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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_established" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_established"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Position established</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_established-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related officials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_officials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related officials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acting_president_pro_tempore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acting_president_pro_tempore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Acting president pro tempore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acting_president_pro_tempore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permanent_acting_president_pro_tempore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_acting_president_pro_tempore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Permanent acting president pro tempore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_acting_president_pro_tempore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deputy_president_pro_tempore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deputy_president_pro_tempore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Deputy president pro tempore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deputy_president_pro_tempore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_pro_tempore_emeritus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_pro_tempore_emeritus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>President pro tempore emeritus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_pro_tempore_emeritus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Salary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99edseda_pro_tempore_Sen%C3%A1tu_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Předseda pro tempore Senátu Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Předseda pro tempore Senátu Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_pro_tempore_des_Senats_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Präsident pro tempore des Senats der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsident pro tempore des Senats der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91" title="Αναπληρωτής Πρόεδρος της Γερουσίας των ΗΠΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναπληρωτής Πρόεδρος της Γερουσίας των ΗΠΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_pro_tempore_del_Senado_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente pro tempore del Senado de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente pro tempore del Senado de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="رئیس موقت سنای ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس موقت سنای ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_pro_tempore_du_S%C3%A9nat_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Président pro tempore du Sénat des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président pro tempore du Sénat des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%83%81%EC%9B%90_%EC%9E%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%98%EC%9E%A5" title="미국 상원 임시의장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 상원 임시의장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Pro_Tempore_Senat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Pro Tempore Senat Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presiden Pro Tempore Senat Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_pro_tempore_del_Senato_degli_Stati_Uniti" title="Presidente pro tempore del Senato degli Stati Uniti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidente pro tempore del Senato degli Stati Uniti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הנשיא הזמני של הסנאט של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנשיא הזמני של הסנאט של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_Senato_laikinasis_pirmininkas" title="JAV Senato laikinasis pirmininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JAV Senato laikinasis pirmininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_Szen%C3%A1tus%C3%A1nak_pro_tempore_eln%C3%B6ke" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Szenátusának pro tempore elnöke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Szenátusának pro tempore elnöke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Pro_Tempore_Senat_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Presiden Pro Tempore Senat Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Pro Tempore Senat Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_van_de_Senaat" title="President pro tempore van de Senaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="President pro tempore van de Senaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A2%E4%BB%AE%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7" title="アメリカ合衆国上院仮議長 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国上院仮議長" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_i_USAs_senat" title="President pro tempore i USAs senat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="President pro tempore i USAs senat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewodnicz%C4%85cy_pro_tempore_Senatu_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Przewodniczący pro tempore Senatu Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przewodniczący pro tempore Senatu Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_pro_tempore_do_Senado_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente pro tempore do Senado dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente pro tempore do Senado dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Временный президент Сената США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Временный президент Сената США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سەرۆکی کاتیی ئەنجومەنی پیرانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرۆکی کاتیی ئەنجومەنی پیرانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_(Yhdysvaltain_senaatti)" title="President pro tempore (Yhdysvaltain senaatti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="President pro tempore (Yhdysvaltain senaatti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_i_USA:s_senat" title="President pro tempore i USA:s senat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="President pro tempore i USA:s senat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ประธานชั่วคราววุฒิสภาสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประธานชั่วคราววุฒิสภาสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Senatosu_pro_tempore_Ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosu pro tempore Başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosu pro tempore Başkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Тимчасовий президент Сенату США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тимчасовий президент Сенату США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_t%E1%BB%8Bch_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_vi%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BA%A1m_quy%E1%BB%81n_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Chủ tịch Thượng viện tạm quyền Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ tịch Thượng viện tạm quyền Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7" title="美國參議院臨時議長 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國參議院臨時議長" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of presidents pro tempore of the Senate, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/120px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/180px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/240px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the president pro tempore</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Patty_Murray,_official_portrait,_113th_Congress_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Patty_Murray%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Patty_Murray%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Patty_Murray%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Patty_Murray%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Patty_Murray%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Patty_Murray%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="2233" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a><br /></div>since January 3, 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Madam President</a> (when presiding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honorable" class="mw-redirect" title="The Honorable">The Honorable</a> (formal)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">At the pleasure of the Senate, and until another is elected or their term of office as a Senator expires</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1789</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Third</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Any senator, typically a member of the majority party, designated by the President pro tempore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>193,400 per annum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/president-pro-tempore.htm">www.senate.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-politics-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States"><small>Politics of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade"> Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b> National elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primary</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b> Elections by state and territory</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas" title="Elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado"> Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut" title="Elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware" title="Elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Florida" title="Elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois" title="Elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas" title="Elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky" title="Elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maryland" title="Elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="List of elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan" title="Elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota" title="Elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mississippi" title="Elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Missouri" title="Elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montana" title="Elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska" title="Elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada" title="Elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oregon" title="Elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee"> Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Texas" title="Elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Utah" title="Elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="Elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming" title="Elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Elections in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Elections in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Elections in the District of Columbia">Elections in the District of Columbia</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States" title="List of elections in the United States">List of elections</a>)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president pro tempore of the United States Senate</b> (often shortened to <b>president pro tem</b>) is the second-highest-ranking official of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One</a>, Section Three of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, the vice president of the United States is the <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">president of the Senate</a> (despite not being a senator), and the Senate must choose a president <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_tempore" title="Pro tempore">pro tempore</a></i> to act in the vice president's absence. </p><p>The president pro tempore is elected by the Senate as a whole, usually by a resolution which is adopted by unanimous consent without a formal vote. The Constitution does not specify who can serve in this position, but the Senate has always elected one of its current members. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore cannot cast a tie-breaking vote when the Senate is evenly divided. The president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the vice president's absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Except when necessary or to highlight important votes, the vice president and the president pro tempore rarely preside; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. senators of the majority party to give them experience in <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1890, the most <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">senior U.S. senator</a> in the majority party has generally (though not always) been chosen to be president pro tempore and holds the office continuously until the election of another.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the enactment of the current <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a> in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">line of succession to the presidency</a>, after the vice president and the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate is <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. The most senior senator (after <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>'s death in September 2023) in the majority <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Democratic Caucus</a> and the first woman to hold the position, she was sworn in on January 3, 2023, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th Congress</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_and_responsibilities">Power and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Power and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the position is in some ways analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House of Representatives</a>, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with the <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">majority leader</a> and other individual senators, but as the <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">chamber's presiding officer</a>, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the absence of the vice president, including ruling on <a href="/wiki/Point_of_order" title="Point of order">points of order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SenPPT_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, under the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25th Amendment to the Constitution</a>, the president pro tempore and the speaker are the two authorities to whom declarations must be transmitted that the president is unable to perform the duties of the office, or is able to resume doing so. The president pro tempore is third in the line of <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential succession</a>, following the vice president and the speaker,<sup id="cite_ref-SenPPT_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently is one of the few members of Congress entitled to a full-time security detail.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional duties include appointment of various congressional officers, certain commissions, advisory boards, and committees.<sup id="cite_ref-SenPPT_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president pro tempore is the designated legal recipient of various reports to the Senate, including <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Act</a> reports under which they, jointly with the speaker, may require the president to call Congress back into session. The officeholder is an <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member"><i>ex officio</i> member</a> of various boards and commissions. With the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Senate">secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant at Arms of the Senate">sergeant at arms</a>, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> and Senate buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-SenPPT_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAO_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_established">Position established</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Position established"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of president pro tempore was established by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> in 1789. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential succession</a>, following the vice president and preceding the speaker. Through 1891, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis only, when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate, or at the adjournment of a session of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first president pro tempore, <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a>, was elected on April 6, 1789,<sup id="cite_ref-SenPPT_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving four separate terms between 1789 and 1793. "More than twelve senators held the office during the Senate's first decade",<sup id="cite_ref-Protem–1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protem–1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presiding over sessions, signing legislation, and performing routine administrative tasks. </p><p>Whenever the office of the vice presidency was vacant, as it was on ten occasions between 1812 and 1889,<sup id="cite_ref-CRSsuccession22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSsuccession22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the office garnered heightened importance, for although he did not assume the vice presidency, the president pro tempore stood next in line for the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-JT10th_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT10th-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled only by a regular election; several individuals who served during these vacancies were referred to informally as "acting vice president".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WHOportTyler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WHOportTyler.jpg/180px-WHOportTyler.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WHOportTyler.jpg/270px-WHOportTyler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WHOportTyler.jpg/360px-WHOportTyler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> is the only Senate president pro tempore to later become <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On three occasions during the 19th century, the Senate was without both a president and a president pro tempore: </p> <ul><li>from July 9 to July 11, 1850, following <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>'s accession to the presidency upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, until <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> was elected president pro tempore;<sup id="cite_ref-65FFH104105_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65FFH104105-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>from September 19 to October 10, 1881, following <a href="/wiki/Chester_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Arthur">Chester Arthur</a>'s accession to the presidency upon the death of <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> was elected president pro tempore;<sup id="cite_ref-Protem–2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protem–2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>from November 25 to December 7, 1885, following the death of Vice President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a>, until <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sherman (politician)">John Sherman</a> was elected president pro tempore.<sup id="cite_ref-Protem–2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protem–2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, who had no vice president, was <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">impeached</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">tried</a> in 1868, Senate President pro tempore <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Franklin Wade</a> was next in line to the presidency. Wade's radicalism is thought by many historians to be a major reason why the Senate, which did not want to see Wade in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, acquitted Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Vice President">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> died on November 22, 1875. Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Thomas W. Ferry</a>, being President pro tempore of the Senate, was next in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">line of presidential succession</a>, and remained so until March 4, 1877. As acting president of the senate, he presided over the 1876 <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">impeachment trial</a> of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">William Belknap</a> and the meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a> created by Congress to resolve the disputed <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 presidential election</a>. Still president pro tempore at that time, he would have temporally become the <a href="/wiki/Acting_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting president of the United States">acting president</a> had the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College vote</a> not been certified by March 4, 1877; Congress certified <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> as the winner of the Electoral College vote on March 2.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president pro tempore and the speaker of the House were removed from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential line of succession</a> in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-SenPPT_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">William P. Frye</a> served as president pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (the <a href="/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress" title="54th United States Congress">54th</a> through the <a href="/wiki/62nd_United_States_Congress" title="62nd United States Congress">62nd</a> Congresses), a tenure longer than anyone else. He resigned from the position due to ill health shortly before his death. Electing his successor proved difficult, as Senate Republicans, then in the majority, were split between <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> factions, each promoting its own candidate. Likewise, the Democrats proposed their own candidate. As a result of this three-way split, no individual received a majority vote. It took four months for a compromise solution to emerge: Democrat <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Octavius_Bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Octavius Bacon">Augustus Bacon</a> served for a single day, August 14, 1911, during the vice president's absence. Thereafter, Bacon and four Republicans—<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Harold_Gallinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Harold Gallinger">Jacob Gallinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Frank Brandegee</a>—alternated as president pro tempore for the remainder of that Congress's session.<sup id="cite_ref-SenPPT_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPPT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1945, the Senate elected <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">Kenneth McKellar</a>, who at the time was the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">senator with the longest continuous service</a>, as its president pro tempore. Since then, it has become customary for the majority party's most senior member to hold this position. <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> was elected president pro tempore in January 2023, the first woman to hold the position. At the time of her election, she was the second-most senior member of the majority party.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, presidents pro tempore would preside over any <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session of the United States Congress</a> alongside the speaker of the house when there was a vacancy in the vice presidency. With the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1967, vacancies in the vice presidency became much less common. However, a need for the president pro tempore to preside came in September 2001, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Due to heightened security concerns during President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s September 20 address to Congress, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> stayed at another location as a <a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">designated survivor</a>, and President Pro Tempore <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a> presided in his absence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President pro tempore <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> presided over the <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> in 2021. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> had presided over all previous presidential impeachment trials, as prescribed by the Constitution, but in this case Trump was no longer a sitting president when the trial began.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_officials">Related officials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acting_president_pro_tempore">Acting president pro tempore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acting president pro tempore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, as the president pro tempore is usually the most senior senator of the majority party, they most likely also chair a major Senate committee and have other significant demands on their time. Therefore, the president pro tempore has less time now than in the past to preside daily over the Senate. Instead, junior senators from the majority party are designated acting president pro tempore to preside over the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows junior senators to learn proper parliamentary procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acting president pro tempore is usually reappointed daily by the president pro tempore.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanent_acting_president_pro_tempore">Permanent acting president pro tempore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Permanent acting president pro tempore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1963, because of the illness of president pro tempore <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Carl Hayden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Metcalf" title="Lee Metcalf">Lee Metcalf</a> was designated permanent acting president pro tempore. No term was imposed on this designation, so Metcalf retained it until he died in office in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-HAO_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deputy_president_pro_tempore">Deputy president pro tempore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deputy president pro tempore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubert_Humphrey_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hubert_Humphrey_crop.jpg/180px-Hubert_Humphrey_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hubert_Humphrey_crop.jpg/270px-Hubert_Humphrey_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hubert_Humphrey_crop.jpg/360px-Hubert_Humphrey_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">Minnesota</a>) was the first deputy president pro tempore in 1977–1978.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ceremonial post of deputy president pro tempore was created for <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, a former vice president, in 1977 following his losing bid to become the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Majority Leader">Senate majority leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate resolution creating the position stated that any former president or former vice president serving in the Senate would be entitled to this position. However, since Humphrey, none has served.<sup id="cite_ref-HAO_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a> was elected deputy president pro tempore in 1987, because of the illness of president pro tempore <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">John C. Stennis</a>, similar to Metcalf's earlier designation as permanent acting president pro tempore. The office has remained vacant since 1989 and no senator other than Humphrey and Mitchell has held it since its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-HAO_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_pro_tempore_emeritus">President pro tempore emeritus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: President pro tempore emeritus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Grassley_official_photo_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chuck_Grassley_official_photo_2017.jpg/180px-Chuck_Grassley_official_photo_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chuck_Grassley_official_photo_2017.jpg/270px-Chuck_Grassley_official_photo_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chuck_Grassley_official_photo_2017.jpg/360px-Chuck_Grassley_official_photo_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> (R-<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">Iowa</a>), former president pro tempore, and current president pro tempore emeritus</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> has been given to a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. It has been held by <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> (R-<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">South Carolina</a>) (2001–2003), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">West Virginia</a>) (2003–2007), <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Ted Stevens</a> (R-<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alaska" title="List of United States senators from Alaska">Alaska</a>) (2007–2009), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Vermont</a>) (2015–2021), and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> (R-<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">Iowa</a>) (2021–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for it. </p><p>The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. In 2007, Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-HAO_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, they are entitled to an increase in staff,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advise party leaders on the functions of the Senate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/113th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="113th Congress">113th Congress</a>, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the office in six years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary">Salary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Salary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The salary of the president pro tempore for 2024 was $193,400, equal to that of the majority leaders and minority leaders of both houses of Congress. If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, then the salary would be the same as that of the vice president. The salary alongside the salary of the members of Congress has not been adjusted since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-HAO_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19">"3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information 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"Thanking and Electing Strom Thurmond President pro tempore emeritus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/6115">§ 6115</a>, amended 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesniewski2014" class="citation news cs1">Lesniewski, Niels (December 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollcall.com/2014/12/10/leahy-kind-of-petty-not-to-fund-emeritus-office-in-cromnibus/">"Leahy: 'Kind of Petty' Not to Fund Emeritus Office in 'Cromnibus<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CQ_Roll_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="CQ Roll Call">CQ Roll Call</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CQ+Roll+Call&rft.atitle=Leahy%3A+%27Kind+of+Petty%27+Not+to+Fund+Emeritus+Office+in+%27Cromnibus%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.aulast=Lesniewski&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2F2014%2F12%2F10%2Fleahy-kind-of-petty-not-to-fund-emeritus-office-in-cromnibus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+pro+tempore+of+the+United+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/senators/SenateSalariesSince1789.htm">"U.S. Senate: Senate Salaries (1789 to Present)"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Senate+Salaries+%281789+to+Present%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fsenators%2FSenateSalariesSince1789.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+pro+tempore+of+the+United+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-much-money-do-us-house-members-make/">"How much money do U.S. House members make? - CBS News"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. November 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=How+much+money+do+U.S.+House+members+make%3F+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2024-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-much-money-do-us-house-members-make%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+pro+tempore+of+the+United+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm">"President pro tempore"</a>. <i>Official website of the United States Senate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=President+pro+tempore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FPresident_Pro_Tempore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+pro+tempore+of+the+United+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">U.S. presidential line of succession</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a></span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> 3rd in line </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a></small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template talk:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1789)</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a> (1792)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a> (1794)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a> (1795)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1796)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="William Bradford (Rhode Island politician)">Bradford</a> (1979)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Tracy" title="Uriah Tracy">Tracy</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">Hillhouse</a> (1801)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (1801–1802)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1802–1803)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky_politician,_born_1757)" title="John Brown (Kentucky politician, born 1757)">Brown</a> (1803–1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a> (1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">Anderson</a> (1805)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1805–1808)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1808–1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Milledge" title="John Milledge">Milledge</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1810)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Pope (Kentucky politician)">Pope</a> (1811)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1814–1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a> (1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1820–1825)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1828–1831)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a> (1832)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a> (1832–1833)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a> (1834)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a> (1835)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a> (1841–1842)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a> (1842–1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a> (1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1846–1849)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1852–1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a> (1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1854–1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a> (1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Clark_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)">Clark</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_S._Foster" title="Lafayette S. Foster">Foster</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a> (1867–1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_H._Carpenter" title="Matthew H. Carpenter">Carpenter</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a> (1875–1879)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a> (1881)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1883–1885)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Ingalls" title="John J. Ingalls">Ingalls</a> (1887–1891)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Manderson" title="Charles F. Manderson">Manderson</a> (1891–1893)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1896–1911)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_P._Clarke" title="James P. Clarke">Clarke</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Saulsbury_Jr." title="Willard Saulsbury Jr.">Saulsbury</a> (1916–1919)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a> (1925–1933)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">W. H. King</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a> (1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a> (1957–1969)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a> (1972–1978)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Young" title="Milton Young">Young</a> (1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1980–1981)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1995–2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2012–2015)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/90px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/135px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/180px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> Pro-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> Anti-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> Federalist</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> Democratic-Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> Jacksonian</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> National Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> Whig</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> Democratic</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> Independent</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> ← <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidential_line_of_succession_in_the_United_States_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Presidential_Line_of_Succession" title="Template:US Presidential Line of Succession"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Presidential_Line_of_Succession" title="Template talk:US Presidential Line of Succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Presidential_Line_of_Succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Presidential Line of Succession"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidential_line_of_succession_in_the_United_States_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential line of succession in the United States of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President pro tempore of the Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> (<a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a> (<span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Su" title="Julie Su">Julie Su</a> (acting)**</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a> (<span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Adrianne_Todman" title="Adrianne Todman">Adrianne Todman</a> (acting)**</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a> (<span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>*</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a> (<span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a>*</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Ineligible to <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">act as president</a> • ** Ambiguity exists concerning eligibility to act as president</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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