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traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adventure_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adventure_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Adventure fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adventure_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines_and_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines_and_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Magazines and comics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines_and_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Continental Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Russia and the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 By genre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_age_category" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_age_category"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 By age category </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_age_category-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Illustration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation_of_children's_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_of_children's_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Translation of children's literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_of_children's_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Literary criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literary criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_over_controversial_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_controversial_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Debate over controversial content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_controversial_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereotypes,_racism_and_cultural_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereotypes,_racism_and_cultural_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Stereotypes, racism and cultural bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereotypes,_racism_and_cultural_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperialism_and_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism_and_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Imperialism and colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialism_and_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles_and_representation_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles_and_representation_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Gender roles and representation of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles_and_representation_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_early_childhood_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_early_childhood_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Effect on early childhood development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_early_childhood_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_children's_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_children's_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Benefits of children's books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_children's_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Digital libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Children's literature</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="أدب أطفال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب أطفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="শিশু সাহিত্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিশু সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_infantil" title="Lliteratura infantil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura infantil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Faq_%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat%C4%B1" title="Uşaq ədəbiyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşaq ədəbiyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="শিশুসাহিত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিশুসাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AE-t%C3%B4ng_b%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jî-tông bûn-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jî-tông bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Балалар әҙәбиәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Балалар әҙәбиәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дзіцячая літаратура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзіцячая літаратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Детска литература – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Детска литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dje%C4%8Dija_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Dječija književnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dječija književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_infantil" title="Literatura infantil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura infantil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_pro_d%C4%9Bti" title="Literatura pro děti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Literatura pro děti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rnebog" title="Børnebog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Børnebog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderliteratur" title="Kinderliteratur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kinderliteratur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastekirjandus" title="Lastekirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lastekirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παιδική λογοτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδική λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_infantil" title="Literatura infantil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura infantil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porinfana_literaturo" title="Porinfana literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Porinfana literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haur_literatura" title="Haur literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haur literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ادبیات کودکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات کودکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_d%27enfance" title="Littérature d'enfance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature d'enfance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berneboek" title="Berneboek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berneboek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_infantil" title="Literatura infantil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Literatura infantil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8F%99_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="아동 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아동 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանկական գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանկական գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाल साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dje%C4%8Dja_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Dječja književnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dječja književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacaan_anak" title="Bacaan anak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bacaan anak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_per_ragazzi" title="Letteratura per ragazzi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura per ragazzi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ספרות ילדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות ילדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_anak" title="Sastra anak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sastra anak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Балалар әдебиеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балалар әдебиеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_pueriles" title="Litterae pueriles – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae pueriles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rnu_literat%C5%ABra" title="Bērnu literatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērnu literatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteratur_per_enfantes" title="Leteratur per enfantes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leteratur per enfantes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Детска книжевност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Детска книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബാലസാഹിത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാലസാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाल साहित्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाल साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯢꯅꯁꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯢꯅꯁꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="ကလေးစာပေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလေးစာပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderliteratuur" title="Kinderliteratuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kinderliteratuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%90%E7%AB%A5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="児童文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="児童文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnelitteratur" title="Barnelitteratur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barnelitteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnelitteratur" title="Barnelitteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barnelitteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ଶିଶୁ ସାହିତ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶିଶୁ ସାହିତ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolalar_adabiyoti" title="Bolalar adabiyoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolalar adabiyoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਬਾਲ ਸਾਹਿਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲ ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="بال ادب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بال ادب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C4%83_pentru_copii" title="Literatură pentru copii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatură pentru copii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%A3%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дѣтска литература – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дѣтска литература" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Детская литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детская литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="बालसाहित्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बालसाहित्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ABrsia_p%C3%ABr_f%C3%ABmij%C3%AB" title="Letërsia për fëmijë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letërsia për fëmijë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Children's literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ٻاراڻو ادب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻاراڻو ادب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otro%C5%A1ka_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Otroška književnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otroška književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وێژەی مناڵان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژەی مناڵان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%83" title="Књижевност за децу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књижевност за децу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastenkirjallisuus" title="Lastenkirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lastenkirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnlitteratur" title="Barnlitteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barnlitteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panitikang_pambata" title="Panitikang pambata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panitikang pambata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறுவர் இலக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுவர் இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బాల సాహిత్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాల సాహిత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="วรรณกรรมเด็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณกรรมเด็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D3%AF%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Адабиёти кӯдак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адабиёти кӯдак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ocuk_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="Çocuk edebiyatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çocuk edebiyatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дитяча література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дитяча література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ادب اطفال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادب اطفال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_thi%E1%BA%BFu_nhi" title="Văn học thiếu nhi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn học thiếu nhi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Early literacy">Early literacy</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stories, books, magazines, and poems that are primarily written for children</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic journal, see <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Literature_(journal)" title="Children's Literature (journal)">Children's Literature (journal)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Children's book" redirects here. For the A. S. Byatt novel, see <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Book" title="The Children's Book">The Children's Book</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Children's story" redirects here. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Story" title="Children's Story">Children's Story</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairy_Tales_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/220px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/330px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/440px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A mother reads to her children in a mid- to late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinocchio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/220px-Pinocchio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/330px-Pinocchio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/440px-Pinocchio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a> (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">one of the best-selling books</a> ever published.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are created for children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader, from <a href="/wiki/Picture_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture books">picture books</a> for the very young to <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult fiction</a>. Children's literature can be traced to traditional stories like <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, which have only been identified as children's literature since the eighteenth century, and songs, part of a wider <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, which adults shared with children before publishing existed. The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience. Since the fifteenth century much literature has been aimed specifically at children, often with a moral or religious message. Children's literature has been shaped by religious sources, like Puritan traditions, or by more philosophical and scientific standpoints with the influences of Charles Darwin and John Locke.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are known as the "Golden Age of Children's Literature" because many classic children's books were published then. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> There is no single or widely used definition of children's literature.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 15–17  It can be broadly defined as the body of written works and accompanying illustrations produced in order to entertain or instruct young people. The genre encompasses a wide range of works, including acknowledged classics of <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picture_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture books">picture books</a> and easy-to-read stories written exclusively for children, and <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy tales">fairy tales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lullabies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lullabies">lullabies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Fables">fables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk song">folk songs</a>, and other primarily orally transmitted materials or more specifically defined as <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> intended for and used by children and young people.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-20thc-5">[5]</a>: xvii  One writer on children's literature defines it as "all books written for children, excluding works such as <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, joke books, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon book">cartoon books</a>, and non-fiction works that are not intended to be read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> However, others would argue that <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_comics" title="Children's comics">children's comics</a> should also be included: "Children's Literature studies has traditionally treated comics fitfully and superficially despite the importance of comics as a global phenomenon associated with children".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature notes that "the boundaries of genre... are not fixed but blurred".<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 4  Sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Some works defy easy categorization. <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> series was written and marketed for children, but it is also popular among adults. The series' extreme popularity led <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> to create a separate bestseller list for children's books.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Despite the widespread association of children's literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, and the root of many children's tales go back to ancient storytellers.<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 30  <a href="/wiki/Seth_Lerer" title="Seth Lerer">Seth Lerer</a>, in the opening of Children's Literature: A Reader's History from Aesop to Harry Potter, says, "This book presents a history of what children have heard and read.... The history I write of is a history of reception."<a href="#cite_note-lerer-10">[10]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Early children's literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems, used to educate, instruct, and entertain children.<a href="#cite_note-random-11">[11]</a> It was only in the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a>, that a separate genre of children's literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations, and <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nikola-12">[12]</a>: x–xi  The earliest of these books were educational books, books on conduct, and simple ABCs—often decorated with animals, plants, and anthropomorphic letters.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1962, French historian <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8s" title="Philippe Ariès">Philippe Ariès</a> argues in his book <a href="/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhood" title="Centuries of Childhood">Centuries of Childhood</a> that the modern concept of childhood only emerged in recent times. He explains that children were in the past not considered as greatly different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment.<a href="#cite_note-shav-14">[14]</a>: 5  As evidence for this position, he notes that, apart from instructional and didactic texts for children written by <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clerics</a> like <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">the Venerable Bede</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a>, there was a lack of any genuine literature aimed specifically at children before the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-brad-16">[16]</a>: 11  Other scholars have qualified this viewpoint by noting that there was a literature designed to convey the values, attitudes, and information necessary for children within their cultures,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Play_of_Daniel" title="Play of Daniel">Play of Daniel</a> from the twelfth century.<a href="#cite_note-lerer-10">[10]</a>: 46 <a href="#cite_note-kline-18">[18]</a>: 4  Pre-modern children's literature, therefore, tended to be of a <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moralistic</a> nature, with the purpose of conveying <a href="/wiki/Conduct_book" title="Conduct book">conduct</a>-related, educational and <a href="/wiki/Religious_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious book">religious</a> lessons.<a href="#cite_note-kline-18">[18]</a>: 6–8  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early-modern_Europe">Early-modern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early-modern Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hornbook_Mexican.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hornbook_Mexican.png/220px-Hornbook_Mexican.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hornbook_Mexican.png/330px-Hornbook_Mexican.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hornbook_Mexican.png/440px-Hornbook_Mexican.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>An early Mexican <a href="/wiki/Hornbook" title="Hornbook">hornbook</a> pictured in Tuer's History of the Horn-Book, 1896.</figcaption></figure> During the seventeenth century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them.<a href="#cite_note-shav-14">[14]</a>: 6–7 <a href="#cite_note-reynolds-19">[19]</a>: 9  The English philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> developed his theory of the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a> in his 1690 <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a>. In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that the (human) mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory</a> experiences. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. Locke himself emphasized the importance of providing children with "easy pleasant books" to develop their minds rather than using force to compel them: "Children may be cozen'd into a knowledge of the letters; be taught to read, without perceiving it to be anything but a sport, and play themselves into that which others are whipp'd for." He also suggested that picture books be created for children. In the nineteenth century, a few children's titles became famous as classroom reading texts. Among these were the fables of Aesop and Jean de la Fontaine and Charles Perraults's 1697 Tales of Mother Goose.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons,_Martyn_2011-20">[20]</a> The popularity of these texts led to the creation of a number of nineteenth-century fantasy and fairy tales for children which featured magic objects and talking animals.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons,_Martyn_2011-20">[20]</a> Another influence on this shift in attitudes came from <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>, which stressed the importance of individual salvation. Puritans were concerned with the spiritual welfare of their children, and there was a large growth in the publication of "good godly books" aimed squarely at children.<a href="#cite_note-random-11">[11]</a> Some of the most popular works were by <a href="/wiki/James_Janeway" title="James Janeway">James Janeway</a>, but the most enduring book from this movement, still read today, especially in modernised versions, is <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a> (1678) by <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapbook" title="Chapbook">Chapbooks</a>, pocket-sized pamphlets that were often folded instead of being stitched,<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 32  were published in Britain; illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodblock printing</a>, these inexpensive booklets reprinted popular <a href="/wiki/Ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballads">ballads</a>, historical re-tellings, and folk tales. Though not specifically published for children at this time, young people enjoyed the booklets as well.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds-19">[19]</a>: 8  Johanna Bradley says, in From Chapbooks to Plum Cake, that chapbooks kept imaginative stories from being lost to readers under the strict <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> influence of the time.<a href="#cite_note-brad-16">[16]</a>: 17  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aforadam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aforadam.png/220px-Aforadam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Aforadam.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="75" /></a><figcaption>The New England Primer</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hornbook" title="Hornbook">Hornbooks</a> also appeared in England during this time, teaching children basic information such as the alphabet and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-questia-22">[22]</a> These were brought from England to the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">American colonies</a> in the mid-seventeenth century. The first such book was a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> for children, written in verse by the Puritan <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cotton (Puritan)">John Cotton</a>. Known as <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Milk_for_Boston_Babes" title="Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes">Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes</a>, it was published in 1646, appearing both in England and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. Another early book, <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Primer" title="The New England Primer">The New England Primer</a>, was in print by 1691 and used in schools for 100 years. The <a href="/wiki/Primer_(textbook)" title="Primer (textbook)">primer</a> begins with "The young Infant's or Child's morning Prayer" and evening prayer. It then shows the alphabet, vowels, consonants, double letters, and syllables before providing a religious rhyme of the alphabet, beginning "In Adam's fall We sinned all...", and continues through the alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> It also contained religious maxims, <a href="/wiki/Acronym_and_initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronym and initialism">acronyms</a>, spelling help and other educational items, all decorated by <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 35  In 1634, the <a href="/wiki/Pentamerone" title="Pentamerone">Pentamerone</a> from Italy became the first major published collection of European folk tales. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> began recording <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> in France, publishing his first collection in 1697. They were not well received among the French literary society, who saw them as only fit for old people and children. In 1658, <a href="/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">John Amos Comenius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> published the informative illustrated <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Pictus" title="Orbis Pictus">Orbis Pictus</a>, for children under six learning to read. It is considered to be the first picture book produced specifically for children.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds-19">[19]</a>: 7  The first <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> children's book was The Child's Mirror by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bredal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niels Bredal (page does not exist)">Niels Bredal</a> in 1568, an adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_book" title="Courtesy book">courtesy book</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a>. A Pretty and Splendid Maiden's Mirror, an adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> book for young women, became the first <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> children's book upon its 1591 publication.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 700, 706  Sweden published fables and a children's magazine by 1766. In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Straparola" title="Giovanni Francesco Straparola">Giovanni Francesco Straparola</a> released <a href="/wiki/The_Facetious_Nights_of_Straparola" title="The Facetious Nights of Straparola">The Facetious Nights of Straparola</a> in the 1550s. Called the first European storybook to contain fairy-tales, it eventually had 75 separate stories and written for an adult audience.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Croce" title="Giulio Cesare Croce">Giulio Cesare Croce</a> also borrowed from some stories children enjoyed for his books.<a href="#cite_note-Silvey-25">[25]</a>: 757  <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s earliest children's books, <a href="/wiki/Primer_(textbook)" title="Primer (textbook)">primers</a>, appeared in the late sixteenth century. An early example is ABC-Book, an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">alphabet book</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (printer)">Ivan Fyodorov</a> in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 765  The first <a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">picture book</a> published in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Karion_Istomin" title="Karion Istomin">Karion Istomin</a>'s The Illustrated Primer, appeared in 1694.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 765  <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s interest in <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernizing</a> his country through <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> helped Western children's literature dominate the field through the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 765  <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a> for children, and during her reign, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Novikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Novikov">Nikolai Novikov</a> started the first juvenile magazine in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 765  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_modern_genre">Origins of the modern genre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins of the modern genre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewberyPocketBook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NewberyPocketBook.jpg/220px-NewberyPocketBook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NewberyPocketBook.jpg/330px-NewberyPocketBook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NewberyPocketBook.jpg/440px-NewberyPocketBook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Newbery's <a href="/wiki/A_Little_Pretty_Pocket-Book" title="A Little Pretty Pocket-Book">A Little Pretty Pocket-Book</a>, originally published in 1744</figcaption></figure> The modern children's book emerged in mid-18th-century England.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A growing <a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">polite</a> middle-class and the influence of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Lockean</a> theories of childhood innocence combined to create the beginnings of childhood as a concept. In an article for the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, professor MO Grenby writes, "in the 1740s, a cluster of London publishers began to produce new books designed to instruct and delight young readers. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boreman" title="Thomas Boreman">Thomas Boreman</a> was one. Another was <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cooper_(publisher)" title="Mary Cooper (publisher)">Mary Cooper</a>, whose two-volume <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thumb%27s_Pretty_Song_Book" title="Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book">Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book</a> (1744) is the first known <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> collection. But the most celebrated of these pioneers is <a href="/wiki/John_Newbery" title="John Newbery">John Newbery</a>, whose first book for the entertainment of children was <a href="/wiki/A_Little_Pretty_Pocket-Book" title="A Little Pretty Pocket-Book">A Little Pretty Pocket-Book</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Grenby-27">[27]</a> Widely considered the first modern children's book, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book was the first children's publication aimed at giving enjoyment to children,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> containing a mixture of rhymes, picture stories and games for pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-marks-29">[29]</a> Newbery believed that play was a better enticement to children's good behavior than physical discipline,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and the child was to record his or her behaviour daily. The book was child–sized with a brightly colored cover that appealed to children—something new in the publishing industry. Known as gift books, these early books became the precursors to the <a href="/wiki/Toy_book" title="Toy book">toy books</a> popular in the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Lundin-31">[31]</a> Newbery was also adept at marketing this new genre. According to the journal <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn_(journal)" title="The Lion and the Unicorn (journal)">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>, "Newbery's genius was in developing the fairly new product category, children's books, through his frequent advertisements... and his clever ploy of introducing additional titles and products into the body of his children's books."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Professor Grenby writes, "Newbery has become known as the 'father of children's literature' chiefly because he was able to show that publishing children's books could be a commercial success."<a href="#cite_note-Grenby-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GTShoesWoodcut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GTShoesWoodcut.jpg/220px-GTShoesWoodcut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/GTShoesWoodcut.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> of the eponymous Goody Two-Shoes from the 1768 edition of <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Little_Goody_Two-Shoes" title="The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes">The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes</a>. It was first published in London in 1765.</figcaption></figure> The improvement in the quality of books for children and the diversity of topics he published helped make Newbery the leading producer of children's books in his time. He published his own books as well as those by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 36 <a href="#cite_note-Rose,_219-34">[34]</a> the latter may have written <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Little_Goody_Two-Shoes" title="The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes">The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes</a>, Newbery's most popular book. Another philosopher who influenced the development of children's literature was <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, who argued that children should be allowed to develop naturally and joyously. His idea of appealing to a children's natural interests took hold among writers for children.<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 41  Popular examples included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Day_(writer)" title="Thomas Day (writer)">Thomas Day</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sandford_and_Merton" title="The History of Sandford and Merton">The History of Sandford and Merton</a>, four volumes that embody Rousseau's theories. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth" title="Richard Lovell Edgeworth">Richard Lovell Edgeworth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Practical_Education" title="Practical Education">Practical Education</a>: The History of Harry and Lucy (1780) urged children to teach themselves.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Rousseau's ideas also had great influence in Germany, especially on <a href="/wiki/Philanthropinum" title="Philanthropinum">German Philanthropism</a>, a movement concerned with reforming both education and literature for children. Its founder, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Basedow" title="Johann Bernhard Basedow">Johann Bernhard Basedow</a>, authored Elementarwerk as a popular textbook for children that included many illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chodowiecki" title="Daniel Chodowiecki">Daniel Chodowiecki</a>. Another follower, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe" title="Joachim Heinrich Campe">Joachim Heinrich Campe</a>, created an adaptation of Robinson Crusoe that went into over 100 printings. He became Germany's "outstanding and most modern"<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 736  writer for children. According to Hans-Heino Ewers in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "It can be argued that from this time, the history of European children's literature was largely written in Germany."<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 737  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinder_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kinder_title_page.jpg/220px-Kinder_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kinder_title_page.jpg/330px-Kinder_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kinder_title_page.jpg/440px-Kinder_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Pages from the 1819 edition of <a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Kinder- und Haus-Märchen</a> by the Brothers Grimm</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> preserved and published <a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">the traditional tales</a> told in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Silvey-25">[25]</a>: 184  They were so popular in their home country that modern, realistic children's literature began to be looked down on there. This dislike of non-traditional stories continued there until the beginning of the next century.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 739–740  In addition to their collection of stories, the Grimm brothers also contributed to children's literature through their academic pursuits. As professors, they had a scholarly interest in the stories, striving to preserve them and their variations accurately, recording their sources.<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 259  A similar project was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Peter Christen Asbjørnsen">Peter Christen Asbjørnsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a>, who collected Norwegian fairy tales and published them as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Folktales" title="Norwegian Folktales">Norwegian Folktales</a>, often referred to as Asbjørnsen and Moe. By compiling these stories, they preserved Norway's literary heritage and helped create the Norwegian written language.<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 260  Danish author and poet <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> traveled through Europe and gathered many well-known fairy tales and created new stories in the fairy tale genre.<a href="#cite_note-EB-36">[36]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Wyss" title="Johann David Wyss">Johann David Wyss</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Swiss_Family_Robinson" title="The Swiss Family Robinson">The Swiss Family Robinson</a> in 1812, with the aim of teaching children about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. The book became popular across Europe after it was translated into French by <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_de_Montolieu" title="Isabelle de Montolieu">Isabelle de Montolieu</a>. <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>'s tale "<a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King" title="The Nutcracker and the Mouse King">The Nutcracker and the Mouse King</a>" was published in 1816 in a German collection of stories for children, Kinder-Märchen.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It is the first modern short story to introduce bizarre, odd and grotesque elements in children's literature and thereby anticipates Lewis Carroll's tale, <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> There are not only parallels concerning the content (the weird adventures of a young girl in a fantasy land), but also the origin of the tales as both are dedicated and given to a daughter of the author's friends. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golden age">edit</a>]</div> The shift to a modern genre of children's literature occurred in the mid-19th century; <a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didacticism</a> of a previous age began to make way for more humorous, child-oriented books, more attuned to the child's imagination. The availability of children's literature greatly increased as well, as paper and <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> became widely available and affordable, the population grew and literacy rates improved.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 654–655  <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_School_Days" title="Tom Brown's School Days">Tom Brown's School Days</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a> appeared in 1857, and is considered to be the founding book in the <a href="/wiki/School_story" title="School story">school story</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-knowles-39">[39]</a>: 7–8  However, it was <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s fantasy, <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a>, published in 1865 in England, that signaled the change in writing style for children to an imaginative and empathetic one. Regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children"<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 44  and as a founding book in the development of fantasy literature, its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature in Britain and Europe that continued until the early 1900s. The fairy-tale absurdity of Wonderland has solid historical ground as a satire of the serious problems of the Victorian era. Lewis Carroll is ironic about the prim and all-out regulated life of the "golden" Victorian century.<a href="#cite_note-knowles-39">[39]</a>: 18  One other noteworthy publication was <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer">Tom Sawyer</a> (1876), which was one of the first "boy books", intended for children but enjoyed by both children and adults alike. These were classified as such for the themes they contained, consisting of fighting and work.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Another important book of that decade was <a href="/wiki/The_Water-Babies,_A_Fairy_Tale_for_a_Land_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby">The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby</a>, by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> (1862), which became extremely popular and remains a classic of British children's literature. In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Collodi" title="Carlo Collodi">Carlo Collodi</a> wrote the first Italian fantasy novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a>, which was translated many times. In that same year, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a>, the man who would become "the adventure writer par excellence for the young in Italy"<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> first published his legendary character <a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a>. In Britain, <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Goblin" title="The Princess and the Goblin">The Princess and the Goblin</a> and its sequel <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_Curdie" title="The Princess and Curdie">The Princess and Curdie</a>, by <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>, appeared in 1872 and 1883, and the adventure stories <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)" title="Kidnapped (novel)">Kidnapped</a>, both by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, were extremely popular in the 1880s. <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a> was first published in 1894, and <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a> told the story of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> in the novel <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy" title="Peter and Wendy">Peter and Wendy</a> in 1911. <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Spyri" title="Johanna Spyri">Johanna Spyri</a>'s two-part novel <a href="/wiki/Heidi" title="Heidi">Heidi</a> was published in Switzerland in 1880 and 1881.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 749  In the US, children's publishing entered a period of growth after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1865. Boys' book writer <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_Adams" title="William Taylor Adams">Oliver Optic</a> published over 100 books. In 1868, the "epoch-making"<a href="#cite_note-Arbuth-9">[9]</a>: 45  <a href="/wiki/Little_Women" title="Little Women">Little Women</a>, the fictionalized autobiography of <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a>, was published. This "<a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a>" story established the genre of realistic family books in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> released Tom Sawyer in 1876. In 1880 another bestseller, <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Remus:_His_Songs_and_His_Sayings" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings">Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> folk tales adapted and compiled by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Chandler_Harris" title="Joel Chandler Harris">Joel Chandler Harris</a>, appeared.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 478  In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a plethora of children's novels began featuring realistic, non-magical plotlines. Certain titles received international success such as Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island (1883), L. M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (1908), and Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1869).<a href="#cite_note-Lyons,_Martyn_2011-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_traditions">National traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National traditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/170px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/255px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/340px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="3614" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure>Literature for children had developed as a separate category of literature especially in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, with some works becoming internationally known, such as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> (1865) and its sequel <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a>. Another classic of the period is <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sewell" title="Anna Sewell">Anna Sewell</a>'s animal novel <a href="/wiki/Black_Beauty" title="Black Beauty">Black Beauty</a> (1877). At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, author and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit" title="The Tale of Peter Rabbit">The Tale of Peter Rabbit</a> in 1902. Potter went on to produce 23 children's books and become very wealthy. A pioneer of character merchandising, in 1903 she patented a <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rabbit" title="Peter Rabbit">Peter Rabbit</a> doll, making Peter the first <a href="/wiki/Brand_licensing" title="Brand licensing">licensed character</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Michael O. Tunnell and James S. Jacobs, professors of children's literature at Brigham Young University, write, "Potter was the first to use pictures as well as words to tell the story, incorporating coloured illustration with text, page for page."<a href="#cite_note-Tunnell_80–86-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a> in 1894. A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering, as in the life of <a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a>, echoing Kipling's own childhood. In the latter years of the 19th century, precursors of the modern picture book were illustrated books of poems and short stories produced by English illustrators <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway" title="Kate Greenaway">Kate Greenaway</a>. These had a larger proportion of pictures to words than earlier books, and many of their pictures were in colour. Some British artists made their living illustrating novels and children's books, among them <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Mary_Barker" title="Cicely Mary Barker">Cicely Mary Barker</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._Heath_Robinson" title="W. Heath Robinson">W. Heath Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Justice_Ford" title="Henry Justice Ford">Henry J. Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>. In the 1890s, some of the best known fairy tales from England were compiled in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Joseph Jacobs</a>' English Fairy Tales, including <a href="/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk" title="Jack and the Beanstalk">Jack and the Beanstalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_and_the_Three_Bears" title="Goldilocks and the Three Bears">Goldilocks and the Three Bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs" title="The Three Little Pigs">The Three Little Pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Giant_Killer" title="Jack the Giant Killer">Jack the Giant Killer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Thumb" title="Tom Thumb">Tom Thumb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Pan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Peter_Pan.jpg/170px-Peter_Pan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Peter_Pan.jpg/255px-Peter_Pan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Peter_Pan.jpg/340px-Peter_Pan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_statue" title="Peter Pan statue">Peter Pan statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a>, London</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kailyard_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailyard School">Kailyard School</a> of Scottish writers, notably <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>, creator of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> (1904), presented an idealised version of society and brought fantasy and folklore back into fashion. In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a> wrote the children's classic <a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouts">Scouts</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a>'s first book, <a href="/wiki/Scouting_for_Boys" title="Scouting for Boys">Scouting for Boys</a>, was published. Inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a> (1910) was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Maytham_Hall" title="Great Maytham Hall">Great Maytham Hall</a> Garden in Kent. While fighting in the trenches for the British Army in World War I, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lofting" title="Hugh Lofting">Hugh Lofting</a> created the character of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle" title="Doctor Dolittle">Doctor Dolittle</a>, who appears in a series of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle#The_books" title="Doctor Dolittle">twelve books</a>. The Golden Age of Children's Literature ended with <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The period before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was much slower in children's publishing. The main exceptions in England were the publications of <a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a> by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a> in 1926, the first <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(book_series)" title="Mary Poppins (book series)">Mary Poppins</a> book by <a href="/wiki/P._L._Travers" title="P. L. Travers">P. L. Travers</a> in 1934, <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> in 1937, and the Arthurian <a href="/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(novel)" title="The Sword in the Stone (novel)">The Sword in the Stone</a> by <a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">T. H. White</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Children's mass <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> books were first released in England in 1940 under the <a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin Books</a> imprint, and their lower prices helped make book buying possible for children during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s books have been among the world's bestsellers since the 1930s, selling more than 600 million copies. Blyton's books are still enormously popular and have been translated into almost 90 languages. She wrote on a wide range of topics including education, natural history, fantasy, mystery, and biblical narratives and is best remembered today for her <a href="/wiki/Noddy_(character)" title="Noddy (character)">Noddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(novel_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Famous Five (novel series)">The Famous Five</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Seven" title="The Secret Seven">The Secret Seven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_Series" title="The Adventure Series">The Adventure Series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The first of these children's stories, <a href="/wiki/Five_on_a_Treasure_Island" title="Five on a Treasure Island">Five on a Treasure Island</a>, was published in 1942. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_C.S._Lewis,_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/170px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/255px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/340px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Statue of C. S. Lewis in front of the wardrobe from his Narnia book <a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1950s, the book market in Europe began to recover from the effects of the two world wars. An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the "Inklings", with the major fantasy novelists <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> as its main members. C. S. Lewis published the first installment of <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> series in 1950, while Tolkien is best known, in addition to The Hobbit, as the author of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a> (1954). Another writer of fantasy stories is <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garner" title="Alan Garner">Alan Garner</a> author of <a href="/wiki/Elidor" title="Elidor">Elidor</a> (1965), and <a href="/wiki/The_Owl_Service" title="The Owl Service">The Owl Service</a> (1967). The latter is an adaptation of the myth of <a href="/wiki/Blodeuwedd" title="Blodeuwedd">Blodeuwedd</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a>, set in modern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> – it won Garner the annual <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Medal_(literary_award)" title="Carnegie Medal (literary award)">Carnegie Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/CILIP" class="mw-redirect" title="CILIP">Library Association</a>, recognising the year's best children's book by a British author.<a href="#cite_note-medal1967-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Norton_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Norton (author)">Mary Norton</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Borrowers" title="The Borrowers">The Borrowers</a> (1952), featuring tiny people who borrow from humans. <a href="/wiki/Dodie_Smith" title="Dodie Smith">Dodie Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians" title="The Hundred and One Dalmatians">The Hundred and One Dalmatians</a> was published in 1956. <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Pearce" title="Philippa Pearce">Philippa Pearce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Midnight_Garden" title="Tom's Midnight Garden">Tom's Midnight Garden</a> (1958) has Tom opening the garden door at night and entering into a different age. <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a>'s 1954 novel <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies" title="Lord of the Flies">Lord of the Flies</a> focuses on a group of British boys stranded on an <a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">uninhabited island</a> and their disastrous attempt to govern themselves. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_(8978291669).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg/170px-MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg/255px-MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg/340px-MCM_2013_-_Willy_Wonka_%26_Mad_Hatter_%288978291669%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Two people dressed up in costumes inspired by <a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</a> (from Roald Dahl's <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hatter_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Hatter</a> (from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) in London</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> wrote children's <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy novels">fantasy novels</a> which were often inspired from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Dahl was inspired to write <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a> (1964), featuring the eccentric chocolatier <a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</a>, having grown up near two chocolate makers in England who often tried to steal trade secrets by sending spies into the other's factory.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> His other works include <a href="/wiki/James_and_the_Giant_Peach" title="James and the Giant Peach">James and the Giant Peach</a> (1961), <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Mr._Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantastic Mr. Fox">Fantastic Mr. Fox</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/The_BFG" title="The BFG">The BFG</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/The_Witches_(novel)" title="The Witches (novel)">The Witches</a> (1983), and <a href="/wiki/Matilda_(novel)" title="Matilda (novel)">Matilda</a> (1988). Starting in 1958, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bond" title="Michael Bond">Michael Bond</a> published more than twenty humorous stories about <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Bear" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding schools in fiction">Boarding schools in literature</a> are centred on older pre-adolescent and adolescent school life, and are most commonly set in English <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a>. Popular <a href="/wiki/School_story" title="School story">school stories</a> from this period include <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Searle" title="Ronald Searle">Ronald Searle</a>'s comic <a href="/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_School" title="St Trinian's School">St Trinian's</a> (1949–1953) and his illustrations for <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Willans" title="Geoffrey Willans">Geoffrey Willans</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Molesworth" title="Nigel Molesworth">Molesworth</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Murphy" title="Jill Murphy">Jill Murphy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Worst_Witch" title="The Worst Witch">The Worst Witch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jennings_(novels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennings (novels)">Jennings</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Buckeridge" title="Anthony Buckeridge">Anthony Buckeridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Manning-Sanders" title="Ruth Manning-Sanders">Ruth Manning-Sanders</a>'s first collection, <a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Giants" title="A Book of Giants">A Book of Giants</a>, retells a number of <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giant stories</a> from around the world. <a href="/wiki/Susan_Cooper" title="Susan Cooper">Susan Cooper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Is_Rising" title="The Dark Is Rising">The Dark Is Rising</a> is a five-volume fantasy saga set in England and Wales. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Briggs" title="Raymond Briggs">Raymond Briggs</a>' children's picture book <a href="/wiki/The_Snowman_(book)" title="The Snowman (book)">The Snowman</a> (1978) has been adapted as an animation, shown every Christmas on British television. The <a href="/wiki/Wilbert_Awdry" title="Wilbert Awdry">Reverend. W. Awdry</a> and son <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Awdry" title="Christopher Awdry">Christopher</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Series" title="The Railway Series">The Railway Series</a> features <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine" title="Thomas the Tank Engine">Thomas the Tank Engine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margery_Sharp" title="Margery Sharp">Margery Sharp</a>'s series <a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers_(book)" title="The Rescuers (book)">The Rescuers</a> is based on a heroic mouse organisation. The third <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Laureate" title="Children's Laureate">Children's Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Morpurgo" title="Michael Morpurgo">Michael Morpurgo</a> published <a href="/wiki/War_Horse_(novel)" title="War Horse (novel)">War Horse</a> in 1982. <a href="/wiki/Dick_King-Smith" title="Dick King-Smith">Dick King-Smith</a>'s novels include <a href="/wiki/The_Sheep-Pig" title="The Sheep-Pig">The Sheep-Pig</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/Diana_Wynne_Jones" title="Diana Wynne Jones">Diana Wynne Jones</a> wrote the young adult fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_(novel)" title="Howl's Moving Castle (novel)">Howl's Moving Castle</a> in 1986. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fine" title="Anne Fine">Anne Fine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Madame_Doubtfire" title="Madame Doubtfire">Madame Doubtfire</a> (1987) is based around a family with divorced parents. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz" title="Anthony Horowitz">Anthony Horowitz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rider" title="Alex Rider">Alex Rider series</a> begins with <a href="/wiki/Stormbreaker_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormbreaker (novel)">Stormbreaker</a> (2000). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/170px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/255px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/340px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> reads from her novel <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/His_Dark_Materials" title="His Dark Materials">His Dark Materials</a> is an epic trilogy of fantasy novels consisting of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Lights_(Pullman_novel)" title="Northern Lights (Pullman novel)">Northern Lights</a> (1995, published as The Golden Compass in North America), <a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Knife" title="The Subtle Knife">The Subtle Knife</a> (1997), and <a href="/wiki/The_Amber_Spyglass" title="The Amber Spyglass">The Amber Spyglass</a> (2000). It follows the coming of age of two children, Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry, as they wander through a series of parallel universes. The three novels have won a number of awards, most notably the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year prize, won by The Amber Spyglass. Northern Lights won the Carnegie Medal for children's fiction in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> wrote the dark fantasy novella <a href="/wiki/Coraline" title="Coraline">Coraline</a> (2002). His 2008 fantasy, <a href="/wiki/The_Graveyard_Book" title="The Graveyard Book">The Graveyard Book</a>, traces the story of a boy who is raised by the supernatural occupants of a graveyard. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> received the Carnegie Medal (his first major award) for <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Maurice_and_His_Educated_Rodents" title="The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents">The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cressida_Cowell" title="Cressida Cowell">Cressida Cowell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(novel_series)" title="How to Train Your Dragon (novel series)">How to Train Your Dragon</a> series were published between 2003 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> fantasy sequence of seven novels chronicles the adventures of the adolescent <a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">wizard</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a>. The series began with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a> in 1997 and ended with the seventh and final book <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a> in 2007; becoming the <a href="/wiki/Best_selling_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Best selling books">best selling book-series in history</a>. The series has been translated into 67 languages,<a href="#cite_note-Translations_for_Harry_Potter-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> so placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adventure_fiction">Adventure fiction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adventure fiction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure-island01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Treasure-island01.png/170px-Treasure-island01.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Treasure-island01.png/255px-Treasure-island01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Treasure-island01.png/340px-Treasure-island01.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 pirate adventure <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></figcaption></figure> While <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a> in 1719 (spawning so many imitations it defined a genre, <a href="/wiki/Robinsonade" title="Robinsonade">Robinsonade</a>), adventure stories written specifically for children began in the nineteenth century. Early examples from British authors include <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Frederick Marryat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_the_New_Forest" title="The Children of the New Forest">The Children of the New Forest</a> (1847) and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a>'s The Peasant and the Prince (1856).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Victorian era saw the development of the genre, with <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Giles_Kingston" title="William Henry Giles Kingston">W. H. G. Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michael_Ballantyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Michael Ballantyne">R. M. Ballantyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty" title="G. A. Henty">G. A. Henty</a> specializing in the production of adventure fiction for boys.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-60">[60]</a> This inspired writers who normally catered to adult audiences to write for children, a notable example being <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s classic <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> story <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a> (1883).<a href="#cite_note-oxford-60">[60]</a> In the years after the First World War, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a> developed the adventure genre by setting the adventure in Britain rather than distant countries. In the 1930s he began publishing his <a href="/wiki/Swallows_and_Amazons_series" title="Swallows and Amazons series">Swallows and Amazons series</a> of children's books about the school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the English <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Broads" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Broads">Norfolk Broads</a>. Many of them involve sailing; fishing and camping are other common subjects.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles">Biggles</a> was a popular series of <a href="/wiki/Adventure_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure book">adventure books</a> for young boys, about James Bigglesworth, a fictional pilot and <a href="/wiki/Adventurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventurer">adventurer</a>, by <a href="/wiki/W._E._Johns" title="W. E. Johns">W. E. Johns</a>. Between 1941 and 1961 there were 60 issues with stories about Biggles,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and in the 1960s occasional contributors included the BBC astronomer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore" title="Patrick Moore">Patrick Moore</a>. Between 1940 and 1947, W. E. Johns contributed sixty stories featuring the female pilot <a href="/wiki/Worrals" title="Worrals">Worrals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Evoking epic themes, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adams" title="Richard Adams">Richard Adams</a>'s 1972 survival and adventure novel <a href="/wiki/Watership_Down" title="Watership Down">Watership Down</a> follows a small group of rabbits who escape the destruction of their warren and seek to establish a new home. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Trease" title="Geoffrey Trease">Geoffrey Trease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sutcliff" title="Rosemary Sutcliff">Rosemary Sutcliff</a> brought a new sophistication to the historical adventure novel.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sally_Lockhart" title="Sally Lockhart">Sally Lockhart</a> novels and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Golding" title="Julia Golding">Julia Golding</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cat_Royal" title="Cat Royal">Cat Royal</a> series have continued the tradition of the historical adventure.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magazines_and_comics">Magazines and comics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Magazines and comics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_comics" title="Children's comics">Children's comics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnie_the_minx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Minnie_the_minx.jpg/170px-Minnie_the_minx.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Minnie_the_minx.jpg/255px-Minnie_the_minx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Minnie_the_minx.jpg/340px-Minnie_the_minx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Minnie_the_Minx" title="Minnie the Minx">Minnie the Minx</a>, a character from <a href="/wiki/The_Beano" title="The Beano">The Beano</a>. Launched in 1938, the comic is known for its anarchic humour, with <a href="/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_and_Gnasher" title="Dennis the Menace and Gnasher">Dennis the Menace</a> appearing on the cover.</figcaption></figure> An important aspect of British children's literature has been <a href="/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_early-20th-century_British_children%27s_magazines_and_annuals" title="List of early-20th-century British children's magazines and annuals">magazines</a>. Amongst the most popular and longest running comics have been <a href="/wiki/The_Beano" title="The Beano">The Beano</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dandy" title="The Dandy">The Dandy</a>, both first published in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> British comics in the 20th century evolved from illustrated <a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">penny dreadfuls</a> of the Victorian era (featuring <a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Turpin" title="Dick Turpin">Dick Turpin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> First published in the 1830s, according to The Guardian, penny dreadfuls were "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> featured in a series of penny dreadfuls in 1838 which sparked the beginning of the mass circulation of Robin stories.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_and_Gnasher" title="Dennis the Menace and Gnasher">Dennis the Menace</a> debuted in The Beano in 1951, while the popular stop-motion characters, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace and Gromit">Wallace and Gromit</a>, guest-starred in the comic every four weeks from 2013.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Important early magazines or <a href="/wiki/Story_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Story papers">story papers</a> for older children were the <a href="/wiki/Boy%27s_Own_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy's Own Paper">Boy's Own Paper</a>, published from 1879 to 1967<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Girl%27s_Own_Paper" title="The Girl's Own Paper">The Girl's Own Paper</a> published from 1880 until 1956.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">half-penny</a> publications succeeded the penny dreadfuls in popularity among British children. These included <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_Marvel" title="Halfpenny Marvel">The Half-penny Marvel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack_(magazine)" title="Union Jack (magazine)">Union Jack</a>. From 1896, the cover of the half-penny comic <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chips" title="Illustrated Chips">Illustrated Chips</a> featured the long-running comic strip of the <a href="/wiki/Tramp" title="Tramp">tramps</a> Weary Willie and Tired Tim, with its readers including a young <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Other story papers for older boys were <a href="/wiki/The_Hotspur" title="The Hotspur">The Hotspur</a> (1933 to 1959) and <a href="/wiki/The_Rover_(story_paper)" title="The Rover (story paper)">The Rover</a>, which started in 1922 and was absorbed into Adventure in 1961 and <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_(DC_Comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard (DC Comics)">The Wizard</a> in 1963, and eventually folded in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Many prominent authors contributed to the Boy's Own Paper: <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricketer</a> <a href="/wiki/W.G._Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Grace">W.G. Grace</a> wrote for several issues, along with authors Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._M._Ballantyne" title="R. M. Ballantyne">R. M. Ballantyne</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Scout_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout Movement">Scout Movement</a>. Contributors to The Girl's Own Paper included <a href="/wiki/Noel_Streatfeild" title="Noel Streatfeild">Noel Streatfeild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Nouchette_Carey" title="Rosa Nouchette Carey">Rosa Nouchette Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Doudney" title="Sarah Doudney">Sarah Doudney</a> (1841–1926), <a href="/wiki/Angela_Brazil" title="Angela Brazil">Angela Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmal_Crompton" title="Richmal Crompton">Richmal Crompton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Fern" title="Fanny Fern">Fanny Fern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Orczy" title="Baroness Orczy">Baroness Orczy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(British_comics)" title="Eagle (British comics)">Eagle</a> was a popular British comic for boys, launched in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morris_(publisher)" title="Marcus Morris (publisher)">Marcus Morris</a>, an Anglican vicar from Lancashire. Revolutionary in its presentation and content, it was enormously successful; the first issue sold about 900,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Science_museum-76">[76]</a> Featured in colour on the front cover was its most recognisable story, "<a href="/wiki/Dan_Dare" title="Dan Dare">Dan Dare</a>, Pilot of the Future", created with meticulous attention to detail.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Hampson-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tribute-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times_Hampson-79">[79]</a> It was first published from 1950 to 1969, and relaunched from 1982 to 1994.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Its sister comic was <a href="/wiki/Girl_(UK_comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl (UK comics)">Girl</a>, whose early issues from 1951 featured the strip "Kitty Hawke and her All-Girl Air Crew". <a href="/wiki/Roy_of_the_Rovers" title="Roy of the Rovers">Roy of the Rovers</a>, an immensely popular comic strip featuring Roy Race, a <a href="/wiki/Striker_(association_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Striker (association football)">striker</a> for the fictional football team Melchester Rovers, first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_(Fleetway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger (Fleetway)">Tiger</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> First published by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Handford" title="Martin Handford">Martin Handford</a> in 1987, more than 73 million <a href="/wiki/Where%27s_Wally%3F" title="Where's Wally?">Where's Wally?</a> picture puzzle books had been sold around the world by 2007.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_story_of_a_word.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_story_of_a_word.jpg/220px-The_story_of_a_word.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_story_of_a_word.jpg/330px-The_story_of_a_word.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_story_of_a_word.jpg/440px-The_story_of_a_word.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2677" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Mankind" title="The Story of Mankind">The Story of Mankind</a> (1921) by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_Loon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik van Loon">Hendrik van Loon</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Newbery Award">Newbery Award</a> winner</figcaption></figure> Children's literature has been a part of American culture since Europeans first settled in America. The earliest books were used as tools to instill self-control in children and preach a life of morality in Puritan society. Eighteenth-century American youth began to shift away from the social upbringing of its European counterpart, bringing about a change in children's literature. It was in this time that A Little Book for Little Children was written by T. W. in 1712. It includes what is thought to be the earliest nursery rhyme and one of the earliest examples of a textbook approaching education from the child's point of view, rather than the adult's.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Children's magazines in the United States began with the Young Misses' Magazine (1806) of Brooklyn, New York.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> One of the most famous books of American children's literature is <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>'s fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>, published in 1900. "By combining the English fondness for word play with the American appetite for outdoor adventure", Connie Epstein in International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature says Baum "developed an original style and form that stands alone".<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 479  Baum wrote fourteen more Oz novels, and other writers continued the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oz_books" title="List of Oz books">Oz series</a> into the twenty-first century. Demand continued to grow in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> between World War I and World War II, helped by the growth of libraries in both Canada and the United States. Children's reading rooms in libraries, staffed by specially trained librarians, helped create demand for classic juvenile books. Reviews of children's releases began appearing regularly in <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a> and in <a href="/wiki/The_Bookman_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bookman (New York)">The Bookman</a> magazine began to publish regular reviews of children's releases. The first Children's Book Week was launched in 1919. In that same year, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Seaman_Bechtel" title="Louise Seaman Bechtel">Louise Seaman Bechtel</a> became the first person to head a juvenile book publishing department in the country. She was followed by <a href="/wiki/May_Massee" title="May Massee">May Massee</a> in 1922, and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Dalgliesh" title="Alice Dalgliesh">Alice Dalgliesh</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 479–480  During this period, Black authors began writing and publishing books for African American children. Writers like Helen Adele Whiting (1885–1959) and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dabney_Shackelford" title="Jane Dabney Shackelford">Jane Dabney Shackelford</a> (1895–1979) produced books designed to instill pride in Black history and culture.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> began awarding the <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Medal" title="Newbery Medal">Newbery Medal</a>, the first children's book award, in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-newbery-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caldecott_Medal" title="Caldecott Medal">Caldecott Medal</a> for illustration followed in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The first book by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</a> about her life on the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_House_in_the_Big_Woods" title="Little House in the Big Woods">Little House in the Big Woods</a> appeared in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Silvey-25">[25]</a>: 471  In 1937 <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Seuss_Geisel" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Seuss Geisel">Dr. Seuss</a> published his first book, entitled, <a href="/wiki/And_to_Think_That_I_Saw_It_on_Mulberry_Street" title="And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street">And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult book">young adult book</a> market developed during this period, thanks to sports books by popular writer <a href="/wiki/John_R._Tunis" title="John R. Tunis">John R. Tunis</a>', the novel <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Summer" title="Seventeenth Summer">Seventeenth Summer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Daly" title="Maureen Daly">Maureen Daly</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sue_Barton_(juvenile_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Barton (juvenile series)">Sue Barton</a> nurse book series by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Dore_Boylston" title="Helen Dore Boylston">Helen Dore Boylston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cart-88">[88]</a>: 11  The already vigorous growth in children's books became a boom in the 1950s, and children's publishing became big business.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 481  In 1952, American journalist <a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a> published <a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web" title="Charlotte's Web">Charlotte's Web</a>, which was described as "one of the very few books for young children that face, squarely, the subject of death".<a href="#cite_note-Silvey-25">[25]</a>: 467  <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sendak" title="Maurice Sendak">Maurice Sendak</a> illustrated more than two dozen books during the decade, which established him as an innovator in book illustration.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 481  The <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> that began in 1957, provided increased interest and government money for schools and libraries to buy science and math books and the non-fiction book market "seemed to materialize overnight".<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 482  The 1960s saw an age of new realism in children's books emerge. Given the atmosphere of social revolution in 1960s America, authors and illustrators began to break previously established taboos in children's literature. Controversial subjects dealing with alcoholism, death, divorce, and child abuse were now being published in stories for children. Maurice Sendak's <a href="/wiki/Where_the_Wild_Things_Are" title="Where the Wild Things Are">Where the Wild Things Are</a> in 1963 and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Fitzhugh" title="Louise Fitzhugh">Louise Fitzhugh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harriet_the_Spy" title="Harriet the Spy">Harriet the Spy</a> in 1964 are often considered the first stories published in this new age of realism.<a href="#cite_note-Tunnell_80–86-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esther_Forbes" title="Esther Forbes">Esther Forbes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Tremain" title="Johnny Tremain">Johnny Tremain</a> (1943) and <a href="/wiki/Mildred_D._Taylor" title="Mildred D. Taylor">Mildred D. Taylor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roll_of_Thunder,_Hear_My_Cry" title="Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry">Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry</a> (1976) continued the tradition of the historical adventure in an American setting.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-60">[60]</a> The modern children's adventure novel sometimes deals with controversial issues like terrorism, as in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cormier" title="Robert Cormier">Robert Cormier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/After_the_First_Death" title="After the First Death">After the First Death</a> in 1979, and warfare in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dickinson" title="Peter Dickinson">Peter Dickinson</a>'s AK in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-60">[60]</a> In books for a younger age group, Bill Martin and John Archambault's <a href="/wiki/Chicka_Chicka_Boom_Boom" title="Chicka Chicka Boom Boom">Chicka Chicka Boom Boom</a> (1989) presented a new spin on the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">alphabet book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Numeroff" title="Laura Numeroff">Laura Numeroff</a> published <a href="/wiki/If_You_Give_a_Mouse_a_Cookie" title="If You Give a Mouse a Cookie">If You Give a Mouse a Cookie</a> in 1985 and went on to create a series of similarly named books that is still popular for children and adults to read together. <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Alexander" title="Lloyd Alexander">Lloyd Alexander</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Prydain" title="The Chronicles of Prydain">The Chronicles of Prydain</a> (1964–1968) was set in a fictionalized version of medieval Britain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Continental Europe">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Wyss" title="Johann David Wyss">Johann David Wyss</a> wrote the adventure novel <a href="/wiki/The_Swiss_Family_Robinson" title="The Swiss Family Robinson">The Swiss Family Robinson</a> (1812). The period from 1890 until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> is considered the Golden Age of Children's Literature in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Werenskiold" title="Erik Werenskiold">Erik Werenskiold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kittelsen" title="Theodor Kittelsen">Theodor Kittelsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dikken_Zwilgmeyer" title="Dikken Zwilgmeyer">Dikken Zwilgmeyer</a> were especially popular, writing folk and fairy tales as well as realistic fiction. The 1859 translation into English by <a href="/wiki/George_Webbe_Dasent" title="George Webbe Dasent">George Webbe Dasent</a> helped increase the stories' influence.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> One of the most influential and internationally most successful Scandinavian children's books from this period is <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöfs</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Adventures_of_Nils" title="The Wonderful Adventures of Nils">The Wonderful Adventures of Nils</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren" title="Astrid Lindgren">Astrid Lindgren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking" title="Pippi Longstocking">Pippi Longstocking</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jostein_Gaarder" title="Jostein Gaarder">Jostein Gaarder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_World" title="Sophie's World">Sophie's World</a>) are two of the best-known Scandinavian writers internationally. In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, some of the most significant children's book writers include <a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moomins" title="Moomins">Moomins</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oiva_Paloheimo" title="Oiva Paloheimo">Oiva Paloheimo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirlittan" title="Tirlittan">Tirlittan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Elina_Karjalainen" title="Elina Karjalainen">Elina Karjalainen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uppo-Nalle" title="Uppo-Nalle">Uppo-Nalle</a>). The interwar period saw a slow-down in output similar to Britain's, although "one of the first mysteries written specifically for children", <a href="/wiki/Emil_and_the_Detectives" title="Emil and the Detectives">Emil and the Detectives</a> by <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>, was published in Germany in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> German writers <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ende" title="Michael Ende">Michael Ende</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Neverending_Story" title="The Neverending Story">The Neverending Story</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Funke" title="Cornelia Funke">Cornelia Funke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inkheart" title="Inkheart">Inkheart</a>) achieved international success with their fantasy books. The period during and following World War II became the Classic Age of the picture book in Switzerland, with works by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Carigiet" title="Alois Carigiet">Alois Carigiet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoffmann_(illustrator)" title="Felix Hoffmann (illustrator)">Felix Hoffmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer_(painter)" title="Hans Fischer (painter)">Hans Fischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Nineteen sixty-three was the first year of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Children%27s_Book_Fair" title="Bologna Children's Book Fair">Bologna Children's Book Fair</a> in Italy, which was described as "the most important international event dedicated to the children's publishing".<a href="#cite_note-bologna-92">[92]</a> For four days it brings together writers, illustrators, publishers, and book buyers from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-bologna-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia and the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png/220px-Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png/330px-Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png/440px-Stamp-russia2010-children-books-block.png 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="4769" /></a><figcaption>Postal stamp of Russia celebrating children's books.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Russian_folktale" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian folktale">Russian folktales</a> were collected by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Afanasyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Afanasyev">Aleksandr Afanasyev</a> in his three-volume Narodnye russkie skazki, and a selection of these were published in Русские детские сказки (Russian Children's Fairy Tales) in 1871. By the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">literary realism</a> and non-fiction dominated children's literature. More schools were started, using books by writers like <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Ushinsky" title="Konstantin Ushinsky">Konstantin Ushinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, whose Russian Reader included an assortment of stories, fairy tales, and fables. Books written specifically for girls developed in the 1870s and 1880s. Publisher and journalist <a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Tur" title="Evgenia Tur">Evgenia Tur</a> wrote about the daughters of well-to-do landowners, while <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Nikitichna_Annenskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Nikitichna Annenskaya">Alexandra Nikitichna Annenskaya</a>'s stories told of middle-class girls working to support themselves. <a href="/wiki/Vera_Zhelikhovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera Zhelikhovsky">Vera Zhelikhovsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizaveta_Kondrashova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizaveta Kondrashova (page does not exist)">Elizaveta Kondrashova</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_Lukhmanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadezhda Lukhmanova (page does not exist)">Nadezhda Lukhmanova</a> also wrote for girls during this period.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 767  Children's non-fiction gained great importance in Russia at the beginning of the century. A ten-volume children's encyclopedia was published between 1913 and 1914. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Avenarius" title="Vasily Avenarius">Vasily Avenarius</a> wrote fictionalized biographies of important people like <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> around the same time, and scientists wrote for books and magazines for children. Children's magazines flourished, and by the end of the century there were 61. <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Charskaya" title="Lidia Charskaya">Lidia Charskaya</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klavdiya_Lukashevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klavdiya Lukashevich (page does not exist)">Klavdiya Lukashevich</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Лукашевич, Клавдия Владимировна">ru</a>] continued the popularity of girls' fiction. <a href="/wiki/Realism_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (literature)">Realism</a> took a gloomy turn by frequently showing the maltreatment of children from lower classes. The most popular boys' material was <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, and similar stories from detective magazines.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 768  The state took control of children's literature during the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Gorky" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksim Gorky">Maksim Gorky</a> edited the first children's Northern Lights under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule. People often label the 1920s as the Golden Age of Children's Literature in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 769  <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Marshak" title="Samuil Marshak">Samuil Marshak</a> led that literary decade as the "founder of (Soviet) children's literature".<a href="#cite_note-shray-93">[93]</a>: 193  As head of the children's section of the State Publishing House and editor of several children's magazines, Marshak exercised enormous influence by<a href="#cite_note-shray-93">[93]</a>: 192–193  recruiting <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a> to write for children. In 1932, professional writers in the Soviet Union formed the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Union_of_Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR Union of Writers">USSR Union of Writers</a>, which served as the writer's organization of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>. With a children's branch, the official oversight of the professional organization brought children's writers under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">state</a> and the police. <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist principles</a> like <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">collectivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> became important themes in children's literature. Authors wrote biographies about revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavlik_Morozov" title="Pavlik Morozov">Pavlik Morozov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belyayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Belyayev">Alexander Belyayev</a>, who wrote in the 1920s and 1930s, became Russia's first <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writer.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 770  According to Ben Hellman in the International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "war was to occupy a prominent place in juvenile reading, partly compensating for the lack of adventure stories", during the Soviet Period.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 771  More political changes in Russia after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought further change in children's literature. Today, the field is in a state of flux because some older authors are being rediscovered and others are being abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 772  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought political and social change that revolutionized children's literature in China. Western science, technology, and literature became fashionable. China's first modern publishing firm, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Press" title="Commercial Press">Commercial Press</a>, established several children's magazines, which included Youth Magazine, and Educational Pictures for Children.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 832–833  The first Chinese children's writer was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Yuxiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Yuxiu (page does not exist)">Sun Yuxiu</a>, an editor of Commercial Press, whose story The Kingdom Without a Cat was written in the language of the time instead of the classical style used previously. Yuxiu encouraged novelist <a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Shen Dehong</a> to write for children as well. Dehong went on to rewrite 28 stories based on classical Chinese literature specifically for children. In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tianyi" title="Zhang Tianyi">Zhang Tianyi</a> published Big Lin and Little Lin, the first full-length Chinese novel for children.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 833–834  The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> changed children's literature again. Many children's writers were denounced, but Tianyi and <a href="/wiki/Ye_Shengtao" title="Ye Shengtao">Ye Shengtao</a> continued to write for children and created works that were aligned with <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> ideology. The 1976 death of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> provoked more changes that swept China. The work of many writers from the early part of the century became available again. In 1990 came General Anthology of Modern Children's Literature of China, a fifteen-volume anthology of children's literature since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 834–835  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> In Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Monteiro_Lobato" title="Monteiro Lobato">Monteiro Lobato</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> wrote a series of 23 books for children known as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADtio_do_Picapau_Amarelo_(novel_series)" title="Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (novel series)">Sítio do Picapau Amarelo</a> (The Yellow Woodpecker Ranch), between 1920 and 1940. The series is considered representative of Brazilian children's literature and the Brazilian equivalent to children's classics such as <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a> series.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] The concept was introduced in Monteiro Lobato's 1920 short story "A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado", and was later republished as the first chapter of "Reinações de Narizinho", which is the first novel of the series.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The main setting is the "Sítio do Picapau Amarelo", where a boy (Pedrinho), a girl (Narizinho) and their living and thinking anthropomorphic toys enjoy exploring adventures in fantasy, discovery and learning. On several occasions, they leave the ranch to explore other worlds such as <a href="/wiki/Neverland" title="Neverland">Neverland</a>, the mythological <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, an underwater world known as "Reino das Águas Claras" (Clear Waters Kingdom), and even the outer space. The "Sítio" is often symbolized by the character of <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(S%C3%ADtio_do_Picapau_Amarelo)" title="Emilia (Sítio do Picapau Amarelo)">Emília</a>, Lobato's most famous creation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg/220px-Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/Nandalal_Bose_1913_The_Home_Tagore.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>The Crescent Moon by <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> illus. by <a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a>, Macmillan 1913</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a> first established the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School-Book_Society" title="Calcutta School-Book Society">Calcutta School-Book Society</a> in the 19th century, creating a separate genre for children's literature in the country. Magazines and books for children in native languages soon appeared.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 808  In the latter half of the century, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Shivprasad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Shivprasad (page does not exist)">Raja Shivprasad</a> wrote several well-known books in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 810  A number of respected <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> writers began producing <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> for children, including <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>, who translated some stories and wrote others himself. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winner <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> wrote plays, stories, and poems for children, including one work illustrated by painter <a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a>. They worked from the end of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth. Tagore's work was later translated into English, with Bose's pictures.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 811  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behari_Lal_Puri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behari Lal Puri (page does not exist)">Behari Lal Puri</a> was the earliest writer for children in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. His stories were <a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didactic</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 815  The first full-length children's book was Khar Khar Mahadev by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narain_Dixit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narain Dixit (page does not exist)">Narain Dixit</a>, which was serialized in one of the popular children's magazines in 1957. Other writers include <a href="/wiki/Premchand" title="Premchand">Premchand</a>, and poet <a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Dwivedi" title="Sohan Lal Dwivedi">Sohan Lal Dwivedi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 811  In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a> wrote and illustrated <a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">nonsense rhymes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>, and children's writer and artist <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a> finished Barngtarbratn. Bengali children's literature flourished in the later part of the twentieth century. Educator <a href="/wiki/Gijubhai_Badheka" title="Gijubhai Badheka">Gijubhai Badheka</a> published over 200 books in the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature_in_Gujarati_language" title="Children's literature in Gujarati language">Children's literature in Gujarati language</a>, and many are still popular.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 812  Other popular Gujarati children's authors were <a href="/wiki/Ramanlal_Soni" title="Ramanlal Soni">Ramanlal Soni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jivram_Joshi" title="Jivram Joshi">Jivram Joshi</a>. In 1957, political cartoonist <a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Trust" title="Children's Book Trust">Children's Book Trust</a> publishing company. The firm became known for high quality children's books, and many of them were released in several languages. One of the most distinguished writers is Pandit <a href="/wiki/Krushna_Chandra_Kar" title="Krushna Chandra Kar">Krushna Chandra Kar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oriya_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriya literature">Oriya literature</a>, who wrote many good books for children, including Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, and Adi Jugara Galpa Mala. He wrote biographies of many historical personalities, such as Kapila Deva. In 1978, the firm organized a writers' competition to encourage quality children's writing. The following year, the Children's Book Trust began a writing workshop and organized the First International Children's Book Fair in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 809  Children's magazines, available in many languages, were widespread throughout India during this century.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 811–820  <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Bond" title="Ruskin Bond">Ruskin Bond</a> is also a famous Anglo-Indian writer for children. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> One of the pioneering children's writer in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Azar-Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehdi Azar-Yazdi">Mehdi Azar-Yazdi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> His award-winning work, Good Stories for Good Children, is a collection of stories derived from the stories in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Persian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Persian literature">Classical Persian literature</a> re-written for children.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Children%27s_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Children's literature">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Originally, for centuries, stories were told by Africans in their native languages, many being told during social gatherings. Stories varied between mythic narratives dealing with creation and basic proverbs showcasing human wisdom. These narratives were passed down from generation to generation orally.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria has witnessed a rise in the production of children's literature by its people,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> the past three decades contributing the most to the genre. Most children's books depict the African culture and lifestyle, and trace their roots to traditional folktales, riddles, and proverbs. Authors who have produced such works include <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Ekwensi" title="Cyprian Ekwensi">Cyprian Ekwensi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Tutuola" title="Amos Tutuola">Amos Tutuola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Nwapa" title="Flora Nwapa">Flora Nwapa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buchi_Emecheta" title="Buchi Emecheta">Buchi Emecheta</a>. Publishing companies also aided in the development of children's literature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Children's literature can be divided into categories, either according to <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">genre</a> or the intended age of the reader. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_return_of_Rama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_return_of_Rama.jpg/220px-The_return_of_Rama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_return_of_Rama.jpg/330px-The_return_of_Rama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_return_of_Rama.jpg/440px-The_return_of_Rama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2979" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Tagore</a> illustration of a Hindu myth</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_genre">By genre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: By genre">edit</a>]</div> A literary genre is a category of literary compositions. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content, or length. According to Anderson,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-99">[99]</a> there are six categories of children's literature (with some significant subgenres): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picture_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture books">Picture books</a>, including concept books that teach the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Counting" title="Counting">counting</a> for example, pattern books, and wordless books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Traditional literature</a>, including folktales, which convey the legends, customs, superstitions, and beliefs of people in previous civilizations. This genre can be further broken into sub genres: <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realistic fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a> which can include narrative non-fiction which is a true story written in the style of a novel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> and verse which can include novels written entirely in verse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_age_category">By age category</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: By age category">edit</a>]</div> The criteria for these divisions are vague, and books near a borderline may be classified either way. Books for younger children tend to be written in simple language, use large print, and have many illustrations. Books for older children use increasingly complex language, normal print, and fewer (if any) illustrations. The categories with an age range are these: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">Picture books</a>, appropriate for pre-readers or children ages 0–8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Early reader">Early reader</a> books, <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_for_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriate for children">appropriate for children</a> ages 5–7. These are often designed to help children build their reading skills and help them make the transition to becoming independent readers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_book" title="Chapter book">Chapter books</a>, appropriate for children ages 7–10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_grade_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle grade fiction">Middle grade fiction</a>, appropriate for children ages 8–12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">Young adult fiction</a>, appropriate for children ages 12–18</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illustration">Illustration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Illustration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbispictus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orbispictus.JPG/220px-Orbispictus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orbispictus.JPG/330px-Orbispictus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orbispictus.JPG/440px-Orbispictus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>A late 18th-century reprint of <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Pictus" title="Orbis Pictus">Orbis Pictus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a>, the first children's picture book.</figcaption></figure> Pictures have always accompanied children's stories.<a href="#cite_note-lerer-10">[10]</a>: 320  A <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt_(Late_Antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Egypt (Late Antiquity)">Byzantine Egypt</a>, shows illustrations accompanied by the story of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>' labors.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_book_illustration" title="Children's book illustration">children's books are illustrated</a> in a way that is rarely seen in adult literature, except in <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a>. Generally, artwork plays a greater role in books intended for younger readers (especially pre-literate children). Children's picture books often serve as an accessible source of high quality art for young children. Even after children learn to read well enough to enjoy a story without illustrations, they (like their elders) continue to appreciate the occasional drawings found in chapter books. According to Joyce Whalley in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "an illustrated book differs from a book with <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustrations</a> in that a good illustrated book is one where the pictures enhance or add depth to the text."<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 221  Using this definition, the first illustrated children's book is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Pictus" title="Orbis Pictus">Orbis Pictus</a> which was published in 1658 by the <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravians (ethnic group)">Moravian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a>. Acting as a kind of encyclopedia, Orbis Pictus had a picture on every page, followed by the name of the object in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and German. It was translated into English in 1659 and was used in homes and schools around Europe and Great Britain for many years.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 220  Early children's books, such as Orbis Pictus, were illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, and many times the same image was repeated in a number of books regardless of how appropriate the illustration was for the story.<a href="#cite_note-lerer-10">[10]</a>: 322  Newer processes, including copper and steel <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> were first used in the 1830s. One of the first uses of <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">Chromolithography</a> (a way of making multi-colored prints) in a children's book was demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Struwwelpeter" title="Struwwelpeter">Struwwelpeter</a>, published in Germany in 1845. English illustrator <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a> refined its use in children's books in the late 19th century. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crane_frog4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crane_frog4.jpg/220px-Crane_frog4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crane_frog4.jpg/330px-Crane_frog4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Crane_frog4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">chromolithograph</a> illustration for <a href="/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_(story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Frog Prince (story)">The Frog Prince</a>, 1874.</figcaption></figure> Another method of creating illustrations for children's books was <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, used by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a> in the 1850s. By the 1860s, top artists were illustrating for children, including Crane, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway" title="Kate Greenaway">Kate Greenaway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a>. Most pictures were still black-and-white, and many color pictures were hand colored, often by children.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 224–226  The Essential Guide to Children's Books and Their Creators credits Caldecott with "The concept of extending the meaning of text beyond literal visualization".<a href="#cite_note-Silvey-25">[25]</a>: 350  Twentieth-century artists such as <a href="/wiki/Kay_Nielson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Nielson">Kay Nielson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dulac" title="Edmund Dulac">Edmund Dulac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> produced illustrations that are still reprinted today.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 224–227  Developments in printing capabilities were reflected in children's books. After World War II, <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset lithography</a> became more refined, and painter-style illustrations, such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wildsmith" title="Brian Wildsmith">Brian Wildsmith</a>'s were common by the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">[3]</a>: 233  Illustrators of Children's Books, 1744–1945 (Horn Book, 1947), an extensively detailed four volume work by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Payson_Latimer" title="Louise Payson Latimer">Louise Payson Latimer</a>, Bertha E. Mahony and Beulah Folmsbee, catalogs illustrators of children's books over two centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scholarship">edit</a>]</div> Professional organizations, dedicated publications, individual researchers and university courses conduct scholarship on children's literature. Scholarship in children's literature is primarily conducted in three different disciplinary fields: literary studies/cultural studies (literature and language departments and humanities), library and information science, and education. (Wolf, et al., 2011). Typically, children's literature scholars from literature departments in universities (English, German, Spanish, etc. departments), cultural studies, or in the humanities conduct literary analysis of books. This <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> may focus on an author, a thematic or topical concern, genre, period, or literary device and may address issues from a variety of critical stances (poststructural, postcolonial, New Criticism, psychoanalytic, new historicism, etc.). Results of this type of research are typically published as books or as articles in scholarly journals. The field of Library and Information Science has a long history of conducting research related to children's literature. Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to the use of children's literature in classroom settings. They may also study topics such as home use, children's out-of-school reading, or parents' use of children's books. Teachers typically use children's literature to augment classroom instruction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation_of_children's_literature">Translation of children's literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Translation of children's literature">edit</a>]</div> Translation of children's literature can emerge in various forms and necessitates to have a comprehension of the children's inner worlds and developmental factors. Hollindale in 1997 takes the attention on the experimental, dynamic, imaginative, interactive, and unstable nature of childness. Considering that the translation is carried out for children consequently requires to the necessities of the youngest readers and thus, the target text can be expected to involve considering effective content, creativity, the simplest of expression, and linguistic playfulness.<a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a> Beyond age considerations, in the translation of children's literature, the translators are supposed to comprehend the changing status and essence of youth cultures. This arises from the phenomena that works translated for children can be fictions fundamentally produced both for adults and children, consisting of genres such as romances, fables, and fairytales. Besides, adults might be present in literary works for children as the disguise of a didactic narrator or ironic asides. This can have the power to change the implicit adult-child relationship in the source text. The visuals play an important role in children's literature for younger audience and these visuals might consist of comics, graphic novels, and picture books. Therefore, the translators are required to have an understanding of typography, visual coding and stylization.<a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a> Accordingly, comprehending the multi-medial nature of children's literature and grasping how to compose text and images for promoting active child readers are fundamental for translators to produce effective target texts. Scholars such as Oittinen suggests that translators of children's literature would benefit from having a specialized training in arts along with translation studies. Puurtinen and Kreller highlights other aspects such as of sound, narrative structure, syntactic alterations, and textual elements like repetition and rhyme and they suggest these components possess crucial roles in translating children's literature. It can be said that these suggestions are being further on through critical developments such as edited volumes, reviews, and collections in the field opening the path for future research directions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png/220px-Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png/330px-Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png/440px-Number_of_children%27s_books_titles_published_by_the_trade_sector_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Number of children's books titles published by the trade sector in 2020</figcaption></figure> The US reported revenue of US$4.7 billion from children's books in 2020, followed by Germany (US$2 billion), the UK (US$508 million), Spain (US$427 million) and France (US$406 million).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Literary criticism">edit</a>]</div> Controversies often emerge around the content and characters of prominent children's books.<a href="#cite_note-cracked.com-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Well-known classics that remain popular throughout decades commonly become criticized by critics and readers as the values of contemporary culture change.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adios_Barbie-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Critical analysis of children's literature is common through children's literary journals as well as published collections of essays contributed to by psychoanalysts, scholars and various <a href="/wiki/Literary_critics" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critics">literary critics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunt_(literary_critic)" title="Peter Hunt (literary critic)">Peter Hunt</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_over_controversial_content">Debate over controversial content</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Debate over controversial content">edit</a>]</div> A widely discussed and debated topic by critics and publishers in the children's book industry is whether outdated and offensive content, specifically racial stereotypes, should be changed in new editions. Others argue instead that original content should remain but that publishers should add information to guide parents in conversations with their children about the problematic elements of the particular story.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_Magazine-109">[109]</a> Some see racist stereotypes as cultural artifacts that should be preserved.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In The Children's Culture Reader, scholar <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Henry Jenkins</a> references <a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Kohl" title="Herbert R. Kohl">Herbert R. Kohl</a>'s essay "Should We Burn Babar?" which raises the debate whether children should be educated on how to think critically towards oppressive ideologies rather than ignore historical mistakes. Jenkins suggests that parents and educators should trust children to make responsible judgments.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Some books have been altered in newer editions and significant changes can be seen, such as illustrator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Scarry" title="Richard Scarry">Richard Scarry</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Best_Word_Book_Ever" title="Best Word Book Ever">Best Word Book Ever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_Magazine-109">[109]</a> In other cases classics have been rewritten into updated versions by new authors and illustrators. Several versions of <a href="/wiki/Little_Black_Sambo" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Black Sambo">Little Black Sambo</a> have been remade as more appropriate and without prejudice.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereotypes,_racism_and_cultural_bias">Stereotypes, racism and cultural bias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stereotypes, racism and cultural bias">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>1900 edition of the controversial <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo" title="The Story of Little Black Sambo">The Story of Little Black Sambo</a></figcaption></figure> Popular classics such as <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking" title="Pippi Longstocking">Pippi Longstocking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a> have been criticized for their <a href="/wiki/Racial_stereotyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial stereotyping">racial stereotyping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cracked.com-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The academic journal Children's Literature Review provides critical analysis of many well known children's books. In its 114th volume, the journal discusses the cultural stereotypes in Belgian cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Herge" class="mw-redirect" title="Herge">Herge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">Tintin</a> series in reference to its depiction of people from the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> After the scramble for Africa which occurred between the years of 1881 and 1914 there was a large production of children's literature which attempted to create an illusion of what life was like for those who lived on the African continent. This was a simple technique in deceiving those who only relied on stories and secondary resources. Resulting in a new age of books which put a "gloss" on imperialism and its teachings at the time. Thus encouraging the idea that the colonies who were part of the African continent were perceived as animals, savages and inhuman-like. Therefore, needing cultured higher class Europeans to share their knowledge and resources with the locals. Also promoting the idea that the people within these places were as exotic as the locations themselves. Examples of these books include: <ul><li>Lou lou chez les negres (1929) – Lou Lou among the blacks[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Baba Diène et Morceau-de-Sucre (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant" title="Babar the Elephant">Babar</a> series promoting the French civilizing mission (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintin_in_the_Congo" title="Tintin in the Congo">Tintin au Congo</a> (1931) – Tintin goes to teach lessons in Congo about their country, Belgium</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Chinese_Brothers" title="The Five Chinese Brothers">The Five Chinese Brothers</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Claire_Huchet_Bishop" title="Claire Huchet Bishop">Claire Huchet Bishop</a> and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wiese" title="Kurt Wiese">Kurt Wiese</a> has been criticized for its stereotypical caricatures of Chinese people.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Bannerman" title="Helen Bannerman">Helen Bannerman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Little_Black_Sambo" title="The Story of Little Black Sambo">The Story of Little Black Sambo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Kate_Upton" title="Florence Kate Upton">Florence Kate Upton</a>'s The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a <a href="/wiki/Golliwogg" class="mw-redirect" title="Golliwogg">Golliwogg</a> have also been noted for their racist and controversial depictions.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The term sambo, a racial slur from the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> caused a widespread banning of Bannerman's book.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-113">[113]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Julius_Lester" title="Julius Lester">Julius Lester</a> and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pinkney" title="Jerry Pinkney">Jerry Pinkney</a> revised the story as Sam and the Tigers: A New Telling of Little Black Sambo, making its content more appropriate and empowering for ethnic minority children.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Feminist theologian Eske Wollrad claimed <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren" title="Astrid Lindgren">Astrid Lindgren</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking" title="Pippi Longstocking">Pippi Longstocking</a> novels "have colonial racist stereotypes",<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-114">[114]</a> urging parents to skip specific offensive passages when reading to their children. Criticisms of the 1911 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a> by author <a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a> claim endorsement of racist attitudes toward black people through the dialogue of main character <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Lennox">Mary Lennox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lofting" title="Hugh Lofting">Hugh Lofting</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Doctor_Dolittle" title="The Story of Doctor Dolittle">The Story of Doctor Dolittle</a> has been accused of "white racial superiority",<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> by implying through its underlying message that an ethnic minority person is less than human.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The picture book <a href="/wiki/The_Snowy_Day" title="The Snowy Day">The Snowy Day</a>, written and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Jack_Keats" title="Ezra Jack Keats">Ezra Jack Keats</a> was published in 1962 and is known as the first picture book to portray an African-American child as a protagonist. Middle Eastern and Central American protagonists still remain underrepresented in North American picture books.<a href="#cite_note-Young_Children_and_Picture_Books-126">[126]</a> According to the Cooperative Children's Books Center (CCBC) at University of Wisconsin Madison, which has been keeping statistics on children's books since the 1980s, in 2016, out of 3,400 children's books received by the CCBC that year, only 278 were about Africans or African Americans. Additionally, only 92 of the books were written by Africans or African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In his interview in the book Ways of Telling: Conversations on the Art of the Picture Book, Jerry Pinkney mentioned how difficult it was to find children's books with black children as characters.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In the literary journal The Black Scholar, Bettye I. Latimer has criticized popular children's books for their renditions of people as almost exclusively white, and notes that <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> books contain few ethnic minority people.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The popular school readers Fun with <a href="/wiki/Dick_and_Jane" title="Dick and Jane">Dick and Jane</a> which ran from the 1930s until the 1970s, are known for their whitewashed renditions of the North American <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> as well as their highly gendered stereotypes. The first black family did not appear in the series until the 1960s, thirty years into its run.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Writer Mary Renck Jalongo In Young Children and Picture Books discusses damaging stereotypes of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_children%27s_literature" title="Native Americans in children's literature">Native Americans in children's literature</a>, stating repeated depictions of indigenous people as living in the 1800s with feathers and face paint cause children to mistake them as fictional and not as people that still exist today.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The depictions of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie" title="Little House on the Prairie">Little House on the Prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> are widely discussed among critics. Wilder's novel, based on her childhood in America's midwest in the late 1800s, portrays Native Americans as racialized stereotypes and has been banned in some classrooms.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In her essay, Somewhere Outside the Forest: Ecological Ambivalence in Neverland from The Little White Bird to Hook, writer M. Lynn Byrd describes how the natives of Neverland in Peter Pan are depicted as "uncivilized", valiant fighters unafraid of death and are referred to as "redskins", which is now considered a racial slur.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialism_and_colonialism">Imperialism and colonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Imperialism and colonialism">edit</a>]</div> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> as well as pro-colonialist and <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> themes in children's literature have been identified in some of the most well known children's classics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In the French illustrator <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff" title="Jean de Brunhoff">Jean de Brunhoff</a>'s 1931 picture book Histoire de Babar, le petit elephant (The Story of <a href="/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant" title="Babar the Elephant">Babar</a>, The Little Elephant), prominent themes of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> have been noted and identified as propaganda. An allegory for French colonialism, Babar easily assimilates himself into the bourgeois lifestyle. It is a world where the elephants who have adapted themselves dominate the animals who have not yet been assimilated into the new and powerful civilization.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/H._A._Rey" title="H. A. Rey">H. A. Rey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margret_Rey" title="Margret Rey">Margret Rey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Curious_George" title="Curious George">Curious George</a> first published in 1941 has been criticized for its blatant slave and colonialist narratives. Critics claim the man with the yellow hat represents a colonialist poacher of European descent who kidnaps George, a monkey from Africa, and sends him on a ship to America. Details such as the man in colonialist uniform and Curious George's lack of tail are points in this argument. In an article, The Wall Street Journal interprets it as a "barely disguised slave narrative."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a> has also been accused of colonial prejudice attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Literary critic Jean Webb, among others, has pointed out the presence of British imperialist ideas in <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Colonialist ideology has been identified as a prominent element in Peter Pan by critics.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_roles_and_representation_of_women">Gender roles and representation of women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gender roles and representation of women">edit</a>]</div> Some of the earliest children's stories that contain feminist themes are <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Little_Women" title="Little Women">Little Women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Baum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank L. Baum">Frank L. Baum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>. With many women of this period being represented in children's books as doing housework, these two books deviated from this pattern. Drawing attention to the perception of housework as oppressive is one of the earliest forms of the feminist movement. Little Women, a story about four sisters, is said to show power of women in the home and is seen as both conservative and radical in nature. The character of Jo is observed as having a rather contemporary personality and has even been seen as a representation of the feminist movement. It has been suggested that the feminist themes in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz result from influence of Baum's mother-in law, <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Gage" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda Gage">Matilda Gage</a>, an important figure in the <a href="/wiki/Suffragist" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragist">suffragist</a> movement. Baum's significant political commentary on capitalism, and racial oppression are also said to be part of Gage's influence. Examples made of these themes is the main protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy</a> who is punished by being made to do housework. Another example made of positive representations of women is in Finnish author <a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moomin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moomin">Moomin</a> series which features strong and individualized female characters.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In recent years, there has been a surge in the production and availability of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">feminist children's literature</a> as well as a rise in <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">gender neutrality</a> in children's literature. In addition to perpetuating stereotypes about appropriate behavior and occupations for women and girls, children's books frequently lack female characters entirely, or include them only as minor or unimportant characters.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> In the book Boys and Girls Forever: Reflections on Children's Classics, scholar <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Alison Lurie</a> says most adventure novels of the 20th century, with few exceptions, contain boy protagonists while female characters in books such as those by <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a>, would typically be assigned the gender-specific roles of receptionists and nurses.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a> characters written by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>, are primarily male, with the exception of the character <a href="/wiki/Kanga_(Winnie-the-Pooh)" title="Kanga (Winnie-the-Pooh)">Kanga</a>, who is a mother to <a href="/wiki/Roo" title="Roo">Roo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Even animals and inanimate objects are usually identified as being male in children's books.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> The near-absence of significant female characters is paradoxical because of the role of women in creating children's literature.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> According to an article published in the Guardian in 2011, by Allison Flood, "Looking at almost 6,000 children's books published between 1900 and 2000, the study, led by Janice McCabe, a professor of sociology at Florida State University, found that males are central characters in 57% of children's books published each year, with just 31% having female central characters. Male animals are central characters in 23% of books per year, the study found, while female animals star in only 7.5%".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On the one hand Growing up with Dick and Jane highlights the heterosexual, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> and also points out the gender-specific duties of the mother, father, brother and sister,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> while Young Children and Picture Books, on the other hand, encourages readers to avoid books with women who are portrayed as inactive and unsuccessful as well as intellectually inferior and subservient to their fellow male characters to avoid children's books that have repressive and <a href="/wiki/Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a> stereotypes for women.<a href="#cite_note-Young_Children_and_Picture_Books-126">[126]</a> In her book Children's Literature: From the fin de siècle to the new millennium, professor Kimberley Reynolds claims gender division stayed in children's books prominently until the 1990s. She also says that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> encourages gender-specific marketing of books and toys.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> For example, adventure stories have been identified as being for boys and domestic fiction intended for girls.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Publishers often believe that boys will not read stories about girls, but that girls will read stories about both boys and girls; therefore, a story that features male characters is expected to sell better.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> The interest in appealing to boys is also seen in the Caldecott awards, which tend to be presented to books that are believed to appeal to boys.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> Reynolds also says that both boys and girls have been presented by limited representations of appropriate behaviour, identities and careers through the illustrations and text of children's literature. She argues girls have traditionally been marketed books that prepare them for domestic jobs and motherhood. Conversely, boys are prepared for leadership roles and war.<a href="#cite_note-Northcote_House-160">[160]</a> During the 20th century, more than 5,000 children's picture books were published in the U.S; during that time, male characters outnumbered female characters by more than 3 to 2, and male animals outnumbered female animals by 3 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-:1-161">[161]</a> No children's picture book that featured a protagonist with an identifiable gender contained only female characters.<a href="#cite_note-:1-161">[161]</a> I'm Glad I'm a Boy! I'm Glad I'm a Girl! (1970) by <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Darrow_Jr." title="Whitney Darrow Jr.">Whitney Darrow Jr.</a> was criticized for narrow career depictions for both boys and girls. The book informs the reader that boys are doctors, policemen, pilots, and presidents while girls are nurses, meter maids, stewardesses and first ladies.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Nancy F. Cott, once said that "gender matters; that is, it matters that human beings do not appear as neuter individuals, that they exist as male or female, although this binary is always filtered through human perception. I should add that when I say gender, I am talking about meaning. I am talking about something in which interpretation is already involved."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In her book La sua barba non è poi così blu... Immaginario collettivo e violenza misogina nella fiaba di Perrault (2014, translated into Spanish Su barba no era tan azul and winner of the first international CIRSE award 2015<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>), Angela Articoni analyzes the fairy tale Bluebeard dwelling on the sentence pronounced by the protagonist to convince herself to accept marriage, an expression that recites to repeat the women victims of violence who hope to be able to redeem their prince charming.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_early_childhood_development">Effect on early childhood development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Effect on early childhood development">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim">Bruno Bettelheim</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Uses_of_Enchantment" title="The Uses of Enchantment">The Uses of Enchantment</a>, uses <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> to examine the impact that <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy tales">fairy tales</a> have on the developing child. Bettelheim states the unconscious mind of a child is affected by the ideas behind a story, which shape their perception and guides their development.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Likewise, author and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Browne_(author)" title="Anthony Browne (author)">Anthony Browne</a> contends the early viewing of an image in a <a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">picture book</a> leaves an important and lasting impression on a child.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> According to research, a child's most crucial individual characteristics are developed in their first five years. Their environment and interaction with images in picture books have a profound impact on this development and are intended to inform a child about the world.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Children's literature critic <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunt_(literary_critic)" title="Peter Hunt (literary critic)">Peter Hunt</a> argues that no book is innocent of harbouring an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of the culture it comes from.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Critics discuss how an author's ethnicity, gender and social class inform their work.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Scholar Kimberley Reynolds suggests books can never be neutral as their nature is intended as instructional and by using its language, children are embedded with the values of that society.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Claiming childhood as a culturally constructed concept,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Reynolds states that it is through children's literature that a child learns how to behave and to act as a child should, according to the expectations of their culture. She also attributes <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, in certain societies, as a prominent means of instructing especially middle class children in how to behave.<a href="#cite_note-Northcote_House-160">[160]</a> The "image of childhood"<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-173">[173]</a> is said to be created and perpetuated by adults to affect children "at their most susceptible age".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway" title="Kate Greenaway">Kate Greenaway</a>'s illustrations are used as an example of imagery intended to instruct a child in the proper way to look and behave.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-173">[173]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Seelinger_Trites" title="Roberta Seelinger Trites">Roberta Seelinger Trites</a>'s book Disturbing the Universe: Power and Repression in Adolescent Literature, she also argues adolescence is a social construct established by ideologies present in literature.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In the study The First R: How Children Learn About Race and Racism, researcher Debra Ausdale studies children in multi-ethnic daycare centres. Ausdale claims children as young as three have already entered into and begun experimenting with the race ideologies of the adult world. She asserts racist attitudes are assimilated<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> using interactions children have with books as an example of how children internalize what they encounter in real life.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_of_children's_books">Benefits of children's books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Benefits of children's books">edit</a>]</div> Children's books are critical to child development, especially at preschool ages. Children have had limited engagement in social contexts at this age. Reading books will help them to prepare for future social interactions and real-life situations because reading helps language, cognitive, social, and emotional development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Children's books increase language development by introducing new vocabulary and helping children to learn about using language in context.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Children are also exposed to various words and sentence structures when reading. Moreover, children's books enhance children's cognitive development in memory, attention, and imagination. Reading allows them to relate to their experience and understanding to make meaning of the sensory message, which is how the brain understands the world around them.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Children's books also benefit children's social and emotional development. Reading books help "personal development and self-understanding by presenting situations and characters with which our own can be compared".<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Children's books often present topics that children can relate to, such as love, empathy, family affection, and friendship. Reading those books helps children to understand emotion and helps them transfer their learning to social contexts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Many noted awards for children's literature exist in various countries, parts of the world, or for specific languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> – In Africa, <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Baobab_Prize" title="The Golden Baobab Prize">The Golden Baobab Prize</a> runs an annual competition for African writers of children's stories. It is one of the few African literary awards that recognizes writing for children and young adults. The competition is the only pan-African writing competition that recognizes promising African writers of children's literature. Every year, the competition invites entries of unpublished African-inspired stories written for an audience of 8- to 11-year-olds (Category A) or 12- to 15-year-olds (Category B). The writers who are aged 18 or below, are eligible for the Rising Writer Prize.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> – In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Council_of_Australia" title="Children's Book Council of Australia">Children's Book Council of Australia</a> runs a number of annual <a href="/wiki/List_of_CBCA_Awards" title="List of CBCA Awards">CBCA book awards</a>. There are also the annual <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Literary_Awards" title="Prime Minister's Literary Awards">Prime Minister's Literary Awards</a> which since 2010 include categories for children's and young adult literature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> – In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards#Governor_General's_Literary_Awards" title="Governor General's Awards">Governor General's Literary Award for Children's Literature and Illustration</a>, in English and French, is established. A number of the provinces' school boards and library associations also run popular "children's choice" awards where candidate books are read and championed by individual schools and classrooms. These include the <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> Spruce (grades K-2) Silver Birch Express (grades 3–4), Silver Birch (grades 5–6) Red Maple (grades 7–8) and White Pine (high school) in Ontario. Programs in other provinces include The Red Cedar and Stellar Awards in BC, the Willow Awards in Saskatchewan, and the Manitoba Young Readers Choice Awards. <a href="/wiki/IBBY_Canada" title="IBBY Canada">IBBY Canada</a> offers a number of annual awards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> – In China, the <a href="/wiki/National_Outstanding_Children%27s_Literature_Award" title="National Outstanding Children's Literature Award">National Outstanding Children's Literature Award</a> is the highest award given to children's literature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> – In Japan, there are many awards for children's books.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> – In the Philippines, The Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature for short story literature in the English and Filipino languages (Maikling Kathang Pambata) has been established since 1989. The Children's Poetry in the English and Filipino languages has been established since 2009. The Pilar Perez Medallion for Young Adult Literature was awarded in 2001 and 2002. The Philippine Board on Books for Young People gives major awards, which include the PBBY-Salanga Writers' Prize for excellence in writing and the PBBY-Alcala Illustrator's Prize for excellence in illustration. Other awards are The Ceres Alabado Award for Outstanding Contribution in Children's Literature; the Gintong Aklat Award (Golden Book Award); The Gawad Komisyon para sa Kuwentong Pambata (Commission Award for Children's Literature in Filipino) and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Book_Awards" title="Philippine National Book Awards">National Book Award</a> (given by the Manila Critics' Circle) for Outstanding Production in Children's Books and young adult literature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> – In the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Medal_(literary_award)" title="Carnegie Medal (literary award)">Carnegie Medal</a> for writing and the <a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway_Medal" title="Kate Greenaway Medal">Kate Greenaway Medal</a> for illustration, the <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Smarties_Book_Prize" title="Nestlé Smarties Book Prize">Nestlé Smarties Book Prize</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian Award">Guardian Award</a> are a few notable awards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Library_Service_to_Children" title="Association for Library Service to Children">Association for Library Service to Children</a> give the major awards. They include the <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Medal" title="Newbery Medal">Newbery Medal</a> for writing, <a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Printz_Award" title="Michael L. Printz Award">Michael L. Printz Award</a> for writing for teens, <a href="/wiki/Caldecott_Medal" title="Caldecott Medal">Caldecott Medal</a> for illustration, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Kite_Award" title="Golden Kite Award">Golden Kite Award</a> in various categories from the <a href="/wiki/SCBWI" class="mw-redirect" title="SCBWI">SCBWI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibert_Medal" title="Sibert Medal">Sibert Medal</a> for informational, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Seuss_Geisel_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Seuss Geisel Award">Theodor Seuss Geisel Award</a> for beginning readers, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal">Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal</a> for impact over time, <a href="/wiki/Batchelder_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Batchelder Award">Batchelder Award</a> for works in translation, <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Award" title="Coretta Scott King Award">Coretta Scott King Award</a> for work by an African-American writer, and the <a href="/wiki/Belpre_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Belpre Medal">Belpre Medal</a> for work by a Latino writer. Other notable awards are the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> for Young People's Literature and the <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Pictus_Award" title="Orbis Pictus Award">Orbis Pictus Award</a> for excellence in the writing of <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">nonfiction</a> for children.</li></ul> International awards also exist as forms of global recognition. These include the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Award" title="Hans Christian Andersen Award">Hans Christian Andersen Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren_Memorial_Award" title="Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award">Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilustrarte_Bienale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilustrarte Bienale (page does not exist)">Ilustrarte Bienale</a> for illustration, and the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Children%27s_Book_Fair" title="Bologna Children's Book Fair">BolognaRagazzi Award</a> for art work and design.<a href="#cite_note-Bolog-182">[182]</a> Additionally, bloggers with expertise on children's and young adult books give a major series of online book awards called The <a href="/wiki/Cybils_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybils Awards">Cybils Awards</a>, or Children's and Young Adult Bloggers' Literary Awards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_and_Young_Adult_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Children's and Young Adult Literature">Children's and Young Adult Literature portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_literature" title="Childhood in literature">Childhood in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_talk" title="Book talk">Book talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature_criticism" title="Children's literature criticism">Children's literature criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_children%27s_literature" title="Disability in children's literature">Disability in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Feminist children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Children%27s_Digital_Library" title="International Children's Digital Library">International Children's Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive%27s_Children%27s_Library" title="Internet Archive's Children's Library">Internet Archive's Children's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_children%27s_literature" title="Native Americans in children's literature">Native Americans in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">Young adult fiction</a></li></ul> Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_book_series" title="List of children's book series">List of children's book series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_classic_books" title="List of children's classic books">List of children's classic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_literature_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of children's literature authors">List of children's literature authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_non-fiction_writers" title="List of children's non-fiction writers">List of children's non-fiction writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">List of fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_illustrators" title="List of illustrators">List of illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishers_of_children%27s_books" title="List of publishers of children's books">List of publishers of children's books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translators_of_children%27s_books" title="List of translators of children's books">List of translators of children's books</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> ...remains the most translated Italian book and, after the Bible, the most widely read... by Francelia Butler, Children's Literature, Yale University Press, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLerer2008" class="citation book cs1">Lerer, Seth (15 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere">Children's Literature: A Reader's History, from Aesop to Harry Potter</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47300-0"><bdi>978-0-226-47300-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/176980408">176980408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature%3A+A+Reader%27s+History%2C+from+Aesop+to+Harry+Potter&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F176980408&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47300-0&rft.aulast=Lerer&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildrensliterat0000lere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-int.comp.ency-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int.comp.ency_3-39">an</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1996" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Peter, ed. 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"Abstract":, "Comic Art, Children's Literature, and the New Comic Studies." The Lion and the Unicorn, vol. 30 no. 3, 2006, pp. 360–382. 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University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature%3A+A+Reader%27s+History%2C+from+Aesop+to+Harry+Potter&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lerer&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildrensliterat0000lere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-random-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-random_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-random_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715095313/http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/024children.html">"To Instruct and Delight A History of Children's Literature"</a>. Random History. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcxBsWXg9mYC&pg=PR4">Medieval Literature for Children</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3312-8"><bdi>978-0-8153-3312-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Literature+for+Children&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3312-8&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcxBsWXg9mYC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reynolds-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Kimberley (2011). Children's Literature: A Very Short Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Kimberley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons,_Martyn_2011-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyons,_Martyn_2011_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyons,_Martyn_2011_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyons,_Martyn_2011_20-2">c</a> Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> e. g. The New Amplified Pilgrim's Progress (both book and dramatized audio) – as retold by James Pappas. Published by Orion's Gate (1999) and The Evergreen Wood: An Adaptation of the "Pilgrim's Progress" for Children written by Linda Perry, illustrated by Alan Perry. Published by Hunt & Thorpe, 1997. <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress#Retellings" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress#Retellings</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-questia-22"><a href="#cite_ref-questia_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422190423/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117011194">The Columbia Encyclopedia: Children's Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117011194">the original</a> on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2017-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia%3A+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D117011194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy_&_Bliss,_printer1822" class="citation book cs1">Tracy & Bliss, printer (1822). The New-England primer, improved; : for the more easy attaining the true reading of English. : To which is added the Assembly of Divines' Catechism. Printed by Tracy & Bliss. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191256117">191256117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New-England+primer%2C+improved%3B+%3A+for+the+more+easy+attaining+the+true+reading+of+English.+%3A+To+which+is+added+the+Assembly+of+Divines%27+Catechism&rft.pub=Printed+by+Tracy+%26+Bliss&rft.date=1822&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191256117&rft.au=Tracy+%26+Bliss%2C+printer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpiePeter_Opie1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iona_Opie" class="mw-redirect" title="Iona Opie">Opie, Iona</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Opie" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Opie">Peter Opie</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicfairytale00opie_0/page/20">The Classic Fairy Tales</a>. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicfairytale00opie_0/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211559-1"><bdi>978-0-19-211559-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Fairy+Tales&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211559-1&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=Iona&rft.au=Peter+Opie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicfairytale00opie_0%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silvey-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silvey_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silvey_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silvey_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silvey_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silvey_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvey2002" class="citation book cs1">Silvey, Anita, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00silv">The Essential Guide to Children's Books and their Creators</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-19082-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-19082-9"><bdi>978-0-618-19082-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Guide+to+Children%27s+Books+and+their+Creators&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-618-19082-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialguideto00silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton2013" class="citation web cs1">Upton, Emily (2013-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/07/how-the-newbery-award-got-its-name/">"How the Newbery Award Got Its Name"</a>. Today I Found Out. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405202512/http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/07/how-the-newbery-award-got-its-name/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-05. Retrieved 2013-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today+I+Found+Out&rft.atitle=How+the+Newbery+Award+Got+Its+Name&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayifoundout.com%2Findex.php%2F2013%2F07%2Fhow-the-newbery-award-got-its-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenby-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenby_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenby_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenby2014" class="citation news cs1">Grenby, M O (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-origins-of-childrens-literature">"The origins of children's literature"</a>. British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301053319/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-origins-of-childrens-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+children%27s+literature&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Grenby&rft.aufirst=M+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fthe-origins-of-childrens-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodomo.go.jp/ingram/e/section1/index.html">"Early Children's Literature: From moralistic stories to narratives of everyday life"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601231713/http://www.kodomo.go.jp/ingram/e/section1/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2013-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Children%27s+Literature%3A+From+moralistic+stories+to+narratives+of+everyday+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodomo.go.jp%2Fingram%2Fe%2Fsection1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marks-29"><a href="#cite_ref-marks_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2006" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Diana F. (2006). Children's Book Award Handbook. Westport, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Libraries_Unlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries Unlimited">Libraries Unlimited</a>. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Book+Award+Handbook&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Diana+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Townsend, John Rowe. Written for Children. (1990). New York: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-446125-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-446125-4">0-06-446125-4</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundin-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Lundin_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundin,_Anne_H.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lundin, Anne H. (1994). "Victorian Horizons: The Reception of Children's Books in England and America, 1880–1900". The Library Quarterly. 64: 30–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602651">10.1086/602651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143693178">143693178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Victorian+Horizons%3A+The+Reception+of+Children%27s+Books+in+England+and+America%2C+1880%E2%80%931900&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=30-59&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F602651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143693178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Lundin%2C+Anne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusina1993" class="citation journal cs1">Susina, Jan (June 1993). "Editor's Note: Kiddie Lit(e): The Dumbing Down of Children's Literature". The Lion and the Unicorn. 17 (1): v–vi. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.0.0256">10.1353/uni.0.0256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144833564">144833564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lion+and+the+Unicorn&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Note%3A+Kiddie+Lit%28e%29%3A+The+Dumbing+Down+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=v-vi&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Funi.0.0256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144833564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Susina&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1984">Rose 1984</a>, p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose,_219-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_219_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1984">Rose 1984</a>, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeader2015" class="citation book cs1">Leader, Zachary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu5WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Reading Blake's Songs</a>. Routledge. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317381235" title="Special:BookSources/9781317381235"><bdi>9781317381235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Blake%27s+Songs&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317381235&rft.aulast=Leader&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGu5WCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-36"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_36-0">^</a> Elias Bredsdorff, Hans Christian Andersen: the story of his life and work 1805–75, Phaidon (1975) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-1636-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-1636-1">0-7148-1636-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannSendak_(illustrator)1984" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, E. T. A.; Sendak (illustrator), Maurice (1984). Nutcracker. New York, N.Y., US: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-34864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-34864-5"><bdi>978-0-385-34864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutcracker&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.%2C+US&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-385-34864-5&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=E.+T.+A.&rft.au=Sendak+%28illustrator%29%2C+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwers1987" class="citation book cs1">Ewers, Hans-Heino, ed. (1987). Kinder-Märchen von C. W. Contessa, F. de la Motte Fouqué, E. T. A. Hoffmann. Stuttgart, Germany: Philipp Reclam Jr. pp. 347 (afterword). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-15-028377-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-15-028377-6"><bdi>978-3-15-028377-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinder-M%C3%A4rchen+von+C.+W.+Contessa%2C+F.+de+la+Motte+Fouqu%C3%A9%2C+E.+T.+A.+Hoffmann&rft.place=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&rft.pages=347+%28afterword%29&rft.pub=Philipp+Reclam+Jr.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-15-028377-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knowles-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knowles_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-knowles_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1996" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Murray (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mh6pCDCZ5EC&pg=PP7">Language and Control in Children's Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41975-5"><bdi>978-0-203-41975-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Control+in+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-203-41975-5&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mh6pCDCZ5EC%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> JulJulBulak, History of England in fifteenth century [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Lawson Lucas, A. (1995) "The Archetypal Adventures of Emilio Salgari: A Panorama of his Universe and Cultural Connections New Comparison", A Journal of Comparative and General Literary Studies, Number 20 Autumn </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-beatrix-potter-invented-character-merchandising-180961979/">"How Beatrix Potter Invented Character Merchandising"</a>. Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006132101/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-beatrix-potter-invented-character-merchandising-180961979/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. 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The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006143043/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/peter-rabbit-blazed-a-trail-still-well-trod-c9zdfx2c6nk">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Peter+Rabbit+blazed+a+trail+still+well+trod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fpeter-rabbit-blazed-a-trail-still-well-trod-c9zdfx2c6nk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunnell_80–86-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tunnell_80–86_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tunnell_80–86_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunnellJacobs2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tunnell, Michael O.; Jacobs, James S. (2013-10-01). 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Retrieved 27 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BBC+chooses+best+children%27s+books+of+all+time+%E2%80%93+do+you+agree%3F&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.aulast=Finan&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fchildrens-books-site%2F2015%2Fapr%2F03%2Fbest-childrens-books-of-all-time-international-childrens-books-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2009" class="citation web cs1">Rao, Kavitha (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jul/22/childrens-classics-unsuitable-kids">"Are some children's classics unsuitable for kids?"</a>. 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Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209235057/http://qz.com/545860/richard-scarrys-update-to-a-classic-childrens-book-reimagines-gender-roles-for-boys-and-girls/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2015. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831172157/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/09/pippi-longstocking-books-racism">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pippi+Longstocking+books+charged+with+racism&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fnov%2F09%2Fpippi-longstocking-books-racism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2004" class="citation book cs1">Byrd, M. Lynn (May 11, 2004). 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Detroit: Wayne State UP. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3028-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3028-9"><bdi>978-0-8143-3028-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Things%3A+Children%27s+Culture+and+Ecocriticism%3A+Somewhere+Outside+the+Forest%3A+Ecological+Ambivalence+in+Neverland+from+The+Little+White+Bird+to+Hook&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Wayne+State+UP&rft.date=2004-05-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3028-9&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=M.+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardMcCannDonnarae1973" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Olga; McCann; Donnarae (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childsfirstbooks00macc/page/19">The Child's First Books</a>. 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Retrieved 2019-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+Central&rft.atitle=AP+United+States+History%3A+What+Is+Gender+History%3F+%7C+AP+Central+%E2%80%93+The+College+Board&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapcentral.collegeboard.org%2Fcourses%2Fap-united-states-history%2Fclassroom-resources%2Fwhat-is-gender-history%3Fcourse%3Dap-united-states-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710102948/https://www.unifg.it/notizie/premio-cirse-la-dottoranda-unifg-angela-articoni-tra-le-vincitrici">"Premio CIRSE, la dottoranda UniFg Angela Articoni tra le vincitrici | Università di Foggia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unifg.it/notizie/premio-cirse-la-dottoranda-unifg-angela-articoni-tra-le-vincitrici">the original</a> on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Premio+CIRSE%2C+la+dottoranda+UniFg+Angela+Articoni+tra+le+vincitrici+%26%23124%3B+Universit%C3%A0+di+Foggia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unifg.it%2Fnotizie%2Fpremio-cirse-la-dottoranda-unifg-angela-articoni-tra-le-vincitrici&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mag.unifg.it/index.php/it/lunifg-ricorda-angela-articoni-stimata-studiosa-di-letteratura-linfanzia">"L'Unifg ricorda Angela Articoni, stimata studiosa di Letteratura per l'infanzia"</a>. 6 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710102544/https://mag.unifg.it/index.php/it/lunifg-ricorda-angela-articoni-stimata-studiosa-di-letteratura-linfanzia">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Unifg+ricorda+Angela+Articoni%2C+stimata+studiosa+di+Letteratura+per+l%27infanzia&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmag.unifg.it%2Findex.php%2Fit%2Flunifg-ricorda-angela-articoni-stimata-studiosa-di-letteratura-linfanzia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettelheim2010" class="citation book cs1">Bettelheim, Bruno (2010). The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. 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Picture Books Plus : 100 Extension Activities in Art, Drama, Music, Math, and Science, ALA Editions. Chicago: American Library Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picture+Books+Plus+%3A+100+Extension+Activities+in+Art%2C+Drama%2C+Music%2C+Math%2C+and+Science%2C+ALA+Editions&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nespeca&rft.aufirst=Sue+McCleaf&rft.au=Joan+B%2C+Joan+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald_Connor2016" class="citation book cs1">McDonald Connor, Carol (2016). The cognitive development of reading and reading comprehension. 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Retrieved February 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Library+of+Children%27s+Literature%2C+National+Diet+Library&rft.atitle=Major+children%27s+literature+awards+in+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodomo.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Finfo%2Faward%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolog-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Bolog_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120628135350/http://www.bookfair.bolognafiere.it/en/boragazziaward/images_award">"Winners 2012: Fiction"</a>. Bologna Children's Book Fair. BolognaFiere S.p.A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookfair.bolognafiere.it/en/boragazziaward/images_award">the original</a> on June 28, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bologna+Children%27s+Book+Fair&rft.atitle=Winners+2012%3A+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookfair.bolognafiere.it%2Fen%2Fboragazziaward%2Fimages_award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2006" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Nancy (2006). Elementary Children's Literature. Boston: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-45229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-45229-3"><bdi>978-0-205-45229-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-205-45229-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler" title="Peter J. Bowler">Bowler, Peter J.</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOs2q8n-fCQC">Science for All: The Popularization of Science in Early Twentieth-Century Britain</a> (illustrated ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06863-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06863-3"><bdi>978-0-226-06863-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+for+All%3A+The+Popularization+of+Science+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+Britain&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06863-3&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOs2q8n-fCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapleau2004" class="citation book cs1">Chapleau, Sebastien (2004). New Voices in Children's Literature Criticism. Lichfield: Pied Piper Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9546384-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9546384-4-3"><bdi>978-0-9546384-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Voices+in+Children%27s+Literature+Criticism&rft.place=Lichfield&rft.pub=Pied+Piper+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9546384-4-3&rft.aulast=Chapleau&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2015" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Daniel (2015). The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969514-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969514-0"><bdi>978-0-19-969514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969514-0&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuck2001" class="citation book cs1">Huck, Charlotte (2001). Children's Literature in the Elementary School, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-232228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-232228-6"><bdi>978-0-07-232228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature+in+the+Elementary+School%2C+7th+ed.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-232228-6&rft.aulast=Huck&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1991" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Peter (1991). Criticism, Theory, and Children's Literature. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16231-5"><bdi>978-0-631-16231-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criticism%2C+Theory%2C+and+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16231-5&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesnik-Oberstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Lesnik-Oberstein, Karin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalcom00hunt_0/page/17">"Defining Children's Literature and Childhood"</a>. In Hunt, Peter (ed.). International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalcom00hunt_0/page/17">17–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08856-5"><bdi>978-0-415-08856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defining+Children%27s+Literature+and+Childhood&rft.btitle=International+Companion+Encyclopedia+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17-31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08856-5&rft.aulast=Lesnik-Oberstein&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalcom00hunt_0%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesnik-Oberstein1994" class="citation book cs1">Lesnik-Oberstein, Karin (1994). Children's Literature: Criticism and the Fictional Child. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811998-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811998-2"><bdi>978-0-19-811998-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature%3A+Criticism+and+the+Fictional+Child&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811998-2&rft.aulast=Lesnik-Oberstein&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesnik-Oberstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Lesnik-Oberstein, Karin (2004). Children's Literature: New Approaches. Basingstoke: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1738-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1738-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-1738-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature%3A+New+Approaches&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1738-6&rft.aulast=Lesnik-Oberstein&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">May, James E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041224/https://bibsocamer.org/bibsite-home/list-of-resources/">Recent Studies (1985–2016) of Children's Literature, Chapbooks, and Works Related by Form or Audience and Printed 1660–1840</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibsocamer.org/bibsite-home/list-of-resources/">the original</a> on 2017-12-01, retrieved 2017-11-30 – via <a href="/wiki/Bibliographical_Society_of_America" title="Bibliographical Society of America">Bibliographical Society of America</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Studies+%281985%E2%80%932016%29+of+Children%27s+Literature%2C+Chapbooks%2C+and+Works+Related+by+Form+or+Audience+and+Printed+1660%E2%80%931840&rft.au=May%2C+James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibsocamer.org%2Fbibsite-home%2Flist-of-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988">. 2003– . (Bibliography) <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li>Penniman, J. H. (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22604">Children and their books</a> C. W. Bardeen, Syracuse, N. Y.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Kimberley (2011). Children's Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956024-0"><bdi>978-0-19-956024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956024-0&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Kimberley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1984" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Jacqueline (1984). The Case of Peter Pan or the Impossibility of Children's Fiction (1993 ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1435-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1435-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1435-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+of+Peter+Pan+or+the+Impossibility+of+Children%27s+Fiction+%281993+ed.%29&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1435-2&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2006" class="citation cs2">Sharma, Prem Lata (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPM4EG89uWUC">"The Psychology Of Teaching And Learning"</a>, Sarup teaching learning series, vol. 17, Delhi: Sarup & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-642-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-642-1"><bdi>978-81-7625-642-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarup+teaching+learning+series&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+Of+Teaching+And+Learning&rft.volume=17&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-642-1&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Prem+Lata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPM4EG89uWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Shelby (2010). Handbook of Research in Children's and Young Adult Literature. Cambridge: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96506-4"><bdi>978-0-415-96506-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Research+in+Children%27s+and+Young+Adult+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96506-4&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Shelby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipes,_Jack2006" class="citation book cs1">Zipes, Jack, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_o5w8">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514656-1"><bdi>978-0-19-514656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514656-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped0000unse_o5w8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Choosing_High_Quality_Children%27s_Literature" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Choosing High Quality Children's Literature">Choosing High Quality Children's Literature</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Children%27s_literature" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Children's literature">Children's literature</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Children's literature <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Children%26%2339%3Bs+literature">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arnenixoncenter.org/">Arne Nixon Center for the Study of Children's Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107212151/http://www.arnenixoncenter.org/">Archived</a> 2010-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fresno" title="California State University, Fresno">California State University, Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.shirley" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.shirley">Betsy Beinecke Shirley Collection of American Children's Literature</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyliteracylearning.org/index.php">Center for Early Literacy Learning (CELL)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/childhood-and-childrens-literature">Children's literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617000643/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/childhood-and-childrens-literature">Archived</a> 2016-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benjamins.com/catalog/clcc">Children's Literature, Culture, and Cognition (CLCC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawcl.com/introduction.html">Database of award-winning children's literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibby.org/">International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.child2000.org/literacy/">National Children's Literacy Website</a>, US-based literacy resource site</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040740/https://www.newberry.org/childrens-books">Children's Books</a>, Research Guides, US: Newberry Library, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newberry.org/childrens-books">the original</a> on 2017-12-01, retrieved 2017-11-27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Books&rft.place=US&rft.series=Research+Guides&rft.pub=Newberry+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newberry.org%2Fchildrens-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+literature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetpicturebook.com/">Planet Picture Book (picture books from around the world)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scbwi.org/">The Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degrummond.org/">de Grummond Children's Literature Collection</a>, Special Collections at The University of Southern Mississippi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_libraries">Digital libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Digital libraries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/juv">Baldwin Digital Library of Children's Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?query=Children's+Literature">Children's eTexts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/digitalcoll/digitalcoll-children.html">Digitized Children's Literature</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/collection.php?CISOROOT=/HistChldBks">Historic Children's Book Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ball_State_University" title="Ball State University">Ball State University</a>, Indiana – online access to children's books from the 20th and 19th centuries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childrenslibrary.org/">International Children's Digital Library</a> Repository of 2,827 children's books in 48 languages viewable over the Internet (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/results?locc=PZ">more</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/osborne/">Osborne Collection of Early Children's Books</a> at <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library" title="Toronto Public Library">Toronto Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.usf.edu/special-collections/tampa/childrens-young-adult-literature/">University of South Florida Libraries: Children's Literature Collection</a> USF's digital collection currently houses 25,000 titles of American fiction from 1870 to the present. This is a growing collection, and more titles will be added over time.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_children%27s_books" title="Template:Lists of children's books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_children%27s_books" title="Template talk:Lists of children's books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_children%27s_books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of children's books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Children&#039;s_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Children's literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_children%27s_literature_titles" title="List of 18th-century British children's literature titles">18th-century British children's literature titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_British_children%27s_literature_titles" title="List of 19th-century British children's literature titles">19th-century British children's literature titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_children%27s_and_young_adults%27_literature_titles_(1900%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British children's and young adults' literature titles (1900–49)">British children's and young adults' literature titles (1900–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_written_by_children_or_teenagers" title="List of books written by children or teenagers">Books written by children or teenagers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_children%27s_books" title="List of Canadian children's books">Canadian children's books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_books_featuring_deaf_characters" title="List of children's books featuring deaf characters">Children's books featuring deaf characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_books_made_into_feature_films" title="List of children's books made into feature films">Children's books made into feature films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publisher series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpy_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumpy books">Dumpy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Puffin_Story_Books" title="List of early Puffin Story Books">Early Puffin Story Books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Beechwood_Bunny_Tales_books" title="List of Beechwood Bunny Tales books">Beechwood Bunny Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Berenstain_Bears_books" title="List of Berenstain Bears books">Berenstain Bears</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton_bibliography" title="Enid Blyton bibliography">Enid Blyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Bonilla#Works" title="Veronica Bonilla">Veronica Bonilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_(writer)_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hamilton (writer) bibliography">Charles Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_bibliography" title="Dr. Seuss bibliography">Dr. Seuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_literature_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of children's literature authors">Children's literature authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_non-fiction_writers" title="List of children's non-fiction writers">Children's non-fiction writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_book_illustrators" class="mw-redirect" title="List of children's book illustrators">Children's book illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_children%27s_literature_illustrators" title="List of 18th-century British children's literature illustrators">18th-century British children's literature illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_British_children%27s_literature_illustrators" title="List of 19th-century British children's literature illustrators">19th-century British children's literature illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early-20th-century_British_children%27s_literature_illustrators" title="List of early-20th-century British children's literature illustrators">Early-20th-century British children's literature illustrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishers_of_children%27s_books" title="List of publishers of children's books">Publishers of children's books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Lists of books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literacy" title="Template:Literacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literacy" title="Template talk:Literacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_literacy" title="Adolescent literacy">Adolescent literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent literacy">Emergent literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_literacy" title="Family literacy">Family literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">Functional illiteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonics" title="Phonics">Phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-literacy" title="Post-literacy">Post-literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">Whole language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">List of countries by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Canada" title="Literacy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Bihar" title="Literacy in Bihar">Bihar</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Tokelau" title="Literacy in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Romania" title="Literacy in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Literacy_Association" title="International Literacy Association">International Literacy Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Literacy_Day" title="International Literacy Day">International Literacy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Clay" title="Marie Clay">Marie Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Johnson Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Paul_Gee" title="James Paul Gee">James Paul Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith_Jones_(priest)" title="Griffith Jones (priest)">Griffith Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Laubach" title="Frank Laubach">Frank Laubach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Street" title="Brian Street">Brian Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_literacy" title="AI literacy">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_literacy" title="Agricultural literacy">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_literacy" title="Carbon literacy">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_literacy" title="Computer literacy">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_literacy" title="Computational literacy">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_literacy" title="Critical literacy">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_literacy" title="Data literacy">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_literacy" title="Diaspora literacy">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_literacy" title="Ecological literacy">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electracy" title="Electracy">Electracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith literacy">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_literacy" title="Financial literacy">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-literacy" title="Geo-literacy">Geo-literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_literacy" title="Graph literacy">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_literacy" title="Mental health literacy">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational Safety and Health Literacy">Occupational Safety and Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information literacies">Information literacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_media_literacy" title="Information and media literacy">Information and media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal literacy">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_literacy" title="Media literacy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiliteracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiliteracies">Multiliteracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_literacy" title="Musical literacy">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">Numeracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Object Literacy">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracy" title="Oracy">Oracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Power literacy">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_literacy" title="Physical literacy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_literacy" title="Psychological literacy">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_literacy" title="Racial literacy">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_literacy" title="Religious literacy">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_literacy" title="Social literacy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_literacy" title="Statistical literacy">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_literacy" title="Technological literacy">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteracy" title="Transliteracy">Transliteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_literacy" title="Visual literacy">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_literacy" title="Web literacy">Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliteracy" title="Aliteracy">Aliteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_and_Jane" title="Dick and Jane">Dick and Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">Literacy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_consumption" title="Media consumption">Media consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orality" title="Orality">Orality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-literate_society" title="Post-literate society">Post-literate society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131539#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073409-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85023598">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574640">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph572587&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph572597&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX532033">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285655605171">Israel</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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