CINXE.COM

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" version="HTML+RDFa+MathML 1.1" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab">  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//scholar.google.com" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://gut.bmj.com/sites/default/themes/bmjj/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];window.dataLayer.push({"page":{"hwTitle":"Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights","hwUrl":"https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/5/1020","hwPath":"/content/71/5/1020","hwType":"journal page"},"user":{"hwMemberID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitutionID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitution":"","hwAccessUsageTerms":"guest","hwRegisteredUser":"no","hwHasFullTextAccess":"yes","hwEntitled":"no","mail":"e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"},"content":{"hwIssueDate":"2022-05-01","hwIssueDateTime":"2022-05-01 00:00:00","hwPublicationDate":"2023-10-18","hwPublicationDateTime":"2023-10-18 03:55:41","hwNlmArticleType":"review-article","hwDOI":"10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789","hwAuthors":"Willem M de Vos,Herbert Tilg,Matthias Van Hul,Patrice D Cani","hwContributors":"","hwIsEarlyRelease":"no","hwEissn":"1468-3288","hwPissn":"0017-5749","hwVolume":"71","hwIssue":"5","hwArticleType":"Recent advances in basic science","hwTabView":"main_tab","hwViewType":"full","hwAccessType":"OpenAccess","hwOpenAccess":"yes","hwFreeAccess":"yes","hwTaxonomy":"GUT Recent advances in basic science|Open access","hwCorpusCode":"gutjnl","hwType":"article","hwSubtitle":null,"hwOverline":null,"hwPisaId":"gutjnl;71/5/1020","hwFirstPage":"1020","hwLastPage":"1032","hwIsLatestVersion":"yes","hwIsCurrentIssue":"no","hwIsOpenIssue":"no","hwHasFullText":"yes","hwHasPDF":"yes","hwParentTitle":"Gut: 71 (5)","hwElectronicPubDate":"2023-10-18","hwElectronicPubDateTime":"2023-10-18 03:55:41"}}); //--><!]]></script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/5/1020" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="Full Text (PDF)" href="/content/71/5/1020.full.pdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/plain" title="Full Text (Plain)" href="/content/71/5/1020.full.txt" /> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=Soehngen Institute of Anaerobic Microbiology;citation_funder_id=http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100017334;citation_grant_number=[024.002.002];" /> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS;citation_funder_id=http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002661;citation_grant_number=CDR-convention: J.0027.22;citation_grant_number=EOS: program no. 30770923;citation_grant_number=EOS: program no. 40007505;citation_grant_number=FNRS T.0030.21-P;citation_grant_number=WELBIO-CR-2017C-02E;citation_grant_number=WELBIO-CR-2019C-02R;" /> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie;citation_funder_id=http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004956;citation_grant_number=R&D K-Centre (COMET program - Competence Centers f;citation_grant_number=VASCage (Centre for Promoting Vascular Health in t;" /> <meta name="issue_cover_image" content="https://gut.bmj.com/sites/default/files/highwire/gutjnl/71/5.cover-source.jpg" /> <meta name="type" content="article" /> <meta name="category" content="review-article" /> <meta name="HW.identifier" content="/gutjnl/71/5/1020.atom" /> <meta name="HW.pisa" content="gutjnl;71/5/1020" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789" /> <meta name="DC.Date" content="2022-05-01" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="BMJ Publishing Group" /> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/." /> <meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" /> <meta name="DC.Description" content="The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid and glucose metabolism are affected. In this review, specific attention is given to provide a critical evaluation of the current understanding in this field. Numerous molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria might be causally linked with the protection or the onset of diseases are discussed. We examine well-established metabolites (ie, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) and extend this to more recently identified molecular actors (ie, endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products and enterosynes) and their specific receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and G protein-coupled receptors (ie, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). Altogether, understanding the complexity and the molecular aspects linking gut microbes to health will help to set the basis for novel therapies that are already being developed." /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Willem M de Vos" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Herbert Tilg" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Matthias Van Hul" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Patrice D Cani" /> <meta name="article:published_time" content="2022-05-01" /> <meta name="article:section" content="Recent advances in basic science" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="<p>The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid and glucose metabolism are affected.</p><p>In this review, specific attention is given to provide a critical evaluation of the current understanding in this field. Numerous molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria might be causally linked with the protection or the onset of diseases are discussed. We examine well-established metabolites (ie, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) and extend this to more recently identified molecular actors (ie, endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products and enterosynes) and their specific receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and G protein-coupled receptors (ie, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5).</p><p>Altogether, understanding the complexity and the molecular aspects linking gut microbes to health will help to set the basis for novel therapies that are already being developed.</p>" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Gut" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="BMJ Publishing Group" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/05/01" /> <meta name="citation_mjid" content="gutjnl;71/5/1020" /> <meta name="citation_id" content="71/5/1020" /> <meta name="citation_public_url" content="https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/5/1020" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/5/1020.abstract" /> <meta name="citation_full_html_url" content="https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/5/1020.full" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020.full.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0017-5749" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1468-3288" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789" /> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="35105664" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="71" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5" /> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Review Article" /> <meta name="citation_section" content="Recent advances in basic science" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1020" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1032" /> <meta name="citation_access" content="all" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Willem M de Vos" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Helsinki" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratory of Microbiology" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Wageningen University" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-3166" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Herbert Tilg" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Medical University Innsbruck" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-2579" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Matthias Van Hul" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition research group (MNUT)" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO)" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-107X" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Patrice D Cani" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition research group (MNUT)" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO)" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-2448" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Curr Opin Microbiol;citation_author=K. Korpela;citation_author=WM. de Vos;citation_title=Early life colonization of the human gut: microbes matter everywhere;citation_pages=70-8;citation_volume=44;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.mib.2018.06.003" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell;citation_author=K. Korpela;citation_author=O. Helve;citation_author=K-L. Kolho;citation_title=Maternal fecal microbiota transplantation in Cesarean-Born infants rapidly restores normal gut microbial development: a proof-of-concept study;citation_pages=324-34;citation_volume=183;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.047" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_author=J. Lloyd-Price;citation_author=A. Mahurkar;citation_author=G. Rahnavard;citation_title=Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded human microbiome project;citation_pages=61-6;citation_volume=550;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=28953883;citation_doi=10.1038/nature23889" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Microbiome;citation_author=JT. Barlow;citation_author=G. Leite;citation_author=AE. Romano;citation_title=Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome;citation_pages=214;citation_volume=9;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=mSphere;citation_author=AM. Seekatz;citation_author=MK. Schnizlein;citation_author=MJ. Koenigsknecht;citation_title=Spatial and temporal analysis of the stomach and small-intestinal microbiota in fasted healthy humans;citation_pages=e00126-19;citation_volume=4;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Dig Dis Sci;citation_author=GGS. Leite;citation_author=S. Weitsman;citation_author=G. Parodi;citation_title=Mapping the segmental Microbiomes in the human small bowel in comparison with stool: a REIMAGINE study;citation_pages=2595-604;citation_volume=65;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1007/s10620-020-06173-x" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_journal_abbrev=Gut;citation_author=EG. Zoetendal;citation_author=M. Rajilic-Stojanovic;citation_author=WM. de Vos;citation_title=High-throughput diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota;citation_pages=1605-1615;citation_volume=57;citation_year=2008;citation_issue=11;citation_pmid=18941009;citation_doi=10.1136/gut.2007.133603" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_journal_abbrev=Nature;citation_author=J. Qin;citation_author=R. Li;citation_author=J. Raes;citation_title=A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing.;citation_pages=59-65;citation_volume=464;citation_year=2010;citation_issue=7285;citation_pmid=20203603;citation_doi=10.1038/nature08821" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Rev;citation_author=M. Rajilić-Stojanović;citation_author=WM. de Vos;citation_title=The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota;citation_volume=38;citation_year=2014;citation_pmid=24861948;citation_doi=10.1111/1574-6976.12075" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Biotechnol;citation_author=J. Li;citation_author=H. Jia;citation_author=X. Cai;citation_title=An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome;citation_pages=834-41;citation_volume=32;citation_year=2014;citation_pmid=24997786;citation_doi=10.1038/nbt.2942" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=N Engl J Med;citation_author=E. van Nood;citation_author=A. Vrieze;citation_author=M. Nieuwdorp;citation_title=Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile;citation_pages=407-15;citation_volume=368;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=23323867;citation_doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1205037" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=N Engl J Med;citation_author=SV. Lynch;citation_author=O. Pedersen;citation_title=The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease;citation_pages=2369-79;citation_volume=375;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=27974040;citation_doi=10.1056/NEJMra1600266" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Microbiol;citation_author=Y. Fan;citation_author=O. Pedersen;citation_title=Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease;citation_pages=55-71;citation_volume=19;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=NMJ. Hanssen;citation_author=WM. de Vos;citation_author=M. Nieuwdorp;citation_title=Fecal microbiota transplantation in human metabolic diseases: from a murky past to a bright future?;citation_pages=1098-110;citation_volume=33;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Mol Immunol;citation_author=R. Wang;citation_author=R. Tang;citation_author=B. Li;citation_title=Gut microbiome, liver immunology, and liver diseases;citation_pages=4-17;citation_volume=18;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Endosc Int Open;citation_author=J. O'Grady;citation_author=CL. Murphy;citation_author=L. Barry;citation_title=Defining gastrointestinal transit time using video capsule endoscopy: a study of healthy subjects;citation_pages=396E-400;citation_volume=8;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=Z. Ding;citation_author=W. Wang;citation_author=K. Zhang;citation_title=Novel scheme for non-invasive gut bioinformation acquisition with a magnetically controlled sampling capsule endoscope;citation_volume=70;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=33452177;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322465" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Am J Clin Nutr;citation_author=M. Ph van Trijp;citation_author=E. Wilms;citation_author=M. Ríos-Morales;citation_title=Using naso- and oro-intestinal catheters in physiological research for intestinal delivery and sampling in vivo: practical and technical aspects to be considered;citation_pages=843-61;citation_volume=114;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environmental Microbiology (Print);citation_journal_abbrev=Environmental Microbiology (Print);citation_author=CCGM. Booijink;citation_author=S. El-Aidy;citation_author=M. Rajilić-Stojanović;citation_title=High temporal and inter-individual variation detected in the human ileal microbiota.;citation_pages=3213-3227;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2010;citation_issue=12;citation_pmid=20626454;citation_doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02294.x" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_abbrev=ISME J;citation_author=EG. Zoetendal;citation_author=J. Raes;citation_author=B. van den Bogert;citation_title=The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates.;citation_pages=1415-1426;citation_volume=6;citation_year=2012;citation_issue=7;citation_pmid=22258098;citation_doi=10.1038/ismej.2011.212" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochimie;citation_author=I. Lema;citation_author=JR. Araújo;citation_author=N. Rolhion;citation_title=Jejunum: the understudied meeting place of dietary lipids and the microbiota;citation_pages=124-36;citation_volume=178;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Ecol;citation_author=M. Wang;citation_author=S. Ahrné;citation_author=B. Jeppsson;citation_title=Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes;citation_volume=54;citation_year=2005;citation_pmid=16332321;citation_doi=10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.012" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gastroenterology;citation_author=ACG. van Baar;citation_author=M. Nieuwdorp;citation_author=F. Holleman;citation_title=The duodenum harbors a broad Untapped therapeutic potential;citation_pages=773-7;citation_volume=154;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=29428335;citation_doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.010" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gastroenterology;citation_author=A. Vrieze;citation_author=E. Van Nood;citation_author=F. Holleman;citation_title=Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome;citation_pages=913-6;citation_volume=143;citation_year=2012;citation_pmid=22728514;citation_doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=RS. Kootte;citation_author=E. Levin;citation_author=J. Salojärvi;citation_title=Improvement of insulin sensitivity after lean donor feces in metabolic syndrome is driven by baseline intestinal microbiota composition;citation_pages=611-9;citation_volume=26;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.008" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=P. de Groot;citation_author=T. Nikolic;citation_author=S. Pellegrini;citation_title=Faecal microbiota transplantation halts progression of human new-onset type 1 diabetes in a randomised controlled trial;citation_volume=70;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=33106354;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322630" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BMC genomics [electronic resource];citation_journal_abbrev=BMC Genomics;citation_author=FJ. Troost;citation_author=P. van Baarlen;citation_author=P. Lindsey;citation_title=Identification of the transcriptional response of human intestinal mucosa to Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 in vivo.;citation_pages=374-374;citation_volume=9;citation_year=2008;citation_pmid=18681965;citation_doi=10.1186/1471-2164-9-374" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;citation_author=P. van Baarlen;citation_author=FJ. Troost;citation_author=S. van Hemert;citation_title=Differential NF-kappaB pathways induction by Lactobacillus plantarum in the duodenum of healthy humans correlating with immune tolerance;citation_volume=106;citation_year=2009;citation_pmid=19190178;citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.0809919106" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;citation_author=P. van Baarlen;citation_author=F. Troost;citation_author=C. van der Meer;citation_title=Human mucosal in vivo transcriptome responses to three lactobacilli indicate how probiotics may modulate human cellular pathways;citation_pages=4562-9;citation_volume=108 Suppl 1;citation_year=2011;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol;citation_author=SA. Shetty;citation_author=S. Zuffa;citation_author=TPN. Bui;citation_title=Reclassification of Eubacterium hallii as Anaerobutyricum hallii gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of Anaerobutyricum soehngenii sp. nov., a butyrate and propionate-producing bacterium from infant faeces;citation_pages=3741-6;citation_volume=68;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003041" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes;citation_author=PW. Gilijamse;citation_author=AV. Hartstra;citation_author=E. Levin;citation_title=Treatment with Anaerobutyricum soehngenii: a pilot study of safety and dose-response effects on glucose metabolism in human subjects with metabolic syndrome;citation_pages=16;citation_volume=6;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gastroenterology;citation_journal_abbrev=Gastroenterology;citation_author=A. Swidsinski;citation_author=V. Loening-Baucke;citation_author=H. Verstraelen;citation_title=Biostructure of fecal microbiota in healthy subjects and patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea.;citation_pages=568-579;citation_volume=135;citation_year=2008;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=18570896;citation_doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.017" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_title=Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises;citation_volume=67;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=29934437;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316723" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_author=J. Lloyd-Price;citation_author=C. Arze;citation_author=AN. Ananthakrishnan;citation_title=Multi-Omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases;citation_pages=655-62;citation_volume=569;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;citation_title=Microbiome signatures of progression toward celiac disease onset in at-risk children in a longitudinal prospective cohort study;citation_volume=118;citation_year=2021" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell;citation_author=RAT. Mars;citation_author=Y. Yang;citation_author=T. Ward;citation_title=Longitudinal multi-omics reveals Subset-Specific mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome;citation_pages=1137-40;citation_volume=183;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.040" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cancer Cell;citation_author=H. Tilg;citation_author=TE. Adolph;citation_author=RR. Gerner;citation_title=The intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer;citation_pages=954-64;citation_volume=33;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.004" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=H. Tilg;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=EA. Mayer;citation_title=Gut microbiome and liver diseases;citation_volume=65;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=27802157;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Hepatol;citation_author=J. Trebicka;citation_author=J. Macnaughtan;citation_author=B. Schnabl;citation_title=The microbiota in cirrhosis and its role in hepatic decompensation;citation_pages=S67-81;citation_volume=75 Suppl 1;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Annu Rev Nutr;citation_author=TE. Adolph;citation_author=L. Mayr;citation_author=F. Grabherr;citation_title=Pancreas-Microbiota cross talk in health and disease;citation_pages=249-66;citation_volume=39;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell;citation_author=E. Riquelme;citation_author=Y. Zhang;citation_author=L. Zhang;citation_title=Tumor microbiome diversity and composition influence pancreatic cancer outcomes;citation_pages=795-806;citation_volume=178;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.008" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Med;citation_author=C. Depommier;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_author=C. Druart;citation_title=Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study;citation_pages=1096-103;citation_volume=25;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=31263284;citation_doi=10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_journal_abbrev=Nature;citation_author=J. Qin;citation_author=Y. Li;citation_author=Z. Cai;citation_title=A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.;citation_pages=55-60;citation_volume=490;citation_year=2012;citation_issue=7418;citation_pmid=23023125;citation_doi=10.1038/nature11450" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_author=FH. Karlsson;citation_author=V. Tremaroli;citation_author=I. Nookaew;citation_title=Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control;citation_pages=99-103;citation_volume=498;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=23719380;citation_doi=10.1038/nature12198" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=H. Wu;citation_author=V. Tremaroli;citation_author=C. Schmidt;citation_title=The gut microbiota in prediabetes and diabetes: a population-based cross-sectional study;citation_pages=379-90;citation_volume=32;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.011" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=R. Loomba;citation_author=V. Seguritan;citation_author=W. Li;citation_title=Gut Microbiome-Based metagenomic signature for non-invasive detection of advanced fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;citation_pages=607;citation_volume=30;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.002" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=F. Frost;citation_author=T. Kacprowski;citation_author=M. Rühlemann;citation_title=Long-Term instability of the intestinal microbiome is associated with metabolic liver disease, low microbiota diversity, diabetes mellitus and impaired exocrine pancreatic function;citation_volume=70;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=33168600;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322753" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Endocrinol;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_title=Do diet and microbes really 'PREDICT' cardiometabolic risks?;citation_pages=259-60;citation_volume=17;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Microorganisms;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=E. Moens de Hase;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_title=Gut microbiota and host metabolism: from proof of concept to therapeutic intervention;citation_pages=1302;citation_volume=9;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_title=Mediterranean diet, gut microbiota and health: when age and calories do not add up!;citation_volume=69;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=32169906;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320781" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=BF. Jordan;citation_title=Gut microbiota-mediated inflammation in obesity: a link with gastrointestinal cancer;citation_pages=671-82;citation_volume=15;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=29844585;citation_doi=10.1038/s41575-018-0025-6" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ Microbiol;citation_author=P. Louis;citation_author=HJ. Flint;citation_title=Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota;citation_pages=29-41;citation_volume=19;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=27928878;citation_doi=10.1111/1462-2920.13589" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Curr Nutr Rep;citation_author=ES. Chambers;citation_author=T. Preston;citation_author=G. Frost;citation_title=Role of gut Microbiota-Generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health;citation_pages=198-206;citation_volume=7;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1007/s13668-018-0248-8" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun;citation_author=G. Frost;citation_author=ML. Sleeth;citation_author=M. Sahuri-Arisoylu;citation_title=The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism;citation_pages=3611;citation_volume=5;citation_year=2014;citation_pmid=24781306;citation_doi=10.1038/ncomms4611" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Endocrinol;citation_author=EE. Canfora;citation_author=JW. Jocken;citation_author=EE. Blaak;citation_title=Short-Chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity;citation_pages=577-91;citation_volume=11;citation_year=2015;citation_pmid=26260141;citation_doi=10.1038/nrendo.2015.128" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Endocr Rev;citation_author=M. Rastelli;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=C. Knauf;citation_title=The gut microbiome influences host endocrine functions;citation_pages=1271-84;citation_volume=40;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1210/er.2018-00280" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=The Journal of Nutrition;citation_journal_abbrev=J. Nutr.;citation_author=CA. Daubioul;citation_author=HS. Taper;citation_author=LD. De Wispelaere;citation_title=Dietary Oligofructose Lessens Hepatic Steatosis, but Does Not Prevent Hypertriglyceridemia in Obese Zucker Rats;citation_pages=1314-1319;citation_volume=130;citation_year=2000;citation_issue=5;citation_pmid=10801936" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=The British journal of nutrition;citation_journal_abbrev=Br J Nutr;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=C. Dewever;citation_author=NM. Delzenne;citation_title=Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats.;citation_pages=521-526;citation_volume=92;citation_year=2004;citation_issue=3;citation_pmid=15469657;citation_doi=10.1079/BJN20041225" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Obesity;citation_journal_abbrev=Obesity;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=AM. Neyrinck;citation_author=N. Maton;citation_title=Oligofructose Promotes Satiety in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet: Involvement of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1;citation_pages=1000-1007;citation_volume=13;citation_year=2005;citation_issue=6;citation_pmid=15976142;citation_doi=10.1038/oby.2005.117" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Diabetes;citation_journal_abbrev=Diabetes;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=C. Knauf;citation_author=MA. Iglesias;citation_title=Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like Peptide 1 receptor.;citation_pages=1484-1490;citation_volume=55;citation_year=2006;citation_issue=5;citation_pmid=16644709;citation_doi=10.2337/diabetes." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Br J Nutr;citation_author=NM. Delzenne;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=C. Daubioul;citation_title=Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides;citation_pages=S157-61;citation_volume=93 Suppl 1;citation_year=2005;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=The British journal of nutrition;citation_journal_abbrev=Br J Nutr;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=S. Hoste;citation_author=Y. Guiot;citation_title=Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates promote L-cell differentiation in the proximal colon of rats.;citation_pages=32-37;citation_volume=98;citation_year=2007;citation_issue=1;citation_pmid=17367575;citation_doi=10.1017/S0007114507691648" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Diabetes;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_author=V. Lazarevic;citation_author=M. Derrien;citation_title=Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice;citation_volume=60;citation_year=2011;citation_pmid=21933985;citation_doi=10.2337/db11-0227" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=S. Possemiers;citation_author=T. Van de Wiele;citation_title=Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability;citation_volume=58;citation_year=2009;citation_pmid=19240062;citation_doi=10.1136/gut.2008.165886" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of Applied Microbiology (Print);citation_journal_abbrev=Journal of Applied Microbiology (Print);citation_author=X. Wang;citation_author=GR. Gibson;citation_title=Effects of the in vitro fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine.;citation_pages=373-380;citation_volume=75;citation_year=1993;citation_issue=4;citation_pmid=8226394;citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02790.x" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Nutr;citation_author=AA. Aziz;citation_author=LS. Kenney;citation_author=B. Goulet;citation_title=Dietary starch type affects body weight and glycemic control in freely fed but not energy-restricted obese rats;citation_volume=139;citation_year=2009;citation_pmid=19692526;citation_doi=10.3945/jn.109.110650" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Obesity;citation_author=MJ. Keenan;citation_author=J. Zhou;citation_author=KL. McCutcheon;citation_title=Effects of resistant starch, a non-digestible fermentable fiber, on reducing body fat;citation_pages=1523-34;citation_volume=14;citation_year=2006;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab;citation_author=J. Zhou;citation_author=RJ. Martin;citation_author=RT. Tulley;citation_title=Dietary resistant starch upregulates total GLP-1 and PYY in a sustained day-long manner through fermentation in rodents;citation_volume=295;citation_year=2008;citation_pmid=18796545;citation_doi=10.1152/ajpendo.90637.2008" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun;citation_author=TPN. Bui;citation_author=J. Ritari;citation_author=S. Boeren;citation_title=Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal;citation_pages=10062;citation_volume=6;citation_year=2015;citation_pmid=26620920;citation_doi=10.1038/ncomms10062" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun;citation_author=TPN. Bui;citation_author=L. Mannerås-Holm;citation_author=R. Puschmann;citation_title=Conversion of dietary inositol into propionate and acetate by commensal Anaerostipes associates with host health;citation_pages=4798;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Inflamm Bowel Dis;citation_author=M. Rajilić-Stojanović;citation_author=F. Shanahan;citation_author=F. Guarner;citation_title=Phylogenetic analysis of dysbiosis in ulcerative colitis during remission;citation_pages=481-8;citation_volume=19;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=23385241;citation_doi=10.1097/MIB.0b013e31827fec6d" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem;citation_author=AJ. Brown;citation_author=SM. Goldsworthy;citation_author=AA. Barnes;citation_title=The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids;citation_volume=278;citation_year=2003;citation_pmid=12496283;citation_doi=10.1074/jbc.M211609200" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem;citation_author=E. Le Poul;citation_author=C. Loison;citation_author=S. Struyf;citation_title=Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation;citation_volume=278;citation_year=2003;citation_pmid=12711604;citation_doi=10.1074/jbc.M301403200" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Front Endocrinol;citation_author=I. Kimura;citation_author=D. Inoue;citation_author=K. Hirano;citation_title=The SCFA receptor GPR43 and energy metabolism;citation_pages=85;citation_volume=5;citation_year=2014;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Endocrinology;citation_author=MK. Nøhr;citation_author=MH. Pedersen;citation_author=A. Gille;citation_title=GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes;citation_volume=154;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=23885020;citation_doi=10.1210/en.2013-1142" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Metab;citation_author=L. Brooks;citation_author=A. Viardot;citation_author=A. Tsakmaki;citation_title=Fermentable carbohydrate stimulates FFAR2-dependent colonic PYY cell expansion to increase satiety;citation_pages=48-60;citation_volume=6;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Obes;citation_author=A. Psichas;citation_author=ML. Sleeth;citation_author=KG. Murphy;citation_title=The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents;citation_pages=424-9;citation_volume=39;citation_year=2015;citation_pmid=25109781;citation_doi=10.1038/ijo.2014.153" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell;citation_author=A. Koh;citation_author=F. De Vadder;citation_author=P. Kovatcheva-Datchary;citation_title=From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites;citation_pages=1332-45;citation_volume=165;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=27259147;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Curr Opin Microbiol;citation_author=Y. Litvak;citation_author=MX. Byndloss;citation_author=RM. Tsolis;citation_title=Dysbiotic Proteobacteria expansion: a microbial signature of epithelial dysfunction;citation_pages=1-6;citation_volume=39;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=28783509;citation_doi=10.1016/j.mib.2017.07.003" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Host Microbe;citation_author=Y. Litvak;citation_author=KKZ. Mon;citation_author=H. Nguyen;citation_title=Commensal Enterobacteriaceae protect against Salmonella colonization through oxygen competition;citation_pages=128-39;citation_volume=25;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.003" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_journal_abbrev=Gut;citation_author=P. Seksik;citation_author=L. Rigottier-Gois;citation_author=G. Gramet;citation_title=Alterations of the dominant faecal bacterial groups in patients with Crohn's disease of the colon;citation_pages=237-242;citation_volume=52;citation_year=2003;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=12524406;citation_doi=10.1136/gut.52.2.237" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Genome biology;citation_journal_abbrev=Genome Biol;citation_author=XC. Morgan;citation_author=TL. Tickle;citation_author=H. Sokol;citation_title=Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment.;citation_pages=R79-R79;citation_volume=13;citation_year=2012;citation_issue=9;citation_pmid=23013615;citation_doi=10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Infect Immun;citation_author=CD. Shelton;citation_author=MX. Byndloss;citation_title=Gut epithelial metabolism as a key driver of intestinal dysbiosis associated with noncommunicable diseases;citation_pages=e00939-19;citation_volume=88;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Benef Microbes;citation_author=EE. Blaak;citation_author=EE. Canfora;citation_author=S. Theis;citation_title=Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health;citation_pages=411-55;citation_volume=11;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.3920/BM2020.0057" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=T. Le Roy;citation_author=E. Moens de Hase;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_title=Dysosmobacter welbionis is a newly isolated human commensal bacterium preventing diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in mice;citation_volume=71;citation_year=2022;citation_pmid=34108237;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323778" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ Microbiol;citation_author=SA. Shetty;citation_author=S. Boeren;citation_author=TPN. Bui;citation_title=Unravelling lactate-acetate and sugar conversion into butyrate by intestinal Anaerobutyricum and Anaerostipes species by comparative proteogenomics;citation_pages=4863-75;citation_volume=22;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=mSystems;citation_author=SP. Wang;citation_author=LA. Rubio;citation_author=SH. Duncan;citation_title=Pivotal roles for pH, lactate, and Lactate-Utilizing bacteria in the stability of a human colonic microbial ecosystem;citation_pages=e00645-20;citation_volume=5;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Rev Endocr Metab Disord;citation_author=S. Fernández-Veledo;citation_author=J. Vendrell;citation_title=Gut microbiota-derived succinate: friend or foe in human metabolic diseases?;citation_pages=439-47;citation_volume=20;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=F. De Vadder;citation_author=P. Kovatcheva-Datchary;citation_author=C. Zitoun;citation_title=Microbiota-Produced succinate improves glucose homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis;citation_pages=151-7;citation_volume=24;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=27411015;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.013" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Rep;citation_author=K. Wang;citation_author=M. Liao;citation_author=N. Zhou;citation_title=Parabacteroides distasonis alleviates obesity and metabolic dysfunctions via production of succinate and secondary bile acids;citation_pages=222-35;citation_volume=26;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.028" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_author=GM. Tannahill;citation_author=AM. Curtis;citation_author=J. Adamik;citation_title=Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α;citation_pages=238-42;citation_volume=496;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=23535595;citation_doi=10.1038/nature11986" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Clin Nutr;citation_author=Y. Wan;citation_author=J. Yuan;citation_author=J. Li;citation_title=Overweight and underweight status are linked to specific gut microbiota and intestinal tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates;citation_pages=3189-98;citation_volume=39;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=EcoSal Plus;citation_author=B. Bertani;citation_author=N. Ruiz;citation_title=Function and biogenesis of lipopolysaccharides;citation_pages=00012018ESP;citation_volume=8;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cytokine Growth Factor Rev;citation_author=D. Walsh;citation_author=J. McCarthy;citation_author=C. O'Driscoll;citation_title=Pattern recognition receptors--molecular orchestrators of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease;citation_pages=91-104;citation_volume=24;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=23102645;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.09.003" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=The Journal of Immunology;citation_journal_abbrev=J. Immunol.;citation_author=VJ. Quesniaux;citation_author=DM. Nicolle;citation_author=D. Torres;citation_title=Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2)-Dependent-Positive and TLR2-Independent-Negative Regulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Mycobacterial Lipomannans;citation_pages=4425-4434;citation_volume=172;citation_year=2004;citation_issue=7;citation_pmid=15034058;citation_doi=10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4425" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science;citation_journal_abbrev=Science;citation_author=A. Poltorak;citation_author=X. He;citation_author=I. Smirnova;citation_title=Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene;citation_pages=2085-2088;citation_volume=282;citation_year=1998;citation_issue=5396;citation_pmid=9851930;citation_doi=10.1126/science.282.5396.2085" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Immunity;citation_author=Y. Belkaid;citation_author=OJ. Harrison;citation_title=Homeostatic immunity and the microbiota;citation_pages=562-76;citation_volume=46;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=28423337;citation_doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell;citation_author=KA. Fitzgerald;citation_author=JC. Kagan;citation_title=Toll-Like receptors and the control of immunity;citation_pages=1044-66;citation_volume=180;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Diabetes;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=J. Amar;citation_author=MA. Iglesias;citation_title=Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance;citation_volume=56;citation_year=2007;citation_pmid=17456850;citation_doi=10.2337/db06-1491" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Endocrinol;citation_author=M. Régnier;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_author=C. Knauf;citation_title=Gut microbiome, endocrine control of gut barrier function and metabolic diseases;citation_pages=R67-82;citation_volume=248;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=H. Tilg;citation_author=R. Burcelin;citation_author=V. Tremaroli;citation_title=Liver tissue microbiome in NAFLD: next step in understanding the gut-liver axis?;citation_volume=69;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=32060128;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320490" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Rep;citation_author=FF. Anhê;citation_author=NG. Barra;citation_author=JF. Cavallari;citation_title=Metabolic endotoxemia is dictated by the type of lipopolysaccharide;citation_pages=109691;citation_volume=36;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science;citation_author=M. Vijay-Kumar;citation_author=JD. Aitken;citation_author=FA. Carvalho;citation_title=Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5;citation_volume=328;citation_year=2010;citation_pmid=20203013;citation_doi=10.1126/science.1179721" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of Clinical Investigation;citation_journal_abbrev=JCI;citation_author=M. Vijay-Kumar;citation_author=CJ. Sanders;citation_author=RT. Taylor;citation_title=Deletion of TLR5 results in spontaneous colitis in mice.;citation_pages=3909-3921;citation_volume=117;citation_year=2007;citation_issue=12;citation_pmid=18008007;citation_doi=10.1172/JCI33084" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of dermatological science;citation_journal_abbrev=J Dermatol Sci;citation_author=K. Takeda;citation_author=S. Akira;citation_title=Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors.;citation_pages=73-82;citation_volume=34;citation_year=2004;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=15033189;citation_doi=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_author=L. Geurts;citation_author=R. Caesar;citation_title=Intestinal epithelial MyD88 is a sensor switching host metabolism towards obesity according to nutritional status;citation_pages=5648;citation_volume=5;citation_year=2014;citation_pmid=25476696;citation_doi=10.1038/ncomms6648" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Molecular Systems Biology;citation_journal_abbrev=Mol Syst Biol;citation_author=GG. Muccioli;citation_author=D. Naslain;citation_author=F. Bäckhed;citation_title=The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis;citation_pages=392-392;citation_volume=6;citation_year=2010;citation_issue=1;citation_pmid=20664638;citation_doi=10.1038/msb.2010.46" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Endocrinol;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=H. Plovier;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_title=Endocannabinoids--at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism;citation_pages=133-43;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=26678807;citation_doi=10.1038/nrendo.2015.211" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Molecular Pharmacology;citation_journal_abbrev=Mol. Pharmacol.;citation_author=WA. Devane;citation_author=FA. Dysarz;citation_author=MR. Johnson;citation_title=Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain;citation_pages=605-613;citation_volume=34;citation_year=1988;citation_issue=5;citation_pmid=2848184;citation_doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.034" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_journal_abbrev=Nature;citation_author=S. Munro;citation_author=KL. Thomas;citation_author=M. Abu-Shaar;citation_title=Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids.;citation_pages=61-65;citation_volume=365;citation_year=1993;citation_issue=6441;citation_pmid=7689702;citation_doi=10.1038/365061a0" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Pharmacological Reviews;citation_journal_abbrev=Pharmacol. Rev.;citation_author=AC. Howlett;citation_author=F. Barth;citation_author=TI. Bonner;citation_title=International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of Cannabinoid Receptors;citation_pages=161-202;citation_volume=54;citation_year=2002;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=12037135;citation_doi=10.1124/pr.54.2.161" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science;citation_journal_abbrev=Science;citation_author=WA. Devane;citation_author=L. Hanus;citation_author=A. Breuer;citation_title=Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor;citation_pages=1946-1949;citation_volume=258;citation_year=1992;citation_issue=5090;citation_pmid=1470919;citation_doi=10.1126/science.1470919" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochemical pharmacology;citation_journal_abbrev=Biochem Pharmacol;citation_author=R. Mechoulam;citation_author=S. Ben-Shabat;citation_author=L. Hanus;citation_title=Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors.;citation_pages=83-90;citation_volume=50;citation_year=1995;citation_issue=1;citation_pmid=7605349;citation_doi=10.1016/0006-2952(95)00109-D" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Neurol;citation_author=L. Cristino;citation_author=T. Bisogno;citation_author=V. Di Marzo;citation_title=Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders;citation_pages=9-29;citation_volume=16;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=31831863;citation_doi=10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Drug Discov;citation_author=V. Di Marzo;citation_title=New approaches and challenges to targeting the endocannabinoid system;citation_pages=623-39;citation_volume=17;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=30116049;citation_doi=10.1038/nrd.2018.115" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab;citation_author=SK. Syed;citation_author=HH. Bui;citation_author=LS. Beavers;citation_title=Regulation of GPR119 receptor activity with endocannabinoid-like lipids;citation_volume=303;citation_year=2012;citation_pmid=23074242;citation_doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00269.2012" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cells;citation_author=C. Depommier;citation_author=RM. Vitale;citation_author=FA. Iannotti;citation_title=Beneficial effects of Akkermansia muciniphila are not associated with major changes in the circulating Endocannabinoidome but linked to higher Mono-Palmitoyl-Glycerol levels as new PPARα agonists;citation_pages=185;citation_volume=10;citation_year=2021" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS One;citation_author=L. Geurts;citation_author=GG. Muccioli;citation_author=NM. Delzenne;citation_title=Chronic endocannabinoid system stimulation induces muscle macrophage and lipid accumulation in type 2 diabetic mice independently of metabolic endotoxaemia;citation_pages=e55963;citation_volume=8;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_abbrev=Front Microbiol;citation_author=L. Geurts;citation_author=V. Lazarevic;citation_author=M. Derrien;citation_title=Altered gut microbiota and endocannabinoid system tone in obese and diabetic leptin-resistant mice: impact on apelin regulation in adipose tissue.;citation_pages=149-149;citation_volume=2;citation_year=2011;citation_pmid=21808634;citation_doi=10.3389/fmicb.2011.00149" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids;citation_author=F. Suriano;citation_author=C. Manca;citation_author=N. Flamand;citation_title=Exploring the endocannabinoidome in genetically obese (ob/ob) and diabetic (db/db) mice: links with inflammation and gut microbiota;citation_pages=159056;citation_volume=1867;citation_year=2022;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun;citation_author=L. Geurts;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_title=Adipose tissue NAPE-PLD controls fat mass development by altering the browning process and gut microbiota;citation_pages=6495;citation_volume=6;citation_year=2015;citation_pmid=25757720;citation_doi=10.1038/ncomms7495" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_author=H. Plovier;citation_author=M. Rastelli;citation_title=Intestinal epithelial N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D links dietary fat to metabolic adaptations in obesity and steatosis;citation_pages=457;citation_volume=10;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08051-7" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cells;citation_author=C. Lefort;citation_author=M. Roumain;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_title=Hepatic NAPE-PLD is a key regulator of liver lipid metabolism;citation_pages=1247;citation_volume=9;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab;citation_author=M. Rastelli;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_author=R. Terrasi;citation_title=Intestinal NAPE-PLD contributes to short-term regulation of food intake via gut-to-brain axis;citation_pages=E647-57;citation_volume=319;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Lipid Res;citation_author=C. Manca;citation_author=B. Boubertakh;citation_author=N. Leblanc;citation_title=Germ-Free mice exhibit profound gut microbiota-dependent alterations of intestinal endocannabinoidome signaling;citation_volume=61;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=31690638;citation_doi=10.1194/jlr.RA119000424" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_author=LJ. Cohen;citation_author=D. Esterhazy;citation_author=S-H. Kim;citation_title=Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules;citation_pages=48-53;citation_volume=549;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=28854168;citation_doi=doi:10.1038/nature23874" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cells;citation_author=C. Lefort;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_title=The liver under the spotlight: bile acids and oxysterols as pivotal actors controlling metabolism;citation_pages=400;citation_volume=10;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Annu Rev Nutr;citation_author=JYL. Chiang;citation_author=JM. Ferrell;citation_title=Bile acids as metabolic regulators and nutrient sensors;citation_pages=175-200;citation_volume=39;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124344" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science;citation_journal_abbrev=Science;citation_author=M. Makishima;citation_author=TT. Lu;citation_author=W. Xie;citation_title=Vitamin D Receptor As an Intestinal Bile Acid Sensor;citation_pages=1313-1316;citation_volume=296;citation_year=2002;citation_issue=5571;citation_pmid=12016314;citation_doi=10.1126/science.1070477" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology;citation_journal_abbrev=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology;citation_author=CA. Ihunnah;citation_author=M. Jiang;citation_author=W. Xie;citation_title=Nuclear receptor PXR, transcriptional circuits and metabolic relevance.;citation_pages=956-963;citation_volume=1812;citation_year=2011;citation_issue=8;citation_pmid=21295138;citation_doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.01.014" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.);citation_journal_abbrev=Hepatology;citation_author=M. Wagner;citation_author=E. Halilbasic;citation_author=H-U. Marschall;citation_title=CAR and PXR agonists stimulate hepatic bile acid and bilirubin detoxification and elimination pathways in mice.;citation_pages=420-430;citation_volume=42;citation_year=2005;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=15986414;citation_doi=10.1002/hep.20784" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Endocrinol;citation_author=F. Kuipers;citation_author=VW. Bloks;citation_author=AK. Groen;citation_title=Beyond intestinal soap--bile acids in metabolic control;citation_pages=488-98;citation_volume=10;citation_year=2014;citation_pmid=24821328;citation_doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.60" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Endocrinol;citation_author=TR. Ahmad;citation_author=RA. Haeusler;citation_title=Bile acids in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling - mechanisms and research needs;citation_pages=701-12;citation_volume=15;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=31616073;citation_doi=10.1038/s41574-019-0266-7" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Lipid Res;citation_author=JM. Ridlon;citation_author=D-J. Kang;citation_author=PB. Hylemon;citation_title=Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria;citation_volume=47;citation_year=2006;citation_pmid=16299351;citation_doi=10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut Microbes;citation_author=JM. Ridlon;citation_author=SC. Harris;citation_author=S. Bhowmik;citation_title=Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria;citation_pages=22-39;citation_volume=7;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=26939849;citation_doi=10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=TQ. de Aguiar Vallim;citation_author=EJ. Tarling;citation_author=PA. Edwards;citation_title=Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism;citation_pages=657-69;citation_volume=17;citation_year=2013;citation_pmid=23602448;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.013" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;citation_author=BV. Jones;citation_author=M. Begley;citation_author=C. Hill;citation_title=Functional and comparative metagenomic analysis of bile salt hydrolase activity in the human gut microbiome;citation_volume=105;citation_year=2008;citation_pmid=18757757;citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.0804437105" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_author=Y. Sato;citation_author=K. Atarashi;citation_author=DR. Plichta;citation_title=Novel bile acid biosynthetic pathways are enriched in the microbiome of centenarians;citation_pages=458-64;citation_volume=599;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut Microbes;citation_author=F. Dong;citation_author=GH. Perdew;citation_title=The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a mediator of host-microbiota interplay;citation_pages=1859812;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=JM. Natividad;citation_author=A. Agus;citation_author=J. Planchais;citation_title=Impaired aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is a key factor in metabolic syndrome;citation_pages=737-49;citation_volume=28;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Obes;citation_author=Y-H. Lin;citation_author=H. Luck;citation_author=S. Khan;citation_title=Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist indigo protects against obesity-related insulin resistance through modulation of intestinal and metabolic tissue immunity;citation_pages=2407-21;citation_volume=43;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;citation_author=SA. Scott;citation_author=J. Fu;citation_author=PV. Chang;citation_title=Microbial tryptophan metabolites regulate gut barrier function via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor;citation_volume=117;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=32719140;citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.2000047117" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=C. Grander;citation_author=TE. Adolph;citation_author=V. Wieser;citation_title=Recovery of ethanol-induced Akkermansia muciniphila depletion ameliorates alcoholic liver disease;citation_volume=67;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=28550049;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313432" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=L. Wrzosek;citation_author=D. Ciocan;citation_author=C. Hugot;citation_title=Microbiota tryptophan metabolism induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and improves alcohol-induced liver injury;citation_volume=70;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=33004548;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321565" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Med;citation_author=B. Lamas;citation_author=ML. Richard;citation_author=V. Leducq;citation_title=Card9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands;citation_pages=598-605;citation_volume=22;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=27158904;citation_doi=10.1038/nm.4102" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science Translational Medicine;citation_journal_abbrev=Sci Transl Med;citation_author=B. Lamas;citation_author=L. Hernandez-Galan;citation_author=HJ. Galipeau;citation_title=Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is decreased in celiac disease leading to intestinal inflammation;citation_pages=eaba0624-eaba0624;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2020;citation_issue=566;citation_pmid=33087499;citation_doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0624" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Host Microbe;citation_author=A. Uberoi;citation_author=C. Bartow-McKenney;citation_author=Q. Zheng;citation_title=Commensal microbiota regulates skin barrier function and repair via signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor;citation_pages=1235-48;citation_volume=29;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature;citation_author=SF. Oh;citation_author=T. Praveena;citation_author=H. Song;citation_title=Host immunomodulatory lipids created by symbionts from dietary amino acids;citation_pages=302-7;citation_volume=600;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04083-0" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science;citation_journal_abbrev=Science;citation_author=ME. Griffin;citation_author=J. Espinosa;citation_author=JL. Becker;citation_title=Enterococcus peptidoglycan remodeling promotes checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy;citation_pages=1040-1046;citation_volume=373;citation_year=2021;citation_issue=6558;citation_pmid=34446607;citation_doi=10.1126/science.abc9113" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;citation_author=SR. Konstantinov;citation_author=H. Smidt;citation_author=WM. de Vos;citation_title=S layer protein A of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM regulates immature dendritic cell and T cell functions;citation_volume=105;citation_year=2008;citation_pmid=19047644;citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.0810305105" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS One;citation_author=HLP. Tytgat;citation_author=NH. van Teijlingen;citation_author=RMA. Sullan;citation_title=Probiotic gut microbiota isolate interacts with dendritic cells via glycosylated heterotrimeric pili;citation_pages=e0151824;citation_volume=11;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=26985831;citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0151824" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;citation_author=M. O'Connell Motherway;citation_author=A. Zomer;citation_author=SC. Leahy;citation_title=Functional genome analysis of Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 reveals type IVb tight adherence (TAD) pili as an essential and conserved host-colonization factor;citation_volume=108;citation_year=2011;citation_pmid=21690406;citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.1105380108" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Microbiol;citation_author=M. O'Connell Motherway;citation_author=A. Houston;citation_author=G. O'Callaghan;citation_title=A bifidobacterial pilus-associated protein promotes colonic epithelial proliferation;citation_pages=287-301;citation_volume=111;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1111/mmi.14155" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=J. Breton;citation_author=N. Tennoune;citation_author=N. Lucas;citation_title=Gut Commensal E. coli Proteins Activate Host Satiety Pathways following Nutrient-Induced Bacterial Growth;citation_pages=324-34;citation_volume=23;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=26621107;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.017" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Obes;citation_author=R. Legrand;citation_author=N. Lucas;citation_author=M. Dominique;citation_title=Commensal Hafnia alvei strain reduces food intake and fat mass in obese mice-a new potential probiotic for appetite and body weight management;citation_pages=1041-51;citation_volume=44;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut Microbes;citation_author=C. Depommier;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_author=C. Druart;citation_title=Serum metabolite profiling yields insights into health promoting effect of A. muciniphila in human volunteers with a metabolic syndrome;citation_pages=1994270;citation_volume=13;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Microbiol;citation_author=HS. Yoon;citation_author=CH. Cho;citation_author=MS. Yun;citation_title=Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease in mice;citation_pages=563-73;citation_volume=6;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Metab;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=C. Knauf;citation_title=A newly identified protein from Akkermansia muciniphila stimulates GLP-1 secretion;citation_pages=1073-5;citation_volume=33;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Mol Sci;citation_author=X. Meng;citation_author=J. Zhang;citation_author=H. Wu;citation_title=Akkermansia muciniphila Aspartic Protease Amuc_1434* Inhibits Human Colorectal Cancer LS174T Cell Viability via TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis Pathway;citation_pages=3385;citation_volume=21;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut Microbes;citation_author=C. Depommier;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_title=Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila increases whole-body energy expenditure and fecal energy excretion in diet-induced obese mice;citation_pages=1231-45;citation_volume=11;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1080/19490976.2020.1737307" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Med;citation_author=H. Plovier;citation_author=A. Everard;citation_author=C. Druart;citation_title=A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice;citation_pages=107-13;citation_volume=23;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=27892954;citation_doi=10.1038/nm.4236" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS One;citation_author=N. Ottman;citation_author=J. Reunanen;citation_author=M. Meijerink;citation_title=Pili-like proteins of Akkermansia muciniphila modulate host immune responses and gut barrier function;citation_pages=e0173004;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173004" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol;citation_author=N. Ottman;citation_author=M. Davids;citation_author=M. Suarez-Diez;citation_title=Genome-Scale Model and Omics Analysis of Metabolic Capacities of Akkermansia muciniphila Reveal a Preferential Mucin-Degrading Lifestyle;citation_pages=e01014-7;citation_volume=83;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Neuroendocrinology;citation_author=C. Knauf;citation_author=A. Abot;citation_author=E. Wemelle;citation_title=Targeting the Enteric Nervous System to Treat Metabolic Disorders? "Enterosynes" as Therapeutic Gut Factors;citation_pages=139-46;citation_volume=110;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1159/000500602" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=A. Fournel;citation_author=A. Drougard;citation_author=T. Duparc;citation_title=Apelin targets gut contraction to control glucose metabolism via the brain;citation_volume=66;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=26565000;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310230" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of Clinical Investigation;citation_journal_abbrev=JCI;citation_author=C. Knauf;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=C. Perrin;citation_title=Brain glucagon-like peptide-1 increases insulin secretion and muscle insulin resistance to favor hepatic glycogen storage.;citation_pages=3554-3563;citation_volume=115;citation_year=2005;citation_issue=12;citation_pmid=16322793;citation_doi=10.1172/JCI25764" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Metab;citation_author=A. Abot;citation_author=A. Lucas;citation_author=T. Bautzova;citation_title=Galanin enhances systemic glucose metabolism through enteric nitric oxide Synthase-expressed neurons;citation_pages=100-8;citation_volume=10;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=A. Abot;citation_author=E. Wemelle;citation_author=C. Laurens;citation_title=Identification of new enterosynes using prebiotics: roles of bioactive lipids and mu-opioid receptor signalling in humans and mice;citation_volume=70;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=33020209;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320230" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Front Endocrinol;citation_author=A. Abot;citation_author=PD. Cani;citation_author=C. Knauf;citation_title=Impact of intestinal peptides on the enteric nervous system: novel approaches to control glucose metabolism and food intake;citation_pages=328;citation_volume=9;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut;citation_author=J. Pujo;citation_author=C. Petitfils;citation_author=P. Le Faouder;citation_title=Bacteria-Derived long chain fatty acid exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in colitis;citation_volume=70;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=32978245;citation_doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321173" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BMC Cancer;citation_author=S. Sakellariou;citation_author=P. Fragkou;citation_author=G. Levidou;citation_title=Clinical significance of AGE-RAGE axis in colorectal cancer: associations with glyoxalase-I, adiponectin receptor expression and prognosis;citation_pages=174;citation_volume=16;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=26931562;citation_doi=10.1186/s12885-016-2213-5" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nutrients;citation_author=M. Peppa;citation_author=I. Mavroeidi;citation_title=Experimental animal studies support the role of dietary advanced glycation end products in health and disease;citation_pages=3467;citation_volume=13;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Nutr Food Res;citation_author=W. Qu;citation_author=X. Yuan;citation_author=J. Zhao;citation_title=Dietary advanced glycation end products modify gut microbial composition and partially increase colon permeability in rats;citation_pages=mnfr.201700118;citation_volume=61;citation_year=2017;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem;citation_author=E. Wiame;citation_author=G. Delpierre;citation_author=F. Collard;citation_title=Identification of a pathway for the utilization of the Amadori product fructoselysine in Escherichia coli;citation_volume=277;citation_year=2002;citation_pmid=12147680;citation_doi=10.1074/jbc.M200863200" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of Functional Foods;citation_title=Intestinimonas-like bacteria are important butyrate producers that utilize Nε-fructosyllysine and lysine in formula-fed infants and adults;citation_volume=70;citation_year=2020" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem;citation_author=TPN. Bui;citation_author=AD. Troise;citation_author=V. Fogliano;citation_title=Anaerobic degradation of N-ε-Carboxymethyllysine, a major glycation end-product, by human intestinal bacteria;citation_pages=6594-602;citation_volume=67;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02208" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=The Journal of Nutrition;citation_journal_abbrev=J. Nutr.;citation_author=SH. Zeisel;citation_author=M-H. Mar;citation_author=JC. Howe;citation_title=Concentrations of Choline-Containing Compounds and Betaine in Common Foods;citation_pages=1302-1307;citation_volume=133;citation_year=2003;citation_issue=5;citation_pmid=12730414;citation_doi=10.1093/jn/133.5.1302" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Food Chem;citation_author=J. Demarquoy;citation_author=B. Georges;citation_author=C. Rigault;citation_title=Radioisotopic determination of L-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries;citation_pages=137-42;citation_volume=86;citation_year=2004;citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.09.023" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Rev Microbiol;citation_author=JM. Brown;citation_author=SL. Hazen;citation_title=Microbial modulation of cardiovascular disease;citation_pages=171-81;citation_volume=16;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=29307889;citation_doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.149" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cardiovasc Res;citation_author=YC. Koay;citation_author=Y-C. Chen;citation_author=JA. Wali;citation_title=Plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide can be increased with 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' diets and do not correlate with the extent of atherosclerosis but with plaque instability;citation_pages=435-49;citation_volume=117;citation_year=2021;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Toxins;citation_author=MT. Velasquez;citation_author=A. Ramezani;citation_author=A. Manal;citation_title=Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown;citation_pages=326;citation_volume=8;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem;citation_author=JW. Picking;citation_author=EJ. Behrman;citation_author=L. Zhang;citation_title=MtpB, a member of the MttB superfamily from the human intestinal acetogen Eubacterium limosum, catalyzes proline betaine demethylation;citation_volume=294;citation_year=2019;citation_pmid=31341018;citation_doi=10.1074/jbc.RA119.009886" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem;citation_author=DJ. Kountz;citation_author=EJ. Behrman;citation_author=L. Zhang;citation_title=MtcB, a member of the MttB superfamily from the human gut acetogen Eubacterium limosum, is a cobalamin-dependent carnitine demethylase;citation_volume=295;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=32571881;citation_doi=10.1074/jbc.RA120.012934" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun;citation_author=A. Molinaro;citation_author=P. Bel Lassen;citation_author=M. Henricsson;citation_title=Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology;citation_pages=5881;citation_volume=11;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell;citation_author=A. Koh;citation_author=A. Molinaro;citation_author=M. Ståhlman;citation_title=Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1;citation_pages=947-61;citation_volume=175;citation_year=2018;citation_pmid=http://www.n" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gut Microbes;citation_author=M. Van Hul;citation_author=T. Le Roy;citation_author=E. Prifti;citation_title=From correlation to causality: the case of Subdoligranulum;citation_pages=1-13;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1080/19490976.2020.1823801" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell;citation_author=R. Sender;citation_author=S. Fuchs;citation_author=R. Milo;citation_title=Are we really Vastly Outnumbered? revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans;citation_pages=337-40;citation_volume=164;citation_year=2016;citation_pmid=26824647;citation_doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=mBio;citation_author=ML. Neugent;citation_author=NV. Hulyalkar;citation_author=VH. Nguyen;citation_title=Advances in understanding the human urinary microbiome and its potential role in urinary tract infection;citation_pages=e00218-20;citation_volume=11;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=http://www.n;citation_doi=10.1128/mBio.00218-20" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://gut.bmj.com/sites/default/files/highwire/gutjnl/71/5.cover-source.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid and glucose metabolism are affected. In this review, specific attention is given to provide a critical evaluation of the current understanding in this field. Numerous molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria might be causally linked with the protection or the onset of diseases are discussed. We examine well-established metabolites (ie, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) and extend this to more recently identified molecular actors (ie, endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products and enterosynes) and their specific receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and G protein-coupled receptors (ie, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). Altogether, understanding the complexity and the molecular aspects linking gut microbes to health will help to set the basis for novel therapies that are already being developed." /> <meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights" /> <meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/5/1020" /> <meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="Gut" /> <meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid and glucose metabolism are affected. In this review, specific attention is given to provide a critical evaluation of the current understanding in this field. Numerous molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria might be causally linked with the protection or the onset of diseases are discussed. We examine well-established metabolites (ie, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) and extend this to more recently identified molecular actors (ie, endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products and enterosynes) and their specific receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and G protein-coupled receptors (ie, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). Altogether, understanding the complexity and the molecular aspects linking gut microbes to health will help to set the basis for novel therapies that are already being developed." /> <meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="https://gut.bmj.com/sites/default/files/highwire/gutjnl/71/5.cover-source.jpg" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" title="Powerpoint" href="/content/71/5/1020.ppt" /> <title>Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights | Gut</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__SXdRkZmI6sImeXD-jEGdZfrJy7g85hSv3_c89En08-8__BkUQ0yKymMbiRZNLbV7c1Pg0jmMBE1pa-Dap8Tr0rIU__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.css" media="all" />  <script src="https://cookie-cdn.cookiepro.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="565e50dd-f6e9-46d6-91cd-5c40a270264f"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OnetrustAdsConsent(){ if(googletag.apiReady){ //console.log("GoogleTag API ready") googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); if(OptanonActiveGroups.match(/,4,/)){ googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(0); //googletag.pubads().refresh(); } else{ googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1); googletag.pubads().refresh(); } } else{ OnetrustAdsConsent(); } } function OptanonWrapper() { OnetrustAdsConsent(); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__DdxPgqGimsdUot2QWNz_pGsHzqNGpx6RMCWHpL8YWkg__c6zfK6oHHbLpTal5PdQxeQI3xGoCM8IXWtEHwIZr560__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__YFRuiqUdvK1yvVNb1oSBcGhrzBqGejYMOH-ZrKlO98U__AFX4RXDIciSUvyQgiiXaw6-hxp_0ISKrjNzVx1LaIoA__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__RxmsdK7-WlnwoO5NREEVy8MRi0OqO4ZhkOHaMokGNlw__IAyE4mioyYmepJfxC77gDsM0J1xDyesxXH7WjkUNmyc__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer="defer" async="async" src="//cdn.foxycart.com/bmjpg.ecommerce.highwire.org/loader.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_js/casa.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script>   <script> let cookies = parseCookies(); let bmj_uuid = cookies.bmj_uuid; let bmj_ppid = cookies.bmj_ppid; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; const anonMailId = 'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855'; function checkUserLoginStatus(dataLayer) { const userMail = dataLayer.find((item) => item.user)?.user?.mail; if (!userMail) { return false; } return userMail !== anonMailId; } let nonAnonMailId = ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail) === anonMailId ? null : (dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail; let userId = ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.['data-ics']) ?? ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail && nonAnonMailId) ?? bmj_ppid ?? bmj_uuid; document.cookie = 'bmj_ppid=' + userId + '; domain=.bmj.com; path=/; max-age=31622400; SameSite=None; Secure'; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setPublisherProvidedId(userId); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("islogged", checkUserLoginStatus(dataLayer) ? "true" : "false"); googletag.enableServices(); }); window.dataLayer.push({ 'bmj_uuid': bmj_uuid }); </script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-245852 node-type-highwire-article">  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KMTW8J" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type='text/javascript';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KMTW8J');</script>  <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="page" id="page"> <section class="container-fluid content-header"> <header role="banner" class="section section-header row"> <div class="zone zone-superheader"> <div class="region region-superheader"> <div class="region-inner region-superheader-inner"> <div class="region region-superheader"> <div id="block-panels-mini-jnl-template-bmjj-uid-strng" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_uid_strng"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-top-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-top" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-top"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-info mobile-hidden"> </div> <div class="zone zone-header row mobile-hidden"> <div class="region region-header"> <div class="region-inner region-header-inner"> </div> </div> </div> </header>  <section class="row visible-sm visible-md visible-lg header header-platform mobile-hidden"> <div class="col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-large-3 logo-bmj"> <div class="l-inline"> <p class="logo-bmj-journals"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com/" title="BMJ Journals"><img src="/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/logos/logo-bmj-journals.svg" title="BMJ Journals" alt="BMJ Journals"/></a></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-narrow-9 col-normal-9 col-large-9 no-right-padding"> <div class="region region-top"> <div class="region-inner"> <div class="region region-platmenu"> <div id="block-menu-menu-platform-menu" class="block block-menu" class="block block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/subscribe" data-hide-link-title="0" class="header-subscribe-link" data-icon-position="">Subscribe</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/" id="menu-login" class="drop-menu link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Log In</span> <span class="icon icon-arrow-down"></span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|challenge_opportunity_pane_dropdown" id="<front>-drop-link-728" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-challenge-opportunity-pane-dropdown" class="block block-panels-mini article-login bmjj-login" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-challenge_opportunity_pane_dropdown-1"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-society-logins society-logins" > <div class="pane-content"> <span class="ui-button ui-state-default ui-dialog-titlebar-close" title="close"></span><div class="shib-login-link"><a href="/login/shibboleth?subcode=bmjjournals&env=prod&uri=https%3A//gut.bmj.com/accallback/content%25252F71%25252F5%25252F1020" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via Institution</a></div><div class="openathens-login-link"><a href="https://openathens-sp.highwire.org/session/init?entityID=https%3A//idp.eduserv.org.uk/openathens&hw-shib-return-uri=https%3A//gut.bmj.com/accallback/content%25252F71%25252F5%25252F1020&subcode=bmjjournals" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via OpenAthens</a></div><a href="https://www.bsg.org.uk/login.html" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via BSG</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-opportunity-challenge" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='opportunity-challenge-login'><h3>Log in using your username and password</h3><div class="drupal-login compact"><form action="/content/71/5/1020" method="post" id="highwire-user-login--3" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div id="edit-customtext--3" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item"> <span class="customtext">For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts</span> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-name--3">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Username" type="text" id="edit-name--3" name="name" value="" size="30" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-pass--3">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Password" type="password" id="edit-pass--3" name="pass" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-Hug4TkQzmAWMj_wTy_D6rz1D1REfCt0EROCM4We-K7g" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_user_login" /> <div class="bmjj-reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot your log in details?</a><a href="/user/register?destination=node/245852" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Register a new account?</a></div><div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--3"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit--3" name="op" value="Log in" class="form-submit" /></div><div class="reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot</a> your user name or password?</div></div></form></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/cart" class="link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Basket</span> <span class="icon icon-basket"></span></a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/search" id="menu-search" class="drop-menu link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Search</span> <span class="icon icon-search"></span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|jnl_template_bmjj_search_box" id="search-drop-link-729" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-jnl-template-bmjj-search-box" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_search_box-1"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-seach-quicksearch block-search pull-left" > <div class="pane-content"> <form class="highwire-quicksearch button-style-mini button-style-mini" action="/content/71/5/1020" method="post" id="highwire-search-quicksearch-form-1" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-keywords"> <label class="element-invisible" for="search_rightsidebar_keywords_1271515077">Search for this keyword </label> <input placeholder="search" type="text" id="search_rightsidebar_keywords_1271515077" name="keywords" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <input data-icon-only="1" data-font-icon="icon-search" data-icon-position="after" type="submit" id="search_rightsidebar_submit_908497712" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-KmLXMcrsPsQHOd8zoHMrrII19hCFu9YhJzv3UdgUdLk" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_search_quicksearch_form_1" /> </div></form> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-6 pull-right advanced-search-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/search">Advanced search</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="row header header-journal"> <div class="col-mobile-7 col-narrow-2 col-normal-4 logo-journal"> <a href="/"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/journal-logos/logo-gut.svg" alt="Gut" id="logo-img"></a> </div> <div class="col-mobile-5 col-narrow-10 col-normal-8 no-right-padding nav-journal"> <div class="region region-journmenu"> <div id="block-system-main-menu" class="block block-system mobile-hidden block-menu" class="block block-system mobile-hidden block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/education-in-gastroenterology" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">CME/CPD</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/early/recent" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Latest content</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/current" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Current issue</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/by/year" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Archive</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/authors/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Authors</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/about/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-panels-mini-mobile-slide-out-menu" class="block block-panels-mini mobile-only" class="block block-panels-mini mobile-only"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-mobile_slide_out_menu"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div id="" class="highwire-responsive-toggle-group"><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-template-bmjj-search-box" > <h2 class="pane-title"><span class="icon-search"></span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_search_box"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-seach-quicksearch block-search pull-left" > <div class="pane-content"> <form class="highwire-quicksearch button-style-mini button-style-mini" action="/content/71/5/1020" method="post" id="highwire-search-quicksearch-form-0" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-keywords"> <label class="element-invisible" for="search_rightsidebar_keywords_2113771463">Search for this keyword </label> <input placeholder="search" type="text" id="search_rightsidebar_keywords_2113771463" name="keywords" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <input data-icon-only="1" data-font-icon="icon-search" data-icon-position="after" type="submit" id="search_rightsidebar_submit_1649352606" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-WExXVzsfvsq9A4Cg6SkxDc9iaxPqzg5khNRfPtT047E" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_search_quicksearch_form_0" /> </div></form> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-5 pull-right advanced-search-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/search">Advanced search</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-menu-mobile-slideout-menu pane-menu" > <h2 class="pane-title"><span class="icon-menu"></span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/" class="menu-close link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-close"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">Close</span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|mobile_slide_out_autobot_menu" id="<front>-drop-link-781" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-mobile-slide-out-autobot-menu" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-mobile_slide_out_autobot_menu"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-menu-tree pane-main-menu" > <h2 class="pane-title">Main menu</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-ctools-main-menu-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-main-menu:0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-15035"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/education-in-gastroenterology" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">CME/CPD</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15036"><a href="/content/early/recent" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Latest content</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15037"><a href="/content/current" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Current issue</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15038"><a href="/content/by/year" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Archive</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15039"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/authors/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Authors</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-15040"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/about/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/subscribe" data-hide-link-title="0" class="callout-link" data-icon-position="">Subscribe</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/" class="mobile-drop-down callout-link link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Log in</span> <span class="icon icon-plus"></span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|jnl_template_bmjj_login" id="<front>-drop-link-780" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-jnl-template-bmjj-login" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_login"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-society-logins society-logins opportunity-challenge-login" > <div class="pane-content"> <span class="ui-button ui-state-default ui-dialog-titlebar-close" title="close"></span><div class="shib-login-link"><a href="/login/shibboleth?subcode=bmjjournals&env=prod&uri=https%3A//gut.bmj.com/accallback/content%25252F71%25252F5%25252F1020" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via Institution</a></div><div class="openathens-login-link"><a href="https://openathens-sp.highwire.org/session/init?entityID=https%3A//idp.eduserv.org.uk/openathens&hw-shib-return-uri=https%3A//gut.bmj.com/accallback/content%25252F71%25252F5%25252F1020&subcode=bmjjournals" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via OpenAthens</a></div><a href="https://www.bsg.org.uk/login.html" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via BSG</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-opportunity-challenge" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='opportunity-challenge-login'><h3>Log in using your username and password</h3><div class="drupal-login compact"><form action="/content/71/5/1020" method="post" id="highwire-user-login--2" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div id="edit-customtext--2" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item"> <span class="customtext">For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts</span> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-name--2">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Username" type="text" id="edit-name--2" name="name" value="" size="30" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-pass--2">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Password" type="password" id="edit-pass--2" name="pass" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-GMjTgc8vLdbHt7E3iSW12OyMFLUYapS59P73Z1QBpHk" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_user_login" /> <div class="bmjj-reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot your log in details?</a><a href="/user/register?destination=node/245852" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Register a new account?</a></div><div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Log in" class="form-submit" /></div><div class="reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot</a> your user name or password?</div></div></form></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com/" data-hide-link-title="0" class="bmj-link" data-icon-position="">BMJ Journals</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section role="main" class="section section-content container-fluid"> <div class="crumb-navigation"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-9 col-normal-9 col-wide-10 breadcrumbs"> <h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="item-list"><ul class="breadcrumb"><li class="first"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/content/by/year" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/content/71/5" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Volume 71, Issue 5 </a></li> <li class="last"><span class="active">Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights</span></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="mobile-hidden col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-2 email-alerts"> <span> <a href="https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts&corpusCode=gutjnl&fwdUrl=https://gut.bmj.com/" class="email-alerts-label"><i class="icon icon-article-alerts"></i>Email alerts</a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="zone zone-content row"> <div class="region region-content col-narrow-12"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display two-layout " > <div class="panel-row-wrapper panel-row-first row"> <div class="top-wrapper col-narrow-12"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-top"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-article-tabset-mobile mobile-only" id="mobile-article-tab-container"> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display two-layout " id="mini-panel-article_tabset_mobile_"> <div class="panel-row-wrapper row"> <div class="left-wrapper col-mobile-6"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-left"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-mob-tab-title" id="mobile-tab-title"> <div class="pane-content"> <p><span class="icon-article-text"></span>Article Text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="right-wrapper col-mobile-6"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-right"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-mobile-article-menu" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="#block-system-main" class="mobile-article-tab" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Article menu <span class="icon-plus icon-toggle"></span></a><div class="mobile-art-drop-down"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="panel-row-wrapper row relative" id="article-top"> <div class="left-wrapper col-narrow-2 col-normal-1 col-wide-1 tab-pane"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-left"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs pane-panels-ajax-tab-tabs nav nav-tabs nav-stacked articleToolbar mobile-hidden" id="nav-tabs"> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="item-list"><ul class="tabs inline panels-ajax-tab"><li class="active first"><a href="/content/71/5/1020" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_template_bmjj_tab_art" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:245852" data-trigger="" data-url-enabled="1"><span class="icon-article-text"></span>Article <br/>Text</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_template_bmjj_tab_art/node:245852/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li class=""><a href="/content/71/5/1020.info" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_template_bmjj_art_info" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:245852" data-trigger="info" data-url-enabled="1"><span class="icon-article-info"></span>Article <br/>info</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_template_bmjj_art_info/node:245852/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li class=""><a href="/content/71/5/1020.citation-tools" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_template_bmjj_cite_tool" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:245852" data-trigger="citation-tools" data-url-enabled="1"><span class="icon-citation-tools"></span>Citation <br/>Tools</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_template_bmjj_cite_tool/node:245852/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li class=""><a href="/content/71/5/1020.share" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_template_bmjj_share" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:245852" data-trigger="share" data-url-enabled="1"><span class="icon-share"></span>Share</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_template_bmjj_share/node:245852/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li class=""><a href="/content/71/5/1020.responses" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_template_bmjj_tab_elets" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:245852" data-trigger="responses" data-url-enabled="1"><span class="icon-responses"></span>Rapid Responses</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_template_bmjj_tab_elets/node:245852/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li class=""><a href="/content/71/5/1020.altmetrics" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_template_bmjj_tab_altmetrics" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:245852" data-trigger="altmetrics" data-url-enabled="1"><span class="icon-article-stats"></span>Article <br/>metrics</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_template_bmjj_tab_altmetrics/node:245852/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li class=" last"><a href="/content/71/5/1020.alerts" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_template_bmjj_art_alert" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:245852" data-trigger="alerts" data-url-enabled="1"><span class="icon-article-alerts"></span>Alerts</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_template_bmjj_art_alert/node:245852/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="right-wrapper col-narrow-9 col-normal-10 col-wide-10 article-pane panel-region-main"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-right"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-template-bmjj-art-pdf col-mobile-2 col-narrow-2 col-normal-1 pull-right pane-article-pdf" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_art_pdf"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-1 article-pdf-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <p><a class="article-pdf-download" href="/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020.full.pdf" target="new"><img alt="Download PDF" src="/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/icon-pdf.png" /><strong>PDF</strong></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-field-highwire-article-cat article-category col-narrow-9 col-normal-10" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="field field-name-field-highwire-article-cat field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Recent advances in basic science</div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation col-mobile-10 col-narrow-10 col-normal-11 article-title" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node245852" data-node-nid="245852" id="node-245852--21406612781" data-pisa="gutjnl;71/5/1020" data-pisa-master="gutjnl;gutjnl-2021-326789" data-apath="/gutjnl/71/5/1020.atom"><cite class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-bmjj-title clearfix"> <div class="highwire-cite-title">Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights</div> <span class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><svg class="icon icon-open-access bmjj-open-access bmjj-access-tag"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-openaccess"></use><svg></svg></svg></span></span> </cite> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container col-narrow-12 clear" > <div class="pane-content"> <div data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded="jnl_template_bmjj_tab_art" id="panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs" class="panels-ajax-tab-container"><div class="panels-ajax-tab-loading" style ="display:none"><img class="loading" src="https://gut.bmj.com/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif" alt="Loading" title="Loading" /></div><div class="panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_template_bmjj_tab_art"><div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" > <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup author-affiliates col-narrow-12 author-affiliates-corresp article" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-3166" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-3166</a><span class="name">Willem M de Vos</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">1</a><span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">2</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-2579" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-2579</a><span class="name">Herbert Tilg</span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-3">3</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-107X" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-107X</a><span class="name">Matthias Van Hul</span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">4</a>, </li><li class="last" id="contrib-4"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-2448" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-2448</a><span class="name">Patrice D Cani</span><a id="xref-aff-4-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">4</a></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address> <sup>1</sup> <span class="institution">Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine</span>, <span class="institution">University of Helsinki</span>, <span class="addr-line">Helsinki</span>, Finland </address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a><address> <sup>2</sup> <span class="institution">Laboratory of Microbiology</span>, <span class="institution">Wageningen University</span>, <span class="addr-line">Wageningen</span>, The Netherlands </address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a><address> <sup>3</sup> <span class="institution">Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism</span>, <span class="institution">Medical University Innsbruck</span>, <span class="addr-line">Innsbruck</span>, Austria </address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a><address> <sup>4</sup> <span class="institution">Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition research group (MNUT)</span>, <span class="institution">UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO)</span>, <span class="addr-line">Brussels</span>, Belgium </address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1"><span class="corresp-label">Correspondence to</span> Professor Patrice D Cani, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO, Metabolism and Nutrition, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">patrice.cani{at}uclouvain.be</span></span> </li></ol></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup abstract-with-bc" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="content-block" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2>Abstract</h2><p id="p-2">The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid and glucose metabolism are affected.</p><p id="p-3">In this review, specific attention is given to provide a critical evaluation of the current understanding in this field. Numerous molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria might be causally linked with the protection or the onset of diseases are discussed. We examine well-established metabolites (ie, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) and extend this to more recently identified molecular actors (ie, endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products and enterosynes) and their specific receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and G protein-coupled receptors (ie, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5).</p><p id="p-4">Altogether, understanding the complexity and the molecular aspects linking gut microbes to health will help to set the basis for novel therapies that are already being developed.</p></div><ul class="kwd-group"><li class="kwd">intestinal microbiology</li><li class="kwd">obesity</li><li class="kwd">intestinal barrier function</li><li class="kwd">liver</li><li class="kwd">probiotics</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><span class="ali-license-ref"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a></span><p id="p-1">This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>.</p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane oas-ads oas-ads-mid pull-right" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-mpu-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-mpu" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-mpu"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-2" > <div class="pane-content"> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789" target="_new">https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-altmetrics" > <h2 class="pane-title">Statistics from Altmetric.com</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div data-badge-details="right" data-badge-type="medium-donut" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789" data-hide-no-mentions="true" class="altmetric-embed"></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-jumplinks" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-list-wrapper"><div class="highwire-list"><ul></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-3 permissions-box" > <h2 class="pane-title">Request Permissions</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <p>If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-ajax-pane-content permissions-box pane-highwire-permission-link" id="request-permissions"> <h2 class="pane-title"><span class='panels-ajax-pane-title' data-pid='new-70fd4c70-563e-4b94-ae3b-2a97f3980c13'></span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class='panels-ajax-pane panels-ajax-pane-new-70fd4c70-563e-4b94-ae3b-2a97f3980c13' data-pid='new-70fd4c70-563e-4b94-ae3b-2a97f3980c13'></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article fulltext-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><ul class="kwd-group"><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/intestinal-microbiology" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-intestinal-microbiology" rel="nofollow">intestinal microbiology</a></li><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/obesity" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-obesity" rel="nofollow">obesity</a></li><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/intestinal-barrier-function" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-intestinal-barrier-function" rel="nofollow">intestinal barrier function</a></li><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/liver" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-liver" rel="nofollow">liver</a></li><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/probiotics" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-probiotics" rel="nofollow">probiotics</a></li></ul><div class="section" id="sec-1"><h2 class="">The human gut microbiome</h2><p id="p-5">The human microbiome is considered here as the collection of microbes, their genes and their products that colonise our body since birth and are transferred vertically.<a id="xref-ref-1-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-1">1 2</a> While all body sites are colonised (<a id="xref-fig-1-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F1">figure 1</a>), the highest microbial numbers are found in the gut that has been studied extensively.<a id="xref-ref-3-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-3">3</a> Here, we review the main and most recent findings that address the way gut microbes, their activities and mediator molecules can contribute to our health.</p><div id="F1" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F1.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Total abundance of bacteria according to the different body sites. Bounds for bacteria number in different organs, derived from bacterial concentrations and volume.190 191 " class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-315627207" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup">Total abundance of bacteria according to the different body sites. Bounds for bacteria number in different organs, derived from bacterial concentrations and volume.190 191 </div>" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure 1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="412"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure 1" src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="412"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F1.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure 1" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F1.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/246000" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fig-caption" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="fig-label">Figure 1</span> <p id="p-6" class="first-child">Total abundance of bacteria according to the different body sites. Bounds for bacteria number in different organs, derived from bacterial concentrations and volume.<a id="xref-ref-190-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-190">190 191</a> </p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><p id="p-7">In healthy subjects, the oral and saliva microbiomes contain millions of microbes that are swallowed daily with our food, but their persistence in the gut is impeded by many factors, including the acidity of the stomach, the production of bile acids (BAs), digestive enzymes and antimicrobial proteins in the duodenum and beyond. A great number of other major variables affect further downstream microbial colonisation, such as chemical parameters like pH, oxygen concentrations and redox potential, the biological production of mucus, bile and antibodies, as well as physical aspects, including gut architecture, peristalsis and transit times (<a id="xref-fig-1-2" class="xref-fig" href="#F1">figure 1</a>). Hence, a concentration gradient of microbes is found along the small intestine, as microbial abundance in duodenal aspirates were found to be a 1000-fold lower than that of oral samples, although consisting of somewhat similar microbial taxa.<a id="xref-ref-4-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-4">4</a> Consequently, the small intestine contains an increasing number of thousands to several hundred million of cells per gram of content with partly oxygen-tolerant Firmicutes and Proteobacteria as major phyla.<a id="xref-ref-5-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-5">5 6</a> This all culminates in the lower gut where climax communities of up to 100 billion cells per gram reside for up to a few days, since transit in the colon is over a dozen times longer than that in the small intestine. Hence, the colonic microbiome is dominated by mainly anaerobic bacteria, including thousands of species and millions of genes, distributed among the major phyla of Firmicutes (predominantly Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae), Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia (<em>Akkermansia</em>)<a id="xref-ref-7-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-7">7–10</a> (<a id="xref-fig-1-3" class="xref-fig" href="#F1">figure 1</a>). Excreted as faeces, it is this biomass that makes up what is usually termed the gut microbiome that has been associated with a plethora of diseases and is highly modifiable by diet and drugs (<a id="xref-table-wrap-1-1" class="xref-table" href="#T1">table 1</a>). It provides the starting material for faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) that has been shown to cure patients with recurrent <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> infections and other diseases.<a id="xref-ref-11-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-11">11–15</a> </p><div id="T1" class="table pos-float"><div class="table-inline table-callout-links"><div class="callout"><span>View this table:</span><ul class="callout-links"><li class="view-inline first"><a href="" class="table-expand-inline" data-table-url="/highwire/markup/245901/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed&table-expand-inline=1" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View inline</a></li> <li class="view-popup last"><a href="/highwire/markup/245901/expansion?width=1000&height=500&iframe=true&postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed" class="colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup" rel="gallery-fragment-tables" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View popup</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="table-caption"><span class="table-label">Table 1</span> <p id="p-8" class="first-child">PubMed-listed articles regarding topics, “microbiome and diseases”</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><p id="p-10">It is important to note that we can live without a colon but not without a small intestine that features the largest mucosal surfaces of our body where our food is further digested and taken up, contains most of the gut receptors, immune and nerve cells and is increasingly implied in essential microbe-host crosstalk. While hard to approach experimentally, a variety of new technologies have been developed in recent years, which include catheters or capsules to sample, deliver or inspect.<a id="xref-ref-16-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-16">16–18</a> In addition, small intestinal effluent obtained from ileostomies was studied and found to contain up to 100 million microbes per gram wet weight that formed personalised communities, showing day and night rhythms reflecting food intake and processing.<a id="xref-ref-19-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-19">19</a> Functional (transcriptomics and targeted metabolomics) and metagenomic analysis of such samples revealed the colonising <em>Streptococcus</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em> spp to express a large reservoir of highly effective transport systems that compete with the host for sugar uptake and use, generating lactate and acetate that are substrates for <em>Veillonella</em> spp and are converted then into propionate.<a id="xref-ref-20-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-20">20</a> Recent studies using specially developed catheters confirmed these communities and revealed that the duodenal microbiota exhibited higher compositional dynamics correlating with the pH as compared with the jejunum, which is the intestinal compartment with the largest surface and is responsible for most sugar, protein and lipid digestion and absorption.<a id="xref-ref-5-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-5">5 21</a> While there is a continuum between the duodenum and jejunum, the more proximal ileum has a large mucus layer, reminiscent of the colon, and is colonised with several anaerobes, including members of the <em>Bacteroidia,</em> Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, some of which are also implied in BAs transformation (see section bioactive lipids/bile acids).<a id="xref-ref-21-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-21">21 22</a> </p><p id="p-11">The duodenum and its microbes have emerged as a major factor in a variety of metabolic and possibly immune diseases.<a id="xref-ref-23-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-23">23</a> Support for this and further new insight derived from duodenal delivery of FMT that alleviated symptoms of metabolic syndrome or autoimmune disease.<a id="xref-ref-24-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-24">24–26</a> Moreover, duodenal perfusions of live or dead <em>Lactobacillus</em> spp have been found to affect the host immune response, providing an experimental system for human discovery.<a id="xref-ref-27-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-27">27–29</a> This has been recently exploited for the analysis of a single duodenal dose of <em>Anaerobutyricum soehngenii</em> (previously known as <em>Eubacterium hallii</em>)<a id="xref-ref-30-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-30">30</a> that increased the duodenal expression level of the gene for regenerating islet-protein 1B almost 10-fold and also increased serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and secondary bile salts in metabolic syndrome subjects, thereby potentially explaining their improved response to glucose.<a id="xref-ref-31-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-31">31 32</a> </p><p id="p-12">Although there is an evident vertical gradient in the gut, a horizontal gradient also exists and has been studied most extensively in the colon. Importantly, there exist oxygen, redox and mucus gradients that starts at the mucosal surface and stretches to the lumen, resulting in architecture of the microbial communities.<a id="xref-ref-33-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-33">33</a> Broadly speaking, these start with mucus-degrading consortia that are usually dominated by the mucolytic and microaerophilic <em>Akkermansia muciniphila</em> and end with strictly anaerobic communities, including butyrate-producing and propionate-producing Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and <em>Bacteroidia</em> as well as homoacetogens and methanogens that convert hydrogen and carbon dioxide into acetate or methane, respectively.</p></div><div class="section" id="sec-2"><h2 class="">The gut microbiome and various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases</h2><p id="p-13">The gut microbiome has been associated with several intestinal and extraintestinal disorders.<a id="xref-ref-34-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-34">34</a> Many large studies investigating the gut microbiome and its relevance have been performed in specific gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs),<a id="xref-ref-35-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-35">35</a> coeliac disease,<a id="xref-ref-36-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-36">36</a> irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),<a id="xref-ref-37-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-37">37</a> colorectal cancer (CRC),<a id="xref-ref-38-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-38">38</a> chronic liver diseases<a id="xref-ref-39-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-39">39 40</a> or pancreatic disorders.<a id="xref-ref-41-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-41">41 42</a> IBDs, prototypic inflammatory disorders of the intestine, are associated with deviating gut microbiome composition and indeed facultative anaerobes outgrow have been reported, especially in the context of active inflammation and metabolite disturbances including BAs, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and acylcarnitine pathways.<a id="xref-ref-35-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-35">35</a> Longitudinal analysis in infants at risk for coeliac disease, another frequent inflammatory intestinal disorder, demonstrated an increased presence of several microbial species such as <em>Dialister invisus, Parabacteroides</em> spp or Lachnospiraceae and certain metabolites such as tryptophan metabolites before disease onset whereas various anti-inflammatory strains such as <em>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</em> or <em>Clostridium clostridioforme</em> were decreased.<a id="xref-ref-36-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-36">36</a> IBS, a frequent functional disorder of the GI tract, has been associated with IBS subtype-specific changes in the gut microbiome and related metabolites, with purine metabolism being especially affected.<a id="xref-ref-37-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-37">37</a> CRC, the most common malignancy in the lower gut, has been convincingly correlated with a disturbed gut microbiome and implicated certain bacteria such as <em>Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli</em> or <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em>, some of which are derived from the oral microbiome.<a id="xref-ref-38-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-38">38</a> Chronic liver diseases, especially advanced liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, are characterised by profound microbial aberrations and data from interventional studies with prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics have well established that the gut microbiome plays a key role in these diseases.<a id="xref-ref-40-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-40">40</a> Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, an increasingly recognised malignancy in the Western world, has also been linked to an impaired gut microbiome as intratumoral microbiome composition affects the host immune response and natural history of the disease.<a id="xref-ref-42-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-42">42</a> </p><p id="p-14">The gut microbiome has been extensively investigated in the past years in obesity and obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Many studies have tried to link an altered gut microbiome to obesity and indeed interventional studies with certain bacterial strains such as <em>Akkermansia muciniphila</em> have shown effects on obesity-related parameters.<a id="xref-ref-43-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-43">43</a> T2D has also been characterised by an impaired gut microbiome in Asian and European populations.<a id="xref-ref-44-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-44">44 45</a> In T2D, microbial variations were strongly correlated with the presence of insulin resistance and several studies implied that the gut microbiome affects glucose regulation.<a id="xref-ref-46-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-46">46</a> NAFLD is currently the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world and is considered a prototypic metabolic disorder at the interface of obesity, metabolic syndrome and T2D. There is growing evidence that the gut microbiome-liver axis plays a role in NAFLD, especially in cases of fibrosis and progression towards more advanced disease stages, such as non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis.<a id="xref-ref-47-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-47">47</a> Several studies have now demonstrated that NAFLD is characterised by a bloom in certain Enterobacteriaceae<em>, E. coli</em> and a decrease in <em>F. prausnitzii</em>. Recent data also suggest that in NAFLD microbiome deviations and instability may exist over many years and might even precede development of NAFLD and T2D.<a id="xref-ref-48-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-48">48</a> There is a growing number of GI and metabolic disorders where the gut microbiome has been investigated (see <a id="xref-table-wrap-1-2" class="xref-table" href="#T1">table 1</a> for an overview).</p></div><div class="section" id="sec-3"><h2 class="">Gut microbes and metabolic disorders: molecular actors</h2><p id="p-15">The gut bacterial community plays an important role in the regulation of multiple aspects of metabolic disorders. This regulation depends, among other things, on the production of a wide variety of metabolites by the microbiota and on their interactions with receptors on host cells that can activate or inhibit signalling pathways, and either be beneficial and detrimental to the host’s health (<a id="xref-fig-2-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2</a>).</p><div id="F2" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F2.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Molecules and metabolites produced by the gut microbiota according to the nutrients or metabolic source and their derived compounds. BSCFA, branched SCFA; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; SCFA, short chain fatty acids." class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-315627207" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup">Molecules and metabolites produced by the gut microbiota according to the nutrients or metabolic source and their derived compounds. BSCFA, branched SCFA; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; SCFA, short chain fatty acids.</div>" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure 2" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F2.medium.gif" width="440" height="414"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure 2" src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F2.medium.gif" width="440" height="414"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F2.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure 2" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F2.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/245971" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fig-caption"><span class="fig-label">Figure 2</span> <p id="p-16" class="first-child">Molecules and metabolites produced by the gut microbiota according to the nutrients or metabolic source and their derived compounds. BSCFA, branched SCFA; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; SCFA, short chain fatty acids.</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><p id="p-17">The bacterial metabolites involved in these interactions are very diverse and range from small molecules to large macromolecules. They include by-products of bacterial metabolism, such as SCFAs, and complex macromolecules necessary for bacterial integrity, such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (<a id="xref-fig-2-2" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2</a>).</p><p id="p-18">The abundance and availability of these metabolites are dependent on the microbial composition and are therefore subject to modulation by diet and environmental factors.<a id="xref-ref-49-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-49">49–51</a> The main molecular actors are discussed below.</p><div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><h3>Short chain fatty acids and impact on host health: molecular mechanisms</h3><p id="p-19">The small intestine is highly specialised in the breakdown, emulsification and absorption of nutrients and few nutrients will escape digestion. In normal conditions, for example, <5 g/day of fat will reach the colon. The same principle is true for the digestion and absorption of simple carbohydrates (broken down into sugar molecules) and most proteins (converted into amino acids), although, depending on the level of intake, some proteins will reach the colon. Conversely, complex carbohydrates, such as dietary fibres are non-digestible, meaning that the body lacks the necessary enzymes to digest them allowing them to escape digestion in the small intestine. In the colon, however, they can be used as an energy source by specific resident bacteria. Various gut microbes will contribute to the metabolisation of these non-digestible carbohydrates into different SCFAs molecules (eg, acetate, butyrate and propionate). SCFAs are chemically well-characterised and their impact on health has already been extensively documented.<a id="xref-ref-52-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-52">52–54</a> These compounds regulate numerous metabolic pathways in the gut and at distance such as in the liver, the adipose tissue, the muscles and the brain (<a id="xref-fig-3-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>).<a id="xref-ref-55-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-55">55–57</a> Nowadays, these microbial metabolites are known to contribute to numerous physiological effects ranging from the modulation of energy homeostasis, glucose/lipid metabolism, inflammation and even immunity and cancer.<a id="xref-ref-52-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-52">52</a> </p><div id="F3" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F3.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Molecular mechanisms linking gut microbiota and host health in both healthy and pathological situation. In healthy situation, colonocytes use butyrate as energy substrate via the beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, thereby consuming oxygen and directly contributing to maintain anaerobic condition in the lumen. Butyrate also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) which in turn repress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), decreases nitric oxide production (NO) and eventually nitrate production. Conversely, in pathological situations low butyrate content in the lumen is associated with lower PPARγ activity, increased glycolysis and lower oxygen consumption. This is associated with a higher expression of iNOS which in turn produces more NO and eventually increases nitrates availability for specific pathogens. Butyrate can also stimulate immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Treg) to reduce inflammation. The nuclear transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is highly expressed and activated in healthy colonocytes, whereas agonists of AhR are lower or reduced AhR activity can lead to altered gut barrier function. Enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) are expressing several key receptors activated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), specific endocannabinoids (eCBs) and bile acids (BAs). Activating these receptors increase the secretion of key gut peptides such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and peptide YY (PYY). Altogether, the interaction between the gut microbes and these molecular actors contributes to reduce intestinal permeability, to improve insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, to reduce food intake, to lower plasma lipids and to avoid hepatic steatosis and metabolic endotoxaemia. All these effects are associated with lower inflammation. Conversely, opposite effects have been observed in pathological situations." class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-315627207" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup">Molecular mechanisms linking gut microbiota and host health in both healthy and pathological situation. In healthy situation, colonocytes use butyrate as energy substrate via the beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, thereby consuming oxygen and directly contributing to maintain anaerobic condition in the lumen. Butyrate also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) which in turn repress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), decreases nitric oxide production (NO) and eventually nitrate production. Conversely, in pathological situations low butyrate content in the lumen is associated with lower PPARγ activity, increased glycolysis and lower oxygen consumption. This is associated with a higher expression of iNOS which in turn produces more NO and eventually increases nitrates availability for specific pathogens. Butyrate can also stimulate immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Treg) to reduce inflammation. The nuclear transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is highly expressed and activated in healthy colonocytes, whereas agonists of AhR are lower or reduced AhR activity can lead to altered gut barrier function. Enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) are expressing several key receptors activated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), specific endocannabinoids (eCBs) and bile acids (BAs). Activating these receptors increase the secretion of key gut peptides such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and peptide YY (PYY). Altogether, the interaction between the gut microbes and these molecular actors contributes to reduce intestinal permeability, to improve insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, to reduce food intake, to lower plasma lipids and to avoid hepatic steatosis and metabolic endotoxaemia. All these effects are associated with lower inflammation. Conversely, opposite effects have been observed in pathological situations.</div>" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure 3" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F3.medium.gif" width="440" height="415"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure 3" src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F3.medium.gif" width="440" height="415"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F3.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure 3" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F3.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/245882" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fig-caption"><span class="fig-label">Figure 3</span> <p id="p-20" class="first-child">Molecular mechanisms linking gut microbiota and host health in both healthy and pathological situation. In healthy situation, colonocytes use butyrate as energy substrate via the beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, thereby consuming oxygen and directly contributing to maintain anaerobic condition in the lumen. Butyrate also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) which in turn repress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), decreases nitric oxide production (NO) and eventually nitrate production. Conversely, in pathological situations low butyrate content in the lumen is associated with lower PPARγ activity, increased glycolysis and lower oxygen consumption. This is associated with a higher expression of iNOS which in turn produces more NO and eventually increases nitrates availability for specific pathogens. Butyrate can also stimulate immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Treg) to reduce inflammation. The nuclear transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is highly expressed and activated in healthy colonocytes, whereas agonists of AhR are lower or reduced AhR activity can lead to altered gut barrier function. Enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) are expressing several key receptors activated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), specific endocannabinoids (eCBs) and bile acids (BAs). Activating these receptors increase the secretion of key gut peptides such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and peptide YY (PYY). Altogether, the interaction between the gut microbes and these molecular actors contributes to reduce intestinal permeability, to improve insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, to reduce food intake, to lower plasma lipids and to avoid hepatic steatosis and metabolic endotoxaemia. All these effects are associated with lower inflammation. Conversely, opposite effects have been observed in pathological situations.</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><p id="p-21">Thanks to a series of experimental studies, many of the molecular mechanisms by which a diet enriched with fermentable dietary fibres (eg, prebiotics) are able to decrease body weight gain, fat mass development, insulin resistance and energy intake have been discovered.<a id="xref-ref-58-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-58">58–62</a> Among them, it was found that modulating the gut microbiota using prebiotics led to a higher endogenous production (ie, mRNA and peptides) and portal vein secretion of several gut peptides produced by the L-cells such as GLP-1, GLP-2 and peptide YY (PYY) (<a id="xref-fig-3-2" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>).<a id="xref-ref-59-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-59">59–61 63–65</a> </p><p id="p-22">These effects are not exclusively limited to one type of fermentable carbohydrates since the microbial fermentation of resistant starches or arabinoxylans into SCFAs produces similar physiological effects linked to increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY levels.<a id="xref-ref-66-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-66">66–69</a> However, the chemical structure of the fermentable fibres is directly related to the SCFA production profile since the quantity of butyrate, acetate or propionate generated will depend on the type of fibres. For example, inulin is described as propionogenic, whereas resistant starches are more butyrogenic. Of note, several colonic bacteria use alternative pathways to also produce butyrate from amino acids such as lysine or propionate from plant compounds such as phytate.<a id="xref-ref-70-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-70">70 71</a> It is worth noting that the sources of SCFAs are derived from the diet and they can originate from the host itself via the fermentation of the intestinal mucus that covers the intestinal epithelial cells.<a id="xref-ref-72-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-72">72</a> </p><p id="p-23">SCFAs stimulate the secretion of gut peptides by acting on specific G-protein-coupled receptors expressed at the surface of the enteroendocrine L-cells that are specifically abundant in the terminal ileum and colon. These receptors, named G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)43 (or free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2)) and GPR41 (or FFAR3) (<a id="xref-fig-4-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F4">figure 4</a>),<a id="xref-ref-73-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-73">73</a> are also expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cell types (eg, adipocytes, immune cells).<a id="xref-ref-74-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-74">74–76</a> The key role played by the microbiome on the secretion of the gut peptides has been elucidated by using mouse models lacking either GPR43 or GPR41. Mice lacking these receptors exhibit reduced secretion of GLP-1 and PYY after exposure to SCFAs or specific prebiotics (<a id="xref-fig-3-3" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>).<a id="xref-ref-77-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-77">77–79</a> </p><div id="F4" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F4.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Colonocytes and endocrine cells express a variety of receptors able to sense and transmit signals from the microbial environment. Microbial/Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), lipopolyscaccharides (LPS) from the microbiota are detected by pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs). Amuc_1100 is a protein expressed on the outer membrane of Akkermansia muciniphila and which has been shown to signal through TLR2 to improve gut barrier function and reduce inflammation. Metabolites secreted by certain microbes (eg, endocannabinoids (eCBs)), generated by microbial digestion of dietary components (eg, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) or by transformation of host-derived factors (eg, eCBs and bile acids) can be sensed through various receptors and pathways to alter intestinal integrity and host health. CB1, CB2, cannabinoid receptor type 1 and type 2; TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; GPR119, GPR43, GPR41, G-protein coupled receptor 119, 43 and 41; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; PPARα/γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma; TGR5, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5." class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-315627207" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Colonocytes and endocrine cells express a variety of receptors able to sense and transmit signals from the microbial environment. Microbial/Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), lipopolyscaccharides (LPS) from the microbiota are detected by pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs). Amuc_1100 is a protein expressed on the outer membrane of <em>Akkermansia muciniphila</em> and which has been shown to signal through TLR2 to improve gut barrier function and reduce inflammation. Metabolites secreted by certain microbes (eg, endocannabinoids (eCBs)), generated by microbial digestion of dietary components (eg, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) or by transformation of host-derived factors (eg, eCBs and bile acids) can be sensed through various receptors and pathways to alter intestinal integrity and host health. CB1, CB2, cannabinoid receptor type 1 and type 2; TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; GPR119, GPR43, GPR41, G-protein coupled receptor 119, 43 and 41; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; PPARα/γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma; TGR5, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5.</div></div>" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure 4" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F4.medium.gif" width="324" height="440"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure 4" src="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F4.medium.gif" width="324" height="440"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F4.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure 4" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/71/5/1020/F4.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/245888" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fig-caption"><span class="fig-label">Figure 4</span> <p id="p-24" class="first-child">Colonocytes and endocrine cells express a variety of receptors able to sense and transmit signals from the microbial environment. Microbial/Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), lipopolyscaccharides (LPS) from the microbiota are detected by pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs). Amuc_1100 is a protein expressed on the outer membrane of <em>Akkermansia muciniphila</em> and which has been shown to signal through TLR2 to improve gut barrier function and reduce inflammation. Metabolites secreted by certain microbes (eg, endocannabinoids (eCBs)), generated by microbial digestion of dietary components (eg, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) or by transformation of host-derived factors (eg, eCBs and bile acids) can be sensed through various receptors and pathways to alter intestinal integrity and host health. CB1, CB2, cannabinoid receptor type 1 and type 2; TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; GPR119, GPR43, GPR41, G-protein coupled receptor 119, 43 and 41; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; PPARα/γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma; TGR5, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5.</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><p id="p-25">In addition to their well-known role and mechanisms of action, some SCFAs might also exert different functions from what has previously been thought. For example, butyrate has been described many times as an essential energy source for the colonic cells to proliferate and maintain the gut barrier. However, recent evidence shows that butyrate also strongly influences the microbial environment by communicating with colonic cells. Indeed, the abundance of oxygen in the luminal part of the gut and its gradually decreasing concentration towards the epithelium is a key requirement for anaerobic bacteria to remain in the close vicinity of the epithelium as opposed to facultative anaerobes such as Enterobacteriaceae (phylum Proteobacteria) that have been shown to increase the risk of intestinal inflammation (<a id="xref-fig-3-4" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>).<a id="xref-ref-80-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-80">80 81</a> Butyrate contributes to control of the anaerobic condition in the colon by activating the β-oxidation in the mitochondria. By activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the colonic cells, butyrate limits the diffusion of oxygen from the colonocytes to the luminal part, thereby maintaining the anaerobic conditions. The activation of PPARγ also represses the expression of the gene encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase, thereby reducing NO production and ultimately luminal nitrate levels that are specific energy sources used for the proliferation of putative pathogenic facultative anaerobes (Enterobacteriaceae) (<a id="xref-fig-3-5" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>).</p><p id="p-26">Similar observations have been done in humans with severe intestinal inflammation, such as during IBD, cancer, obesity and diabetes,<a id="xref-ref-52-3" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-52">52 82–84</a> in which an increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae has been detected.</p><p id="p-27">Strikingly, numerous papers are pointing to the fact that all these diseases are also associated with a decreased abundance of bacteria that produce SCFAs, mostly propionate and butyrate.<a id="xref-ref-85-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-85">85</a> This is the case for instance of the bacteria <em>F. prausnitzii, A. muciniphila</em> and more recently <em>Dysosmobacter welbionis</em>.<a id="xref-ref-86-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-86">86</a> A specific case is made for <em>Anaerostipes</em> and <em>Anaerobutyricum</em> spp that generate butyrate from lactate in the presence of acetate using the acetyl-CoA pathway.<a id="xref-ref-87-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-87">87</a> These can form trophic chains in the small intestine as well as the colon where a variety of bacteria produce lactate. Accumulation of lactate, an undesired acid, in the gut environment results in GI disorders, potentially explaining some benefits of interventions with butyrogenic <em>A. soehngenii</em> in metabolic syndrome subjects.<a id="xref-ref-32-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-32">32 88</a> </p><p id="p-28">Besides propionate and butyrate, the impact of succinate is also being investigated. Succinate is best known as an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and considered as a substrate for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, but is also a metabolic product from bacteria. In this context, succinate has been classically ignored because it was considered as being mainly a key intermediate in propionate synthesis. Currently, the role of succinate remains largely a matter of debate<a id="xref-ref-89-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-89">89</a> as there have been reports of both beneficial and opposite associations between succinate and insulin resistance, obesity and inflammation.<a id="xref-ref-90-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-90">90–93</a> </p></div><div id="sec-5" class="subsection"><h3>Lipopolyscaccharides/Pathogen-associated molecular patterns</h3><p id="p-29">The gut barrier is a complex and dynamic collection of physical and chemical structures that surveil the environment and protects the host from microbial invaders and harmful stimuli. Some of these hazardous components coming from the environment are the so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), of which bacterial LPS are the prototypical class.<a id="xref-ref-94-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-94">94</a> </p><p id="p-30">LPS, endotoxins found on the cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, are potent activators of the inflammatory response and release of even small amounts of LPS into the circulation are sufficient to elicit an inflammatory response.</p><p id="p-31">LPS and other PAMPs exert their activity through activation of specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microorganisms and infectious agents and signal a defensive response. There are four major subfamilies of PRRs: the toll-like receptors (TLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-containing receptors, the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-1)-like receptors (aka RIG-1-like helicases) and the C-type lectin receptors.<a id="xref-ref-95-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-95">95</a> Among those the TLRs, a family of receptors comprising 10 members in human (13 in mice), are the best characterised. Each of the TLRs mediates responses to distinct microbial components derived from pathogens. Two typical examples are TLR2, which senses bacterial lipoproteins,<a id="xref-ref-96-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-96">96</a> and TLR4, which recognises bacterial LPS.<a id="xref-ref-97-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-97">97</a> Together the TLRs cover a wide range of both external stimuli (PAMPs)<a id="xref-ref-98-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-98">98</a> and internal signals derived from tissue damage (damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)) (<a id="xref-fig-3-6" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figures 3 and 4</a>).<a id="xref-ref-99-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-99">99</a> These ligands come in many forms and sizes: from nucleic acids to lipids, from small compounds to macromolecules. TLRs are widely distributed in immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils,<a id="xref-ref-99-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-99">99</a> but also in other body cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells. Their activation induces antigen-presenting cell activation, thereby bridging the innate and the adaptive immune responses, and stimulates signalling cascades as an attempt to fend off microbial invaders or repair the damaged tissue. Although this inflammatory response is required to eliminate the infection, excessive activation of TLRs can lead to disruption of immune homeostasis and the sustained pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine production can increase the risk of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders. This is the case in metabolic endotoxaemia, in which high-fat diet and weight gain have been associated with a higher gut permeability and subsequent systemic (mild) elevation in circulating plasma LPS.<a id="xref-ref-100-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-100">100</a> This causes a state of low-grade inflammation, which is a pathological feature of a range of chronic conditions including T2D, NAFLD, chronic kidney disease and atherosclerosis.<a id="xref-ref-38-3" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-38">38 39 101 102</a> Interestingly, LPS from different types of bacteria have distinct effects on gut-barrier function, adipose inflammation, intestinal glucose absorption, blood glucose, insulin and incretins, indicating that the net effect of metabolic endotoxaemia levels on host metabolism can vary in function of gut microbiota composition.<a id="xref-ref-103-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-103">103</a> </p><p id="p-32">Disruption of PRRs expression has been associated with alterations in the microbiota composition that favour inflammation. For example, mice deficient in TLR5, which is activated by bacterial flagellin, develop colitis or metabolic syndrome, associated with an altered microbiota.<a id="xref-ref-104-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-104">104 105</a> </p><p id="p-33">The TLR activation of downstream signalling pathways has been shown to be dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88 protein (MyD88) (<a id="xref-fig-4-2" class="xref-fig" href="#F4">figure 4</a>). MyD88 is an essential adaptor protein for all TLRs, except TLR3<a id="xref-ref-106-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-106">106</a> and deletion of MyD88 in the intestines partially protects against diet-induced obesity, diabetes and inflammation and increases anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids (eCBs), restores antimicrobial peptides production and increases intestinal regulatory T cells during diet-induced obesity.<a id="xref-ref-107-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-107">107</a> </p><p id="p-34">Although many questions remain to be answered before we have a full understanding of how PAMS/DAMPS, PRRs, the microbiome and disease state interact, our growing understanding of this complex interplay is opening new therapeutic possibilities for inflammation-dependent disorders.</p></div><div id="sec-6" class="subsection"><h3>Bioactive lipids</h3><div id="sec-7" class="subsection"><h4>Endocannabinoid system</h4><p id="p-35">Over the last two decades, the eCB system has been widely explored because of its extensive range of physiological effects. Among its pleiotropic effects, the eCB signalling system appears to play a key role in regulating energy, glucose and lipid metabolism but also in immunity, inflammation and more recently in microbiota-host interactions.<a id="xref-ref-108-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-108">108</a> <span class="xref-sep">,</span><a id="xref-ref-109-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-109">109</a> </p><p id="p-36">Historically, it was in 1988 that the first endogenous cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB<sub>1</sub>) was identified as being activated by the psychoactive compound of <em>Cannabis sativa</em>, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol,<a id="xref-ref-110-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-110">110</a> followed by the discovery of a second receptor in 1993, the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB<sub>2</sub>).<a id="xref-ref-111-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-111">111</a> Both receptors are GPRs and share common signalling mechanisms.<a id="xref-ref-112-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-112">112</a> The first endogenous agonist identified was anandamide (<em>N</em>-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA)). AEA is one of the key members of a large group of bioactive lipids that belong to the <em>N</em>-acylethanolamine (NAE) family.<a id="xref-ref-113-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-113">113</a> The second key ligand identified was 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG).<a id="xref-ref-114-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-114">114</a> Since the discovery of these two major compounds, the eCB family has been expanded and is no longer restricted to only eCBs with specific activity on CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors. For example, some eCBs also interact with PPARα and PPARγ, as well as with other membrane receptors such as GPR55, or transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) (<a id="xref-fig-4-3" class="xref-fig" href="#F4">figure 4</a>). Besides the so-called ‘true’ eCBs, that is, eCBs able to bind CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, numerous other compounds with structural resemblance to the prototypical eCBs have been shown to interfere with the eCB response without directly activating CB<sub>1</sub> or CB<sub>2</sub> eCB receptors. All these molecules are referred to as eCB-like compounds or congeners and are bioactive lipids including other NAEs or members of the acylglycerol family.<a id="xref-ref-115-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-115">115 116</a> However, eCB-like compounds can also exert pharmacological activity of their own. For example, <em>N</em>-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) or <em>N</em>-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) can activate PPARα and TRPV1, and OEA, <em>N</em>-linoleylethanolamine (LEA) and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG) are able to activate GPR119.<a id="xref-ref-117-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-117">117</a> More recently, it was shown that both 1-palmitoylglycerol (1-PG) and 2-palmitoylglycerol (2-PG) are PPARα agonists (<a id="xref-fig-4-4" class="xref-fig" href="#F4">figure 4</a>).<a id="xref-ref-118-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-118">118</a> </p><p id="p-37">In 2010, it was discovered that among the metabolic systems involved in the regulation of the gut barrier function the eCB system was playing a major role.<a id="xref-ref-108-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-108">108</a> It began with the finding that the intestinal eCB system is altered during obesity and diabetes, with an increased abundance of AEA that triggers gut permeability via CB<sub>1</sub>-dependent mechanisms.<a id="xref-ref-108-3" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-108">108</a> Interestingly, this modification of the eCB system tone was associated with changes in the gut microbiota. Moreover, pharmacological activation of the eCB system with a potent eCB agonist increased adipogenesis and disrupted the gut barrier.<a id="xref-ref-119-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-119">119</a> In a series of independent studies, the link between gut microbiota, adipose tissue metabolism and the eCB system has been confirmed since both genetically obese and diabetic mice (<em>ob/ob</em> and <em>db/db</em>) present a profound shift in their gut microbiota composition, which is associated with altered whole body tissue metabolism and eCB system tone.<a id="xref-ref-120-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-120">120 121</a> Taken together, these data strongly support a link between specific bioactive lipids, belonging to the eCB system, and the gut microbiota, the development of the adipose tissue and intestinal function.</p><p id="p-38">To further explore the underlying mechanisms and to demonstrate whether the synthesis of these NAEs could be involved in the onset of metabolic disorders and changes in the gut microbiota, several mouse models have been generated in which <em>N</em>-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolysing-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), a key synthesis enzyme, has been inactivated in either adipocytes, intestinal epithelial cells or hepatocytes.<a id="xref-ref-122-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-122">122–125</a> </p><p id="p-39">Mice lacking NAPE-PLD in adipocytes spontaneously developed obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation on a normal caloric diet and were more sensitive to high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders.<a id="xref-ref-122-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-122">122</a> The adipocyte-specific deletion of NAPE-PLD decreased the thermogenic programme (ie, browning/beiging) in adipose tissue and resulted in a profound shift in the gut microbiota composition. Moreover, transferring the microbiota from adipose tissue NAPE-PLD deleted mice to germ-free recipient mice replicated the overall phenotype,<a id="xref-ref-122-3" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-122">122</a> suggesting a causal role of the gut microbiota. When deleting NAPE-PLD in intestinal epithelial cells, a different phenotype occurred. Mice became hyperphagic on first exposure to a high-fat diet and then developed exacerbated diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, this was attributed to a defect in the gut-to-brain axis, as hypothalamic Pomc neurons alterations were found, likely explained by changes in both intestinal and plasma eCBs. Strikingly, the gut microbiota was also affected in this model and modulating the microbiota could partially revert the phenotype.<a id="xref-ref-123-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-123">123</a> In the last model, mice deleted for the NAPE-PLD in the hepatocyte developed a high-fat diet-like phenotype under normal diet (ie, increased fat mass gain, hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation). These effects were related to changes in other key bioactive lipids known to be influenced by the gut microbiota such as BAs.<a id="xref-ref-124-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-124">124</a> Collectively, all these data and animal models suggest that the eCB system, through the NAPE-PLD, is dialoguing with the gut microbiota via the production of bioactive lipids, and it turn any dysregulation of this enzyme can lead to metabolic complications.</p><p id="p-40">To further explore the potential links between the gut microbiota and the regulation of the eCB system, the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) of germ-free mice was compared with that of conventionalised mice at different time-points. The eCBome is an extension of the eCB system that comprises over 50 receptors and metabolic enzymes, and >20 lipid mediators with important functions.<a id="xref-ref-126-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-126">126</a> An age-dependent modification in intestinal eCBome gene expression and lipid mediator levels was found. Strikingly, faecal material transplantation from control mice donors to age-matched germ-free mice reversed several of these alterations, already after only 1 week.<a id="xref-ref-126-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-126">126</a> Altogether, this set of studies demonstrate that the gut microbiota is directly impacting the host eCBome.</p><p id="p-41">In conclusion, all evidence points towards a bidirectional cross-talk between the host’s eCB system and the gut microbiota. However, further investigations are warranted to untangle the many remaining mysteries of this relationship. Adding to the complexity, it has recently been shown that the gut microbiota itself is able to produce specific eCBs.<a id="xref-ref-127-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-127">127</a> This opens new exiting opportunities of exploring the microbiota to host interaction and offers several novel putative targets for therapy.</p></div><div id="sec-8" class="subsection"><h4>Bile acids</h4><p id="p-42">Primary BAs, such as cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in humans (and muricholic acid (MCA) in rodents), are amphipathic molecules synthesised in the liver from cholesterol.<a id="xref-ref-128-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-128">128</a> They can be conjugated to glycine or taurine prior to their secretion into bile and storage in the gallbladder. When food is ingested, BAs are released into the small intestine where they assist in the digestion and absorption of dietary fat. Around 95% of intestinal BAs are reabsorbed in the ileum to return to the liver for re-secretion. This enterohepatic circulation of BAs occurs several times a day and is an important physiological mechanism for maintaining whole body glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis to prevent hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and obesity, and it protects against inflammatory metabolic diseases of the digestive and cardiovascular systems.<a id="xref-ref-129-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-129">129</a> Only a small fraction of the BAs will escape this highly efficient loop and reach the colon. These BAs are then either reabsorbed passively into the circulation or excreted via the faeces. The losses in BAs are compensated by de novo hepatic synthesis, which is regulated by fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) in humans signalling in the small intestine (FGF15 in rodents).</p><p id="p-43">Although the primary function of BAs is to regulate the digestion and absorption of cholesterol, triglycerides and fat-soluble vitamins, it has been recently recognised that BAs also serve an endocrine function as they act as signalling molecules. Moreover, BAs have been shown to modulate epithelial cell proliferation, gene expression, lipid, glucose and energy metabolism by activating several receptors. These receptors are the vitamin D receptor,<a id="xref-ref-130-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-130">130</a> pregnane X receptor,<a id="xref-ref-131-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-131">131</a> constitutive androstane receptor,<a id="xref-ref-132-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-132">132</a> farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (also known as Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5)) (<a id="xref-fig-4-5" class="xref-fig" href="#F4">figure 4</a>). These receptors are present in numerous tissues including the liver, intestine, muscle, brown adipose tissue and central and peripheral nervous systems and mediate the signalling cascade and activate expression of genes involved in the metabolism of BA, lipids and carbohydrates and in energy expenditure and inflammation. Signalling through FXR and TGR5 receptors has also been linked to the secretion of GI hormones such as PYY and GLP-1 (<a id="xref-fig-3-7" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figures 3 and 4</a>), known to be integral to the maintenance of energy and metabolic homeostasis. The role of BAs in the control of glucose, lipid and energy metabolism has been reviewed previously<a id="xref-ref-128-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-128">128 133 134</a> and will therefore not be reviewed in detail here.</p><p id="p-44">Primary BAs are susceptible to be modified by gut microbes all along the intestinal tract. These modifications include deconjugation (the removal of amino acid residues) via bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity and further metabolisation via removal of hydroxyl groups (dehydroxylation), oxidation (dehydrogenation) or epimerisation.<a id="xref-ref-135-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-135">135 136</a> This results in the formation of secondary BAs such as deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid (a secondary BA in humans, although a primary BA in rodents). This bacterial metabolism changes the bioavailability and bioactivities of BAs, and consequently their impact on the metabolic responses they are involved in.<a id="xref-ref-137-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-137">137</a> Because of their signalling capacities and the fact that BAs are chemically transformed by the gut microbiota, BAs can therefore be considered as microbiota-derived signalling metabolites. Interestingly, there is a spatio-temporal pattern to be recognised as BAs are released after food intake and then encounter different microbial communities along the intestinal tract. While BSH activity can be carried out by a wide variety of bacteria distributed among many phylogenetically different bacterial divisions, including species able to colonise the small intestine,<a id="xref-ref-138-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-138">138</a> the other reactions are thought to be more restricted to more specialised bacterial species that reside in the distal part of the gut. Therefore, to fully understand the role of the gut microbiota on host metabolism, it is essential to study the involvement of the different bacteria capable of converting BAs. A recent study in centenarians suggested that their specific gut microbiota signatures may partially account for their decreased susceptibility to ageing-associated illnesses, chronic inflammation and infectious diseases by generating unique secondary BAs. This implies that manipulating the BA pool via modulation of the gut microbiota composition could represent a feasible way to combat diseases.<a id="xref-ref-139-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-139">139</a> </p></div></div><div id="sec-9" class="subsection"><h3>Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a link to energy metabolism, inflammation and gut microbiome</h3><p id="p-45">The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is expressed ubiquitously in vertebrate cells and this transcription factor is activated after ligand binding. Numerous AhR ligands exist including environmental triggers, nutrition-derived signals, various phytochemicals and bacterial metabolites such as tryptophan (<a id="xref-fig-2-3" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2</a>). AhR ligand binding results in translocation of the AhR into the nucleus where it is bound to its dimerisation molecule AhR nuclear translocator resulting in the transcription of numerous genes involved in immunity and inflammatory processes (<a id="xref-fig-3-8" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>). Bacterial products and metabolites play a key role as activators and therefore several reports from the past years have tried to figure out the interplay of AhR with the gut microbiota (<a id="xref-fig-3-9" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figures 3 and 4</a>).<a id="xref-ref-48-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-48">48 140</a> Importantly, this AhR pathway has also been linked to energy metabolism and metabolic syndrome as there exists a reduced capacity both in preclinical and clinical settings of metabolising tryptophan into AhR binding derivates in metabolic syndrome.<a id="xref-ref-141-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-141">141</a> These authors showed that an increase of AhR ligands achieved by the administration of a <em>Lactobacillus</em> strain improved metabolic functions paralleled by ameliorated intestinal barrier and reduced hepatic steatosis. Indigo, a naturally occurring AhR ligand with potent anti-inflammatory activities, protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances by upregulation of <em>Lactobacillus</em> spp and the key barrier cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-22.<a id="xref-ref-142-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-142">142</a> Microbial tryptophan metabolites such as indole-3-ethanol, indole-3-pyruvate and indole-3-aldehyde protect the gut epithelial barrier by affecting the integrity of the apical junctional complex including myosin IIA and ezrin.<a id="xref-ref-143-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-143">143</a> In experimental alcoholic liver disease, a disease where the gut microbiome is substantially impaired,<a id="xref-ref-144-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-144">144</a> induction of AhR ligands and administration of 6-formylindolo (3,2-b) carbazole (Ficz) improved alcoholic liver disease.<a id="xref-ref-145-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-145">145</a> Caspase recruitment domain family member 9<sup>−/−</sup> mice are more susceptible to colitis and their microbiota fail to metabolise tryptophan to its respective metabolites.<a id="xref-ref-146-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-146">146</a> Transfer of this microbiota into wild-type mice increases colitis and can be improved by treatment with <em>Lactobacillus</em> strains delivering high amounts of AhR ligands. The AhR pathway might have also major implications for other inflammatory GI disorders such as coeliac disease.<a id="xref-ref-147-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-147">147</a> Patients with active coeliac disease show reduced AhR ligand production in their gut compared with non-coeliac control subjects and furthermore in non-obese diabetic mice expressing DQ8 (a transgenic mice that carry only human MHC class II DQ8), a high-tryptophan diet, treatment with <em>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</em>, a bacterial strain producing large amounts of AhR ligands or treatment with the AhR ligand Ficz decreased intestinal pathologies after gluten exposure.<a id="xref-ref-147-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-147">147</a> Germ-free mice show an impaired differentiation and repair of the epidermal barrier and mice lacking AhR in keratinocytes specifically are highly susceptible to cutaneous infections and barrier damage and colonisation with a defined group of bacteria restored the barrier. It remains to be established in this model which role intestinal bacteria might play in a putative gut-skin axis.<a id="xref-ref-148-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-148">148</a> The AhR pathway therefore reflects a prototypic pathway at the interface microbiota-epithelial barrier-metabolism and immune functions.</p></div><div id="sec-10" class="subsection"><h3>Key bacteria and their specific molecules</h3><p id="p-46">Most signalling metabolites can be produced by large numbers of different gut bacteria, and hence have limited specificity. However, various bacteria can make specific molecules that have unique interactions with the host (<a id="xref-fig-2-4" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figures 2–4</a>). For obvious reasons, these have been very well characterised in pathogens that can make specific toxins, synthesise polysaccharides to evade the immune system or induce the host to synthesise receptors, allowing them to invade. However, recent research has identified new and unique host signalling molecules that are found in potentially symbiotic gut bacteria. These include immunomodulatory polysaccharides and sphingolipids produced by <em>Bacteroides</em> spp<a id="xref-ref-149-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-149">149 150</a> and muropeptides formed by <em>Enterococcus</em> spp.<a id="xref-ref-151-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-151">151</a> </p><p id="p-47">A special class of unique molecules formed are proteins that are genetically encoded by one or a few strains of the same species. Some have been studied in detail and often involve stable or post-translationally modified proteins that have the potential to interact with host receptors as they are secreted, or cell envelope located. Some of these derived from bacteria that are already widely marketed as probiotics, including <em>L. acidophilus</em> NCFM that produces a large, likely glycosylated surface layer protein signalling to the DC-SIGN receptor,<a id="xref-ref-152-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-152">152</a> the 90 kDa pilus protein SpaC of <em>L. rhamnosus</em> GG that is a partly glycosylated mucus-binding protein with unusual signalling capacity to DC-SIGN receptor on dendritic cells<a id="xref-ref-152-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-152">152 153</a> and the pilus-located Tad protein found in some <em>Bifidobacterium</em> spp that promotes colonic persistence and epithelial proliferation.<a id="xref-ref-154-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-154">154 155</a> A recently studied protein is the caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) of <em>E. coli</em> that is an antigen-mimetic of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and increases satiety via increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY production.<a id="xref-ref-156-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-156">156</a> ClpB proteins are well-known moonlighting proteins found to be partially secreted by a variety of bacteria, including Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. The specificity of ClpB, however, may be not so high as a ClpB-producing <em>Hafnia alvei</em> was also found to suppress satiety to some extent in a human trial.<a id="xref-ref-157-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-157">157</a> </p><p id="p-48">Considering the effectiveness of live and pasteurised <em>A. muciniphila</em> administration in a proof-of-principle human trial,<a id="xref-ref-43-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-43">43 118 158</a> it is not surprising that several proteins from <em>A. muciniphila</em> have recently been identified with potential signalling capacity. A recent one is an 84 kDa protein (encoded by the Amuc_1831 gene) termed P9, which after oral administration was found to induce serum GLP-1 in mice. In vitro studies indicated that P9 interacts with the intercellular adhesion molecule 2 receptor.<a id="xref-ref-159-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-159">159 160</a> Another recently discovered protein identified is the <em>A. muciniphila</em> 50 kDa Amuc_1434* protein that was found to suppress LS174T cell viability via tumour-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis pathway.<a id="xref-ref-161-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-161">161</a> However, both of these proteins are found in many bacteria other than <em>A. muciniphila</em>, both are annotated as proteases suggesting enzymatic activity, and both have not been localised outside the cells, not excluding the possibility that cell lysis is needed for their activity. Even more importantly, their stability has not been addressed, which is of interest as pasteurised <em>A. muciniphila</em> cells were as effective or even more than live cells both in human and mice models.<a id="xref-ref-43-3" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-43">43 162 163</a> All these arguments do not apply to the other <em>A. muciniphila</em> protein that was discovered to be signalling to TLR2 (<a id="xref-fig-4-6" class="xref-fig" href="#F4">figure 4</a>).<a id="xref-ref-163-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-163">163</a> This is the 30 kDa Amuc_1100 protein that has been defined as an outer membrane protein with virtually no homology to other bacteria outside the Verrucomicrobia and in fact is suggested to be a pilus-associated protein.<a id="xref-ref-164-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-164">164</a> Further studies showed Amuc_1100 to be thermostable and preventing diet-induced obesity in a mouse model.<a id="xref-ref-163-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-163">163</a> When comparing all three proteins for their absolute abundance, it is evident that Amuc_1100 is much more abundant than the other two signalling candidates in proteomes of <em>A. muciniphila</em> grown on mucin.<a id="xref-ref-165-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-165">165</a> Hence, future comparative studies should determine which proteins or combinations thereof can explain the observed activity of <em>A. muciniphila</em> in humans.</p></div><div id="sec-11" class="subsection"><h3>Newly identified molecules, impact on health and their targets</h3><p id="p-49">Besides the classical molecules such as SCFAs, BAs or PAMPs and gut peptides (ie, GLP-1, PYY), all described as regulators of the host metabolism, gut barrier and inflammation, the role of a novel class of molecules called ‘enterosynes’ is emerging. The concept of enterosynes has been recently introduced and defined as ‘<em>molecules originating from the gut which have the capacity to modulate duodenal contraction by targeting the enteric nervous system (ENS). Enterosynes can be chemically diverse and related to hormones, bioactive peptides/lipids, nutrients, microbiota and immune factors’</em>.<a id="xref-ref-166-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-166">166</a> </p><p id="p-50">The origin of this concept is based on the observation that subjects with T2D are characterised by a duodenal hypermotility which favours glucose absorption and contributes to hyperglycaemia.<a id="xref-ref-166-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-166">166 167</a> It has been demonstrated that duodenal contractions are sensed by the hypothalamus<a id="xref-ref-167-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-167">167–170</a> and that during diabetes the duodenal hypermotility creates aberrant afferent nervous messages to the brain.<a id="xref-ref-169-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-169">169 171</a> Conversely, restoring natural duodenal contraction by acting on ENS neurons restores the gut-brain axis and improves insulin sensitivity.<a id="xref-ref-166-3" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-166">166</a> </p><p id="p-51">The connections between gut microbiome, brain function and glucose metabolism are becoming a hot topic in this area of research and the role of the ENS emerged as a new target to tackle diseases such as diabetes. Although various papers are discussing strategies to modulate the gut microbiome, such as probiotics, prebiotics and faecal transplants, in view of alleviating features of metabolic syndrome, few, if not none, of them are characterising intestinal actors such as enterosynes.</p><p id="p-52">In search of novel gut molecules and receptors involved in glucose metabolism, the action of specific fibres known to change the gut microbiota and improve diabetes was explored. The administration of oligofructose decreased duodenal contraction frequency by controlling enteric neurons activity. This led to reduced hyperglycaemia and decreased inflammatory markers in the adipose tissue of the diabetic mice.<a id="xref-ref-170-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-170">170</a> By using lipidomic analysis, it was discovered that this oligofructose feeding selectively increased the abundance of an intestinal bioactive lipid (12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE)) in the colonic cells. Strikingly, the administration of 12-HETE to diabetic mice improved glucose metabolism. The effect of 12-HETE was also confirmed ex vivo. Furthermore, they discovered that the molecular mechanism by which this bioactive lipid acts on duodenal contractility is dependent on the presence of the mu-opioid receptors (MOR) (activated by enkephalin) and PPARγ. The preclinical findings were supported by human data showing a reduction in the levels of 12-HETE and a decreased expression of the proenkephalin and MOR in the duodenum of patients with diabetes as compared with healthy subjects.<a id="xref-ref-170-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-170">170</a> </p><p id="p-53">Using various approaches with dietary supplements to tackle IBDs, new bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory properties were identified.<a id="xref-ref-172-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-172">172</a> Exploiting mass spectrometry of the <em>E. coli</em> Nissle 1917 (EcN), a well-studied strain marketed as a probiotic for the treatment of colitis, led to the discovery that the concentration of 3-hydroxyoctadecaenoic acid (C18-3OH) was increased. They found that oral administration of C18-3OH decreased colitis. To determine whether other bacteria present in the gut microbiota produce C18-3OH, the gut microbiota was modulated by using oligofructose. The authors found that the anti-inflammatory properties of oligofructose were associated with an increase in colonic C18-3OH concentration. Finally, they identified specific bacteria producing this bioactive lipid and discovered that C18-3OH acts by activating PPARγ.<a id="xref-ref-172-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-172">172</a> </p><p id="p-54">Altogether, these two examples show that the gut microbiota is the source of putative numerous bioactive compounds (<a id="xref-fig-2-5" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2</a>) acting on host receptors involved in the regulation of metabolism and inflammation (<a id="xref-fig-3-10" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>).</p><p id="p-55">Whereas some metabolites are desired for health, others may be harmful, but evidence only derives from association studies or animal testing. Three metabolites with negative impact have been subject to recent studies, including fructoselysine, an advanced glycation end product (AGE), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and imidazole propionate (IMP).</p><p id="p-56">AGEs are Maillard reaction products formed in our foods by thermal processing when free amino groups of proteins and amino acids react with reducing carbohydrates, forming compounds that are poorly bioavailable. A body of mechanistic evidence has linked AGEs to T2D and CRC through stimulation of the pro-inflammatory response via the activation of the receptor of AGEs,<a id="xref-ref-173-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-173">173 174</a> an increase in gut permeability—allowing closer interaction of AGEs with colonic epithelium—and consequential leakage of bacterial toxins into the systemic circulation.<a id="xref-ref-175-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-175">175</a> Fructoselysine is an Amadori product formed from lysine and glucose that is one of the primary dietary AGEs. Earlier studies showed that <em>E. coli</em> has the capacity to respire fructoselysine.<a id="xref-ref-176-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-176">176</a> However, recent analysis showed that it can be converted into butyrate by members of the genus <em>Intestinimonas</em> spp via a novel pathway.<a id="xref-ref-70-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-70">70</a> Of note, the capability to degrade fructoselysine was experimentally and computationally only observed in formula-fed but not in breast-fed infants, which may relate to high contents of this compound in formulas after thermal treatment.<a id="xref-ref-177-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-177">177</a> Further studies should address the causality of fructoselysine and other AGEs in T2D and other diseases and the involvement of intestinal bacteria in their conversion. A recent study also described the complete utilisation of N-ε-carboxymethyllysine, another major AGE, by <em>Cloacibacillus</em> and potentially <em>Oscillibacter</em> spp.<a id="xref-ref-178-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-178">178</a> </p><p id="p-57">TMAO is related to the intake of quaternary amines, such as betaine, choline and L-carnitine, which are commonly found in vegetables, fruits, meat and seafood and are well-known bacterial osmoprotectants.<a id="xref-ref-179-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-179">179 180</a> Several gut bacteria including several Proteobacteria can convert these quaternary ammonium ions via TMA lyase and its activating enzyme (CutCD) into acetaldehyde and trimethylamine (TMA). TMA then can enter the bloodstream and is converted by flavin monooxygenase in the liver to TMAO. Recent studies have shown that TMAO in serum is strongly associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risks.<a id="xref-ref-181-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-181">181</a> In addition, TMAO has been shown to promote formation of atherosclerotic plaques in a mouse model.<a id="xref-ref-182-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-182">182</a> Moreover, TMAO is a common uraemic toxin.<a id="xref-ref-183-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-183">183</a> Hence, there is considerable interest in understanding the metabolism of these quaternary ammonium ions into compounds that do not lead to TMA or other TMAO precursors. New insight has come from the biochemical and pathway analysis of <em>Eubacterium limosum</em> and its related gut isolate <em>E. maltosivorans</em> that were found to deaminate betaine and other quaternary amines in a novel process involving bacterial cell compartments and leading to the production of acetate and butyrate.<a id="xref-ref-184-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-184">184–186</a> While the latter bacteria are highly related and appear to have a unique vitamin B<sub>12</sub>-dependent metabolic pathway, this does not hold for the metabolism of histidine that may lead to the production of IMP. It has been shown that concentration of IMP was increased in the serum of patients with T2D.<a id="xref-ref-187-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-187">187</a> It was recently found that IMP is produced from histidine by intestinal bacteria that impaired insulin signalling and glucose tolerance through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-dependent pathway.<a id="xref-ref-188-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-188">188</a> Two unrelated bacteria, <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> and <em>Eggerthella lenta</em> have been identified as IMP producers, confirming the fact that many metabolites are produced by several groups of intestinal bacteria that may not share any phylogenetic relations. Altogether, these examples indicate the involvement of intestinal bacteria in generating undesired compounds but identified also new anaerobes that may detoxify these and even convert these in products such as butyrate that have beneficial signalling potential (<a id="xref-fig-2-6" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figures 2 and 3</a>).</p></div></div><div class="section" id="sec-12"><h2 class="">General conclusion and perspectives</h2><p id="p-58">Over the last two decades, considerable progress has been achieved. From initial clinical observations to more mechanistic approaches, the field of gut microbiota and health is evolving to irrefutable causal links. However, there are still numerous studies that claim causality when in fact only correlations are being demonstrated. Moving from correlation to causality remains an important and required step to better design putative interventions based on the modulation of the gut microbiota or by using specific active compounds.<a id="xref-ref-50-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-50">50 189</a> Thanks to the numerous efforts and the advance in omics analysis, the scientific community is gradually moving towards personalised medicine and the microbiome era is clearly an important part of the paradigm shift in the future of medicine and nutritional approaches.</p></div><div class="section ethics-statement" id="sec-13"><h2 class="">Ethics statements</h2><div class="section" id="sec-14"><h3>Patient consent for publication</h3><p id="p-66" class="ethics-consent-to-publish">Not applicable.</p></div><div class="section" id="sec-15"><h3>Ethics approval</h3><p id="p-67" class="ethics-approval">This study does not involve human participants.</p></div></div><div class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2 class="">References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.1" data-doi="10.1016/j.mib.2018.06.003"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Korpela</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">de Vos</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">WM</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Early life colonization of the human gut: microbes matter everywhere</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Curr Opin Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">44</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">70</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">8</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2018.06.003">doi:10.1016/j.mib.2018.06.003</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30086431</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCurr%2BOpin%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D44%26rft.spage%253D70%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.mib.2018.06.003%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.mib.2018.06.003&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 2 in text" id="ref-2">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.2" data-doi="10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.047"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Korpela</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Helve</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">O</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kolho</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K-L</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Maternal fecal microbiota transplantation in Cesarean-Born infants rapidly restores normal gut microbial development: a proof-of-concept study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">183</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">324</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">34</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.047">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.047</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33007265</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D183%26rft.spage%253D324%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2020.08.047%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.047&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3 in text" id="ref-3">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.3" data-doi="10.1038/nature23889"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lloyd-Price</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mahurkar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rahnavard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded human microbiome project</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">550</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">61</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23889">doi:10.1038/nature23889</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28953883</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D550%26rft.spage%253D61%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnature23889%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F28953883%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nature23889&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=28953883&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-4-1" title="View reference 4 in text" id="ref-4">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.4"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Barlow</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JT</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Leite</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Romano</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AE</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Microbiome</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">9</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">214</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01162-2">doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01162-2</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34724979</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMicrobiome%26rft.volume%253D9%26rft.spage%253D214%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-1" title="View reference 5 in text" id="ref-5">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.5"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Seekatz</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Schnizlein</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MK</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Koenigsknecht</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MJ</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Spatial and temporal analysis of the stomach and small-intestinal microbiota in fasted healthy humans</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">mSphere</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">4</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">e00126</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">19</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00126-19">doi:10.1128/mSphere.00126-19</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30867328</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DmSphere%26rft.volume%253D4%26rft.spage%253De00126%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-1" title="View reference 6 in text" id="ref-6">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.6" data-doi="10.1007/s10620-020-06173-x"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Leite</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">GGS</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Weitsman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Parodi</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Mapping the segmental Microbiomes in the human small bowel in comparison with stool: a REIMAGINE study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Dig Dis Sci</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">65</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2595</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">604</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06173-x">doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06173-x</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32140945</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DDig%2BDis%2BSci%26rft.volume%253D65%26rft.spage%253D2595%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs10620-020-06173-x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s10620-020-06173-x&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 7 in text" id="ref-7">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.7" data-doi="10.1136/gut.2007.133603"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zoetendal</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EG</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rajilic-Stojanovic</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">de Vos</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">WM</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">High-Throughput diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">57</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1605</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">15</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.133603">doi:10.1136/gut.2007.133603</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941009</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft.stitle%253DGut%26rft.aulast%253DZoetendal%26rft.auinit1%253DE%2BG%26rft.volume%253D57%26rft.issue%253D11%26rft.spage%253D1605%26rft.epage%253D1615%26rft.atitle%253DHigh-throughput%2Bdiversity%2Band%2Bfunctionality%2Banalysis%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgastrointestinal%2Btract%2Bmicrobiota%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgut.2007.133603%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18941009%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiI1Ny8xMS8xNjA1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 8 in text" id="ref-8">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.8" data-doi="10.1038/nature08821"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Qin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Li</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Raes</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">A human gut microbial gene Catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">464</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">59</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">65</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08821">doi:10.1038/nature08821</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203603</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.aulast%253DQin%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D464%26rft.issue%253D7285%26rft.spage%253D59%26rft.epage%253D65%26rft.atitle%253DA%2Bhuman%2Bgut%2Bmicrobial%2Bgene%2Bcatalogue%2Bestablished%2Bby%2Bmetagenomic%2Bsequencing.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnature08821%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20203603%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nature08821&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=20203603&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000275117500033&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 9 in text" id="ref-9">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.9" data-doi="10.1111/1574-6976.12075"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rajilić-Stojanović</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">de Vos</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">WM</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">FEMS Microbiol Rev</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">38</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">996</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">1047</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12075">doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12075</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24861948</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFEMS%2BMicrobiol%2BRev%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252F1574-6976.12075%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24861948%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/1574-6976.12075&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=24861948&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 10 in text" id="ref-10">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.10" data-doi="10.1038/nbt.2942"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Li</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Jia</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cai</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">X</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Biotechnol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">32</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">834</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">41</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2942">doi:10.1038/nbt.2942</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997786</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BBiotechnol%26rft.volume%253D32%26rft.spage%253D834%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnbt.2942%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24997786%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nbt.2942&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=24997786&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-11-1" title="View reference 11 in text" id="ref-11">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.11" data-doi="10.1056/NEJMoa1205037"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van Nood</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Vrieze</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nieuwdorp</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">N Engl J Med</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">368</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">407</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">15</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1205037">doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1205037</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23323867</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D368%26rft.spage%253D407%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1205037%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23323867%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1205037&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23323867&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000314215400005&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-11-1" title="View reference 12 in text" id="ref-12">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.12" data-doi="10.1056/NEJMra1600266"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lynch</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SV</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Pedersen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">O</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">N Engl J Med</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">375</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2369</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">79</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1600266">doi:10.1056/NEJMra1600266</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27974040</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D375%26rft.spage%253D2369%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMra1600266%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27974040%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMra1600266&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=27974040&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-11-1" title="View reference 13 in text" id="ref-13">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.13" data-doi="10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Pedersen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">O</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">19</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">55</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">71</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9">doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887946</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D19%26rft.spage%253D55%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41579-020-0433-9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-11-1" title="View reference 14 in text" id="ref-14">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.14"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hanssen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NMJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">de Vos</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">WM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nieuwdorp</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Fecal microbiota transplantation in human metabolic diseases: from a murky past to a bright future?</span> <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">33</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1098</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">110</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.005">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.005</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34077717</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D33%26rft.spage%253D1098%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-11-1" title="View reference 15 in text" id="ref-15">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.15"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Li</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut microbiome, liver immunology, and liver diseases</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Mol Immunol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">18</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">4</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">17</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-00592-6">doi:10.1038/s41423-020-00592-6</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33318628</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMol%2BImmunol%26rft.volume%253D18%26rft.spage%253D4%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-16-1" title="View reference 16 in text" id="ref-16">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.16"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">O'Grady</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Murphy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">CL</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Barry</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Defining gastrointestinal transit time using video capsule endoscopy: a study of healthy subjects</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Endosc Int Open</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">8</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">E396</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">400</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1073-7653">doi:10.1055/a-1073-7653</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32118112</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEndosc%2BInt%2BOpen%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.spage%253D396E%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-16-1" title="View reference 17 in text" id="ref-17">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.17" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322465"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ding</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Z</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">W</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Novel scheme for non-invasive gut bioinformation acquisition with a magnetically controlled sampling capsule endoscope</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">70</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2297</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">306</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322465">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322465</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33452177</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2020-322465%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F33452177%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiI3MC8xMi8yMjk3IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-16-1" title="View reference 18 in text" id="ref-18">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.18"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ph van Trijp</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wilms</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ríos-Morales</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Using naso- and oro-intestinal catheters in physiological research for intestinal delivery and sampling in vivo: practical and technical aspects to be considered</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Am J Clin Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">114</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">843</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">61</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab149">doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab149</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34036315</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BClin%2BNutr%26rft.volume%253D114%26rft.spage%253D843%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-19-1" title="View reference 19 in text" id="ref-19">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.19" data-doi="10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02294.x"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Booijink</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">CCGM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">El-Aidy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rajilić-Stojanović</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">High temporal and inter-individual variation detected in the human ileal microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Environ Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3213</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">27</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02294.x">doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02294.x</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626454</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnvironmental%2BMicrobiology%2B%2528Print%2529%26rft.stitle%253DEnvironmental%2BMicrobiology%2B%2528Print%2529%26rft.aulast%253DBooijink%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%2BC.%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.issue%253D12%26rft.spage%253D3213%26rft.epage%253D3227%26rft.atitle%253DHigh%2Btemporal%2Band%2Binter-individual%2Bvariation%2Bdetected%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bhuman%2Bileal%2Bmicrobiota.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1462-2920.2010.02294.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20626454%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02294.x&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=20626454&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000284961700011&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-20-1" title="View reference 20 in text" id="ref-20">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.20" data-doi="10.1038/ismej.2011.212"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zoetendal</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EG</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Raes</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van den Bogert</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Isme J</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2012</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1415</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">26</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.212">doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.212</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258098</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.stitle%253DISME%2BJ%26rft.aulast%253DZoetendal%26rft.auinit1%253DE.%2BG.%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.issue%253D7%26rft.spage%253D1415%26rft.epage%253D1426%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Bhuman%2Bsmall%2Bintestinal%2Bmicrobiota%2Bis%2Bdriven%2Bby%2Brapid%2Buptake%2Band%2Bconversion%2Bof%2Bsimple%2Bcarbohydrates.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fismej.2011.212%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22258098%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/ismej.2011.212&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=22258098&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000305631100015&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-2" title="View reference 21 in text" id="ref-21">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.21"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lema</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">I</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Araújo</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JR</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rolhion</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Jejunum: the understudied meeting place of dietary lipids and the microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Biochimie</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">178</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">124</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">36</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.007">doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.007</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32949677</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiochimie%26rft.volume%253D178%26rft.spage%253D124%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-21-1" title="View reference 22 in text" id="ref-22">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.22" data-doi="10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.012"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ahrné</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Jeppsson</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">FEMS Microbiol Ecol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">54</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">219</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">31</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.012">doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.012</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16332321</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFEMS%2BMicrobiol%2BEcol%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.femsec.2005.03.012%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16332321%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.012&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=16332321&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000232428100006&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-23-1" title="View reference 23 in text" id="ref-23">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.23" data-doi="10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.010"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van Baar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">ACG</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nieuwdorp</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Holleman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The duodenum harbors a broad Untapped therapeutic potential</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gastroenterology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">154</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">773</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">7</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.010">doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.010</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29428335</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGastroenterology%26rft.volume%253D154%26rft.spage%253D773%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1053%252Fj.gastro.2018.02.010%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F29428335%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.010&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=29428335&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-24-1" title="View reference 24 in text" id="ref-24">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.24" data-doi="10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Vrieze</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Nood</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Holleman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gastroenterology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2012</span>;<span class="cit-vol">143</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">913</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031">doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22728514</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGastroenterology%26rft.volume%253D143%26rft.spage%253D913%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1053%252Fj.gastro.2012.06.031%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22728514%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=22728514&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000309361800022&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-24-1" title="View reference 25 in text" id="ref-25">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.25" data-doi="10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.008"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kootte</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RS</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Levin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Salojärvi</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Improvement of insulin sensitivity after lean donor feces in metabolic syndrome is driven by baseline intestinal microbiota composition</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">26</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">611</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.008">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.008</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978426</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D26%26rft.spage%253D611%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cmet.2017.09.008%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.008&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-24-1" title="View reference 26 in text" id="ref-26">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.26" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322630"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">de Groot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nikolic</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Pellegrini</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Faecal microbiota transplantation halts progression of human new-onset type 1 diabetes in a randomised controlled trial</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">70</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">92</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">105</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322630">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322630</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33106354</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2020-322630%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F33106354%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjc6IjcwLzEvOTIiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-27-1" title="View reference 27 in text" id="ref-27">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.27" data-doi="10.1186/1471-2164-9-374"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Troost</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">FJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van Baarlen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lindsey</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Identification of the transcriptional response of human intestinal mucosa to Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 in vivo</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">BMC Genomics</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">9</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">374</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-374">doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-374</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18681965</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMC%2Bgenomics%2B%255Belectronic%2Bresource%255D%26rft.stitle%253DBMC%2BGenomics%26rft.aulast%253DTroost%26rft.auinit1%253DF.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D9%26rft.spage%253D374%26rft.epage%253D374%26rft.atitle%253DIdentification%2Bof%2Bthe%2Btranscriptional%2Bresponse%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bintestinal%2Bmucosa%2Bto%2BLactobacillus%2Bplantarum%2BWCFS1%2Bin%2Bvivo.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1186%252F1471-2164-9-374%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18681965%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1186/1471-2164-9-374&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=18681965&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-27-1" title="View reference 28 in text" id="ref-28">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.28" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.0809919106"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van Baarlen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Troost</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">FJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van Hemert</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Differential NF-kappaB pathways induction by Lactobacillus plantarum in the duodenum of healthy humans correlating with immune tolerance</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2009</span>;<span class="cit-vol">106</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2371</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809919106">doi:10.1073/pnas.0809919106</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190178</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DProc%2BNatl%2BAcad%2BSci%2BU%2BS%2BA%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.0809919106%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19190178%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMDoiMTA2LzcvMjM3MSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-27-1" title="View reference 29 in text" id="ref-29">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.29"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van Baarlen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Troost</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van der Meer</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Human mucosal in vivo transcriptome responses to three lactobacilli indicate how probiotics may modulate human cellular pathways</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2011</span>;<span class="cit-vol">108 Suppl 1</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">4562</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000079107">doi:10.1073/pnas.1000079107</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20823239</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DProc%2BNatl%2BAcad%2BSci%2BU%2BS%2BA%26rft.volume%253D1081%26rft.spage%253D4562%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-30-1" title="View reference 30 in text" id="ref-30">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.30" data-doi="10.1099/ijsem.0.003041"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Shetty</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zuffa</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bui</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TPN</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Reclassification of Eubacterium hallii as Anaerobutyricum hallii gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of Anaerobutyricum soehngenii sp. nov., a butyrate and propionate-producing bacterium from infant faeces</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">68</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3741</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003041">doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003041</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30351260</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BSyst%2BEvol%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D68%26rft.spage%253D3741%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1099%252Fijsem.0.003041%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1099/ijsem.0.003041&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-31-1" title="View reference 31 in text" id="ref-31">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.31"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Koopen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Witjes</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wortelboer</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Duodenal Anaerobutyricum soehngenii infusion stimulates GLP-1 production, ameliorates glycaemic control and beneficially shapes the duodenal transcriptome in metabolic syndrome subjects: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323297">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323297</a>. [Epub ahead of print: <span class="cit-comment">25 Oct 2021</span>].<span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34697034</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-31-1" title="View reference 32 in text" id="ref-32">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.32"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Gilijamse</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PW</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hartstra</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AV</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Levin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Treatment with Anaerobutyricum soehngenii: a pilot study of safety and dose-response effects on glucose metabolism in human subjects with metabolic syndrome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">16</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41522-020-0127-0">doi:10.1038/s41522-020-0127-0</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32221294</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNPJ%2BBiofilms%2BMicrobiomes%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253D16%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-33-1" title="View reference 33 in text" id="ref-33">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.33" data-doi="10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.017"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Swidsinski</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Loening-Baucke</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Verstraelen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Biostructure of fecal microbiota in healthy subjects and patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gastroenterology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">135</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">568</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">79</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.017">doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.017</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18570896</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGastroenterology%26rft.stitle%253DGastroenterology%26rft.aulast%253DSwidsinski%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D135%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D568%26rft.epage%253D579%26rft.atitle%253DBiostructure%2Bof%2Bfecal%2Bmicrobiota%2Bin%2Bhealthy%2Bsubjects%2Band%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2Bchronic%2Bidiopathic%2Bdiarrhea.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1053%252Fj.gastro.2008.04.017%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18570896%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.017&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=18570896&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000258439900033&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-34-1" title="View reference 34 in text" id="ref-34">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.34" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316723"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">67</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1716</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">25</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316723">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316723</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29934437</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2018-316723%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F29934437%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjY3LzkvMTcxNiI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-35-1" title="View reference 35 in text" id="ref-35">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.35" data-doi="10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lloyd-Price</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Arze</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ananthakrishnan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AN</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Multi-Omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">569</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">655</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">62</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9">doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31142855</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D569%26rft.spage%253D655%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41586-019-1237-9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-36-1" title="View reference 36 in text" id="ref-36">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.36"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Leonard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Valitutti</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Karathia</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Microbiome signatures of progression toward celiac disease onset in at-risk children in a longitudinal prospective cohort study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">118</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">e2020322118</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020322118">doi:10.1073/pnas.2020322118</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-37-1" title="View reference 37 in text" id="ref-37">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.37" data-doi="10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.040"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mars</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RAT</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Yang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ward</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Longitudinal multi-omics reveals Subset-Specific mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">183</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1137</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">40</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.040">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.040</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33186523</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D183%26rft.spage%253D1137%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2020.10.040%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.040&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-38-1" title="View reference 38 in text" id="ref-38">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.38" data-doi="10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.004"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tilg</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Adolph</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TE</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Gerner</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RR</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cancer Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">33</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">954</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">64</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.004">doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.004</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCancer%2BCell%26rft.volume%253D33%26rft.spage%253D954%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.ccell.2018.03.004%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.004&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-39-1" title="View reference 39 in text" id="ref-39">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.39" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tilg</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mayer</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EA</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut microbiome and liver diseases</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">65</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2035</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">44</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802157</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2016-312729%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27802157%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiI2NS8xMi8yMDM1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-39-1" title="View reference 40 in text" id="ref-40">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.40"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Trebicka</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Macnaughtan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Schnabl</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The microbiota in cirrhosis and its role in hepatic decompensation</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Hepatol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">75 Suppl 1</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">S67</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">81</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.013">doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.013</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34039493</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BHepatol%26rft.volume%253D751%26rft.spage%253DS67%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-41-1" title="View reference 41 in text" id="ref-41">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.41"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Adolph</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TE</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mayr</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Grabherr</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pancreas-Microbiota cross talk in health and disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Annu Rev Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">39</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">249</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">66</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124306">doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124306</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31433743</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnu%2BRev%2BNutr%26rft.volume%253D39%26rft.spage%253D249%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-41-1" title="View reference 42 in text" id="ref-42">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.42" data-doi="10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.008"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Riquelme</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Tumor microbiome diversity and composition influence pancreatic cancer outcomes</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">178</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">795</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">806</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.008">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.008</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31398337</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D178%26rft.spage%253D795%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2019.07.008%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.008&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-43-1" title="View reference 43 in text" id="ref-43">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.43" data-doi="10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Depommier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Druart</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Med</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">25</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1096</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">103</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2">doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31263284</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D25%26rft.spage%253D1096%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41591-019-0495-2%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F31263284%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=31263284&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-44-1" title="View reference 44 in text" id="ref-44">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.44" data-doi="10.1038/nature11450"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Qin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Li</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cai</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Z</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2012</span>;<span class="cit-vol">490</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">55</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">60</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11450">doi:10.1038/nature11450</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023125</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.aulast%253DQin%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D490%26rft.issue%253D7418%26rft.spage%253D55%26rft.epage%253D60%26rft.atitle%253DA%2Bmetagenome-wide%2Bassociation%2Bstudy%2Bof%2Bgut%2Bmicrobiota%2Bin%2Btype%2B2%2Bdiabetes.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnature11450%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23023125%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nature11450&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23023125&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000309446800031&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-44-1" title="View reference 45 in text" id="ref-45">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.45" data-doi="10.1038/nature12198"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Karlsson</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">FH</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tremaroli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nookaew</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">I</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">498</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">99</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">103</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12198">doi:10.1038/nature12198</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23719380</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D498%26rft.spage%253D99%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnature12198%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23719380%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nature12198&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23719380&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000319947800041&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-46-1" title="View reference 46 in text" id="ref-46">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.46" data-doi="10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.011"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wu</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tremaroli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Schmidt</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The gut microbiota in prediabetes and diabetes: a population-based cross-sectional study</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">32</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">379</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">90</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.011">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.011</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32652044</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D32%26rft.spage%253D379%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cmet.2020.06.011%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.011&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-47-1" title="View reference 47 in text" id="ref-47">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.47" data-doi="10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.002"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Loomba</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Seguritan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Li</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">W</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut Microbiome-Based metagenomic signature for non-invasive detection of advanced fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">30</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">607</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.002">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.002</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31484056</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D30%26rft.spage%253D607%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cmet.2019.08.002%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.002&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-48-1" title="View reference 48 in text" id="ref-48">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.48" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322753"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Frost</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kacprowski</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rühlemann</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Long-Term instability of the intestinal microbiome is associated with metabolic liver disease, low microbiota diversity, diabetes mellitus and impaired exocrine pancreatic function</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">70</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">522</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">30</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322753">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322753</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33168600</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2020-322753%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F33168600%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjcwLzMvNTIyIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-49-1" title="View reference 49 in text" id="ref-49">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.49"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Do diet and microbes really 'PREDICT' cardiometabolic risks?</span> <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">17</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">259</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">60</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00480-7">doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00480-7</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33627837</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.spage%253D259%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-49-1" title="View reference 50 in text" id="ref-50">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.50"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Moens de Hase</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut microbiota and host metabolism: from proof of concept to therapeutic intervention</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Microorganisms</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">9</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">1302</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061302">doi:10.3390/microorganisms9061302</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34203876</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMicroorganisms%26rft.volume%253D9%26rft.spage%253D1302%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-49-1" title="View reference 51 in text" id="ref-51">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.51" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320781"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Mediterranean diet, gut microbiota and health: when age and calories do not add up!</span> <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">69</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1167</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">8</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320781">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320781</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169906</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2020-320781%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F32169906%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjY5LzcvMTE2NyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-52-1" title="View reference 52 in text" id="ref-52">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.52" data-doi="10.1038/s41575-018-0025-6"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Jordan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">BF</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut microbiota-mediated inflammation in obesity: a link with gastrointestinal cancer</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">15</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">671</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">82</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41575-018-0025-6">doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0025-6</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29844585</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BGastroenterol%2BHepatol%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.spage%253D671%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41575-018-0025-6%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F29844585%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41575-018-0025-6&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=29844585&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-52-1" title="View reference 53 in text" id="ref-53">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.53" data-doi="10.1111/1462-2920.13589"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Louis</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Flint</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">HJ</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Environ Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">19</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">29</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">41</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13589">doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13589</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27928878</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnviron%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D19%26rft.spage%253D29%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252F1462-2920.13589%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27928878%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/1462-2920.13589&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=27928878&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-52-1" title="View reference 54 in text" id="ref-54">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.54" data-doi="10.1007/s13668-018-0248-8"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Chambers</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">ES</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Preston</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Frost</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Role of gut Microbiota-Generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Curr Nutr Rep</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">7</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">198</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">206</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13668-018-0248-8">doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0248-8</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30264354</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCurr%2BNutr%2BRep%26rft.volume%253D7%26rft.spage%253D198%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs13668-018-0248-8%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s13668-018-0248-8&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-55-1" title="View reference 55 in text" id="ref-55">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.55" data-doi="10.1038/ncomms4611"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Frost</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sleeth</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">ML</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sahuri-Arisoylu</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Commun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">5</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">3611</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4611">doi:10.1038/ncomms4611</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24781306</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BCommun%26rft.volume%253D5%26rft.spage%253D3611%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fncomms4611%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24781306%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/ncomms4611&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=24781306&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-55-1" title="View reference 56 in text" id="ref-56">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.56" data-doi="10.1038/nrendo.2015.128"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Canfora</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EE</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Jocken</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JW</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Blaak</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EE</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Short-Chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2015</span>;<span class="cit-vol">11</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">577</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">91</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.128">doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.128</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26260141</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253D577%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnrendo.2015.128%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26260141%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nrendo.2015.128&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26260141&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-55-1" title="View reference 57 in text" id="ref-57">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.57" data-doi="10.1210/er.2018-00280"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rastelli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Knauf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The gut microbiome influences host endocrine functions</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Endocr Rev</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">40</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1271</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">84</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00280">doi:10.1210/er.2018-00280</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31081896</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEndocr%2BRev%26rft.volume%253D40%26rft.spage%253D1271%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1210%252Fer.2018-00280%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1210/er.2018-00280&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-58-1" title="View reference 58 in text" id="ref-58">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.58"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Daubioul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">CA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Taper</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">HS</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">De Wispelaere</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">LD</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dietary oligofructose lessens hepatic steatosis, but does not prevent hypertriglyceridemia in obese Zucker rats</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2000</span>;<span class="cit-vol">130</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1314</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1314">doi:10.1093/jn/130.5.1314</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BJournal%2Bof%2BNutrition%26rft.stitle%253DJ.%2BNutr.%26rft.aulast%253DDaubioul%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D130%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D1314%26rft.epage%253D1319%26rft.atitle%253DDietary%2BOligofructose%2BLessens%2BHepatic%2BSteatosis%252C%2Bbut%2BDoes%2BNot%2BPrevent%2BHypertriglyceridemia%2Bin%2BObese%2BZucker%2BRats%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10801936%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToibnV0cml0aW9uIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiIxMzAvNS8xMzE0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-58-1" title="View reference 59 in text" id="ref-59">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.59" data-doi="10.1079/BJN20041225"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Dewever</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Delzenne</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NM</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Br J Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">92</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">521</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041225">doi:10.1079/bjn20041225</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15469657</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BBritish%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bnutrition%26rft.stitle%253DBr%2BJ%2BNutr%26rft.aulast%253DCani%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BD.%26rft.volume%253D92%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D521%26rft.epage%253D526%26rft.atitle%253DInulin-type%2Bfructans%2Bmodulate%2Bgastrointestinal%2Bpeptides%2Binvolved%2Bin%2Bappetite%2Bregulation%2B%2528glucagon-like%2Bpeptide-1%2Band%2Bghrelin%2529%2Bin%2Brats.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1079%252FBJN20041225%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15469657%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1079/BJN20041225&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15469657&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000224519100021&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-58-1" title="View reference 60 in text" id="ref-60">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.60" data-doi="10.1038/oby.2005.117"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Neyrinck</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Maton</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Oligofructose promotes satiety in rats fed a high-fat diet: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Obes Res</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">13</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1000</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">7</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.117">doi:10.1038/oby.2005.117</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15976142</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DObesity%26rft.stitle%253DObesity%26rft.aulast%253DCani%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BD.%26rft.volume%253D13%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D1000%26rft.epage%253D1007%26rft.atitle%253DOligofructose%2BPromotes%2BSatiety%2Bin%2BRats%2BFed%2Ba%2BHigh-Fat%2BDiet%253A%2BInvolvement%2Bof%2BGlucagon-Like%2BPeptide-1%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Foby.2005.117%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15976142%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/oby.2005.117&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15976142&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000230191300008&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-58-1" title="View reference 61 in text" id="ref-61">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.61" data-doi="10.2337/diabetes."><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Knauf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Iglesias</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Diabetes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2006</span>;<span class="cit-vol">55</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1484</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">90</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db05-1360">doi:10.2337/db05-1360</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16644709</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DDiabetes%26rft.stitle%253DDiabetes%26rft.aulast%253DCani%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BD.%26rft.volume%253D55%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D1484%26rft.epage%253D1490%26rft.atitle%253DImprovement%2Bof%2Bglucose%2Btolerance%2Band%2Bhepatic%2Binsulin%2Bsensitivity%2Bby%2Boligofructose%2Brequires%2Ba%2Bfunctional%2Bglucagon-like%2BPeptide%2B1%2Breceptor.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.2337%252Fdiabetes.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16644709%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZGlhYmV0ZXMiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiNTUvNS8xNDg0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-58-1" title="View reference 62 in text" id="ref-62">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.62"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Delzenne</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Daubioul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Br J Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">93 Suppl 1</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">S157</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">61</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041342">doi:10.1079/bjn20041342</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877889</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBr%2BJ%2BNutr%26rft.volume%253D931%26rft.spage%253DS157%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-59-1" title="View reference 63 in text" id="ref-63">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.63" data-doi="10.1017/S0007114507691648"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hoste</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Guiot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates promote L-cell differentiation in the proximal colon of rats</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Br J Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2007</span>;<span class="cit-vol">98</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">32</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">7</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507691648">doi:10.1017/S0007114507691648</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17367575</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BBritish%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bnutrition%26rft.stitle%253DBr%2BJ%2BNutr%26rft.aulast%253DCani%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BD.%26rft.volume%253D98%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D32%26rft.epage%253D37%26rft.atitle%253DDietary%2Bnon-digestible%2Bcarbohydrates%2Bpromote%2BL-cell%2Bdifferentiation%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bproximal%2Bcolon%2Bof%2Brats.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1017%252FS0007114507691648%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F17367575%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1017/S0007114507691648&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=17367575&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000248305100005&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-59-1" title="View reference 64 in text" id="ref-64">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.64" data-doi="10.2337/db11-0227"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lazarevic</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Derrien</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Diabetes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2011</span>;<span class="cit-vol">60</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2775</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">86</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db11-0227">doi:10.2337/db11-0227</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21933985</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DDiabetes%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.2337%252Fdb11-0227%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21933985%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZGlhYmV0ZXMiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6MTA6IjYwLzExLzI3NzUiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-59-1" title="View reference 65 in text" id="ref-65">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.65" data-doi="10.1136/gut.2008.165886"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Possemiers</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van de Wiele</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2009</span>;<span class="cit-vol">58</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1091</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">103</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.165886">doi:10.1136/gut.2008.165886</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240062</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgut.2008.165886%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19240062%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjU4LzgvMTA5MSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-66-1" title="View reference 66 in text" id="ref-66">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.66" data-doi="10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02790.x"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">X</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Gibson</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">GR</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Effects of the in vitro fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Appl Bacteriol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1993</span>;<span class="cit-vol">75</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">373</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">80</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02790.x">doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02790.x</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8226394</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BApplied%2BMicrobiology%2B%2528Print%2529%26rft.stitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BApplied%2BMicrobiology%2B%2528Print%2529%26rft.aulast%253DWang%26rft.auinit1%253DX.%26rft.volume%253D75%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D373%26rft.epage%253D380%26rft.atitle%253DEffects%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bin%2Bvitro%2Bfermentation%2Bof%2Boligofructose%2Band%2Binulin%2Bby%2Bbacteria%2Bgrowing%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bhuman%2Blarge%2Bintestine.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2672.1993.tb02790.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8226394%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02790.x&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=8226394&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-66-1" title="View reference 67 in text" id="ref-67">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.67" data-doi="10.3945/jn.109.110650"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Aziz</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kenney</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">LS</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Goulet</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dietary starch type affects body weight and glycemic control in freely fed but not energy-restricted obese rats</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2009</span>;<span class="cit-vol">139</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1881</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.110650">doi:10.3945/jn.109.110650</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BNutr%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.3945%252Fjn.109.110650%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19692526%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToibnV0cml0aW9uIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjExOiIxMzkvMTAvMTg4MSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-66-1" title="View reference 68 in text" id="ref-68">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.68"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Keenan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhou</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">McCutcheon</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">KL</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Effects of resistant starch, a non-digestible fermentable fiber, on reducing body fat</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Obesity</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2006</span>;<span class="cit-vol">14</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1523</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">34</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.176">doi:10.1038/oby.2006.176</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030963</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DObesity%26rft.volume%253D14%26rft.spage%253D1523%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-66-1" title="View reference 69 in text" id="ref-69">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.69" data-doi="10.1152/ajpendo.90637.2008"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhou</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Martin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tulley</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RT</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dietary resistant starch upregulates total GLP-1 and PYY in a sustained day-long manner through fermentation in rodents</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">295</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">E1160</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90637.2008">doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90637.2008</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BPhysiol%2BEndocrinol%2BMetab%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1152%252Fajpendo.90637.2008%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18796545%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1152/ajpendo.90637.2008&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=18796545&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000260770300020&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-70-1" title="View reference 70 in text" id="ref-70">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.70" data-doi="10.1038/ncomms10062"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bui</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TPN</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ritari</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Boeren</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Commun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2015</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">10062</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10062">doi:10.1038/ncomms10062</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26620920</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BCommun%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253D10062%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fncomms10062%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26620920%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/ncomms10062&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26620920&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-70-1" title="View reference 71 in text" id="ref-71">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.71"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bui</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TPN</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mannerås-Holm</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Puschmann</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Conversion of dietary inositol into propionate and acetate by commensal Anaerostipes associates with host health</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Commun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">4798</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25081-w">doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25081-w</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34376656</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BCommun%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253D4798%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-72-1" title="View reference 72 in text" id="ref-72">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.72" data-doi="10.1097/MIB.0b013e31827fec6d"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rajilić-Stojanović</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Shanahan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Guarner</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Phylogenetic analysis of dysbiosis in ulcerative colitis during remission</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Inflamm Bowel Dis</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">19</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">481</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">8</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0b013e31827fec6d">doi:10.1097/MIB.0b013e31827fec6d</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385241</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInflamm%2BBowel%2BDis%26rft.volume%253D19%26rft.spage%253D481%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252FMIB.0b013e31827fec6d%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23385241%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/MIB.0b013e31827fec6d&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23385241&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000316450200017&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-73-1" title="View reference 73 in text" id="ref-73">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.73" data-doi="10.1074/jbc.M211609200"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Brown</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Goldsworthy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Barnes</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Biol Chem</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2003</span>;<span class="cit-vol">278</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">11312</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M211609200">doi:10.1074/jbc.M211609200</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12496283</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BBiol%2BChem%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1074%252Fjbc.M211609200%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12496283%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiamJjIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIyNzgvMTMvMTEzMTIiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-74-1" title="View reference 74 in text" id="ref-74">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.74" data-doi="10.1074/jbc.M301403200"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Le Poul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Loison</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Struyf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Biol Chem</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2003</span>;<span class="cit-vol">278</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">25481</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M301403200">doi:10.1074/jbc.M301403200</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12711604</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BBiol%2BChem%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1074%252Fjbc.M301403200%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12711604%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiamJjIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIyNzgvMjgvMjU0ODEiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-74-1" title="View reference 75 in text" id="ref-75">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.75"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kimura</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">I</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Inoue</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hirano</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The SCFA receptor GPR43 and energy metabolism</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Front Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">5</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">85</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00085">doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00085</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926285</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFront%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D5%26rft.spage%253D85%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-74-1" title="View reference 76 in text" id="ref-76">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.76" data-doi="10.1210/en.2013-1142"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nøhr</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MK</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Pedersen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MH</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Gille</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Endocrinology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">154</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3552</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">64</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1142">doi:10.1210/en.2013-1142</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23885020</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEndocrinology%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1210%252Fen.2013-1142%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23885020%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1210/en.2013-1142&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23885020&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000324759600009&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-77-1" title="View reference 77 in text" id="ref-77">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.77"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Brooks</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Viardot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tsakmaki</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Fermentable carbohydrate stimulates FFAR2-dependent colonic PYY cell expansion to increase satiety</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Mol Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">48</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">60</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.011">doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.011</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28123937</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMol%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253D48%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-77-1" title="View reference 78 in text" id="ref-78">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.78" data-doi="10.1038/ijo.2014.153"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Psichas</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sleeth</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">ML</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Murphy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">KG</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Int J Obes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2015</span>;<span class="cit-vol">39</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">424</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.153">doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.153</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25109781</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BObes%26rft.volume%253D39%26rft.spage%253D424%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fijo.2014.153%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25109781%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/ijo.2014.153&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=25109781&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-77-1" title="View reference 79 in text" id="ref-79">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.79" data-doi="10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Koh</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">De Vadder</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kovatcheva-Datchary</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">165</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1332</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">45</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27259147</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D165%26rft.spage%253D1332%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2016.05.041%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27259147%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=27259147&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-80-1" title="View reference 80 in text" id="ref-80">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.80" data-doi="10.1016/j.mib.2017.07.003"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Litvak</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Byndloss</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MX</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tsolis</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RM</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dysbiotic Proteobacteria expansion: a microbial signature of epithelial dysfunction</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Curr Opin Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">39</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2017.07.003">doi:10.1016/j.mib.2017.07.003</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28783509</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCurr%2BOpin%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D39%26rft.spage%253D1%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.mib.2017.07.003%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F28783509%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.mib.2017.07.003&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=28783509&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-80-1" title="View reference 81 in text" id="ref-81">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.81" data-doi="10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.003"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Litvak</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mon</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">KKZ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nguyen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Commensal Enterobacteriaceae protect against Salmonella colonization through oxygen competition</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Host Microbe</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">25</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">128</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">39</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.003">doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.003</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30629913</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BHost%2BMicrobe%26rft.volume%253D25%26rft.spage%253D128%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.chom.2018.12.003%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.003&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-52-3" title="View reference 82 in text" id="ref-82">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.82" data-doi="10.1136/gut.52.2.237"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Seksik</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rigottier-Gois</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Gramet</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Alterations of the dominant faecal bacterial groups in patients with Crohn's disease of the colon</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2003</span>;<span class="cit-vol">52</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">237</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">42</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.52.2.237">doi:10.1136/gut.52.2.237</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12524406</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft.stitle%253DGut%26rft.aulast%253DSeksik%26rft.auinit1%253DP%26rft.volume%253D52%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D237%26rft.epage%253D242%26rft.atitle%253DAlterations%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdominant%2Bfaecal%2Bbacterial%2Bgroups%2Bin%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2BCrohn%2527s%2Bdisease%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcolon%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgut.52.2.237%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12524406%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjUyLzIvMjM3IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-52-3" title="View reference 83 in text" id="ref-83">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.83" data-doi="10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Morgan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">XC</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tickle</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TL</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sokol</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Genome Biol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2012</span>;<span class="cit-vol">13</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">R79</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79">doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013615</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenome%2Bbiology%26rft.stitle%253DGenome%2BBiol%26rft.aulast%253DMorgan%26rft.auinit1%253DX.%2BC.%26rft.volume%253D13%26rft.issue%253D9%26rft.spage%253DR79%26rft.epage%253DR79%26rft.atitle%253DDysfunction%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bintestinal%2Bmicrobiome%2Bin%2Binflammatory%2Bbowel%2Bdisease%2Band%2Btreatment.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1186%252Fgb-2012-13-9-r79%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23013615%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23013615&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-52-3" title="View reference 84 in text" id="ref-84">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.84"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Shelton</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">CD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Byndloss</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MX</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut epithelial metabolism as a key driver of intestinal dysbiosis associated with noncommunicable diseases</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Infect Immun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">88</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">e00939</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">19</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00939-19">doi:10.1128/IAI.00939-19</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32122941</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInfect%2BImmun%26rft.volume%253D88%26rft.spage%253De00939%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-85-1" title="View reference 85 in text" id="ref-85">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.85" data-doi="10.3920/BM2020.0057"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Blaak</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EE</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Canfora</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EE</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Theis</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Benef Microbes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">11</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">411</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">55</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/BM2020.0057">doi:10.3920/BM2020.0057</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32865024</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBenef%2BMicrobes%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253D411%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.3920%252FBM2020.0057%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.3920/BM2020.0057&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-86-1" title="View reference 86 in text" id="ref-86">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.86" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323778"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Le Roy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Moens de Hase</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dysosmobacter welbionis is a newly isolated human commensal bacterium preventing diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2022</span>;<span class="cit-vol">71</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">534</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">43</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323778">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323778</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34108237</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2020-323778%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F34108237%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjcxLzMvNTM0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-87-1" title="View reference 87 in text" id="ref-87">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.87"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Shetty</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Boeren</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bui</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TPN</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Unravelling lactate-acetate and sugar conversion into butyrate by intestinal Anaerobutyricum and Anaerostipes species by comparative proteogenomics</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Environ Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">22</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">4863</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">75</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15269">doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15269</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33001550</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnviron%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D22%26rft.spage%253D4863%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-32-1" title="View reference 88 in text" id="ref-88">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.88"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SP</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rubio</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">LA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Duncan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SH</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pivotal roles for pH, lactate, and Lactate-Utilizing bacteria in the stability of a human colonic microbial ecosystem</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">mSystems</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">5</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">e00645</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">20</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00645-20">doi:10.1128/mSystems.00645-20</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32900872</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DmSystems%26rft.volume%253D5%26rft.spage%253De00645%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-89-1" title="View reference 89 in text" id="ref-89">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.89"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fernández-Veledo</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Vendrell</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut microbiota-derived succinate: friend or foe in human metabolic diseases?</span> <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Rev Endocr Metab Disord</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">20</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">439</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">47</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-019-09513-z">doi:10.1007/s11154-019-09513-z</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31654259</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DRev%2BEndocr%2BMetab%2BDisord%26rft.volume%253D20%26rft.spage%253D439%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-90-1" title="View reference 90 in text" id="ref-90">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.90" data-doi="10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.013"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">De Vadder</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kovatcheva-Datchary</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zitoun</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Microbiota-Produced succinate improves glucose homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">24</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">151</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">7</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.013">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.013</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27411015</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D24%26rft.spage%253D151%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cmet.2016.06.013%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27411015%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.013&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=27411015&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-90-1" title="View reference 91 in text" id="ref-91">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.91" data-doi="10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.028"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Liao</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhou</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Parabacteroides distasonis alleviates obesity and metabolic dysfunctions via production of succinate and secondary bile acids</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Rep</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">26</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">222</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">35</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.028">doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.028</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30605678</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BRep%26rft.volume%253D26%26rft.spage%253D222%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.celrep.2018.12.028%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.028&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-90-1" title="View reference 92 in text" id="ref-92">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.92" data-doi="10.1038/nature11986"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tannahill</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">GM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Curtis</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Adamik</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">496</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">238</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">42</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11986">doi:10.1038/nature11986</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23535595</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D496%26rft.spage%253D238%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnature11986%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23535595%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nature11986&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23535595&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000317346300045&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-90-1" title="View reference 93 in text" id="ref-93">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.93"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Yuan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Li</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Overweight and underweight status are linked to specific gut microbiota and intestinal tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Clin Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">39</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3189</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">98</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.014">doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.014</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32164980</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DClin%2BNutr%26rft.volume%253D39%26rft.spage%253D3189%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-94-1" title="View reference 94 in text" id="ref-94">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.94"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bertani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ruiz</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Function and biogenesis of lipopolysaccharides</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">EcoSal Plus</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">8</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">ESP-0001-2018</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0001-2018">doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0001-2018</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30066669</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEcoSal%2BPlus%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.spage%253D00012018ESP%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-95-1" title="View reference 95 in text" id="ref-95">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.95" data-doi="10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.09.003"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Walsh</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">McCarthy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">O'Driscoll</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pattern recognition receptors--molecular orchestrators of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cytokine Growth Factor Rev</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">24</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">91</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">104</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.09.003">doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.09.003</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102645</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCytokine%2BGrowth%2BFactor%2BRev%26rft.volume%253D24%26rft.spage%253D91%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cytogfr.2012.09.003%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23102645%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.09.003&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23102645&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-96-1" title="View reference 96 in text" id="ref-96">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.96" data-doi="10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4425"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Quesniaux</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">VJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nicolle</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">DM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Torres</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent-positive and TLR2-independent-negative regulation of proinflammatory cytokines by mycobacterial lipomannans</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Immunol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">172</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">4425</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">34</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4425">doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4425</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15034058</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BJournal%2Bof%2BImmunology%26rft.stitle%253DJ.%2BImmunol.%26rft.aulast%253DQuesniaux%26rft.auinit1%253DV.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D172%26rft.issue%253D7%26rft.spage%253D4425%26rft.epage%253D4434%26rft.atitle%253DToll-Like%2BReceptor%2B2%2B%2528TLR2%2529-Dependent-Positive%2Band%2BTLR2-Independent-Negative%2BRegulation%2Bof%2BProinflammatory%2BCytokines%2Bby%2BMycobacterial%2BLipomannans%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.4049%252Fjimmunol.172.7.4425%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15034058%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiamltbXVub2wiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6MTA6IjE3Mi83LzQ0MjUiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-97-1" title="View reference 97 in text" id="ref-97">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.97" data-doi="10.1126/science.282.5396.2085"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Poltorak</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">He</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">X</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Smirnova</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">I</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in TLR4 gene</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Science</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1998</span>;<span class="cit-vol">282</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2085</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">8</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5396.2085">doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2085</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851930</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DPoltorak%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D282%26rft.issue%253D5396%26rft.spage%253D2085%26rft.epage%253D2088%26rft.atitle%253DDefective%2BLPS%2BSignaling%2Bin%2BC3H%252FHeJ%2Band%2BC57BL%252F10ScCr%2BMice%253A%2BMutations%2Bin%2BTlr4%2BGene%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.282.5396.2085%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9851930%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIyODIvNTM5Ni8yMDg1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-98-1" title="View reference 98 in text" id="ref-98">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.98" data-doi="10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Belkaid</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Harrison</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">OJ</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Homeostatic immunity and the microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Immunity</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">46</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">562</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">76</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008">doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28423337</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DImmunity%26rft.volume%253D46%26rft.spage%253D562%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.immuni.2017.04.008%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F28423337%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=28423337&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-99-1" title="View reference 99 in text" id="ref-99">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.99"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fitzgerald</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">KA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kagan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JC</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Toll-Like receptors and the control of immunity</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">180</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1044</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">66</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32164908</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D180%26rft.spage%253D1044%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-100-1" title="View reference 100 in text" id="ref-100">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.100" data-doi="10.2337/db06-1491"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Amar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Iglesias</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Diabetes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2007</span>;<span class="cit-vol">56</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1761</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">72</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db06-1491">doi:10.2337/db06-1491</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17456850</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DDiabetes%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.2337%252Fdb06-1491%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F17456850%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZGlhYmV0ZXMiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiNTYvNy8xNzYxIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-38-3" title="View reference 101 in text" id="ref-101">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.101"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Régnier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Knauf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut microbiome, endocrine control of gut barrier function and metabolic diseases</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">248</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">R67</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">82</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-20-0473">doi:10.1530/JOE-20-0473</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33295880</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D248%26rft.spage%253DR67%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-38-3" title="View reference 102 in text" id="ref-102">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.102" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320490"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tilg</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Burcelin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tremaroli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Liver tissue microbiome in NAFLD: next step in understanding the gut-liver axis?</span> <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">69</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1373</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">4</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320490">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320490</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32060128</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2019-320490%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F32060128%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjY5LzgvMTM3MyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-103-1" title="View reference 103 in text" id="ref-103">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.103"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Anhê</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">FF</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Barra</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NG</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cavallari</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JF</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Metabolic endotoxemia is dictated by the type of lipopolysaccharide</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Rep</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">36</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">109691</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109691">doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109691</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34525353</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BRep%26rft.volume%253D36%26rft.spage%253D109691%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-104-1" title="View reference 104 in text" id="ref-104">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.104" data-doi="10.1126/science.1179721"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Vijay-Kumar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Aitken</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Carvalho</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">FA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Science</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">328</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">228</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">31</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1179721">doi:10.1126/science.1179721</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203013</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1179721%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20203013%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzMjgvNTk3NS8yMjgiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-104-1" title="View reference 105 in text" id="ref-105">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.105" data-doi="10.1172/JCI33084"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Vijay-Kumar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sanders</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">CJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Taylor</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RT</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Deletion of TLR5 results in spontaneous colitis in mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Clin Invest</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2007</span>;<span class="cit-vol">117</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3909</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">21</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI33084">doi:10.1172/JCI33084</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18008007</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BClinical%2BInvestigation%26rft.stitle%253DJCI%26rft.volume%253D117%26rft.issue%253D12%26rft.spage%253D3909%26rft.epage%253D3921%26rft.atitle%253DDeletion%2Bof%2BTLR5%2Bresults%2Bin%2Bspontaneous%2Bcolitis%2Bin%2Bmice.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1172%252FJCI33084%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18008007%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1172/JCI33084&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=18008007&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000251396600038&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-106-1" title="View reference 106 in text" id="ref-106">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.106" data-doi="10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Takeda</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Akira</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Dermatol Sci</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">34</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">73</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">82</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002">doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15033189</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bdermatological%2Bscience%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BDermatol%2BSci%26rft.aulast%253DTakeda%26rft.auinit1%253DK.%26rft.volume%253D34%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D73%26rft.epage%253D82%26rft.atitle%253DMicrobial%2Brecognition%2Bby%2BToll-like%2Breceptors.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.jdermsci.2003.10.002%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15033189%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15033189&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000220530400001&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-107-1" title="View reference 107 in text" id="ref-107">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.107" data-doi="10.1038/ncomms6648"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Geurts</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Caesar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Intestinal epithelial MyD88 is a sensor switching host metabolism towards obesity according to nutritional status</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Commun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">5</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">5648</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6648">doi:10.1038/ncomms6648</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25476696</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BCommun%26rft.volume%253D5%26rft.spage%253D5648%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fncomms6648%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25476696%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/ncomms6648&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=25476696&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-108-1" title="View reference 108 in text" id="ref-108">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.108" data-doi="10.1038/msb.2010.46"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Muccioli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">GG</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Naslain</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bäckhed</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Mol Syst Biol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">392</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/msb.2010.46">doi:10.1038/msb.2010.46</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664638</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2BSystems%2BBiology%26rft.stitle%253DMol%2BSyst%2BBiol%26rft.aulast%253DMuccioli%26rft.auinit1%253DG.%2BG.%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D392%26rft.epage%253D392%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Bendocannabinoid%2Bsystem%2Blinks%2Bgut%2Bmicrobiota%2Bto%2Badipogenesis%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fmsb.2010.46%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20664638%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoibXNiIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjc6IjYvMS8zOTIiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-109-1" title="View reference 109 in text" id="ref-109">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.109" data-doi="10.1038/nrendo.2015.211"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Plovier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Endocannabinoids--at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">133</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">43</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.211">doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.211</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678807</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253D133%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnrendo.2015.211%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26678807%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nrendo.2015.211&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26678807&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-110-1" title="View reference 110 in text" id="ref-110">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.110" data-doi="10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.034"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Devane</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">WA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Dysarz</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">FA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Johnson</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MR</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Mol Pharmacol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1988</span>;<span class="cit-vol">34</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">605</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">13</span>.<span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2848184</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2BPharmacology%26rft.stitle%253DMol.%2BPharmacol.%26rft.aulast%253DDevane%26rft.auinit1%253DW.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D34%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D605%26rft.epage%253D613%26rft.atitle%253DDetermination%2Band%2Bcharacterization%2Bof%2Ba%2Bcannabinoid%2Breceptor%2Bin%2Brat%2Bbrain%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.brainres.2014.11.034%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2848184%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoibW9scGhhcm0iO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6ODoiMzQvNS82MDUiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-111-1" title="View reference 111 in text" id="ref-111">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.111" data-doi="10.1038/365061a0"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Munro</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Thomas</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">KL</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Abu-Shaar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1993</span>;<span class="cit-vol">365</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">61</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">5</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365061a0">doi:10.1038/365061a0</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7689702</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.aulast%253DMunro%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%26rft.volume%253D365%26rft.issue%253D6441%26rft.spage%253D61%26rft.epage%253D65%26rft.atitle%253DMolecular%2Bcharacterization%2Bof%2Ba%2Bperipheral%2Breceptor%2Bfor%2Bcannabinoids.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252F365061a0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7689702%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/365061a0&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=7689702&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1993LV64600054&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-112-1" title="View reference 112 in text" id="ref-112">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.112" data-doi="10.1124/pr.54.2.161"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Howlett</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AC</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Barth</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bonner</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TI</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">International Union of pharmacology. XXVII. classification of cannabinoid receptors</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Pharmacol Rev</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2002</span>;<span class="cit-vol">54</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">161</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">202</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.54.2.161">doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.161</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12037135</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPharmacological%2BReviews%26rft.stitle%253DPharmacol.%2BRev.%26rft.aulast%253DHowlett%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BC.%26rft.volume%253D54%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D161%26rft.epage%253D202%26rft.atitle%253DInternational%2BUnion%2Bof%2BPharmacology.%2BXXVII.%2BClassification%2Bof%2BCannabinoid%2BReceptors%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1124%252Fpr.54.2.161%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12037135%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoicGhhcm1yZXYiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6ODoiNTQvMi8xNjEiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-113-1" title="View reference 113 in text" id="ref-113">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.113" data-doi="10.1126/science.1470919"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Devane</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">WA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hanus</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Breuer</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Science</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1992</span>;<span class="cit-vol">258</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1946</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1470919">doi:10.1126/science.1470919</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470919</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DDevane%26rft.auinit1%253DW.%26rft.volume%253D258%26rft.issue%253D5090%26rft.spage%253D1946%26rft.epage%253D1949%26rft.atitle%253DIsolation%2Band%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Ba%2Bbrain%2Bconstituent%2Bthat%2Bbinds%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bcannabinoid%2Breceptor%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1470919%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F1470919%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIyNTgvNTA5MC8xOTQ2IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-114-1" title="View reference 114 in text" id="ref-114">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.114" data-doi="10.1016/0006-2952(95)00109-D"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mechoulam</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ben-Shabat</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hanus</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Biochem Pharmacol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">1995</span>;<span class="cit-vol">50</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">83</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">90</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(95)00109-D">doi:10.1016/0006-2952(95)00109-D</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiochemical%2Bpharmacology%26rft.stitle%253DBiochem%2BPharmacol%26rft.aulast%253DMechoulam%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%26rft.volume%253D50%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D83%26rft.epage%253D90%26rft.atitle%253DIdentification%2Bof%2Ban%2Bendogenous%2B2-monoglyceride%252C%2Bpresent%2Bin%2Bcanine%2Bgut%252C%2Bthat%2Bbinds%2Bto%2Bcannabinoid%2Breceptors.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0006-2952%252895%252900109-D%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7605349%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/0006-2952(95)00109-D&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=7605349&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1995RH27200012&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-115-1" title="View reference 115 in text" id="ref-115">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.115" data-doi="10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cristino</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bisogno</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Di Marzo</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Neurol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">16</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">9</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">29</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z">doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31831863</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BNeurol%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.spage%253D9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41582-019-0284-z%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F31831863%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=31831863&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-115-1" title="View reference 116 in text" id="ref-116">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.116" data-doi="10.1038/nrd.2018.115"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Di Marzo</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">New approaches and challenges to targeting the endocannabinoid system</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Drug Discov</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">17</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">623</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">39</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.115">doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.115</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30116049</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BDrug%2BDiscov%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.spage%253D623%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnrd.2018.115%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F30116049%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nrd.2018.115&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=30116049&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-117-1" title="View reference 117 in text" id="ref-117">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.117" data-doi="10.1152/ajpendo.00269.2012"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Syed</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SK</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bui</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">HH</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Beavers</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">LS</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Regulation of GPR119 receptor activity with endocannabinoid-like lipids</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2012</span>;<span class="cit-vol">303</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">E1469</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">78</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00269.2012">doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00269.2012</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074242</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BPhysiol%2BEndocrinol%2BMetab%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1152%252Fajpendo.00269.2012%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23074242%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1152/ajpendo.00269.2012&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23074242&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-118-1" title="View reference 118 in text" id="ref-118">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.118"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Depommier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Vitale</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Iannotti</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">FA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Beneficial effects of Akkermansia muciniphila are not associated with major changes in the circulating Endocannabinoidome but linked to higher Mono-Palmitoyl-Glycerol levels as new PPARα agonists</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cells</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">10</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">185</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010185">doi:10.3390/cells10010185</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCells%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.spage%253D185%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-119-1" title="View reference 119 in text" id="ref-119">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.119"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Geurts</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Muccioli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">GG</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Delzenne</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NM</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Chronic endocannabinoid system stimulation induces muscle macrophage and lipid accumulation in type 2 diabetic mice independently of metabolic endotoxaemia</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">PLoS One</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">8</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">e55963</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055963">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055963</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393605</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPLoS%2BOne%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.spage%253De55963%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-120-1" title="View reference 120 in text" id="ref-120">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.120" data-doi="10.3389/fmicb.2011.00149"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Geurts</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lazarevic</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Derrien</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Altered gut microbiota and endocannabinoid system tone in obese and diabetic leptin-resistant mice: impact on apelin regulation in adipose tissue</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Front Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2011</span>;<span class="cit-vol">2</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">149</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00149">doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00149</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808634</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.stitle%253DFront%2BMicrobiol%26rft.aulast%253DGeurts%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%26rft.volume%253D2%26rft.spage%253D149%26rft.epage%253D149%26rft.atitle%253DAltered%2Bgut%2Bmicrobiota%2Band%2Bendocannabinoid%2Bsystem%2Btone%2Bin%2Bobese%2Band%2Bdiabetic%2Bleptin-resistant%2Bmice%253A%2Bimpact%2Bon%2Bapelin%2Bregulation%2Bin%2Badipose%2Btissue.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.3389%252Ffmicb.2011.00149%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21808634%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.3389/fmicb.2011.00149&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=21808634&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-120-1" title="View reference 121 in text" id="ref-121">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.121"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Suriano</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Manca</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Flamand</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Exploring the endocannabinoidome in genetically obese (ob/ob) and diabetic (db/db) mice: links with inflammation and gut microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2022</span>;<span class="cit-vol">1867</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">159056</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159056">doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159056</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34606993</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiochim%2BBiophys%2BActa%2BMol%2BCell%2BBiol%2BLipids%26rft.volume%253D1867%26rft.spage%253D159056%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-122-1" title="View reference 122 in text" id="ref-122">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.122" data-doi="10.1038/ncomms7495"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Geurts</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Adipose tissue NAPE-PLD controls fat mass development by altering the browning process and gut microbiota</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Commun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2015</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">6495</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7495">doi:10.1038/ncomms7495</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25757720</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BCommun%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253D6495%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fncomms7495%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25757720%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/ncomms7495&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=25757720&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-122-1" title="View reference 123 in text" id="ref-123">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.123" data-doi="10.1038/s41467-018-08051-7"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Plovier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rastelli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Intestinal epithelial N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D links dietary fat to metabolic adaptations in obesity and steatosis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Commun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">10</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">457</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08051-7">doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08051-7</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30692526</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BCommun%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.spage%253D457%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41467-018-08051-7%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41467-018-08051-7&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-122-1" title="View reference 124 in text" id="ref-124">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.124"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lefort</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Roumain</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Hepatic NAPE-PLD is a key regulator of liver lipid metabolism</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cells</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">9</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">1247</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051247">doi:10.3390/cells9051247</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32443626</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCells%26rft.volume%253D9%26rft.spage%253D1247%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-122-1" title="View reference 125 in text" id="ref-125">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.125"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rastelli</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Terrasi</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Intestinal NAPE-PLD contributes to short-term regulation of food intake via gut-to-brain axis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">319</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">E647</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">57</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00146.2020">doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00146.2020</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32776827</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BPhysiol%2BEndocrinol%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D319%26rft.spage%253DE647%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-126-1" title="View reference 126 in text" id="ref-126">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.126" data-doi="10.1194/jlr.RA119000424"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Manca</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Boubertakh</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Leblanc</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Germ-Free mice exhibit profound gut microbiota-dependent alterations of intestinal endocannabinoidome signaling</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Lipid Res</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">61</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">70</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">85</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.RA119000424">doi:10.1194/jlr.RA119000424</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31690638</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BLipid%2BRes%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1194%252Fjlr.RA119000424%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F31690638%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiamxyIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjc6IjYxLzEvNzAiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-127-1" title="View reference 127 in text" id="ref-127">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.127" data-doi="doi:10.1038/nature23874"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cohen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">LJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Esterhazy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kim</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S-H</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">549</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">48</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">53</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23874">doi:10.1038/nature23874</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28854168</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D549%26rft.spage%253D48%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252Fdoi%253A10.1038%252Fnature23874%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F28854168%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=doi:10.1038/nature23874&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=28854168&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-128-1" title="View reference 128 in text" id="ref-128">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.128"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lefort</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The liver under the spotlight: bile acids and oxysterols as pivotal actors controlling metabolism</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cells</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">10</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">400</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020400">doi:10.3390/cells10020400</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33669184</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCells%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.spage%253D400%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-129-1" title="View reference 129 in text" id="ref-129">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.129" data-doi="10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124344"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Chiang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JYL</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ferrell</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JM</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Bile acids as metabolic regulators and nutrient sensors</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Annu Rev Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">39</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">175</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">200</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124344">doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124344</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31018107</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnu%2BRev%2BNutr%26rft.volume%253D39%26rft.spage%253D175%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1146%252Fannurev-nutr-082018-124344%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124344&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-130-1" title="View reference 130 in text" id="ref-130">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.130" data-doi="10.1126/science.1070477"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Makishima</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lu</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TT</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Xie</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">W</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Science</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2002</span>;<span class="cit-vol">296</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1313</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1070477">doi:10.1126/science.1070477</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016314</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DMakishima%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D296%26rft.issue%253D5571%26rft.spage%253D1313%26rft.epage%253D1316%26rft.atitle%253DVitamin%2BD%2BReceptor%2BAs%2Ban%2BIntestinal%2BBile%2BAcid%2BSensor%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1070477%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12016314%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIyOTYvNTU3MS8xMzEzIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-131-1" title="View reference 131 in text" id="ref-131">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.131" data-doi="10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.01.014"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ihunnah</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">CA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Jiang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Xie</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">W</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Nuclear receptor PXR, transcriptional circuits and metabolic relevance</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Biochim Biophys Acta</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2011</span>;<span class="cit-vol">1812</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">956</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">63</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.01.014">doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.01.014</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295138</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiochimica%2Bet%2BBiophysica%2BActa.%2BProtein%2BStructure%2Band%2BMolecular%2BEnzymology%26rft.stitle%253DBiochimica%2Bet%2BBiophysica%2BActa.%2BProtein%2BStructure%2Band%2BMolecular%2BEnzymology%26rft.aulast%253DIhunnah%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D1812%26rft.issue%253D8%26rft.spage%253D956%26rft.epage%253D963%26rft.atitle%253DNuclear%2Breceptor%2BPXR%252C%2Btranscriptional%2Bcircuits%2Band%2Bmetabolic%2Brelevance.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.bbadis.2011.01.014%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21295138%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.01.014&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=21295138&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000292350400018&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-132-1" title="View reference 132 in text" id="ref-132">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.132" data-doi="10.1002/hep.20784"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wagner</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Halilbasic</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Marschall</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H-U</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Car and PXR agonists stimulate hepatic bile acid and bilirubin detoxification and elimination pathways in mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Hepatology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">42</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">420</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">30</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20784">doi:10.1002/hep.20784</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986414</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DHepatology%2B%2528Baltimore%252C%2BMd.%2529%26rft.stitle%253DHepatology%26rft.aulast%253DWagner%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D42%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D420%26rft.epage%253D430%26rft.atitle%253DCAR%2Band%2BPXR%2Bagonists%2Bstimulate%2Bhepatic%2Bbile%2Bacid%2Band%2Bbilirubin%2Bdetoxification%2Band%2Belimination%2Bpathways%2Bin%2Bmice.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1002%252Fhep.20784%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15986414%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1002/hep.20784&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15986414&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000230864900022&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-128-2" title="View reference 133 in text" id="ref-133">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.133" data-doi="10.1038/nrendo.2014.60"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kuipers</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bloks</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">VW</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Groen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AK</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Beyond intestinal soap--bile acids in metabolic control</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2014</span>;<span class="cit-vol">10</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">488</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">98</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.60">doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.60</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821328</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.spage%253D488%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnrendo.2014.60%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24821328%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nrendo.2014.60&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=24821328&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-128-2" title="View reference 134 in text" id="ref-134">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.134" data-doi="10.1038/s41574-019-0266-7"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ahmad</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TR</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Haeusler</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RA</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Bile acids in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling - mechanisms and research needs</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">15</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">701</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">12</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0266-7">doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0266-7</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31616073</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.spage%253D701%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41574-019-0266-7%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F31616073%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41574-019-0266-7&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=31616073&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-135-1" title="View reference 135 in text" id="ref-135">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.135" data-doi="10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ridlon</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D-J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hylemon</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PB</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Lipid Res</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2006</span>;<span class="cit-vol">47</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">241</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">59</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200">doi:10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299351</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BLipid%2BRes%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1194%252Fjlr.R500013-JLR200%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16299351%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiamxyIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjQ3LzIvMjQxIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-135-1" title="View reference 136 in text" id="ref-136">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.136" data-doi="10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ridlon</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Harris</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SC</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bhowmik</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut Microbes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">7</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">22</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">39</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483">doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939849</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%2BMicrobes%26rft.volume%253D7%26rft.spage%253D22%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1080%252F19490976.2015.1127483%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26939849%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26939849&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-137-1" title="View reference 137 in text" id="ref-137">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.137" data-doi="10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.013"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">de Aguiar Vallim</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TQ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tarling</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Edwards</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PA</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2013</span>;<span class="cit-vol">17</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">657</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">69</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.013">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.013</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23602448</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.spage%253D657%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cmet.2013.03.013%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23602448%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.013&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=23602448&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000326266000008&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-138-1" title="View reference 138 in text" id="ref-138">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.138" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.0804437105"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Jones</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">BV</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Begley</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hill</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Functional and comparative metagenomic analysis of bile salt hydrolase activity in the human gut microbiome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">105</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">13580</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">5</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804437105">doi:10.1073/pnas.0804437105</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757757</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DProc%2BNatl%2BAcad%2BSci%2BU%2BS%2BA%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.0804437105%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18757757%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMjoiMTA1LzM2LzEzNTgwIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-139-1" title="View reference 139 in text" id="ref-139">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.139"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sato</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Atarashi</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">K</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Plichta</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">DR</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Novel bile acid biosynthetic pathways are enriched in the microbiome of centenarians</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">599</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">458</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">64</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03832-5">doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03832-5</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34325466</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D599%26rft.spage%253D458%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-48-2" title="View reference 140 in text" id="ref-140">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.140"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Dong</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Perdew</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">GH</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a mediator of host-microbiota interplay</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut Microbes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">1859812</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1859812">doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1859812</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33382356</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%2BMicrobes%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253D1859812%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-141-1" title="View reference 141 in text" id="ref-141">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.141"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Natividad</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Agus</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Planchais</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Impaired aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is a key factor in metabolic syndrome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">28</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">737</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">49</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.001">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.001</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057068</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D28%26rft.spage%253D737%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-142-1" title="View reference 142 in text" id="ref-142">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.142"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y-H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Luck</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Khan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist indigo protects against obesity-related insulin resistance through modulation of intestinal and metabolic tissue immunity</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Int J Obes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">43</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2407</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">21</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0340-1">doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0340-1</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30944419</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BObes%26rft.volume%253D43%26rft.spage%253D2407%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-143-1" title="View reference 143 in text" id="ref-143">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.143" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.2000047117"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Scott</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SA</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fu</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Chang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PV</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Microbial tryptophan metabolites regulate gut barrier function via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">117</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">19376</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">87</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000047117">doi:10.1073/pnas.2000047117</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32719140</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DProc%2BNatl%2BAcad%2BSci%2BU%2BS%2BA%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.2000047117%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F32719140%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMjoiMTE3LzMyLzE5Mzc2IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-144-1" title="View reference 144 in text" id="ref-144">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.144" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313432"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Grander</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Adolph</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TE</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wieser</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Recovery of ethanol-induced Akkermansia muciniphila depletion ameliorates alcoholic liver disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">67</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">891</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">901</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313432">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313432</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28550049</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2016-313432%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F28550049%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjY3LzUvODkxIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-145-1" title="View reference 145 in text" id="ref-145">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.145" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321565"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wrzosek</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ciocan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hugot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Microbiota tryptophan metabolism induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and improves alcohol-induced liver injury</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">70</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1299</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">308</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321565">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321565</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004548</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2020-321565%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F33004548%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjcwLzcvMTI5OSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-146-1" title="View reference 146 in text" id="ref-146">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.146" data-doi="10.1038/nm.4102"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lamas</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Richard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">ML</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Leducq</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Card9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Med</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">22</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">598</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">605</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.4102">doi:10.1038/nm.4102</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27158904</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D22%26rft.spage%253D598%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnm.4102%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27158904%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nm.4102&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=27158904&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-147-1" title="View reference 147 in text" id="ref-147">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.147" data-doi="10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0624"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lamas</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hernandez-Galan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Galipeau</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">HJ</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is decreased in celiac disease leading to intestinal inflammation</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Sci Transl Med</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">eaba0624</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0624">doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0624</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33087499</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%2BTranslational%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DSci%2BTransl%2BMed%26rft.aulast%253DLamas%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.issue%253D566%26rft.spage%253Deaba0624%26rft.epage%253Deaba0624%26rft.atitle%253DAryl%2Bhydrocarbon%2Breceptor%2Bligand%2Bproduction%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bgut%2Bmicrobiota%2Bis%2Bdecreased%2Bin%2Bceliac%2Bdisease%2Bleading%2Bto%2Bintestinal%2Binflammation%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscitranslmed.aba0624%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F33087499%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTE6InNjaXRyYW5zbWVkIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjE1OiIxMi81NjYvZWFiYTA2MjQiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-148-1" title="View reference 148 in text" id="ref-148">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.148"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Uberoi</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bartow-McKenney</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zheng</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Q</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Commensal microbiota regulates skin barrier function and repair via signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Host Microbe</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">29</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1235</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">48</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.011">doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.011</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34214492</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BHost%2BMicrobe%26rft.volume%253D29%26rft.spage%253D1235%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-149-1" title="View reference 149 in text" id="ref-149">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.149"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Erturk-Hasdemir</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">D</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Oh</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SF</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Okan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Symbionts exploit complex signaling to educate the immune system</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915978116">doi:10.1073/pnas.1915978116</a>. [Epub ahead of print: <span class="cit-comment">06 Dec 2019</span>].<span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31811024</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-149-1" title="View reference 150 in text" id="ref-150">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.150" data-doi="10.1038/s41586-021-04083-0"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Oh</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SF</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Praveena</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Song</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Host immunomodulatory lipids created by symbionts from dietary amino acids</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nature</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">600</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">302</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">7</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04083-0">doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04083-0</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34759313</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D600%26rft.spage%253D302%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fs41586-021-04083-0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/s41586-021-04083-0&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-151-1" title="View reference 151 in text" id="ref-151">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.151" data-doi="10.1126/science.abc9113"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Griffin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">ME</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Espinosa</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Becker</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JL</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Enterococcus peptidoglycan remodeling promotes checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Science</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">373</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1040</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">6</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc9113">doi:10.1126/science.abc9113</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34446607</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DGriffin%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BE.%26rft.volume%253D373%26rft.issue%253D6558%26rft.spage%253D1040%26rft.epage%253D1046%26rft.atitle%253DEnterococcus%2Bpeptidoglycan%2Bremodeling%2Bpromotes%2Bcheckpoint%2Binhibitor%2Bcancer%2Bimmunotherapy%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.abc9113%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F34446607%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIzNzMvNjU1OC8xMDQwIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-152-1" title="View reference 152 in text" id="ref-152">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.152" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.0810305105"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Konstantinov</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SR</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Smidt</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">de Vos</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">WM</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">S layer protein A of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM regulates immature dendritic cell and T cell functions</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2008</span>;<span class="cit-vol">105</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">19474</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810305105">doi:10.1073/pnas.0810305105</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047644</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DProc%2BNatl%2BAcad%2BSci%2BU%2BS%2BA%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.0810305105%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19047644%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMjoiMTA1LzQ5LzE5NDc0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-152-2" title="View reference 153 in text" id="ref-153">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.153" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0151824"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tytgat</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">HLP</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">van Teijlingen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NH</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sullan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">RMA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Probiotic gut microbiota isolate interacts with dendritic cells via glycosylated heterotrimeric pili</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">PLoS One</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">11</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">e0151824</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151824">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151824</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26985831</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPLoS%2BOne%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253De0151824%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0151824%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26985831%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1371/journal.pone.0151824&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26985831&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-154-1" title="View reference 154 in text" id="ref-154">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.154" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.1105380108"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">O'Connell Motherway</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zomer</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Leahy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SC</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Functional genome analysis of Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 reveals type IVb tight adherence (TAD) pili as an essential and conserved host-colonization factor</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2011</span>;<span class="cit-vol">108</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">11217</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">22</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105380108">doi:10.1073/pnas.1105380108</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21690406</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DProc%2BNatl%2BAcad%2BSci%2BU%2BS%2BA%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.1105380108%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21690406%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMjoiMTA4LzI3LzExMjE3IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-154-1" title="View reference 155 in text" id="ref-155">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.155" data-doi="10.1111/mmi.14155"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">O'Connell Motherway</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Houston</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">O'Callaghan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">A bifidobacterial pilus-associated protein promotes colonic epithelial proliferation</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Mol Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">111</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">287</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">301</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mmi.14155">doi:10.1111/mmi.14155</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30352131</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMol%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D111%26rft.spage%253D287%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fmmi.14155%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/mmi.14155&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-156-1" title="View reference 156 in text" id="ref-156">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.156" data-doi="10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.017"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Breton</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Tennoune</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lucas</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Gut Commensal E. coli Proteins Activate Host Satiety Pathways following Nutrient-Induced Bacterial Growth</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">23</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">324</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">34</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.017">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.017</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26621107</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D23%26rft.spage%253D324%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cmet.2015.10.017%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26621107%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.017&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26621107&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-157-1" title="View reference 157 in text" id="ref-157">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.157"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Legrand</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lucas</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Dominique</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Commensal Hafnia alvei strain reduces food intake and fat mass in obese mice-a new potential probiotic for appetite and body weight management</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Int J Obes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">44</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1041</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">51</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0515-9">doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0515-9</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31911661</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BObes%26rft.volume%253D44%26rft.spage%253D1041%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-43-2" title="View reference 158 in text" id="ref-158">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.158"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Depommier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Druart</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Serum metabolite profiling yields insights into health promoting effect of A. muciniphila in human volunteers with a metabolic syndrome</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut Microbes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">13</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">1994270</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1994270">doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1994270</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34812127</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%2BMicrobes%26rft.volume%253D13%26rft.spage%253D1994270%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-159-1" title="View reference 159 in text" id="ref-159">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.159"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Yoon</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">HS</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cho</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">CH</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Yun</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MS</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease in mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">6</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">563</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">73</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00880-5">doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00880-5</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33820962</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253D563%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-159-1" title="View reference 160 in text" id="ref-160">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.160"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Knauf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">A newly identified protein from Akkermansia muciniphila stimulates GLP-1 secretion</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">33</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1073</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">5</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.004">doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.004</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34077715</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D33%26rft.spage%253D1073%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-161-1" title="View reference 161 in text" id="ref-161">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.161"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Meng</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">X</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wu</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Akkermansia muciniphila Aspartic Protease Amuc_1434* Inhibits Human Colorectal Cancer LS174T Cell Viability via TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis Pathway</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">21</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">3385</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093385">doi:10.3390/ijms21093385</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32403433</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BMol%2BSci%26rft.volume%253D21%26rft.spage%253D3385%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-43-3" title="View reference 162 in text" id="ref-162">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.162" data-doi="10.1080/19490976.2020.1737307"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Depommier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila increases whole-body energy expenditure and fecal energy excretion in diet-induced obese mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut Microbes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">11</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1231</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">45</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1737307">doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1737307</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32167023</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%2BMicrobes%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253D1231%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1080%252F19490976.2020.1737307%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1080/19490976.2020.1737307&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-43-3" title="View reference 163 in text" id="ref-163">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.163" data-doi="10.1038/nm.4236"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Plovier</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Everard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Druart</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Med</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">23</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">107</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">13</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.4236">doi:10.1038/nm.4236</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27892954</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D23%26rft.spage%253D107%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnm.4236%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27892954%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nm.4236&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=27892954&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-164-1" title="View reference 164 in text" id="ref-164">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.164" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0173004"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ottman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Reunanen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Meijerink</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Pili-like proteins of Akkermansia muciniphila modulate host immune responses and gut barrier function</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">PLoS One</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">e0173004</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173004">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173004</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28249045</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPLoS%2BOne%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253De0173004%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0173004%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1371/journal.pone.0173004&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-165-1" title="View reference 165 in text" id="ref-165">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.165"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ottman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">N</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Davids</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Suarez-Diez</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Genome-Scale Model and Omics Analysis of Metabolic Capacities of Akkermansia muciniphila Reveal a Preferential Mucin-Degrading Lifestyle</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Appl Environ Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">83</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">e01014</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">7</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01014-17">doi:10.1128/AEM.01014-17</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28687644</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAppl%2BEnviron%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D83%26rft.spage%253De01014%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-166-1" title="View reference 166 in text" id="ref-166">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.166" data-doi="10.1159/000500602"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Knauf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Abot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wemelle</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Targeting the Enteric Nervous System to Treat Metabolic Disorders? "Enterosynes" as Therapeutic Gut Factors</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Neuroendocrinology</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">110</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">139</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">46</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500602">doi:10.1159/000500602</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31280267</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNeuroendocrinology%26rft.volume%253D110%26rft.spage%253D139%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1159%252F000500602%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1159/000500602&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-166-2" title="View reference 167 in text" id="ref-167">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.167" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310230"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fournel</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Drougard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Duparc</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Apelin targets gut contraction to control glucose metabolism via the brain</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">66</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">258</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">69</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310230">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310230</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26565000</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2015-310230%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26565000%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjg6IjY2LzIvMjU4IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-167-1" title="View reference 168 in text" id="ref-168">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.168" data-doi="10.1172/JCI25764"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Knauf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Perrin</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Brain glucagon-like peptide-1 increases insulin secretion and muscle insulin resistance to favor hepatic glycogen storage</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Clin Invest</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">115</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">3554</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">63</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI25764">doi:10.1172/JCI25764</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322793</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BClinical%2BInvestigation%26rft.stitle%253DJCI%26rft.aulast%253DKnauf%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%26rft.volume%253D115%26rft.issue%253D12%26rft.spage%253D3554%26rft.epage%253D3563%26rft.atitle%253DBrain%2Bglucagon-like%2Bpeptide-1%2Bincreases%2Binsulin%2Bsecretion%2Band%2Bmuscle%2Binsulin%2Bresistance%2Bto%2Bfavor%2Bhepatic%2Bglycogen%2Bstorage.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1172%252FJCI25764%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16322793%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1172/JCI25764&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=16322793&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000233763400033&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-167-1" title="View reference 169 in text" id="ref-169">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.169"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Abot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Lucas</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bautzova</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Galanin enhances systemic glucose metabolism through enteric nitric oxide Synthase-expressed neurons</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Mol Metab</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">10</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">100</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">8</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.020">doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.020</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29428595</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMol%2BMetab%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.spage%253D100%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-167-1" title="View reference 170 in text" id="ref-170">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.170" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320230"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Abot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wemelle</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Laurens</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Identification of new enterosynes using prebiotics: roles of bioactive lipids and mu-opioid receptor signalling in humans and mice</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">70</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1078</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">87</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320230">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320230</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33020209</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2019-320230%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F33020209%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjcwLzYvMTA3OCI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-169-1" title="View reference 171 in text" id="ref-171">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.171"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Abot</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Cani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">PD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Knauf</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Impact of intestinal peptides on the enteric nervous system: novel approaches to control glucose metabolism and food intake</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Front Endocrinol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">9</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">328</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00328">doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00328</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29988396</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFront%2BEndocrinol%26rft.volume%253D9%26rft.spage%253D328%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-172-1" title="View reference 172 in text" id="ref-172">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.172" data-doi="10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321173"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Pujo</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Petitfils</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Le Faouder</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Bacteria-Derived long chain fatty acid exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in colitis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">70</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1088</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">97</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321173">doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321173</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978245</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2020-321173%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F32978245%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZ3V0am5sIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjcwLzYvMTA4OCI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIyOiIvZ3V0am5sLzcxLzUvMTAyMC5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-173-1" title="View reference 173 in text" id="ref-173">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.173" data-doi="10.1186/s12885-016-2213-5"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sakellariou</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fragkou</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Levidou</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Clinical significance of AGE-RAGE axis in colorectal cancer: associations with glyoxalase-I, adiponectin receptor expression and prognosis</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">BMC Cancer</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">16</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">174</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2213-5">doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2213-5</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931562</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMC%2BCancer%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.spage%253D174%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1186%252Fs12885-016-2213-5%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26931562%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1186/s12885-016-2213-5&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26931562&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-173-1" title="View reference 174 in text" id="ref-174">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.174"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Peppa</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mavroeidi</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">I</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Experimental animal studies support the role of dietary advanced glycation end products in health and disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nutrients</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">13</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">3467</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103467">doi:10.3390/nu13103467</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34684468</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNutrients%26rft.volume%253D13%26rft.spage%253D3467%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-175-1" title="View reference 175 in text" id="ref-175">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.175"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Qu</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">W</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Yuan</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">X</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhao</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Dietary advanced glycation end products modify gut microbial composition and partially increase colon permeability in rats</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Mol Nutr Food Res</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2017</span>;<span class="cit-vol">61</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">mnfr.201700118</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1700118</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201700118">doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700118</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28621836</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMol%2BNutr%2BFood%2BRes%26rft.volume%253D61%26rft.spage%253Dmnfr.201700118%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-176-1" title="View reference 176 in text" id="ref-176">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.176" data-doi="10.1074/jbc.M200863200"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wiame</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Delpierre</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">G</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Collard</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">F</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Identification of a pathway for the utilization of the Amadori product fructoselysine in Escherichia coli</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Biol Chem</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2002</span>;<span class="cit-vol">277</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">42523</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">9</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200863200">doi:10.1074/jbc.M200863200</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12147680</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BBiol%2BChem%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1074%252Fjbc.M200863200%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12147680%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiamJjIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIyNzcvNDUvNDI1MjMiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-177-1" title="View reference 177 in text" id="ref-177">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.177"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">TPN</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Troise</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nijsse</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Intestinimonas-like bacteria are important butyrate producers that utilize Nε-fructosyllysine and lysine in formula-fed infants and adults</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Journal of Functional Foods</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">70</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">103974</span>.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-178-1" title="View reference 178 in text" id="ref-178">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.178" data-doi="10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02208"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bui</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TPN</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Troise</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AD</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fogliano</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">V</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Anaerobic degradation of N-ε-Carboxymethyllysine, a major glycation end-product, by human intestinal bacteria</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Agric Food Chem</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">67</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">6594</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">602</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02208">doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02208</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31091091</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BAgric%2BFood%2BChem%26rft.volume%253D67%26rft.spage%253D6594%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1021%252Facs.jafc.9b02208%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02208&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-179-1" title="View reference 179 in text" id="ref-179">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.179" data-doi="10.1093/jn/133.5.1302"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zeisel</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SH</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Mar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M-H</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Howe</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JC</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Nutr</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2003</span>;<span class="cit-vol">133</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1302</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">7</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.5.1302">doi:10.1093/jn/133.5.1302</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730414</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BJournal%2Bof%2BNutrition%26rft.stitle%253DJ.%2BNutr.%26rft.aulast%253DZeisel%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BH.%26rft.volume%253D133%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D1302%26rft.epage%253D1307%26rft.atitle%253DConcentrations%2Bof%2BCholine-Containing%2BCompounds%2Band%2BBetaine%2Bin%2BCommon%2BFoods%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1093%252Fjn%252F133.5.1302%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12730414%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6OToibnV0cml0aW9uIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEwOiIxMzMvNS8xMzAyIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9ndXRqbmwvNzEvNS8xMDIwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-179-1" title="View reference 180 in text" id="ref-180">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.180" data-doi="10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.09.023"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Demarquoy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">J</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Georges</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">B</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Rigault</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">C</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Radioisotopic determination of L-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Food Chem</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">86</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">137</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">42</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.09.023">doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.09.023</a> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFood%2BChem%26rft.volume%253D86%26rft.spage%253D137%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.foodchem.2003.09.023%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.09.023&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000189224800020&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-181-1" title="View reference 181 in text" id="ref-181">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.181" data-doi="10.1038/nrmicro.2017.149"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Brown</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JM</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hazen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">SL</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Microbial modulation of cardiovascular disease</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Rev Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">16</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">171</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">81</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.149">doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.149</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29307889</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BRev%2BMicrobiol%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.spage%253D171%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnrmicro.2017.149%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F29307889%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.149&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=29307889&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-182-1" title="View reference 182 in text" id="ref-182">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.182"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Koay</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">YC</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Chen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y-C</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Wali</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JA</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide can be increased with 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' diets and do not correlate with the extent of atherosclerosis but with plaque instability</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cardiovasc Res</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2021</span>;<span class="cit-vol">117</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">435</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">49</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa094">doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa094</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32267921</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCardiovasc%2BRes%26rft.volume%253D117%26rft.spage%253D435%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-183-1" title="View reference 183 in text" id="ref-183">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.183"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Velasquez</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">MT</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ramezani</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Manal</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Toxins</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">8</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">326</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8110326">doi:10.3390/toxins8110326</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27834801</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DToxins%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.spage%253D326%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-184-1" title="View reference 184 in text" id="ref-184">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.184" data-doi="10.1074/jbc.RA119.009886"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Picking</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">JW</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Behrman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">MtpB, a member of the MttB superfamily from the human intestinal acetogen Eubacterium limosum, catalyzes proline betaine demethylation</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Biol Chem</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2019</span>;<span class="cit-vol">294</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">13697</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">707</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.009886">doi:10.1074/jbc.RA119.009886</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31341018</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BBiol%2BChem%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1074%252Fjbc.RA119.009886%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F31341018%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiamJjIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIyOTQvMzcvMTM2OTciO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-184-1" title="View reference 185 in text" id="ref-185">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.185" data-doi="10.1074/jbc.RA120.012934"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Kountz</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">DJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Behrman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">EJ</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Zhang</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">L</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">MtcB, a member of the MttB superfamily from the human gut acetogen Eubacterium limosum, is a cobalamin-dependent carnitine demethylase</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Biol Chem</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">295</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">11971</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">81</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA120.012934">doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.012934</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32571881</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BBiol%2BChem%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1074%252Fjbc.RA120.012934%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F32571881%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiamJjIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIyOTUvMzQvMTE5NzEiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL2d1dGpubC83MS81LzEwMjAuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-184-1" title="View reference 186 in text" id="ref-186">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.186"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Feng</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">Y</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bui</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">TPN</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Stams</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">AJM</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Comparative genomics and proteomics of Eubacterium maltosivorans: functional identification of trimethylamine methyltransferases and bacterial microcompartments in a human intestinal bacterium with a versatile lifestyle</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Environ Microbiol</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2022</span>. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15886">doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15886</a>. [Epub ahead of print: <span class="cit-comment">02 Jan 2022</span>].<span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34978130</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-187-1" title="View reference 187 in text" id="ref-187">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.187"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Molinaro</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Bel Lassen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">P</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Henricsson</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Nat Commun</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">11</span>:<span class="cit-elocation-id">5881</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19589-w">doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19589-w</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33208748</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat%2BCommun%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253D5881%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-188-1" title="View reference 188 in text" id="ref-188">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.188"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Koh</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Molinaro</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">A</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Ståhlman</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2018</span>;<span class="cit-vol">175</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">947</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">61</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.055">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.055</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401435</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D175%26rft.spage%253D947%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-50-1" title="View reference 189 in text" id="ref-189">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.189" data-doi="10.1080/19490976.2020.1823801"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Van Hul</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">M</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Le Roy</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">T</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Prifti</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">E</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">From correlation to causality: the case of Subdoligranulum</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Gut Microbes</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">12</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">13</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1849998">doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1849998</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33323004</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%2BMicrobes%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253D1%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1080%252F19490976.2020.1823801%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1080/19490976.2020.1823801&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-190-1" title="View reference 190 in text" id="ref-190">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.190" data-doi="10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Sender</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Fuchs</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">S</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Milo</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">R</span> </span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Are we really Vastly Outnumbered? revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Cell</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2016</span>;<span class="cit-vol">164</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">337</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">40</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26824647</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D164%26rft.spage%253D337%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2016.01.013%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26824647%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=26824647&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-190-1" title="View reference 191 in text" id="ref-191">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-71.5.1020.191" data-doi="10.1128/mBio.00218-20"><div class="cit-metadata"><ol class="cit-auth-list"><li> </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Neugent</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">ML</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Hulyalkar</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">NV</span> </span>, </li><li><span class="cit-auth"> <span class="cit-name-surname">Nguyen</span> <span class="cit-name-given-names">VH</span> </span>, <span class="cit-etal">et al</span> </li></ol><cite>. <span class="cit-article-title">Advances in understanding the human urinary microbiome and its potential role in urinary tract infection</span>. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">mBio</abbr> <span class="cit-pub-date">2020</span>;<span class="cit-vol">11</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">e00218</span>–<span class="cit-lpage">20</span>.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00218-20">doi:10.1128/mBio.00218-20</a><span class="cit-pub-id-sep cit-pub-id-pmid-sep"> </span><span class="cit-pub-id cit-pub-id-pmid"><span class="cit-pub-id-scheme-pmid">pmid:</span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32345639</span> </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DmBio%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253De00218%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1128%252FmBio.00218-20%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252Fhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.n%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1128/mBio.00218-20&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=http://www.n&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F71%2F5%2F1020.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li></ol></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup footnotes" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section fn-group" id="fn-group-1"><h2>Footnotes</h2><ul><li class="fn-other" id="fn-2"><p id="p-59"><span class="fn-label">Twitter</span> @matthias_vanhul, @MicrObesity</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-3"><p id="p-60">WMdV, HT, MVH and PDC contributed equally.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-4"><p id="p-61"><span class="fn-label">Correction notice</span> This article has been corrected since it published Online First. Figure 3 has been enlarged.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-5"><p id="p-62"><span class="fn-label">Contributors</span> PDC has prepared a proposal on the conception of the overall content of the manuscript. PDC, HT, WMdV and MVH have revised, amended and approved the proposal. PDC, HT, WMdV and MVH have collected content, selected the key references, written and critically reviewed the content of the manuscript. PDC and MVH have prepared the figures. PDC, HT, WMdV and MVH have all revised the final version of the manuscript. PDC, HT, WMdV and MVH contributed equally to this paper.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-6"><p id="p-63"><span class="fn-label">Funding</span> PDC is research director at FRS-FNRS (Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique) and the recipient of grants from FNRS (Projet de Recherche PDR-convention: FNRS T.0030.21, CDR-convention: J.0027.22, FRFS-WELBIO: WELBIO-CR-2017C-02E, WELBIO-CR-2019C-02R, EOS: program no. 30770923 and EOS program no. 40007505). WMDV was supported by the SIAM Gravitation Grant (024.002.002) of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. HT is supported by the excellence initiative VASCage (Centre for Promoting Vascular Health in the Ageing Community), an R&D K-Centre (COMET program—Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies) funded by the Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, the Austrian Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the federal states Tyrol, Salzburg and Vienna.</p></li><li class="fn-conflict" id="fn-7"><p id="p-64"><span class="fn-label">Competing interests</span> PDC and WMdV are inventors on patent applications dealing with the use of <em>Akkermansia muciniphila</em> and its components in the treatment of metabolic disorders. PDC and WMdV are co-founders of A-Mansia Biotech. PDC is co-founder of Enterosys. WMdV is co-founder of Caelus Health and inventor on patents on the use of <em>Eubacterium hallii</em>.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-8"><p id="p-65"><span class="fn-label">Provenance and peer review</span> Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.</p></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-template-bmjj-challenge article-login col-narrow-12 clear hidden" > <h2 class="pane-title">Read the full text or download the PDF:</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display three-layout " id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_challenge"> <div class="panel-row-wrapper row"> <div class="left-wrapper col-narrow-12 col-normal-4"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-left"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-add-to-cart" > <div class="pane-content"> <span class="highwire-foxycart-add-to-cart-ahah highwire-foxycart-add-to-cart-ahah" data-text="Buy this article (%short-price)" data-apath="/gutjnl/71/5/1020.atom" data-type="link" data-font-icon="" data-parent-id="245836"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="middle-wrapper col-narrow-12 col-normal-4"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-middle"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-article-subscribe-button" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/subscribe" class="btn btn-default btn-lg" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="right-wrapper col-narrow-12 col-normal-4"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-right article-login"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-4" > <div class="pane-content"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default btn-lg" id="sign-in" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-hidden="true">Log in <svg class="icon icon-white icon-arrow-down"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/defs.svg#icon-arrow-down"></use></svg></button> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-challenge-opportunity-pane-dropdown" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-challenge_opportunity_pane_dropdown"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-society-logins society-logins" > <div class="pane-content"> <span class="ui-button ui-state-default ui-dialog-titlebar-close" title="close"></span><div class="shib-login-link"><a href="/login/shibboleth?subcode=bmjjournals&env=prod&uri=https%3A//gut.bmj.com/accallback/content%25252F71%25252F5%25252F1020" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via Institution</a></div><div class="openathens-login-link"><a href="https://openathens-sp.highwire.org/session/init?entityID=https%3A//idp.eduserv.org.uk/openathens&hw-shib-return-uri=https%3A//gut.bmj.com/accallback/content%25252F71%25252F5%25252F1020&subcode=bmjjournals" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via OpenAthens</a></div><a href="https://www.bsg.org.uk/login.html" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via BSG</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-opportunity-challenge" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='opportunity-challenge-login'><h3>Log in using your username and password</h3><div class="drupal-login compact"><form action="/content/71/5/1020" method="post" id="highwire-user-login" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div id="edit-customtext" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item"> <span class="customtext">For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts</span> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-name">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Username" type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="30" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-pass">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Password" type="password" id="edit-pass" name="pass" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-B-WGqp_l673pbUSdUSDi4DDubfnaUKBOkhmqsp0soLo" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_user_login" /> <div class="bmjj-reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot your log in details?</a><a href="/user/register?destination=node/245852" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Register a new account?</a></div><div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Log in" class="form-submit" /></div><div class="reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot</a> your user name or password?</div></div></form></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="#" id="article-bottom"></a> </div> <div class="col-narrow-1 mobile-hidden back-top" id="back-top"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-left"> <div class="inside" id="back-top-inner"><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-back-to-top article-go-to-top" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="#block-system-main" class="back-to-top" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><svg class="icon-article icon-arrow-up-top" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/defs.svg#icon-arrow-up"></use></svg></a><a href="#article-bottom" class="back-to-top back-to-bottom" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><svg class="icon-article icon-arrow-up-top" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/defs.svg#icon-arrow-down"></use></svg></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="panel-row-wrapper panel-row-last row" id="article-bottom-row"> <div class="bottom-wrapper col-narrow-12"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-bottom"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet pane-footer-marketing-slots" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="snippet footer-marketing-slots" id="footer-marketing-slots"> <div class="snippet-content"> <iframe data-src="https://jobs.bmj.com/widget/bootstrap/job/#i=180" class="optanon-category-3" id="mdgxWidgetiFrame" title="careers widget"></iframe> <script type="text/javascript" src="//trendmd.s3.amazonaws.com/trendmd.min.js"></script> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-4">TrendMD.register( {journal_id: 39235, element: '#trendmd-suggestions', track_id: null} );</script> <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  </div>  <footer role="contentinfo" class="section section-footer container-fluid" id="footer"> <section class="zone zone-footer row footer-journal-societies"> <div class="region region-footer col-narrow-12"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-inner"> <div class="region region-footersoc"> <div id="block-panels-mini-footer-society-images" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-footer_society_images"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-societies-logos" > <div class="pane-content"> <ul><li><a href="http://www.bsg.org.uk/"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/society-logos/society-logo-bsg.png" alt="British Society of Gastroenterology" /></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section role="contentinfo" class="section section-footer"> <div class="zone zone-footer footer-links"> <nav class="row"> <div class="region region-footerlinks1"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-menu-footer-menu-1 parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded menu-mlid-15041 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Content</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-15042"><a href="/content/early/recent" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Latest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15043"><a href="/content/current" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Current issue</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15044"><a href="/content/by/year" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Archive</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15045"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/education-in-gastroenterology" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Education in Gastroenterology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15046"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/browse-by-topic/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Browse by collection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15047"><a href="https://gut.bmj.com/pages/visual-abstracts" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Visual Abstracts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15048"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/most-read-articles/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Most read articles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15049"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/top-cited-articles/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Top cited articles</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-15050"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/eletters" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Responses</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-15051 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Journal</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-15052"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/about/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15053"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/site/about/edboard.xhtml" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Editorial board</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15054"><a href="https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts&corpusCode=gutjnl&fwdUrl=https://gut.bmj.com/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Sign up for email alerts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15055"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/subscribe/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Subscribe</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-15056"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/thank-you-to-our-reviewers/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Thank you to our reviewers</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-15057 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Authors</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-15058"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/authors/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Instructions for authors</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15059"><a href="http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/gut" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Submit an article paper</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15060"><a href="http://authors.bmj.com/policies/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Editorial policies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15061"><a href="http://openaccess.bmj.com/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open Access at BMJ</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-15062"><a href="http://authors.bmj.com/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">BMJ Author Hub</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-15063 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Help</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-15064"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/contact-us/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Contact us</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15065"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Reprints</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15066"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/permissions" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Permissions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-15067"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/company/for-advertisers-and-sponsor/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Advertising</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-15068"><a href="http://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/customerservice/salesforce-form.html" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Feedback form</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="row"> <nav class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"> <div class="region region-footersocial"> <div id="block-panels-mini-social-icons" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-social_icons"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-social-icons" > <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf"><a href="http://gut.bmj.com/pages/rss-feeds" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-rss"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> RSS</span></a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="http://twitter.com/Gut_BMJ" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-twitter"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> Twitter</span></a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/Gut.BMJ" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-facebook"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> Facebook</span></a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="http://blogs.bmj.com/gut" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-blog"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> Blog</span></a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/bmjpodcasts/sets/gut-podcast" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-soundcloud"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> Soundcloud</span></a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@GastroenterologyatBMJ-z9e" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-youtube"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> YouTube</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <section class="row footer-platform"> <div class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-4 logoBMJ"> <a href="http://www.bmj.com/company"><svg class="logo-bmj-svg" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#logo-bmj"></use><svg></svg></svg></a> </div> <div class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-8 legal"> <div class="legal-inner"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/">Website Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/your-privacy/">Privacy & Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/contact-us/">Contact BMJ</a></li> </ul>  <button id="ot-sdk-btn" class="ot-sdk-show-settings">Cookie Settings</button>  <p><small><span class="online-issn issn">Online ISSN: 1468-3288</span><span class="print-issn issn">Print ISSN: 0017-5749</span></small><br /> <small>Copyright © 2024 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Society of Gastroenterology. All rights reserved.</small></p> </div> </div> </section> <div class="region region-absolute-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-absolute-bottom-inner"> <div class="region region-absolute-bottom"> <div id="block-panels-mini-bottom-ad" class="block block-panels-mini text-center" class="block block-panels-mini text-center"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-bottom_ad"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-bottom-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-bottom" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-bottom"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__IJuO2zTBevR9UaeFd_maXXn3NHFQrDb_xzKCcbFnGYo__-vovmN1y_fWj5zBzIJmQpOeve1aT7OKOuvKs0lJqP1Y__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__2WRbxlwOW0MEUc_hSWU5MBepQg6Lch6O5SZwefpJ6IE__HCL0YQJqLkOhrLPZZYGqosGvtFsEHMGghHIkSx4y9vA__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__TNsYypkKctiRBAVMXIC0LyA-0lgblrXCPS2SWj3c5Yg__GHeqgMA_vUCm5OpbvBn_n1XMejgj_KvhKwJFqwXAILY__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__Jd5dsvNznZMdglFu8sSni1wCsUfzvQbApHPAZwt5TY4__65Mqa1DMRwcSvPxjJEn6BXgMm-ckF3oOvkUTG9HRADI__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__3YMnGGenZXx95e2d4w4qdZ8l2Nb4ScWnb6eRd_RG1Rk__bLDjtRazOW5NHwJqxd6XFtHApU0Yj0Keahi0hcnwqJ4__dGRtyN8GJBuhBvXCmXEhVK4mGQl3ZIewHeJUeSvfyQ0.js"></script> </body> </html>