="css-90fpmc" data-event="Navigation|article tag click|Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/infectious_diseases">Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses</a></li><li itemProp="genre"><a class="css-90fpmc" data-event="Navigation|article tag click|Pediatrics / Children's Health" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/pediatrics">Pediatrics / Children's Health</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="css-140fa3i"><div class="css-15lc7zf"><h3 id="bylineArticleTools">How we reviewed this article:</h3><div class="css-1g9ioi4"><button type="button" class="css-kxscys"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 10C0 4.477 4.477 0 10 0s10 4.477 10 10-4.477 10-10 10S0 15.523 0 10Zm18.5 0a8.5 8.5 0 1 0-17 0 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 17 0ZM10 4c-.823 0-1.5.677-1.5 1.518C8.5 6.323 9.177 7 10 7c.841 0 1.5-.677 1.5-1.482A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 10 4Zm0 4.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1V15a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9.5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span>Sources</span></div></button></div><div class="css-une8nx"><div class="css-1xn3edc css-1rkrrlx"><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><div class="css-0">Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our <a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process">editorial policy</a>.</div><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>About pediatric AIDS. (n.d.). </span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/">https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>AIDS/HIV in children. (n.d.). </span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509">https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Children and HIV: Fact sheet. (2016). </span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf">https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Davies, M.-A., <em>et al</em>. (2016). Survival of HIV-1 vertically infected children. </span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>HIV and children and adolescents. (2021). </span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents">https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>HIV surveillance report, volume 31. (2018). </span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-31.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-31.pdf</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Pregnant women, infants, and children. (2021).</span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html</a></cite></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="css-2wv3mf" data-testid="share-tools"><p>Share this article</p><div class="css-14uyzrw"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-xqmvw1 print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper email"><a class="css-xqmvw1 email button icon icon-hl-email" target="_blank" title="Email this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-xqmvw1 facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fhiv-in-children%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper twitter"><a class="css-xqmvw1 twitter button icon icon-hl-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?via=mnt&text=HIV%20in%20children%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20treatment%2C%20and%20more&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fhiv-in-children%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dtwitter%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper more"><a class="css-xqmvw1 more button icon icon-hl-more" target="_blank" title="Show more"></a></div></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section class="css-175h8ux" style="margin-top:0"><div class="css-7bezlb"><div class="css-npv6dx"><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-19c5efk"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-1edxg1f"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Joseph Vinetz, MD</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mary West</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on October 29, 2021</span></div></section></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div data-empty="true" class="css-1y1s420"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-488q2e"></div></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-1p5bah9 css-1p2cbqg"><h2 class="css-120r23d css-1xdhyk6">Latest news</h2><ul data-testid="Latest news-collection-ul" class="css-1ynwxft"><li class="css-yeoi4c"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-one-mans-escape-from-alzheimers-might-tell-us-about-the-disease" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-one-mans-escape-from-alzheimers-might-tell-us-about-the-disease" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="What one man's 'escape' from Alzheimer's might tell us about the disease"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-5f7251"><span class="css-rlaxw5"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/brain-scans-gloved-fingers-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></a><div class="css-bufxhs"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-2nnb2j" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-one-mans-escape-from-alzheimers-might-tell-us-about-the-disease" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-one-mans-escape-from-alzheimers-might-tell-us-about-the-disease" data-testid="text-link">What one man's 'escape' from Alzheimer's might tell us about the disease</a></div></li><li class="css-yeoi4c"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="Health misinformation and disinformation: How to avoid it"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-5f7251"><span class="css-rlaxw5"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/featureinconvo-misinformation-732x549.jpg" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></a><div class="css-bufxhs"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-2nnb2j" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it" data-testid="text-link">Health misinformation and disinformation: How to avoid it</a></div></li><li class="css-yeoi4c"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/artificial-sweetener-triggers-insulin-spike-leading-to-blood-vessel-inflammation-in-mice" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/artificial-sweetener-triggers-insulin-spike-leading-to-blood-vessel-inflammation-in-mice" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="Artificial sweetener may increase heart disease risk by triggering insulin surges"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-5f7251"><span class="css-rlaxw5"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/Artificial-sweetener-capsules-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></a><div class="css-bufxhs"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-2nnb2j" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/artificial-sweetener-triggers-insulin-spike-leading-to-blood-vessel-inflammation-in-mice" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/artificial-sweetener-triggers-insulin-spike-leading-to-blood-vessel-inflammation-in-mice" data-testid="text-link">Artificial sweetener may increase heart disease risk by triggering insulin surges</a></div></li><li class="css-yeoi4c"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-diabetes-kidney-disease-may-also-lower-heart-attack-stroke-risks" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-diabetes-kidney-disease-may-also-lower-heart-attack-stroke-risks" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="Drug for diabetes and kidney disease may also lower heart attack, stroke risks"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-5f7251"><span class="css-rlaxw5"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/senior-man-sports-field-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></a><div class="css-bufxhs"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-2nnb2j" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-diabetes-kidney-disease-may-also-lower-heart-attack-stroke-risks" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-diabetes-kidney-disease-may-also-lower-heart-attack-stroke-risks" data-testid="text-link">Drug for diabetes and kidney disease may also lower heart attack, stroke risks</a></div></li><li class="css-yeoi4c"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/natural-supplement-tricaprin-may-help-people-new-type-heart-disease" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/natural-supplement-tricaprin-may-help-people-new-type-heart-disease" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="A natural supplement may help people with a new type of heart disease"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-5f7251"><span class="css-rlaxw5"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/supplement-heart-Stocksy_txp020705eecF5400_Medium_180947-Thumb.jpg" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></a><div class="css-bufxhs"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-2nnb2j" data-event="Right Rail|Latest News|https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/natural-supplement-tricaprin-may-help-people-new-type-heart-disease" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/natural-supplement-tricaprin-may-help-people-new-type-heart-disease" data-testid="text-link">A natural supplement may help people with a new type of heart disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div class="css-h9jo37" data-dynamic-ads="true"><object type="text/html" data="about:blank" aria-label="advertisement" class="css-7vynax"></object></div></section></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div><div id="read-next" class=" css-10ib5jr"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2"><h3 class="css-107m7zl">Related Coverage</h3></div><section class="css-17lceqi"></section></div></div><ul class="css-1l95nvm"><li class="css-b26b7j"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-w8u3o4"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-xqmvw1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV wasting syndrome|rn0" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What to know about HIV wasting syndrome" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV_wasting_train_blur_thumb-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV_wasting_train_blur_thumb-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-i4o77u" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV wasting syndrome|rn0" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What to know about HIV wasting syndrome</a><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV wasting syndrome|rn0" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">HIV wasting syndrome refers to significant unintentional weight loss that accompanies long lasting fever and weakness in a person living with HIV…</a></p><a class="css-90fpmc css-1mj85ht" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV wasting syndrome|rn0" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-b26b7j"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-w8u3o4"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-b26b7j"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-w8u3o4"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-xqmvw1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323986;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV false-positives|rn1" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323986?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What to know about HIV false-positives" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/02/323986_2200-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/02/323986_2200-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-i4o77u" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323986;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV false-positives|rn1" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323986?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What to know about HIV false-positives</a><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323986;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV false-positives|rn1" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323986?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">A false-positive HIV test occurs when a test incorrectly indicates that a person has contracted the virus. Learn more about the reasons for the result…</a></p><a class="css-90fpmc css-1mj85ht" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323986;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV false-positives|rn1" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323986?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-b26b7j"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-w8u3o4"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-xqmvw1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn2" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What to know about HIV retinopathy" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/hiv-retinopathy-eyes-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/hiv-retinopathy-eyes-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-i4o77u" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn2" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What to know about HIV retinopathy</a><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn2" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Many people with HIV will also experience other conditions as a result, including HIV retinopathy, which affects the eyes. Learn more about the…</a></p><a class="css-90fpmc css-1mj85ht" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn2" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR2" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-b26b7j"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-w8u3o4"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-xqmvw1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323835;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What are the symptoms of HIV in females?|rn3" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323835?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What are the symptoms of HIV in females?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/02/females-embracing-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/02/females-embracing-732x549-thumbnail.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-i4o77u" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323835;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What are the symptoms of HIV in females?|rn3" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323835?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What are the symptoms of HIV in females?</a><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323835;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What are the symptoms of HIV in females?|rn3" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323835?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">HIV can affect anyone, and it may cause different symptoms in males and females. In this article, learn how HIV affects women and about the treatment…</a></p><a class="css-90fpmc css-1mj85ht" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/323835;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What are the symptoms of HIV in females?|rn3" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323835?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-b26b7j"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-w8u3o4"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-xqmvw1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn4" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What to know about HIV retinopathy" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/hiv-retinopathy-eyes-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/hiv-retinopathy-eyes-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-xqmvw1 css-i4o77u" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn4" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What to know about HIV retinopathy</a><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn4" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Many people with HIV will also experience other conditions as a result, including HIV retinopathy, which affects the eyes. Learn more about the…</a></p><a class="css-90fpmc css-1mj85ht" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hiv-retinopathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to know about HIV retinopathy|rn4" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-retinopathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-i9gxme"></div><footer class="css-1ocfdvu"><div class="css-1dppxl0"><hl-social-nav></hl-social-nav><div class="css-1b2ri56"><div class="css-uktbta css-1tn87m4"><hl-newsletter-cta buttonText="SUBSCRIBE" source="footer_newsletter_link" subscribeEventTracking="Newsletter Acquisition|footer_newsletter_link|submit" className="css-13njx2h" category="Newsletter Acquisition" formatType="footer" name="footer_newsletter_link" productId="footer_newsletter_link" variant="footer_newsletter_link"></hl-newsletter-cta><div class="css-16bllps css-17cs55w">© 2025 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. <a class="css-1xx5q6 css-1081t4c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/additional-information">See additional information</a>.</div></div><div class="css-uktbta"><div class="css-1xceiwh"><div class="css-10ma15c"><ul class="css-lb03wr css-1dvthki"><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about">About Us</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><button id="privacy-settings-one-trust" title="Privacy Settings" class="css-yjay6q">Privacy Settings</button></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/ad-policy">Advertising Policy</a></li></ul><ul class="css-lb03wr css-upe1zs"><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/directory/a-b">Health Topics</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/content-hubs">Health Hubs</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/reviewers">Medical Affairs</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/content-integrity">Content Integrity</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-en1nu6" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/newsletter">Newsletters</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm css-jwb353"><div class="css-16bllps css-eqytyw">© 2025 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. <a class="css-1xx5q6 css-1081t4c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/additional-information">See additional information</a>.</div></li></ul><div class="css-16bllps css-eqytyw">© 2025 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. <a class="css-1xx5q6 css-1081t4c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/about/additional-information">See additional information</a>.</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-1us2gxx"><div class="css-11upubx"><a class="css-6da01m" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthlinemedia.com/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=logo" aria-label="Healthline Media Logo"><svg alt="Healthline Media" width="132" height="50" class="css-v23quv" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 132 50"><path fill="#FFF" d="M30.477 38.313v9.62h3.98V50h-6.36V38.313h2.38zm11.137 0v2.068h-2.548V50h-2.308v-9.62h-2.565v-2.067h7.421zm3.645 0v4.643h3.826v-4.643h2.337V50h-2.337v-4.976h-3.826V50h-2.32V38.313h2.32zm10.4 0v9.62h3.98V50h-6.362V38.313h2.381zm7.69 0V50h-2.12V38.313h2.12zm4.48 0 3.798 7.149v-7.149h2.325V50h-2.22l-3.955-7.447V50H65.47V38.313h2.359zm14.605 0v2.05h-4.13v2.681h4.013v2.032h-4.013v2.874h4.13V50h-6.362V38.313h6.362zm8.654 0 2.213 7.009 2.23-7.009h3.071V50h-2.264v-8.025L93.764 50h-.943l-2.54-8.025V50H88V38.313h3.088zm15.996 0v2.05h-4.13v2.681h4.014v2.032h-4.014v2.874h4.13V50h-6.361V38.313h6.361zm-104.764 0v4.643h3.825v-4.643h2.337V50H6.145v-4.976H2.32V50H0V38.313h2.32zm14.644 0v2.05h-4.13v2.681h4.013v2.032h-4.013v2.874h4.13V50h-6.362V38.313h6.362zm104.434 0V50h-2.12V38.313h2.12zm7.216-.065L132 49.935h-2.377l-.53-2.085h-3.728l-.53 2.085h-2.377l3.386-11.687h2.77zm-16.063 0c1.008 0 1.878.246 2.612.736.733.49 1.293 1.18 1.68 2.068.386.888.579 1.904.579 3.049 0 1.144-.19 2.158-.571 3.04-.381.882-.938 1.568-1.671 2.058-.734.49-1.61.736-2.629.736h-3.611V38.248h3.611zm-88.636 0 3.386 11.687h-2.377l-.53-2.085h-3.728l-.53 2.085h-2.377l3.386-11.687h2.77zm88.787 2.125h-1.377v7.437h1.377c.826 0 1.466-.339 1.92-1.018.452-.678.68-1.576.68-2.692 0-1.161-.224-2.073-.672-2.735-.448-.661-1.09-.992-1.928-.992zm14.394 0-1.457 5.578h2.915l-1.458-5.578zm-104.698 0-1.458 5.578h2.915l-1.457-5.578zM64.41.044c2.696-.128 2.3.047 3.785.227 3.92.477 7.448 3 9.744 6.016 1.679 2.204 1.893 4.935 1.835 7.58-.09 4.159-1.486 7.861-4.778 10.56-1.194.98-2.662 1.623-3.389 2.054-4.773 1.914-9.086 1.207-12.91-.525-2.566-1.16-4.286-3.257-5.25-5.988-.533-1.511-.81-3.018-1.112-4.588-.201-1.048-.1-2.166-.043-3.248.029-.556.254-1.101.393-1.65C54.11 4.863 58.62.32 64.411.043zm1.307 5.003-.046.01-6.204 2.374a.147.147 0 0 0-.067.222l.919 1.272v11.912c0 .081.065.146.146.146h5.259c.08 0 .146-.065.146-.146v-9.013a.395.395 0 0 1 .792 0v9.013c0 .081.065.146.146.146h5.936a.146.146 0 0 0 .131-.211l-.634-1.262v-5.668c0-3.283-2.62-3.74-4.185-3.74-1.043 0-1.859.366-2.186.61v-5.52a.146.146 0 0 0-.199-.136z"></path></svg></a><div class="css-d2oo9m"><div class="css-s2uf1z"><a class="css-si16g9" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthlinemedia.com/?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about">About</a><a class="css-si16g9" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://rvohealth.com/careers">Careers</a><a class="css-si16g9" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthlinemedia.com/advertise?utm_source=medicalnewstoday.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise">Advertise with us</a></div><div class="css-huujs8"><p class="css-1vtxghn">OUR BRANDS</p><a class="css-87xp" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthline.com/">Healthline</a><a class="css-87xp" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/">Medical News Today</a><a class="css-87xp" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://greatist.com/">Greatist</a><a class="css-87xp" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://psychcentral.com/">Psych Central</a><a class="css-87xp" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://bezzy.com/">Bezzy</a></div></div><a aria-label="@TRUST, AACI Certified logo" class="css-90fpmc css-1qsp2zb" href="https://aacihealthcare.com/certificates/c143-2-2021-trust-usa/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><div class="css-1vtpbs6"><lazy-image alt="This website is certified by AACI. Click to verify." src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/TRUST-Mark-1.png?" className="css-spwcx4"></lazy-image></div></a></div></div></footer><div id="foot-pad"></div><div id="consent-modal"></div></div><script> HL={"c":{"countryCode":"SG","countryNumber":702,"continentCode":"AS","dmaCode":"","SPIConfig":{"default":false,"dcs":false},"consent":{"vendorListTcfVersion":5,"hasGlobalScope":false,"hasFullConsent":false,"gdprApplies":false,"tcString":false,"pingReturn":{},"tcData":{"gdprApplies":false,"cmpLoaded":true,"addtlConsent":"","eventStatus":"cmpuishown"}},"usPrivacyData":{"usprivacy":"1YNY","ccpaApplies":true},"isControl":false,"abSegment":"activationReadNext=true;experimentalRPM=control;dcsCopayBestOffer=control;dcsNativeCoupon=variant;dcsCopayOnly=variant;adbridgFlag=false;oneTrustCPRA=true;pillIdentifierNoDupes=control;","abId":"b373881b-8576-4413-9bb5-4f897f282743","isNewId":true,"abTestUrls":{"moveImageGalleryBelowDeck":["/health/drugs/latuda-dosage","/health/drugs/spiriva-dosage","/health/drugs/rexulti-dosage","/health/drugs/humulin-n-dosage","/health/drugs/provigil-dosage","/health/drugs/cipro-dosage","/health/drugs/entyvio-dosage","/health/drugs/symbicort-dosage","/health/drugs/ajovy-dosage","/health/drugs/vraylar-dosage","/health/drugs/trintellix-dosage","/health/drugs/levemir-dosage","/health/drugs/xarelto-dosage","/health/drugs/ozempic-dosage","/health/drugs/pulmicort-dosage","/health/drugs/rybelsus-dosage","/health/drugs/humalog-dosage","/health/drugs/pristiq-dosage","/health/drugs/viagra-dosage","/health/drugs/cambia-dosage"],"dcsEditInfoSectionPlacement":["/articles/drugs-rybelsus-cost","/articles/drugs-rybelsus-dosage","/articles/drugs-rybelsus-interactions","/articles/drugs-rybelsus-side-effects","/articles/rybelsus","/articles/drugs-wegovy","/articles/drugs-wegovy-cost","/articles/drugs-wegovy-dosage","/articles/drugs-wegovy-for-weight-loss","/articles/drugs-wegovy-interactions","/articles/drugs-wegovy-reproductive-health","/articles/drugs-wegovy-side-effects"]},"skipGDPR":true},"ab":{"activationReadNext":true,"experimentalRPM":"control","dcsCopayBestOffer":"control","dcsNativeCoupon":"variant","dcsCopayOnly":"variant","adbridgFlag":false,"oneTrustCPRA":true,"moveImageGalleryBelowDeck":"control","dcsEditInfoSectionPlacement":"control","pillIdentifierNoDupes":"control"},"abTestUrls":{"moveImageGalleryBelowDeck":["/health/drugs/latuda-dosage","/health/drugs/spiriva-dosage","/health/drugs/rexulti-dosage","/health/drugs/humulin-n-dosage","/health/drugs/provigil-dosage","/health/drugs/cipro-dosage","/health/drugs/entyvio-dosage","/health/drugs/symbicort-dosage","/health/drugs/ajovy-dosage","/health/drugs/vraylar-dosage","/health/drugs/trintellix-dosage","/health/drugs/levemir-dosage","/health/drugs/xarelto-dosage","/health/drugs/ozempic-dosage","/health/drugs/pulmicort-dosage","/health/drugs/rybelsus-dosage","/health/drugs/humalog-dosage","/health/drugs/pristiq-dosage","/health/drugs/viagra-dosage","/health/drugs/cambia-dosage"],"dcsEditInfoSectionPlacement":["/articles/drugs-rybelsus-cost","/articles/drugs-rybelsus-dosage","/articles/drugs-rybelsus-interactions","/articles/drugs-rybelsus-side-effects","/articles/rybelsus","/articles/drugs-wegovy","/articles/drugs-wegovy-cost","/articles/drugs-wegovy-dosage","/articles/drugs-wegovy-for-weight-loss","/articles/drugs-wegovy-interactions","/articles/drugs-wegovy-reproductive-health","/articles/drugs-wegovy-side-effects"]},"ga":{"k1":"hivaids","k2":"infectious","kmeta":"pfizer-blocked","contentType":"Tabbed Article","author":"Mary West","articleType":"regular","sponsoredProgramId":"","articleId":"mnt-1301190","mainContentCategoryTags":"","publishedDate":"2021-10-28","updatedDate":"2021-10-28","medReviewer":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","category":"HIV and AIDS,Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses,Pediatrics / Children's Health","subcategory":"","trackingTerms":"","ek1":"2159d0d474cde1","ekmeta":"3956cfcf78dbbf9fbc8c657563cf,","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature"},"adb":false,"d":[],"i":{"enabled":false},"cIds":["284a48af-c210-465c-8b75-ea18c09cc9f0"],"mpd":{"loaded":[{"_driverPath":"/articles/hiv-in-children","_contentIndex":"page","driverId":"ff4ad816-143d-4c2a-968c-ea480f595bfe","siteId":"40fa3d40-7108-11ea-a8fe-ab86e8b4e4d7","site":"mnt","status":"on","deleted":false,"overridePredictiveRPM":false,"created":"2022-12-19T15:45:12.000Z","updated":"2024-12-02T21:12:00.000Z","createdBy":"liallison@redventures.com","updatedBy":"eprater@rvohealth.com","isTest":true,"overridePredictiveRPMType":"none","sdapiTestName":"","rewardType":"","modelType":"","customModel":false,"holdout":"","imageMobile":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","color":"#8E0B0F","driverTypeId":"1ed6a315-4241-4254-92ae-17d0570ee038","sailthruAccount":"mnt","source":"menu_newsletter_link","titleOverride":"“You are my favorite medical source online”","callToAction":"Join us","id":"63422538-0caf-42be-8262-7835128de6ef","trackingNumber":39685,"adTagIds":["5bfa54a0-cb61-11ea-841d-230b5918b98d"],"articlePlacement":"headerNewsletter","image":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","secondarySubscriptionSubhead":"Other newsletters you won’t want to miss:","titleOverrideMobile":"“You are my favorite medical source online”","secondaryNewsletters":[],"descriptionModal":"Join the thousands who trust MNT for accurate, timely medical information. Our expert writers and medical professionals provide daily health news and insights. See why we’re the go-to source for savvy readers.","includeFeedbackStep":false,"driverType":"headerNewsletter","verticalId":"7b2406da-a0bd-42a6-95aa-7d6c6d2e0d75","verticalName":"MNT Daily","lists":["MNT Daily News"],"newsletterMeta":true,"name":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter","imageDesktop":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","descriptionModalMobile":"","driverPlacementId":"d5b8e667-55c1-4a6d-b05d-728a1733109b","campaignName":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter_39685","productId":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter_39685","_uuid":"m08dc2007-3e8e-4769-b35f-cf93735b222empd_headerNewsletter_ff4ad816-143d-4c2a-968c-ea480f595bfe","cpm":1.3113954868455626e+308}],"placed":{},"placements":{},"state":{}},"e":[],"st":{"ddQ":[]},"jwp":{},"m":{"build":"13461820290","version":"c269a8a0cd43e441aac0aee8ef47d96246e24eb7","environment":"prod"}}; hlIs=!1; var googletag=googletag||{cmd:[]}; __hlConfig={"travelerScript":"https://traveler.content.now.optum.com/traveler.umd.js","urlPrefix":"www.","absUrl":true,"tagular":{"apiVersion":"v2/t","writeKey":"wk_1TqfDFRGHn0jTtfOmLxhMNY4pTU","sourceKey":"src_1TqfDEuTgPdTNAD39WZ0B6LTadQ","domainWhitelist":["www.medicalnewstoday.com","act.medicalnewstoday.com","frontend-stage.medicalnewstoday.com","act-stage.medicalnewstoday.com","activation.medicalnewstoday.com","activation-stage.medicalnewstoday.com"],"cookieDomain":"medicalnewstoday.com","multiparty":true,"reinforce":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/navi","experimentalFeatures":{"flocEnabled":true}},"preamp":{"siteId":"6Qj3rP1PNckR4MtGRqNxSi"},"metricServer":"https://pavlov-prod.healthline.com/","googleRecaptchaSiteKey":"6LcnaLsUAAAAANH8KtsMhmL_npjOmw-J2MKnzB5W","marketplaceAPI":"https://prepop.healthline.com/export/form-data/","activationHost":"https://activation.medicalnewstoday.com","datadogRUM":{"applicationId":"512348e0-2b09-41ef-ba89-972c7e598ad8","clientToken":"pub4a8701b4f057fee58e8d2a3dd85184f1"},"gtmServer":"https://gtm-server.healthline.com","gtmConfigValue":"GTM-MB6365D","aimDmdApiKey":"14-51-A5D1AD73","assetsServer":"https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com","algoliaAppId":"7835BOM3SG","algoliaSearchApiKey":"e34a454de65f33ce5820690f9032bcaf","algoliaSearchIndex":"crawler_Prod Healthline","algoliaQuerySuggestionIndex":"crawler_Prod Healthline_query_suggestions","oneTrustOrgId":"c69bb2d7-c8f5-4d6f-a080-8c2266e12003"}; _comscore=[]; __comscoreParams=[{"c1":"2","c2":"38584006","cs_ucfr":"","cs_fpit":"c","cs_fpdm":"*null","cs_fpdt":"*null","options":{"enableFirstPartyCookie":true,"bypassUserConsentRequirementFor1PCookie":true,"url_append":"comscorekw=main"}}]; function __uspapi(cmd, apiVer, callback) { if (cmd === 'getUSPData') { callback({ version: '1', uspString: __uspapi.d.usprivacy || '1YNY', }, true); } } __uspapi.d = {"usprivacy":"1YNY","ccpaApplies":true}; !function(){if('PerformanceLongTaskTiming' in window){var g=window.__tti={e:[]};g.o=new PerformanceObserver(function(l){g.e=g.e.concat(l.getEntries())});g.o.observe({entryTypes:['longtask']})}}(); function EventListener(eventName, listenerId, data, pingData) { this.eventName = eventName; this.listenerId = listenerId; this.data = data; this.pingData = pingData; } /** * Custom gpc handler for ?isGpc */ const params = new URLSearchParams(document.location.search); if (params.get('isGpc') !== null) { navigator.globalPrivacyControl = true; } /* Cohesion Configs */ function tagular(...args) { tagular.q.push(args); } tagular.q = []; function preamp(...args) { preamp.q.push(args); } preamp.q = []; function cohesion(...args) { cohesion.q.push(args); } cohesion.q = []; const tagularConfigs = {"apiVersion":"v2/t","writeKey":"wk_1TqfDFRGHn0jTtfOmLxhMNY4pTU","sourceKey":"src_1TqfDEuTgPdTNAD39WZ0B6LTadQ","domainWhitelist":["www.medicalnewstoday.com","act.medicalnewstoday.com","frontend-stage.medicalnewstoday.com","act-stage.medicalnewstoday.com","activation.medicalnewstoday.com","activation-stage.medicalnewstoday.com"],"cookieDomain":"medicalnewstoday.com","multiparty":true,"reinforce":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/navi","experimentalFeatures":{"flocEnabled":true}}; if (HL.i.enabled) { /* Only suppress some tagular events for infinite scroll */ Object.assign(tagularConfigs, { beamHook(event) { /* Executed every time beam is called and passed the event */ /* eslint-disable-next-line no-underscore-dangle */ window._Tagular.config.suppressBeam = event['@type'] === 'redventures.usertracking.v3.PageScrolled'; } }) } const preampConfigs = HL.ga.contentType === 'brand-page' ? false : { ...{"siteId":"6Qj3rP1PNckR4MtGRqNxSi"}, hooks: { /* Runs before Preamp requests a new decision */ beforeRun(cohesionConfig, done) { /* Adds k1 to custom Preamp values */ /* Allows Preamp experiences to be created based on the current K1 */ cohesionConfig.custom = { ...cohesionConfig.custom, k1: HL.ga.k1, }; done(); }, beforePlacement(placement, done) { const interval = setInterval(() => { if (window.afterMPD) { /* Defer preamp rendering until we have injected all MPDs as those */ /* need to be in the DOM for Preamp to inject into. */ afterMPD(done); clearInterval(interval); } },500) }, } }; /* eslint-disable-next-line no-underscore-dangle */ window._Cohesion = { k: 'cohesion', tagular: tagularConfigs, preamp: preampConfigs }; window._Tagular = { k: 'tagular' }; window._Preamp = { k: 'preamp', start: new Date(), docReady: true }; window._Fuse = { k: 'fuse', docReady: false }; window.tagular = tagular; window.preamp = preamp; window.fuse = () => {}; window.cohesion = cohesion; </script><script> var AdBridg = AdBridg || {cmd: []}; </script><script src="//prod.adspsp.com/adb.2418030m.min.js" async=""></script><script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async=""></script><script src="https://pub.doubleverify.com/dvtag/20447058/DV1208979/pub.js" async=""></script><script> var skimlinks_settings = { skimlinks_exclude: ['www.amazon.com', 'amazon.com', 'amzn.to'] }; </script><script src="https://rvo-cohesion.medicalnewstoday.com/cohesion/cohesion-tpo.min.js?cDomain=medicalnewstoday.com" async=""></script><link href="https://c.aps.amazon-adsystem.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><script src="https://c.aps.amazon-adsystem.com/apstag.js" async=""></script><script>module={};__NEXT_DATA__={"buildId":"1f8c0fb7-0c4f-4fb1-9b88-8035c35a7d18","props":{"ga":{"k1":"hivaids","k2":"infectious","kmeta":"pfizer-blocked","contentType":"Tabbed Article","author":"Mary West","articleType":"regular","sponsoredProgramId":"","articleId":"mnt-1301190","mainContentCategoryTags":"","publishedDate":"2021-10-28","updatedDate":"2021-10-28","medReviewer":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","category":"HIV and AIDS,Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses,Pediatrics / Children's Health","subcategory":"","trackingTerms":"","ek1":"2159d0d474cde1","ekmeta":"3956cfcf78dbbf9fbc8c657563cf,","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature"},"lang":"en","data":{"k1":"hivaids","sideEffectsWidget":{},"livedExperience":{},"shareYourExperience":{},"drugSavingsData":null,"comments":[],"topComments":[],"id":"mnt-1301190","title":["What to know about HIV in children"],"articleHistory":{"2021-10-29":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Mary West","editor":"Maté Jarai","copyEditor":"Kate Phelan","medicallyReviewedBy":"Joseph Vinetz, MD"}},"updateReason":[],"isFeature":false,"isPaidMedia":false,"isEditorialPaidMedia":false,"isTransactionalPaidMedia":false,"authors":[{"id":2878,"name":{"display":"Mary West","first":"Mary","last":"West"},"link":"/authors/mary-west","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eMary West is a freelance writer based in Louisiana. Her work has appeared in various publications, including Medical News Today, Small Business Today Magazine, and Livestrong. She holds two bachelor’s degrees in health-related fields from the University of Louisiana at Monroe.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["Mary West is a freelance writer based in Louisiana. Her work has appeared in various publications, including Medical News Today, Small Business Today Magazine…"]}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":2983,"name":{"display":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","first":"Joseph","last":"Vinetz, MD"},"userLogin":"jvinetz","links":{"website":"https://www.yalemedicine.org/specialists/joseph_vinetz","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/joseph-vinetz-0a083210/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/joseph-vinetz-md","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"164200","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Joseph Vinetz is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003einfectious disease doctor at \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.yalemedicine.org/doctors/joseph_vinetz/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand a professor of medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, in the section of infectious diseases, department of internal medicine. He is also a research professor in the faculty of sciences and the laboratory of research and development at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. His background in the history of medicine informs his perspectives on current emerging epidemic diseases.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University, BS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eUniversity of California San Diego School of Medicine, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institutes of Health, Postdoctoral Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJohns Hopkins Hospital, Residency, Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Internal Medicine \u0026#8211; Internal Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Internal Medicine \u0026#8211; Infectious Disease\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAssociated investigator of the Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConducts research in global health and infectious diseases, focusing on diseases of high consequence such as malaria and leptospirosis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institutes of Health (NIH)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://the-asci.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://aap-online.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAssociation of American Physicians (AAP)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.astmh.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInfectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png"},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["This individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current. Dr. Joseph Vinetz is…"]}}],"editors":[{"role":"Editor","name":{"display":"Maté Jarai"}}],"pinterestImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-thumb.jpg"},"hideFeedback":false,"isMedicare":false,"isBlog":false,"publishSource":"wordpress","isAmpSupported":false,"categories":[{"name":"HIV and AIDS","slug":"hiv-aids","link":"/categories/hiv-aids","primary":true,"children":[]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses","slug":"infectious_diseases","link":"/categories/infectious_diseases","children":[]},{"name":"Pediatrics / Children's Health","slug":"pediatrics","link":"/categories/pediatrics","children":[]}],"language":{"en":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children/","x-default":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children/","current":"en"},"lang":"en","links":[],"colorScheme":"default","isContentSeries":false,"brandCTAs":[{"title":"","image":"","desc":"","link":"","buttonText":""}],"clusterNavLinks":[],"clusterUrls":[],"clusterLinks":{"items":[{"url":"/articles/17131","title":"Overview"},{"url":"/articles/321920","title":"Symptoms"},{"url":"/articles/315920","title":"How is HIV transmitted"},{"url":"/articles/types-of-hiv-tests","title":"Types of tests"},{"url":"/articles/when-to-test-for-hiv","title":"When to test for HIV"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-biktarvy","title":"Biktarvy"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-biktarvy-side-effects","title":"Biktarvy side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-biktarvy-interactions","title":"Biktarvy interactions"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-apretude","title":"Apretude"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-apretude-dosage","title":"Apretude dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-apretude-cost","title":"Apretude cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-symtuza","title":"Symtuza"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-symtuza-dosage","title":"Symtuza dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-symtuza-cost","title":"Symtuza cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-truvada-cost","title":"Truvada cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-triumeq-dosage","title":"Triumeq dosage"},{"url":"/articles/316056","title":"Symptoms timeline"},{"url":"/articles/311323","title":"Transmittion time"},{"url":"/articles/chances-of-getting-hiv","title":"Chances of getting HIV"},{"url":"/articles/323851","title":"HIV viral load"},{"url":"/articles/324321","title":"Life expectancy"},{"url":"/articles/324300","title":"Medications list"},{"url":"/articles/315928","title":"Early symptoms"},{"url":"/articles/is-there-a-cure-for-hiv","title":"Is there a cure?"},{"url":"/articles/undetectable-hiv","title":"Undetectable HIV"},{"url":"/articles/can-undetectable-hiv-become-detectable","title":"Becoming detectable"},{"url":"/articles/can-you-get-hiv-from-oral-sex","title":"From oral sex"},{"url":"/articles/323832","title":"HIV myths"},{"url":"/articles/common-hiv-symptoms-in-men","title":"Symptoms in men"},{"url":"/articles/324013","title":"Antiretroviral drugs"},{"url":"/articles/323835","title":"Symptoms in women"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-urine-color","title":"Urine color"},{"url":"/articles/signs-hiv-treatment-stops-working","title":"Treatment failure"},{"url":"/articles/prep-for-transgender-people","title":"PrEP and transgender people"},{"url":"/articles/323901","title":"4th generation test"},{"url":"/articles/sex-with-no-condom","title":"Sex with no condom"},{"url":"/articles/323845","title":"Acute HIV fever"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-nonreactive","title":"HIV non reactive"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-tongue","title":"HIV tongue"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome","title":"Wasting syndrome"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-night-sweats","title":"Night sweats"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-joint-pain","title":"Joint pain"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-neuropathy","title":"HIV neuropathy"},{"url":"/articles/oral-thrush-and-hiv","title":"Oral thrush and HIV"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-rna-tests","title":"HIV RNA tests"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-weight-loss","title":"HIV weight loss"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-confidentiality-laws-by-state","title":"Status disclosure laws"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-and-back-pain","title":"HIV and back pain"},{"url":"/articles/aids-t-cell-count","title":"AIDS T cell count"},{"url":"/articles/190664","title":"Cryptosporidiosis"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-stigma","title":"HIV stigma"},{"url":"/articles/323981","title":"Living with HIV"},{"url":"/articles/transgender-hiv","title":"HIV in transgender people"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-life-cycle","title":"HIV life cycle"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-aids-nutrition-and-diet","title":"Nutrition and DIet"},{"url":"/articles/early-detection-of-hiv","title":"Early detection"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-research","title":"HIV research"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-in-transgender-women","title":"In transgender women"},{"url":"/articles/candidiasis-and-hiv-link-treatment-and-prevention","title":"Candidiasis HIV"},{"url":"/articles/cd4-count","title":"CD4 count"},{"url":"/articles/rapid-hiv-test","title":"Rapid test"},{"url":"/articles/is-hiv-aids-a-disability","title":"Disability status"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-and-vitamin-d","title":"Vitamin D"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-in-pregnancy","title":"In pregnancy"},{"url":"/articles/nrtis","title":"NRTIs"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-encephalopathy","title":"HIV encephalopathy"},{"url":"/articles/prep-for-hiv","title":"Prep for HIV"},{"url":"/articles/is-hiv-an-std","title":"Is it an STD"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-after-gender-affirming-surgery","title":"After gender surgery"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-retinopathy","title":"Retinopathy"},{"url":"/articles/syphilis-and-hiv","title":"Syphilis and HIV"},{"url":"/articles/aids-defining-illness","title":"AIDS defining illnesses"},{"url":"/articles/covid-and-hiv","title":"COVID-19 and HIV"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-and-transgender-men","title":"HIV in trans men"},{"url":"/articles/lipodystrophy-hiv","title":"Lipodystrophy in HIV"},{"url":"/articles/needle-exchange-program-for-hiv","title":"Needle exchange program"},{"url":"/articles/perinatal-transmission-of-hiv","title":"Perinatal transmission"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-ati","title":"ATI for HIV"},{"url":"/articles/covid-vaccine-hiv","title":"COVID-19 vaccine and HIV"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-and-gender-affirming-hormone-therapy","title":"HIV and hormone therapy"},{"url":"/articles/statistics-of-aids-and-hiv","title":"HIV statistics"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-and-mental-health","title":"HIV and mental health"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-screenings","title":"HIV screenings"},{"url":"/articles/is-there-a-vaccine-for-hiv","title":"HIV vaccine"},{"url":"/articles/last-stages-of-aids-symptoms","title":"Later-stages symptoms"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-truvada-side-effects","title":"Truvada side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-truvada-interactions","title":"Truvada interactions"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-truvada-dosage","title":"Truvada dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-truvada-for-prep","title":"Truvada prep"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-biktarvy-vs-truvada","title":"Biktarvy vs. Truvada"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-truvada-vs-descovy","title":"Truvada and Descovy"},{"url":"/articles/switching-to-injectables-for-hiv","title":"Injectables for HIV"},{"url":"/articles/antiretroviral-therapy-and-hormone-therapy","title":"Antiretroviral therapy"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-apretude-side-effects","title":"Apretude side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-cabenuva","title":"Cabenuva"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-cabenuva-cost","title":"Cabenuva cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-cabenuva-dosage","title":"Cabenuva dosage"},{"url":"/articles/at-home-hiv-tests","title":"Best at-home HIV tests"},{"url":"/articles/hiv-sores","title":"HIV sores"},{"url":"/articles/dovato","title":"Dovato"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-dovato-dosage","title":"Dovato dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-dovato-cost","title":"Dovato cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-dovato-side-effects","title":"Dovato side effects"},{"url":"/articles/genvoya","title":"Genvoya"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-genvoya-side-effects","title":"Genvoya side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-genvoya-dosage","title":"Genvoya dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-biktarvy-cost","title":"Biktarvy cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-biktarvy-dosage","title":"Biktarvy dosage"},{"url":"/articles/triumeq","title":"Triumeq"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-triumeq-side-effects","title":"Triumeq side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-triumeq-interactions","title":"Triumeq interactions"},{"url":"/articles/327102","title":"Descovy"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-descovy-dosage","title":"Descovy dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-descovy-side-effects","title":"Descovy side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-descovy-cost","title":"Descovy cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-descovy-interactions","title":"Descovy interactions"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-descovy-for-prep","title":"Descovy for PrEP"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-symtuza-side-effects","title":"Symtuza side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-symtuza-interactions","title":"Symtuza interactions"},{"url":"/articles/cdi-isentress-dosage","title":"Isentress dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir-tablet-dosage","title":"Efavirenz dosage"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-stribild-side-effects","title":"Stribild side effects"},{"url":"/articles/stribild","title":"Etribild"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-stribild-interactions","title":"Stribild interactions"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-stribild-dosage","title":"Stribild dosage"},{"url":"/articles/mnt-investigates-hiv-care-in-black-and-latino-communities","title":"Inequities in HIV care"}]},"pathingTilesData":{},"pathingCardsData":{},"inArticlePathingCardsData":[],"quantitativeTrustData":{},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cp class=\"css-4aeg3z\"\u003eDoctors encounter challenges is diagnosing HIV in children during the first year of life. Infants may have symptoms such as inadequate weight gain, intermittent diarrhea, and pneumonia. Later, symptoms may involve a broad array of health issues, depending on the severity of the HIV.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The source of \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311323\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eHIV\u003c/a\u003e transmission in children is \u003ca href=\"https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eusually\u003c/a\u003e the parent who has birthed them. Exposure to the virus may occur in the womb, during childbirth, or when breastfeeding."},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"Treatment is the same as for adults with HIV ⁠— \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323897\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eantiretroviral therapy (ART)\u003c/a\u003e. If an infant has a severe case of HIV, the risk of death within the first few months \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eis high\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e even with treatment. Afterward, the likelihood of death drops quickly, and the long-term risk is low."},{"tagName":"p","source":"This article will look at the transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV in children. It will also discuss the outlook for children with HIV. "}]},{"id":"how-hiv-affects-children","title":"How HIV affects children","isCollapsable":false,"header":["How does HIV affect children?"],"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cfigure class=\"css-yhe8zq\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-rwmw5v\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-mjp0j9\"\u003e\u003cpicture class=\"css-16pk1is\"\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 1190px)\"/\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 990px)\"/\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1845 879w\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\"/\u003e\u003cimg src=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155\u0026h=1528\" alt=\"A shadow of a parent and child who may have HIV.\" class=\"css-1jytyml\"/\u003e\u003c/picture\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003chl-share-overlay class=\"css-1mqo1cs\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"css-90fpmc icon-hl-pinterest css-by55vd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-event=\"Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked\" data-element-event=\"OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|\" href=\"https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fhiv-in-children\u0026media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2021%2F10%2FHIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg\u0026description=HIV%20in%20children%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20treatment%2C%20and%20more\" title=\"Share on Pinterest\" data-pin-custom=\"true\" data-share-url=\"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-z1zfa\"\u003eShare on Pinterest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-share-overlay\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"css-13b3g0x\"\u003eZanel De Lange/EyeEm/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"HIV is a virus that harms the immune system, impairing the body’s ability to fight \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196271\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003einfections\u003c/a\u003e and some types of \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323648\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ecancer\u003c/a\u003e. Since children do not have fully developed immunity, those with HIV become \u003ca href=\"https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emore severely ill\u003c/a\u003e from common pediatric infections than those who are HIV-negative. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Because they cannot fight infections well, children with HIV frequently get the following:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/inner-ear-infection\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eear infections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/307190\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003esinus infections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151632\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003epneumonia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eintestinal illness\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305782\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003esepsis\u003c/a\u003e, a serious blood infection\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316622\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eskin diseases\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9276\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emeningitis\u003c/a\u003e, inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Doctors diagnosed \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e87\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e cases of HIV in children younger than 13 in the United States during 2018. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eThat year\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e, 1,544 children in the U.S. were living with HIV from transmission that happened before, during, or immediately after birth. Of these, 60% were African American."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Globally, approximately \u003ca href=\"https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e1.7 million\u003c/a\u003e children under the age of 15 are living with HIV."}]},{"id":"transmission","title":"Transmission","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Transmission"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"A \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323742\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003epregnant person\u003c/a\u003e with HIV can transmit the virus to their fetus while it develops in the womb. Transmission from a parent with HIV to an infant may also occur during birth or breastfeeding. Doctors refer to these three routes of HIV spread as perinatal transmission."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In the U.S., perinatal transmission is the \u003ca href=\"https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emost common\u003c/a\u003e way children get HIV. Virtually all children contract it through this means, but not every child born to a person with HIV will get the virus."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Prior to \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e1985\u003c/a\u003e, a small number of children contracted HIV through contaminated blood products. Due to routine screening that began at this time, the risk of transmission through blood is now very low."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Additionally, there are no known cases of HIV that have resulted from exposure via:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003etears\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esaliva\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esweat\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecasual contact, such as sharing bedding or food\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003etoilet seats\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315920\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eLearn more about HIV transmission here.\u003c/a\u003e"}]},{"id":"symptoms","title":"Symptoms","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Symptoms"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Below are \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ecommon\u003c/a\u003e symptoms of HIV in infants and children:"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Infants up to 1 year of age"},{"tagName":"p","source":"In the first year of life, doctors have more difficulty recognizing HIV. Symptoms in infants may include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003edelayed physical development, manifesting in inadequate weight gain and bone growth\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324105\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eswollen lymph nodes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eintermittent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ediarrhea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eswollen abdomen\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317970\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003efungal infection\u003c/a\u003e in the mouth called oral thrush\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epneumonia\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Children older than 1 year"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Doctors may categorize symptoms in children as mild, moderate, or severe. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Mild symptoms include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eswollen lymph nodes\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eswollen salivary glands\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eitchy \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317999\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003erash\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003econstant or reoccurring ear or sinus infections\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eabdominal swelling\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Moderate symptoms include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003einflammation and swelling of lung tissue\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003econstant or reoccurring diarrhea\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoral thrush that lasts longer than 2 months\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einflammation of the liver\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ekidney disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168266\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003efever\u003c/a\u003e that lasts longer than 1 month\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomplicated \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/239450\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003echickenpox\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Severe symptoms include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003etwo serious \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bacterial-infection-symptoms\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebacterial infections\u003c/a\u003e within 1 year\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einflammation of the brain\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151172\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eyeast infection\u003c/a\u003e in the lungs or digestive tract\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, the type of pneumonia common in people with HIV\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249141\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003etumors\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"diagnosis","title":"Diagnosis","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Diagnosis"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Doctors diagnose HIV in infants using different means than those they use to diagnose children older than 18 months."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Infants below 18 months"},{"tagName":"p","source":"When a person with HIV gives birth, doctors \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eusually\u003c/a\u003e order virologic tests for the infant at the following intervals:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ewithin 2 days of birth\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eafter 1 or 2 months\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eat 4 or 6 months of age\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Infants receive an HIV diagnosis when two different blood samples test positive for the virus."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Children older than 18 months"},{"tagName":"p","source":"When fetuses develop within the womb, they receive nourishment from the pregnant parent through the placenta. If the pregnant parent has HIV, the placenta also transfers HIV antibodies to the fetus. For this reason, all infants birthed by a parent with HIV will test positive for the antibodies at birth."},{"tagName":"p","source":"After birth, antibodies for HIV from the birthing parent can remain in the blood for up to 18 months. Once children are over 18 months old, doctors use the \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323901\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eHIV antibody test\u003c/a\u003e to make a diagnosis."}]},{"id":"treatment","title":"Treatment","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Treatment and management"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The standard treatment for HIV is ART. Practitioners \u003ca href=\"https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003erecommend\u003c/a\u003e this for people of all ages, including children. Experts advocate early treatment, as it \u003ca href=\"https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ecan help\u003c/a\u003e children live longer, healthier lives."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The dose for children may depend on weight rather than age. Additionally, if a child is too young to swallow a pill, doctors may prescribe the liquid form of ART."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Several factors may affect adherence, which refers to taking the medication consistently. For instance, children may refuse treatment due to an unpleasant taste, or side effects may make them reluctant to take it."}]},{"id":"outlook","title":"Outlook","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Outlook"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Infants who contract HIV in the womb or during birth have a \u003ca href=\"https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eless positive outlook\u003c/a\u003e than those who contract it during breastfeeding. They need ART very quickly to prevent death."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e2016 study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e found that in the years following the availability of ART, the risk of death declined greatly. However, the likelihood remains high within the first few months after the start of ART in young children with severe HIV. After this period, the rate of death decreases quickly, and the long-term risk is low."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The study authors noted that suboptimal adherence to ART threatens these high survival rates. Yet even with good adherence, children continue to have a high likelihood of associated illnesses."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Cancer is 5–10 times more common in children with HIV compared with those who are HIV-negative. Infections are another threat, as they are the major cause of death."}]},{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Summary"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"HIV in children manifests in health conditions that stem from impaired immunity. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Children with HIV cannot fight disease-causing microbes well, putting them at a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehigher risk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of infections, including pneumonia and meningitis. They also have a higher likelihood of developing cancer."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Doctors treat the condition with ART. It is \u003ca href=\"https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eimportant\u003c/a\u003e to start treatment as early as possible. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Early treatment is \u003ca href=\"https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eparticularly critical\u003c/a\u003e for infants who contract HIV in the womb or during birth."}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"isDisclaimer":false,"isOwnedAndOperatedPresent":false,"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/","link":"https://www.pedaids.org/about/about-pediatric-aids/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"About pediatric AIDS. (n.d.). "}},{"displayLink":"stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509","link":"https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aidshiv-in-children-90-P02509","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"AIDS/HIV in children. (n.d.). "}},{"displayLink":"unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf","link":"https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/FactSheet_Children_en.pdf","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Children and HIV: Fact sheet. (2016). "}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384722/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Davies, M.-A., \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2016). Survival of HIV-1 vertically infected children. "}},{"displayLink":"hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents","link":"https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-children-and-adolescents","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"HIV and children and adolescents. (2021). "}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-31.pdf","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2018-updated-vol-31.pdf","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"HIV surveillance report, volume 31. (2018). "}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Pregnant women, infants, and children. (2021)."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":2878,"name":{"display":"Mary West","first":"Mary","last":"West"},"link":"/authors/mary-west","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eMary West is a freelance writer based in Louisiana. Her work has appeared in various publications, including Medical News Today, Small Business Today Magazine, and Livestrong. She holds two bachelor’s degrees in health-related fields from the University of Louisiana at Monroe.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":2983,"name":{"display":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","first":"Joseph","last":"Vinetz, MD"},"userLogin":"jvinetz","links":{"website":"https://www.yalemedicine.org/specialists/joseph_vinetz","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/joseph-vinetz-0a083210/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/joseph-vinetz-md","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"164200","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Joseph Vinetz is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003einfectious disease doctor at \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.yalemedicine.org/doctors/joseph_vinetz/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand a professor of medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, in the section of infectious diseases, department of internal medicine. He is also a research professor in the faculty of sciences and the laboratory of research and development at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. His background in the history of medicine informs his perspectives on current emerging epidemic diseases.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University, BS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eUniversity of California San Diego School of Medicine, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institutes of Health, Postdoctoral Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJohns Hopkins Hospital, Residency, Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Internal Medicine \u0026#8211; Internal Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Internal Medicine \u0026#8211; Infectious Disease\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAssociated investigator of the Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConducts research in global health and infectious diseases, focusing on diseases of high consequence such as malaria and leptospirosis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institutes of Health (NIH)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://the-asci.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://aap-online.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAssociation of American Physicians (AAP)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.astmh.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInfectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"mnt-1301190","updateReason":[],"editor":"Maté Jarai","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2021-10-29":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Mary West","editor":"Maté Jarai","copyEditor":"Kate Phelan","medicallyReviewedBy":"Joseph Vinetz, MD"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"published":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"modified":{"date":1635469255,"display":"October 29, 2021"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"readNext":{"items":[{"title":["What to know about HIV wasting syndrome"],"text":["HIV wasting syndrome refers to significant unintentional weight loss that accompanies long lasting fever and weakness in a person living with HIV…"],"link":"/articles/hiv-wasting-syndrome","imageAlt":"What to know about HIV wasting syndrome","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV_wasting_train_blur_thumb-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":2878,"name":{"display":"Mary West","first":"Mary","last":"West"},"userLogin":"mwest","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/mary-west","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eMary West is a freelance writer based in Louisiana. Her work has appeared in various publications, including Medical News Today, Small Business Today Magazine, and Livestrong. She holds two bachelor’s degrees in health-related fields from the University of Louisiana at Monroe.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What to know about HIV false-positives"],"text":["A false-positive HIV test occurs when a test incorrectly indicates that a person has contracted the virus. Learn more about the reasons for the result…"],"link":"/articles/323986","imageAlt":"What to know about HIV false-positives","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/02/323986_2200-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":953,"name":{"display":"Jayne Leonard","first":"Jayne","last":"Leonard"},"userLogin":"jayneleonard","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/jayne-leonard","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eJayne is a qualified counselor and psychotherapist, and she holds a diploma in nutritional therapy. At present, she is completing a master\u0026#8217;s degree in counselling and psychotherapy. She is passionate about the influence of diet and lifestyle on mental health and well-being. Through her work in both private and not-for-profit settings, she hopes to empower others to take charge of their lives and improve their physical and mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/500x500_Jayne_Leonard.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What to know about HIV retinopathy"],"text":["Many people with HIV will also experience other conditions as a result, including HIV retinopathy, which affects the eyes. Learn more about the…"],"link":"/articles/hiv-retinopathy","imageAlt":"What to know about HIV retinopathy","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/hiv-retinopathy-eyes-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":1552,"name":{"display":"Zia Sherrell, MPH","first":"Zia","last":"Sherrell, MPH"},"userLogin":"zsherrell","links":{"website":"http://www.premiumhealthcontent.com","facebook":"https://www.facebook.com/ziahealthwriter","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/freelance-healthcare-writer/","twitter":"/ziahealthwriter","instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/ziahealthwriter","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/zia-sherrell","type":{"value":"expert","label":"Expert"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eZia Sherrell is a \u003ca class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\" href=\"https://www.premiumhealthcontent.com/common-faq-to-a-health-copywriter\"\u003ehealth copywriter\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\" href=\"https://www.premiumhealthcontent.com/about-your-healthcare-copywriter\"\u003edigital health journalist\u003c/a\u003e with over a decade of experience covering diverse topics from public health to medical cannabis, nutrition, and biomedical science. Her mission is to empower and educate people by bringing health matters to life with engaging, evidence-based writing. When she’s not writing, Zia enjoys traveling and chasing after her dogs.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":1380,"height":1449,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/cropped.jpg"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What are the symptoms of HIV in females?"],"text":["HIV can affect anyone, and it may cause different symptoms in males and females. In this article, learn how HIV affects women and about the treatment…"],"link":"/articles/323835","imageAlt":"What are the symptoms of HIV in females?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/02/females-embracing-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":189,"name":{"display":"Rachel Nall, MSN, CRNA","first":"Rachel","last":"Nall, MSN, CRNA"},"userLogin":"rpnall","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/NallWrite/","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/rachel-nall-msn-crna","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eRachel has been a freelance medical writer since 2004. She currently works as a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist at a Level I trauma center. To keep up with Rachel, follow her on Instagram.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/500x500_Rachel_Nall.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What to know about HIV retinopathy"],"text":["Many people with HIV will also experience other conditions as a result, including HIV retinopathy, which affects the eyes. Learn more about the…"],"link":"/articles/hiv-retinopathy","imageAlt":"What to know about HIV retinopathy","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/hiv-retinopathy-eyes-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":1552,"name":{"display":"Zia Sherrell, MPH","first":"Zia","last":"Sherrell, MPH"},"userLogin":"zsherrell","links":{"website":"http://www.premiumhealthcontent.com","facebook":"https://www.facebook.com/ziahealthwriter","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/freelance-healthcare-writer/","twitter":"/ziahealthwriter","instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/ziahealthwriter","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/zia-sherrell","type":{"value":"expert","label":"Expert"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eZia Sherrell is a \u003ca class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\" href=\"https://www.premiumhealthcontent.com/common-faq-to-a-health-copywriter\"\u003ehealth copywriter\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\" href=\"https://www.premiumhealthcontent.com/about-your-healthcare-copywriter\"\u003edigital health journalist\u003c/a\u003e with over a decade of experience covering diverse topics from public health to medical cannabis, nutrition, and biomedical science. Her mission is to empower and educate people by bringing health matters to life with engaging, evidence-based writing. When she’s not writing, Zia enjoys traveling and chasing after her dogs.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":1380,"height":1449,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/cropped.jpg"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"}]},"isCorp":false,"isReference":false,"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"schemaObj":{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Medical News Today","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/images/logo/logo-2017-640-60.png"}},"@type":"MedicalWebPage","headline":"What to know about HIV in children","description":"Learn about how HIV affects children, including facts about transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the outlook for children with HIV.","keywords":"HIV in children","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Mary West"},"lastReviewed":"2021-10-29T01:00:00Z","url":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children","datePublished":"2021-10-29T01:00:00Z","dateModified":"2021-10-29T01:00:00Z","articleSection":"HIV and AIDS,Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses,Pediatrics / Children's Health","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"","datePublished":"2021-10-29"},"reviewedBy":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","primaryImageOfPage":["https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg"],"thumbnail":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg"]},"hero":{}}},"ampLibs":{}},"pathname":"/tabbed","query":{"isControl":false,"url":"/articles/hiv-in-children","activationReadNext":true,"experimentalRPM":"control","dcsCopayBestOffer":"control","dcsNativeCoupon":"variant","dcsCopayOnly":"variant","adbridgFlag":false,"oneTrustCPRA":true,"moveImageGalleryBelowDeck":"control","dcsEditInfoSectionPlacement":"control","pillIdentifierNoDupes":"control"},"publicPath":"https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/","appState":{"title":"HIV in children: Symptoms, treatment, and more","canonical":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children","hrlContentId":"mnt-1301190","isArticle":true,"isContentSeries":false,"canonicalPath":"/articles/hiv-in-children","pageTemplate":"Tabbed Article","logMoreMetrics":true,"adsSponsored":false,"isCPUV":false,"newsletter":{"tags":"","categories":"hiv-aids,infectious_diseases,pediatrics"},"isSponsoredArticle":false,"targeting":{"k1":"hivaids","k2":"infectious","k3":"health","kmeta":"pfizer-blocked","msiteactive":"false","url":"/articles/hiv-in-children","articleId":"mnt-1301190","adLayout":"REDUCED"},"categories":[{"name":"HIV and AIDS","slug":"hiv-aids","link":"/categories/hiv-aids","primary":true,"children":[]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses","slug":"infectious_diseases","link":"/categories/infectious_diseases","children":[]},{"name":"Pediatrics / Children's Health","slug":"pediatrics","link":"/categories/pediatrics","children":[]}],"subcategories":[],"sponsoredNavMenu":false,"author":"Mary West","editor":"Maté Jarai","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature","vertical":"Chronic Condition","trackingTerms":[],"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"hasDisabledPrerollJWPlayer":false,"isNewsArticle":false,"hasEmbeddedJWPlayer":false,"byline":{"authors":[{"id":2878,"name":{"display":"Mary West","first":"Mary","last":"West"},"link":"/authors/mary-west","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eMary West is a freelance writer based in Louisiana. Her work has appeared in various publications, including Medical News Today, Small Business Today Magazine, and Livestrong. She holds two bachelor’s degrees in health-related fields from the University of Louisiana at Monroe.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":2983,"name":{"display":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","first":"Joseph","last":"Vinetz, MD"},"userLogin":"jvinetz","links":{"website":"https://www.yalemedicine.org/specialists/joseph_vinetz","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/joseph-vinetz-0a083210/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/joseph-vinetz-md","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"164200","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Joseph Vinetz is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003einfectious disease doctor at \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.yalemedicine.org/doctors/joseph_vinetz/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand a professor of medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, in the section of infectious diseases, department of internal medicine. He is also a research professor in the faculty of sciences and the laboratory of research and development at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. His background in the history of medicine informs his perspectives on current emerging epidemic diseases.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University, BS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eUniversity of California San Diego School of Medicine, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institutes of Health, Postdoctoral Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJohns Hopkins Hospital, Residency, Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Internal Medicine \u0026#8211; Internal Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Internal Medicine \u0026#8211; Infectious Disease\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAssociated investigator of the Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConducts research in global health and infectious diseases, focusing on diseases of high consequence such as malaria and leptospirosis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Institutes of Health (NIH)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://the-asci.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://aap-online.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAssociation of American Physicians (AAP)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.astmh.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInfectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"mnt-1301190","updateReason":[],"editor":"Maté Jarai","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2021-10-29":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Mary West","editor":"Maté Jarai","copyEditor":"Kate Phelan","medicallyReviewedBy":"Joseph Vinetz, MD"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"published":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1635469200,"display":"October 29, 2021"},"modified":{"date":1635469255,"display":"October 29, 2021"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"cesData":{"metaDescription":"Learn about how HIV affects children, including facts about transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the outlook for children with HIV.","title":"HIV in children: Symptoms, treatment, and more","iab_tag_tier_1":[],"iab_tag_tier_2":[],"mpdTags":[{"confidence":0.9989763821663594,"type":"topic_level_1","value":"health"},{"confidence":0.9266788205806471,"type":"topic_level_2","value":"disease_risks_and_transmission"},{"confidence":0.7757899053034054,"type":"topic_level_3","value":"stis_and_stds"},{"confidence":0.5418393873663157,"type":"topic_level_4","value":"hiv_overview"},{"confidence":0.7030993291187658,"type":"entity","value":"hiv"}]},"relatedStories":[{"title":"What one man's 'escape' from Alzheimer's might tell us about the disease","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-one-mans-escape-from-alzheimers-might-tell-us-about-the-disease","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/brain-scans-gloved-fingers-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","summary":"A 75-year-old man with a genetic predisposition for Alzheimer’s has yet to show signs of the disease. Could this offer insights on new preventive and therapeutic avenues?"},{"title":"Health misinformation and disinformation: How to avoid it","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/featureinconvo-misinformation-732x549.jpg","summary":"How can we learn to spot inaccurate and even malicious health information? Why do we fall so easily for false health info, and how can we update our mistaken beliefs? This In Conversation episode answer these questions with the help of Prof. Stephan Lewandowsky and Dr. Jenny Yu."},{"title":"Artificial sweetener may increase heart disease risk by triggering insulin surges","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/artificial-sweetener-triggers-insulin-spike-leading-to-blood-vessel-inflammation-in-mice","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/Artificial-sweetener-capsules-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","summary":"A common artificial sweetener may trigger insulin spikes that lead to the build up of fatty plaques in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes, a new study in mice indicates."},{"title":"Drug for diabetes and kidney disease may also lower heart attack, stroke risks","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drug-diabetes-kidney-disease-may-also-lower-heart-attack-stroke-risks","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/senior-man-sports-field-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","summary":"An FDA-approved medication already used to treat people who have type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease may also help lower their stroke and heart attack risk, a new study has found."},{"title":"A natural supplement may help people with a new type of heart disease","link":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/natural-supplement-tricaprin-may-help-people-new-type-heart-disease","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2025/02/supplement-heart-Stocksy_txp020705eecF5400_Medium_180947-Thumb.jpg","summary":"The supplement tricaprin, which is found in coconut or MCT oil, improved long-term survival for people with triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy, according to the results of a recent study."}],"hidePlacements":[],"userPreloadDrivers":{"headerNewsletter":{"_driverPath":"/articles/hiv-in-children","_contentIndex":"page","driverId":"ff4ad816-143d-4c2a-968c-ea480f595bfe","siteId":"40fa3d40-7108-11ea-a8fe-ab86e8b4e4d7","site":"mnt","status":"on","deleted":false,"overridePredictiveRPM":false,"created":"2022-12-19T15:45:12.000Z","updated":"2024-12-02T21:12:00.000Z","createdBy":"liallison@redventures.com","updatedBy":"eprater@rvohealth.com","isTest":true,"overridePredictiveRPMType":"none","sdapiTestName":"","rewardType":"","modelType":"","customModel":false,"holdout":"","imageMobile":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","color":"#8E0B0F","driverTypeId":"1ed6a315-4241-4254-92ae-17d0570ee038","sailthruAccount":"mnt","source":"menu_newsletter_link","titleOverride":"“You are my favorite medical source online”","callToAction":"Join us","id":"63422538-0caf-42be-8262-7835128de6ef","trackingNumber":39685,"adTagIds":["5bfa54a0-cb61-11ea-841d-230b5918b98d"],"articlePlacement":"headerNewsletter","image":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","secondarySubscriptionSubhead":"Other newsletters you won’t want to miss:","titleOverrideMobile":"“You are my favorite medical source online”","secondaryNewsletters":[],"descriptionModal":"Join the thousands who trust MNT for accurate, timely medical information. Our expert writers and medical professionals provide daily health news and insights. See why we’re the go-to source for savvy readers.","includeFeedbackStep":false,"driverType":"headerNewsletter","verticalId":"7b2406da-a0bd-42a6-95aa-7d6c6d2e0d75","verticalName":"MNT Daily","lists":["MNT Daily News"],"newsletterMeta":true,"name":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter","imageDesktop":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2ppuDefaultDesktop.jpg","descriptionModalMobile":"","driverPlacementId":"d5b8e667-55c1-4a6d-b05d-728a1733109b","campaignName":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter_39685","productId":"lifecycle_header_mnt_newsletter_39685","_uuid":"m08dc2007-3e8e-4769-b35f-cf93735b222empd_headerNewsletter_ff4ad816-143d-4c2a-968c-ea480f595bfe","cpm":1.3113954868455626e+308}},"travelerDisabledReasons":["Ineligible site (mnt)","User is located outside the US (SG)"]},"siteNav":{"header":{"branding":{"logo":"","enabled":false,"icon":"","title":"test"},"links":[{"title":"Health Conditions","columns":[{"title":"Health Conditions","columns":4,"links":[{"title":"Alzheimer's \u0026 Dementia","url":"/alzheimers-and-dementia"},{"title":"Anxiety","url":"/anxiety"},{"title":"Asthma \u0026 Allergies","url":"/asthma-and-allergies"},{"title":"Atopic Dermatitis","url":"/program/investigating-atopic-dermatitis"},{"title":"Breast Cancer","url":"/breast-cancer"},{"title":"Cancer","url":"/cancer"},{"title":"Cardiovascular Health","url":"/cardiovascular-health"},{"title":"COVID-19","url":"/coronavirus?correlationId=2b137d5a-dcfb-464e-9ea6-72c5a54b4e92"},{"title":"Diabetes","url":"/diabetes"},{"title":"Environment \u0026 Sustainability","url":"/environment-and-sustainability"},{"title":"Exercise \u0026 Fitness","url":"/exercise-and-fitness"},{"title":"Eye Health","url":"/eye-health"},{"title":"Headache \u0026 Migraine","url":"/headache-and-migraine"},{"title":"Health Equity","url":"/health-equity"},{"title":"HIV \u0026 AIDS","url":"/hiv-and-aids"},{"title":"Human Biology","url":"/human-biology"},{"title":"Leukemia","url":"/leukemia"},{"title":"LGBTQIA+","url":"/LGBTQIA"},{"title":"Men's Health","url":"/mens-health"},{"title":"Mental Health","url":"/mental-health"},{"title":"Multiple Sclerosis (MS)","url":"/multiple-sclerosis"},{"title":"Nutrition","url":"/nutrition"},{"title":"Parkinson's Disease","url":"/parkinsons-disease"},{"title":"Psoriasis","url":"/program/a-deeper-look-at-psoriasis"},{"title":"Psoriatic Arthritis","url":"/program/beneath-the-surface-with-psoriatic-arthritis"},{"title":"Sexual Health","url":"/sexual-health"},{"title":"Ulcerative Colitis","url":"/program/investigating-ulcerative-colitis"},{"title":"Women's Health","url":"/womens-health"}]}]},{"title":"Health Products","columns":[{"title":"Health Products","columns":2,"columnButton":{"link":"/products-and-reviews","text":"All"},"links":[{"title":"Nutrition \u0026 Fitness","url":"/products-and-reviews/nutrition-and-fitness-products"},{"title":"Vitamins \u0026 Supplements","url":"/products-and-reviews/vitamin-and-supplement-products"},{"title":"CBD","url":"/products-and-reviews/cbd-products"},{"title":"Sleep","url":"/products-and-reviews/sleep-products"},{"title":"Mental Health","url":"/products-and-reviews/mental-health-services-and-products"},{"title":"At-Home Testing","url":"/products-and-reviews/at-home-testing-products"},{"title":"Men’s Health","url":"/products-and-reviews/mens-health-products"},{"title":"Women’s Health","url":"/products-and-reviews/womens-health-products"}]}]},{"title":"Discover","columns":[{"title":"News","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Latest News","url":"/news"}]},{"title":"Original Series","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Medical Myths","url":"/content-series/medical-myths"},{"title":"Honest Nutrition","url":"/content-series/honest-nutrition"},{"title":"Through My Eyes","url":"/content-series/through-my-eyes"},{"title":"New Normal Health","url":"/content-series/new-normal-health"}]},{"title":"Podcasts","columns":2,"columnButton":{"link":"/articles/in-conversation-podcast","text":"All"},"links":[{"title":"Health misinformation and disinformation: How to avoid it","url":"/articles/health-misinformation-and-disinformation-how-to-avoid-it"},{"title":"Brain health, sleep, diet: 3 health resolutions for 2025","url":"/articles/brain-health-sleep-diet-3-health-resolutions-for-2025"},{"title":"5 things everyone should know about menopause","url":"/articles/5-things-everyone-should-know-about-menopause"},{"title":"3 ways to slow down type 2 diabetes-related brain aging","url":"/articles/3-lifestyle-changes-slow-down-type-2-diabetes-related-brain-aging"},{"title":"Toxic metals in tampons: Should you be worried?","url":"/articles/toxic-metals-tampons-arsenic-lead-should-you-be-worried#1"},{"title":"Can tattoos cause blood or skin cancer?","url":"/articles/can-tattoos-cause-blood-or-skin-cancer"}]}]},{"title":"Tools","columns":[{"title":"General Health","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Drugs A-Z","url":"/drugs"},{"title":"Health Hubs","url":"/articles/content-hubs"},{"title":"Newsletter","url":"/newsletter"}]},{"title":"Health Tools","columns":2,"links":[{"title":"Find a Doctor","url":"/provider-near-me"},{"title":"BMI Calculators and Charts","url":"/articles/323586"},{"title":"Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide","url":"/articles/327077"},{"title":"Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide","url":"/articles/316898"},{"title":"Sleep Calculator","url":"/articles/sleep-calculator"}]},{"title":"Quizzes","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"RA Myths vs Facts","url":"/articles/science-fact-or-fiction-separating-ra-myths-from-facts#1"},{"title":"Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar","url":"/articles/managing-blood-sugar-type-2-diabetes-quiz#1"},{"title":"Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction","url":"/articles/complementary-therapies-for-as-quiz#1"}]}]},{"title":"Connect","columns":[{"title":"About Medical News Today","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Who We Are","url":"/about"},{"title":"Our Editorial Process","url":"/articles/process"},{"title":"Content Integrity","url":"/about/content-integrity"},{"title":"Conscious Language","url":"/about/conscious-language"}]},{"title":"Find Community","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Bezzy Breast Cancer","url":"https://www.bezzybc.com/lp/2/?verzenio\u0026utm_source=mnt\u0026utm_medium=nav-bar-connect"},{"title":"Bezzy MS","url":"https://www.bezzyms.com/?utm_source=mnt\u0026utm_medium=nav-bar-connect"},{"title":"Bezzy Migraine","url":"https://www.bezzymigraine.com/?utm_source=mnt\u0026utm_medium=nav-bar-connect"},{"title":"Bezzy Psoriasis","url":"https://www.bezzypsoriasis.com/?utm_source=mnt\u0026utm_medium=nav-bar-connect"}]},{"title":"Follow Us","columns":1,"widget":"social"}]}]},"footer":{"links":[{"title":"About Us","url":"/about"},{"title":"Contact Us","url":"/about/contact-us"},{"title":"Terms of Use","url":"/about/terms-of-use"},{"title":"Privacy Policy","url":"/about/privacy-policy"},{"sponsored":false,"url":"/privacy-settings","title":"Privacy Settings"},{"title":"Advertising Policy","url":"/ad-policy"},{"title":"Health Topics","url":"/directory/a-b"},{"title":"Health Hubs","url":"/articles/content-hubs"},{"title":"Medical Affairs","url":"/about/reviewers"},{"title":"Content Integrity","url":"/about/content-integrity"},{"title":"Newsletters","url":"/newsletter"},{"title":"Your Privacy Choices","url":"https://privacyportal.onetrust.com/webform/b45407c6-ee79-4a08-912e-02ce898f9a14/6a88ff3d-e0ff-44b3-bb05-e8a2a65072fe","location":"US","appendAnonymousId":true,"privacyOptOutLink":true}]}},"stylesheetIds":["90fpmc","0","b7n1on","114pms8","x9mcui","qv7uwv","r5lp6c","3ebwek","10uso0k","1lm3oqg","4aeg3z","rwmw5v","1jytyml","yhe8zq","mjp0j9","16pk1is","13b3g0x","xqmvw1","2fdibo","a10gts","zya54r","fdjy12","871rh7","m260rd","tqpz90","1w3ble7","cs3emt","x4xfyn","18a1afd","eafq96","14x00sv","10aca47","gv8cz7","1g6cesj","6qhv17","kg8ull","yc5e1l","1wyiq3l","1gj0gsa","1bdb0zy","2sn1us","pf8wg0","1gdwmjx","2dofw9","ifmqwy","1wm8u43","1hjaa0k","1jpwf16","1j2d96m","11egx89","pdceuf","1pr9u9e","bcus5s","1fteite","1h1rean","z468a2","1r4r6jy","1q67gt9","1edxg1f","1kir5of","5b5f7q","1xn3edc","1vedeqe","17lceqi","npv6dx","19c5efk","488q2e","1y1s420","1p5bah9","120r23d","rlaxw5","107m7zl","1lyqwde","1767n2d","1fb1nmp","prb4v6","vhteyv","1huyk6v","14ktbsh","79elbk","175h8ux","1080dvu","1rznang","1q83h4t","1p5mq94","18tyfou","zykd3q","lhmed6","x84v64","14o9p71","i9gxme","1ocfdvu","1dppxl0","1b2ri56","uktbta","16bllps","1xx5q6","1xceiwh","10ma15c","lb03wr","3gcukm","en1nu6","yjay6q","1us2gxx","11upubx","6da01m","d2oo9m","s2uf1z","si16g9","huujs8","1vtxghn","87xp"]}</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/vendor-9c08a-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/lib-b9ffd-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/felib-2dda6-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/felib-core-f80e2-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/1f8c0fb7-0c4f-4fb1-9b88-8035c35a7d18/mnt/pages/tabbed.js-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/8bc674d734914b3f8179f84e9edb0faa.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script> window.Sentry && Sentry.onLoad(function() { const o = {"dsn":"https://8bc674d734914b3f8179f84e9edb0faa@o62581.ingest.sentry.io/248102","sampleRate":0.1,"release":"13461820290","environment":"prod"}; o.allowUrls = [/https:\/\/assets.medicalnewstoday.com\//]; o.ignoreErrors = [/Error compiling fragment shader/i,/Float textures are not supported/i,/Can't execute code from a freed script/i,/enough storage/i,/out of memory/i,/PP\(/i,/Synchronous XHR in page dismissal./i,/Failed to load.*ingest.make.rvapps.io\/v2\/t/i,/Failed to load.*ingest.make.rvohealth.com\/v2\/t/i,/The operation was aborted/i,/Blocked a restricted frame with origin/i,/cancelled/i,/cancelado/i]; if (window.beforeSend) o.beforeSend = beforeSend; Sentry.init(o); Sentry.configureScope(function (scope) { scope.setTag('environment', 'prod') }); if (window.initSentry) initSentry(); }); </script><div> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Medical News Today","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/images/logo/logo-2017-640-60.png"}},"@type":"MedicalWebPage","headline":"What to know about HIV in children","description":"Learn about how HIV affects children, including facts about transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the outlook for children with HIV.","keywords":"HIV in children","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Mary West"},"lastReviewed":"2021-10-29T01:00:00Z","url":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hiv-in-children","datePublished":"2021-10-29T01:00:00Z","dateModified":"2021-10-29T01:00:00Z","articleSection":"HIV and AIDS,Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses,Pediatrics / Children's Health","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"","datePublished":"2021-10-29"},"reviewedBy":"Joseph Vinetz, MD","primaryImageOfPage":["https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-header-1024x575.jpg"],"thumbnail":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/10/HIV-children-mother-shadow-thumb-732x549.jpg"]}</script></div><noscript><img alt="" src="http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main"/></noscript><span>  </span><div id="menu-host"></div></body></html>