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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the invasion that began in 2022. For other invasions that took place on the territory of Ukraine, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_invasions_and_occupations_of_Ukraine" title="List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine">List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style>On 24 February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in a major escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, which started in 2014. The invasion, the largest and deadliest conflict in Europe since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamani202374-20">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Anieri2023i;_98-21">[16]</a> has caused hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">military casualties</a> and tens of thousands of Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">civilian casualties</a>. As of 2024, Russian troops <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupy about 20% of Ukraine</a>. From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis">had fled the country</a> by April 2023, creating Europe's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_refugee_crises" title="List of largest refugee crises">largest refugee crisis</a> since World War II. <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Russian invasion of Ukraine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">outline</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/300px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/450px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/600px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="1478"></a> Map of Ukraine as of 17 November 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit">[update]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Russo-Ukrainian War detailed map">details</a>): <div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Continuously controlled by Ukraine</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Currently occupied or controlled by Russia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine#Formerly_occupied_territories" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Formerly occupied by Russia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_occupation_of_Kursk_Oblast" title="Ukrainian occupation of Kursk Oblast">Ukrainian-occupied Russian territory</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 February 2022 – present (2 years, 8 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Attacks_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">western Russia</a>, Black Sea</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">list of engagements</a> · <a href="/wiki/Territorial_control_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War">territorial control</a> · <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">timeline of events</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk PR</a><a href="#cite_note-DonetskLuhanskRecognition-1">[a]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk PR</a><a href="#cite_note-DonetskLuhanskRecognition-1">[a]</a></li></ul> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dvornikov" title="Aleksandr Dvornikov">Aleksandr Dvornikov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zhidko" title="Gennady Zhidko">Gennady Zhidko</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Surovikin" title="Sergey Surovikin">Sergey Surovikin</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Syrskyi" title="Oleksandr Syrskyi">Oleksandr Syrskyi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi" title="Valerii Zaluzhnyi">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Russian/affiliated_forces_in_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Order of battle</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Ukrainian_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Order of battle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Pre-invasion at border: 169,000–190,000<a href="#cite_note-9">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Military_Balance2021-12">[7]</a> Pre-invasion total: 900,000 military<a href="#cite_note-The_Military_Balance2022_p901-13">[8]</a> 554,000 paramilitary<a href="#cite_note-The_Military_Balance2022_p901-13">[8]</a> In February 2023: 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-ISW_May_30-14">[9]</a> In June 2024: 700,000 active personnel in the area<a href="#cite_note-ISW_14_June_2024-15">[10]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Pre-invasion total: 196,600 military<a href="#cite_note-The_Military_Balance2022_p945-16">[11]</a> 102,000 paramilitary<a href="#cite_note-The_Military_Balance2022_p945-16">[11]</a> July 2022 total: up to 700,000<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> September 2023 total: over 800,000<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Reports vary widely, see <a href="#Casualties">§ Casualties</a> for details.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> In late 2021, Russia <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">massed troops near Ukraine's borders</a> and <a href="/wiki/December_2021_Russian_ultimatum_to_NATO" title="December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO">issued demands</a> including a ban on Ukraine ever joining the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military alliance. After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> <a href="/wiki/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation" title="On conducting a special military operation">announced</a> a "<a href="/wiki/Special_military_operation" title="Special military operation">special military operation</a>", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">republics of Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Ukraine" title="Russian separatist forces in Ukraine">paramilitary forces</a> had been fighting Ukraine in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">Donbas conflict</a> since 2014. Putin espoused <a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">irredentist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_neo-imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neo-imperialism">neo-imperialist</a> views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Russian_themes" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">falsely claimed</a> that Ukraine was governed by <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Ukraine#Russian_disinformation" title="Far-right politics in Ukraine">neo-Nazis</a> persecuting the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Russian minority</a>, and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarize and denazify" Ukraine. Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ukraine campaign">northern front</a> from <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> towards the capital <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">southern front</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">eastern front</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> and towards <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>. Ukraine enacted <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine" title="Martial law in Ukraine">martial law</a>, ordered <a href="/wiki/Mobilization_in_Ukraine" title="Mobilization in Ukraine">a general mobilization</a> and severed diplomatic <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">relations with Russia</a>. Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The <a href="/wiki/Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha massacre</a> was uncovered after their withdrawal. In the southeast, Russia launched an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022)" title="Battle of Donbas (2022)">offensive in the Donbas</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a> after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">a destructive siege</a>. Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">struck the energy grid</a> through the winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in <a href="/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">the south</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">east</a>, liberating most of <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv province</a>. Soon after, Russia announced the illegal <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexation of four partly-occupied provinces</a>. In November, Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">liberated Kherson</a>. In June 2023, Ukraine launched <a href="/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive" title="2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive">another counteroffensive</a> in the southeast, but made few gains. After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border <a href="/wiki/2024_Kursk_offensive" title="2024 Kursk offensive">offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast</a> in August of that year. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations Human Rights Office</a> reports that Russia is committing severe <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine#Violations_and_war_crimes" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">human rights violations</a> in occupied Ukraine. The invasion was met with widespread <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">international condemnation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/1" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1">a resolution</a> condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> expelled Russia. Many countries imposed <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">sanctions</a> on Russia and its ally Belarus, and provided <a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">humanitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">military aid</a> to Ukraine. The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and Poland declared Russia a terrorist state. <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests occurred</a> around the world, with anti-war <a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">protesters in Russia</a> being met by mass arrests and greater media <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Russia" title="Censorship in Russia">censorship</a>. The Russian attacks on civilians have led to <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russo-Ukrainian War">allegations of genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Etkind-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-h710-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-q611-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-v008-25">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping contributed to a <a href="/wiki/World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="World food crises (2022–present)">world food crisis</a>, while war-related environmental damage has been described as <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) opened <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">an investigation</a> into <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">abduction of Ukrainian children</a>, and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued six arrest warrants: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures">for Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova</a>, and for military officials <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kobylash" title="Sergey Kobylash">Sergey Kobylash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sokolov_(naval_officer)" title="Viktor Sokolov (naval officer)">Viktor Sokolov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Post-Soviet_relations">1.1 Post-Soviet relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ukrainian_revolution,_Russian_intervention_in_Crimea_and_Donbas">1.2 Ukrainian revolution, Russian intervention in Crimea and Donbas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Prelude">2 Prelude</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Putin's_invasion_announcement">2.1 Putin's invasion announcement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Events">3 Events</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Initial_invasion_(24_February_%E2%80%93_7_April_2022)">3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Kyiv_and_northern_front">3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Northeastern_front">3.1.2 Northeastern front</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Southern_front">3.1.3 Southern front</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Eastern_front">3.1.4 Eastern front</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Southeastern_front_(8_April_%E2%80%93_5_September_2022)">3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Fall_of_Mariupol">3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Fall_of_Sievierodonetsk_and_Lysychansk">3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Kharkiv_front">3.2.3 Kharkiv front</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Kherson-Mykolaiv_front">3.2.4 Kherson-Mykolaiv front</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Zaporizhzhia_front">3.2.5 Zaporizhzhia front</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Russian_annexations_and_occupation_losses_(6_September_%E2%80%93_11_November_2022)">3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts">3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Zaporizhzhia_front_2">3.3.2 Zaporizhzhia front</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Kherson_counteroffensive">3.3.3 Kherson counteroffensive</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Kharkiv_counteroffensive">3.3.4 Kharkiv counteroffensive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Winter_stalemate,_attrition_campaign_and_military_surge_(12_November_2022_%E2%80%93_7_June_2023)">3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Battle_of_Bakhmut">3.4.1 Battle of Bakhmut</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#2023_counteroffensives_and_summer_campaign_(8_June_2023_%E2%80%93_1_December_2023)">3.5 2023 counteroffensives and summer campaign (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Russian_spring_and_summer_campaigns_and_Ukrainian_incursion_(1_December_2023_%E2%80%93_present)">3.6 Russian spring and summer campaigns and Ukrainian incursion (1 December 2023 – present)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Russian_offensive">3.6.1 Russian offensive</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Ukrainian_offensive_into_Russia">3.6.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Russian_Donbas_advances">3.6.3 Russian Donbas advances</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Battlespaces">4 Battlespaces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Command">4.1 Command</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Missile_attacks_and_aerial_warfare">4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Crimea_attacks">4.2.1 Crimea attacks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Russian_attacks_against_Ukrainian_civilian_infrastructure">4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Naval_blockade_and_engagements">4.3 Naval blockade and engagements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Ukrainian_resistance">4.4 Ukrainian resistance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Foreign_involvement">5 Foreign involvement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Support_for_Ukraine">5.1 Support for Ukraine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Support_for_Russia">5.2 Support for Russia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Casualties">6 Casualties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Prisoners_of_war">7 Prisoners of war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#War_crimes_and_attacks_on_civilians">8 War crimes and attacks on civilians</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Abduction_of_Ukrainian_children">8.1 Abduction of Ukrainian children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#International_arrest_warrants">8.2 International arrest warrants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Impacts">9 Impacts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Humanitarian_impact">9.1 Humanitarian impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Refugee_crisis">9.2 Refugee crisis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Long-term_demographic_effects">9.3 Long-term demographic effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Environmental_impact">9.4 Environmental impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Nuclear_risk">9.5 Nuclear risk</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Economic_impact">9.6 Economic impact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Ukraine">9.6.1 Ukraine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Russia">9.6.2 Russia</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Peace_efforts">10 Peace efforts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#International_reactions">11 International reactions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Bibliography">15 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_relations">Post-Soviet relations</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in December 1991, the newly independent states of the Russian Federation and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> in 1994, agreeing to dismantle the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a> the former <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> had left in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> At that time, Russia, the UK, and the USA agreed in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum" title="Budapest Memorandum">Budapest Memorandum</a> to uphold Ukraine's territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> In 1999, Russia signed the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_European_Security" title="Charter for European Security">Charter for European Security</a>, affirming the right of each state "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join alliances.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> In 2002, Putin said that <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine's relations with NATO</a> were "a matter for those two partners".<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russian forces invaded Georgia</a> in August 2008 and took control of the breakaway regions of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, demonstrating Russia's willingness to use military force to attain its political objectives.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> The United States "was accused of appeasement and naivete" in their reaction to the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Anieri2023136-31">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_revolution,_Russian_intervention_in_Crimea_and_Donbas">Ukrainian revolution, Russian intervention in Crimea and Donbas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/220px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4844" data-file-height="3255"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/220px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/330px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/440px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukraine, with the annexed <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> in the south and two Russia-backed separatist republics in <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> in the east up to the 2022 invasion</figcaption></figure> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukraine's parliament</a> overwhelmingly approved finalising an <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Ukraine_Association_Agreement" title="European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement">association agreement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject it.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> Kremlin adviser <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Glazyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Glazyev">Sergei Glazyev</a> warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> In November, Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement,<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> choosing closer ties to the Russian-led <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> instead. This coerced withdrawal triggered a wave of protests known as <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a> in February 2014. Yanukovych fled and was removed from power by parliament, ending up in Russia. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk,_Eastern_Ukraine,_May_30,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/220px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/220px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/330px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/440px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian-backed <a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Ukraine" title="Russian separatist forces in Ukraine">separatist forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Russian soldiers with no insignia</a> occupied the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Crimean_Parliament" title="Capture of the Crimean Parliament">seized the Crimean Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Russia <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed Crimea</a> in March 2014, after a <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">widely disputed referendum</a> held under occupation. <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">Pro-Russian unrest</a> immediately followed in the Ukrainian cities of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a> began in April 2014 when <a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">armed Russian-backed separatists</a> seized Ukrainian government buildings and proclaimed the independent <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJ-38">[33]</a> Russian troops were directly involved in these conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> The annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas sparked a wave of <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a>. Analyst <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Socor" title="Vladimir Socor">Vladimir Socor</a> called Putin's <a href="/wiki/Crimean_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin">2014 speech</a> following the annexation a "manifesto of <a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Greater-Russia irredentism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Putin began referring to "<a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a>" (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> Russian-backed forces were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Russian_neo-imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neo-imperialism">Russian neo-imperialism</a> and sought to create a <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_(confederation)" title="Novorossiya (confederation)">new Novorossiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> Putin referred to the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_independence_precedent" title="Kosovo independence precedent">Kosovo independence precedent</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> as a justification for the annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas,<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> while historians note the similarities with Nazi Germany's <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss of Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Because of Russia's occupation of Crimea and its <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas#August_2014_invasion_by_Russian_forces" title="War in Donbas">invasion of the Donbas</a>, Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to remove the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> clause from the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a> and to seek Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">membership in NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> However, it was impossible for Ukraine to join NATO at the time, as any applicant country must have no "unresolved external territorial disputes".<a href="#cite_note-q264-52">[47]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, said that it would take 20–25 years for Ukraine to join the EU and NATO.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_format_(2019-10-09)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg/220px-Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg/220px-Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg/330px-Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg/440px-Normandy_format_%282019-10-09%29_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Format" title="Normandy Format">Normandy Format</a> meeting on 9 December 2019 would be the first and only meeting between President Zelenskyy and President Putin.<a href="#cite_note-i407-54">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk agreements</a>, signed in September 2014 and February 2015, aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations repeatedly failed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations#Russian_opposition_to_Ukrainian_NATO_membership" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations § Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_forces_near_Ukraine,_2021-12-03_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Russian_forces_near_Ukraine%2C_2021-12-03_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian military build-up around Ukraine as of 3 December 2021</figcaption></figure> There was a large Russian military build-up near the Ukraine border in March and April 2021,<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> Members of the Russian government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade or attack Ukraine, with denials being issued up to the day before the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-denials-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deny-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Czech-60">[55]</a> The decision to invade Ukraine was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">war hawks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silovik" title="Silovik">siloviki</a> in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Minister of Defence (Russia)">defence minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> Reports of an alleged leak of Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB) documents by US intelligence sources said that the FSB had not been aware of Putin's plan to invade.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> In July 2021, Putin published an essay "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a>", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians".<a href="#cite_note-Duben-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> Days before the invasion, Putin claimed that Ukraine never had "real statehood" and that modern Ukraine was a mistake created by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Russian Bolsheviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time22222-65">[60]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> described Putin's ideas as <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> British journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lucas_(journalist)" title="Edward Lucas (journalist)">Edward Lucas</a> described it as historical revisionism. Other observers found that Russia's leadership held a distorted view of Ukraine, as well as of its own history,<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> and that these distortions were propagated through the state.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> In December 2021, Russia issued <a href="/wiki/December_2021_Russian_ultimatum_to_NATO" title="December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO">an ultimatum to the West</a>, which included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet state</a> from ever joining the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_17_Dec_21-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-70">[65]</a> Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line".<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Some of the demands had already been ruled-out by NATO. A senior US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but added that there were some "that the Russians know are unacceptable".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_17_Dec_21-69">[64]</a> Eastern European states willingly joined NATO for security reasons, and the last time a country bordering Russia had joined was in 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some members were wary of letting it join.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Barring Ukraine would go against NATO's "<a href="/wiki/NATO_open_door_policy" title="NATO open door policy">open door</a>" policy, and against treaties agreed to by Russia itself.<a href="#cite_note-NATO_myths-73">[68]</a> NATO Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> replied that "Russia has no say" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> to try to control their neighbours".<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> NATO underlined that it is a <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">defensive alliance</a>, and that <a href="/wiki/Russia-NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-NATO relations">it had co-operated with Russia</a> until the latter annexed Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-NATO_myths-73">[68]</a> It offered to improve communication with Russia, and to negotiate limits on missile placements and <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercises</a>, provided Russia withdrew its troops from Ukraine's borders,<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> but Russia did not do so. Western leaders vowed that heavy sanctions would be imposed should Putin choose to invade rather than to negotiate.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> and German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from an invasion. According to Scholz, Putin told him that Ukraine should not be an independent state.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> Scholz told Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to declare Ukraine a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a> and renounce its aspirations to join NATO. Zelenskyy replied that Putin could not be trusted to abide by such a settlement.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas#August_2014_invasion_by_Russian_forces" title="War in Donbas">invaded the Donbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> On 19 February, Zelenskyy made a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a>, calling for Western powers to drop their policy of "<a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>" towards Moscow and give a clear time-frame for when Ukraine could join NATO.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> As political analysts <a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Taras Kuzio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Socor" title="Vladimir Socor">Vladimir Socor</a> agree, "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership".<a href="#cite_note-:5-70">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Putin's_invasion_announcement">Putin's invasion announcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation" title="On conducting a special military operation">On conducting a special military operation</a></div> On 21 February, Putin <a href="/wiki/Address_concerning_the_events_in_Ukraine" title="Address concerning the events in Ukraine">announced</a> that Russia recognized the Russian-controlled territories of Ukraine as independent states: the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into these territories as "peacekeepers",<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Russia">Federation Council of Russia</a> authorised the use of military force abroad.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_2022-02-24.webm&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_2022-02-24.webm&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_2022-02-24.webm&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video><figcaption>Putin's address to the nation on 24 February 2022. Minutes after Putin's announcement, the invasion began.</figcaption></figure> Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in <a href="/wiki/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation" title="On conducting a special military operation">another speech</a>, announced a "<a href="/wiki/Special_military_operation" title="Special military operation">special military operation</a>", which effectively declared war on Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">falsely claimed</a> that they had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime."<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Putin said that Russia was being threatened: he <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Russian_themes" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">falsely claimed</a> that Ukrainian government officials <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Allegations_of_Nazism" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">were neo-Nazis</a> under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and military infrastructure in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Putin_declaration-88">[83]</a> He said Russia sought the "demilitarization and denazification" of Ukraine, and espoused views challenging the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time22222-65">[60]</a> Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Putin_declaration-88">[83]</a> The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech.<a href="#cite_note-Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion-85">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine,_including_disputed_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg/220px-Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg/220px-Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg/330px-Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg/440px-Map_of_Ukraine%2C_including_disputed_regions.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian regions annexed by Russia since 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>) and 2022 (others). The 2022 annexation created a strategic land bridge between Crimea and Russia.</figcaption></figure> The invasion began at dawn on 24 February.<a href="#cite_note-Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> It was described as the biggest attack on a European country and the first full-scale war in Europe<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> since the Second World War. Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack.<a href="#cite_note-CriticalThreats-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_4MAR-93">[88]</a> Russian missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> Russia did not officially declare war.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Hull_2023_u063-96">[91]</a> It was Russia's largest <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> operation since the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a> in 1945.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Fighting began in Luhansk Oblast at 3:40 a.m. Kyiv time near <a href="/wiki/Milove" title="Milove">Milove</a> on the border with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-97">[92]</a> The main infantry and tank attacks were launched in four spearheads, creating a northern front launched towards Kyiv from Belarus, a southern front from Crimea, a southeastern front from Russian-controlled Donbas, and an eastern front from Russia towards <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumy" title="Sumy">Sumy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-2022-03-20-98">[93]</a> Russian vehicles were subsequently marked with a white <a href="/wiki/Z_military_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Z military symbol">Z military symbol</a> (a non-<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic letter">Cyrillic letter</a>), believed to be a measure to prevent <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine" title="Martial law in Ukraine">martial law in Ukraine</a> in a first video speech.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> The same evening, he ordered a <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">general mobilisation</a> of all Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old,<a href="#cite_note-Interfax_2022-101">[96]</a> prohibiting them from leaving the country.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> mercenaries and <a href="/wiki/Kadyrovites" title="Kadyrovites">Kadyrovites</a> contracted by the Kremlin reportedly made <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy">several attempts to assassinate Zelenskyy</a>, including an operation involving several hundred mercenaries meant to infiltrate Kyiv with the aim of killing the Ukrainian president.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> The Ukrainian government said anti-war officials within Russia's <a href="/wiki/FSB_Criminalistics_Institute" title="FSB Criminalistics Institute">FSB</a> shared the plans with them.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> Zelenskyy appeared defiant in <a href="/wiki/Zeitenwende_speech" title="Zeitenwende speech">his first and following video message</a>, showing in another on 25 February, that he and his cabinet is still in Kiyv. On 26 February NATO met and its countries pledged military aid for Ukraine and on 27 February Germany called the invasion a historic watershed.<a href="#cite_note-g587-105">[100]</a> That day in the evening Putin put Russia's nuclear deterrence into alert.<a href="#cite_note-o522-106">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucha_main_street,_2022-04-06_(0804).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg/220px-Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg/220px-Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg/330px-Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg/440px-Bucha_main_street%2C_2022-04-06_%280804%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucha" title="Battle of Bucha">destroyed</a> Russian column on 27 February in <a href="/wiki/Bucha,_Kyiv_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucha, Kyiv Oblast">Bucha</a></figcaption></figure> The Russian invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce Ukrainian resistance.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> In Kyiv, Russia failed to take the city and was repulsed in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irpin" title="Battle of Irpin">Irpin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hostomel" title="Battle of Hostomel">Hostomel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucha" title="Battle of Bucha">Bucha</a>. The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but its defenders under <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Syrskyi" title="Oleksandr Syrskyi">Oleksandr Syrskyi</a> held their ground, effectively using Western <a href="/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">Javelin anti-tank missiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">Stinger anti-aircraft missiles</a> to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> On the southern front, Russian forces had captured the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a> by 2 March. A column of Russian tanks and armoured vehicles was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brovary" title="Battle of Brovary">ambushed</a> on 9 March in <a href="/wiki/Brovary" title="Brovary">Brovary</a> and sustained heavy losses that forced them to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> The Russian army adopted <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege tactics</a> on the western front around the key cities of Chernihiv, Sumy and Kharkiv, but failed to capture them due to stiff resistance and logistical setbacks.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv Oblast</a>, Russian forces advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voznesensk" title="Battle of Voznesensk">Voznesensk</a>, but were repelled and pushed back south of Mykolaiv. On 25 March, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Russian Defence Ministry</a> stated that the first stage of the "military operation" in Ukraine was "generally complete", that the Ukrainian military forces had suffered serious losses, and the Russian military would now concentrate on the "liberation of <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>."<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> The "first stage" of the invasion was conducted on four fronts, including one towards western <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> from Belarus by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern Military District</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/29th_Combined_Arms_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Combined Arms Army">29th</a>, <a href="/wiki/35th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="35th Combined Arms Army">35th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/36th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="36th Combined Arms Army">36th Combined Arms Armies</a>. A second axis, deployed towards eastern Kyiv from Russia by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central Military District</a> (northeastern front), comprised the <a href="/wiki/41st_Combined_Arms_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="41st Combined Arms Army">41st Combined Arms Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="2nd Guards Combined Arms Army">2nd Guards Combined Arms Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png/220px-%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png/220px-%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png/330px-%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png/440px-%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_008.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian troops in <a href="/wiki/Novoaidar" title="Novoaidar">Novoaidar</a>. The settlement was captured on 3 March 2022.</figcaption></figure> A third axis was deployed towards Kharkiv by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western Military District</a> (eastern front), with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Tank_Army" title="1st Guards Tank Army">1st Guards Tank Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/20th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="20th Guards Combined Arms Army">20th Combined Arms Army</a>. A fourth, southern front originating in occupied Crimea and Russia's <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov oblast</a> with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a> was opened by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern Military District</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/58th_Combined_Arms_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="58th Combined Arms Army">58th</a>, <a href="/wiki/49th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="49th Combined Arms Army">49th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/8th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army_(Russia)" title="8th Guards Combined Arms Army (Russia)">8th Combined Arms Army</a>, the latter also commanding the 1st and 2nd Army Corps of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_people%27s_militias_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people's militias in Ukraine">Russian separatist forces in Donbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[107]</a> By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front by the Russian Eastern Military District pulled back from the Kyiv offensive, reportedly to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas region in an effort to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front, including the Central Military District, was similarly withdrawn for resupply and redeployment to southeastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-113">[108]</a> On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations <a href="/wiki/2022_Ramstein_Air_Base_meeting" title="2022 Ramstein Air Base meeting">met at Ramstein Air Base</a> in Germany to discuss the formation of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Defense_Contact_Group" title="Ukraine Defense Contact Group">a coalition</a> that would provide economic support in addition to military supplies and refitting to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Following Putin's <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)#In_Russia" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a> speech in early May, US Director of National Intelligence <a href="/wiki/Avril_Haines" title="Avril Haines">Avril Haines</a> said no short term resolution to the invasion should be expected.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_50.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with members of the Ukrainian Army on 18 June 2022</figcaption></figure> Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared that Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Sabbagh-116">[111]</a> Military experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested that Ukraine should trade territory for peace,<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> while others believed that Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery being vastly outgunned, in terms of both range and number.<a href="#cite_note-Sabbagh-116">[111]</a> In response to <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said that Russia would expand its invasion front to include new cities in Ukraine. In apparent retribution, Putin ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking the city for several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> On 10 June 2022, deputy head of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a> Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Severodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: "This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have."<a href="#cite_note-iktgvs-120">[115]</a> On 29 June, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that US Intelligence Director Avril Haines, in an update of past US intelligence assessments on the Russian invasion, said that US intelligence agencies agree that the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening."<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> On 5 July, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that extensive destruction by the Russian invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's reconstruction economy, with Ukrainian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal">Denys Shmyhal</a> telling nations at a reconstruction conference in Switzerland that Ukraine needs $750bn for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute to the cost.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_invasion_(24_February_–_7_April_2022)">Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(24_February_%E2%80%93_7_April_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif/390px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="390" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="806"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 390px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif/390px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif" data-width="390" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif/585px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif/780px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_1_animated.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animated map of the Russian invasion from 24 February to 7 April 2022</figcaption></figure> The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kyiv_and_northern_front">Kyiv and northern front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl" title="Capture of Chernobyl">Capture of Chernobyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kyiv (2022)">Battle of Kyiv (2022)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg/220px-50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg/220px-50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg/330px-50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg/440px-50_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 Mriya</a>, the largest aircraft ever built, was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport" title="Battle of Antonov Airport">Battle of Antonov Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> Russian efforts to capture Kyiv included a probative spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Dnipro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipro River">Dnipro River</a>. The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack from Russia along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a>, and from the east at <a href="/wiki/Sumy" title="Sumy">Sumy</a>. These were likely intended to encircle Kyiv from the northeast and east.<a href="#cite_note-CriticalThreats-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_4MAR-93">[88]</a> Russia tried to seize Kyiv quickly, with <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed.<a href="#cite_note-wapo20220320-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> The United States contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee the country, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him on seizing Kyiv; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride."<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> The Washington Post, which described the quote as "one of the most-cited lines of the Russian invasion", was not entirely sure of the comment's accuracy. Reporter <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Kessler_(journalist)" title="Glenn Kessler (journalist)">Glenn Kessler</a> said it came from "a single source, but on the surface it appears to be a good one."<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Russian forces advancing on Kyiv from Belarus <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl" title="Capture of Chernobyl">gained control</a> of the ghost town of <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Russian Airborne Forces</a> attempted to seize two key airfields near Kyiv, launching an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport" title="Battle of Antonov Airport">airborne assault on Antonov Airport</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> and a similar <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasylkiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vasylkiv">landing at Vasylkiv</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Vasylkiv_Air_Base" title="Vasylkiv Air Base">Vasylkiv Air Base</a>, on 26 February.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences.<a href="#cite_note-ISW_4MAR-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriticalThreats-92">[87]</a> As of 5 March, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Kyiv_Convoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Kyiv Convoy">a large Russian convoy</a>, reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> The London-based <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> (RUSI) assessed Russian advances from the north and east as "stalled."<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chernihiv" title="Siege of Chernihiv">siege began there</a>. Russian forces continued to advance on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing <a href="/wiki/Bucha,_Kyiv_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucha, Kyiv Oblast">Bucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hostomel" title="Hostomel">Hostomel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorzel" title="Vorzel">Vorzel</a> by 5 March,<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Irpin" title="Irpin">Irpin</a> remained contested as of 9 March.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive to repel Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched their strategy to <a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">indiscriminate bombing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> warfare.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, including <a href="/wiki/Makariv" title="Makariv">Makariv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian220325-140">[135]</a> Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north at the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> Ukraine said it had recaptured the entire region around Kyiv, including Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel, and uncovered evidence of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">war crimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> On 6 April, NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said that the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of their troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for Ukraine, by redeploying and concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-113">[108]</a> Kyiv was generally left free from attack apart from isolated missile strikes. One did occur while UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> was <a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">visiting Kyiv</a> on 28 April to discuss the survivors of the siege of Mariupol with Zelenskyy. One person was killed and several were injured in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png/220px-Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png/220px-Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png/330px-Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png/440px-Putin-Shoigu_meeting.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> meeting with Russian defence minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> in April 2022, after Russia's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kyiv (2022)">Battle of Kyiv</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeastern_front">Northeastern front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chernihiv" title="Siege of Chernihiv">Siege of Chernihiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sumy" title="Battle of Sumy">Battle of Sumy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Sumy_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast">Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast</a></div> Russian forces advanced into <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a> on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chernihiv" title="Siege of Chernihiv">four days of fighting</a>. On 25 February <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konotop_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Konotop (2022)">Ukrainian forces lost control over Konotop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sumy" title="Battle of Sumy">street fighting</a> took place in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sumy" title="Sumy">Sumy</a>, just 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Russo-Ukrainian border, Ukrainian forces claimed that on 28 February that 100 Russian armoured vehicles had been destroyed and dozens of soldiers captured following a <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a> drone and artillery attack on a large Russian <a href="/wiki/Column_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Column (military)">column</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lebedyn" title="Lebedyn">Lebedyn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Russian forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okhtyrka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Okhtyrka">also attacked Okhtyrka</a>, deploying <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon" title="Thermobaric weapon">thermobaric weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unianberdyansk-147">[142]</a> On 4 March, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kagan" title="Frederick Kagan">Frederick Kagan</a> wrote that the Sumy axis was then "the most successful and dangerous Russian avenue of advance on Kyiv", and commented that the geography favoured mechanised advances as the terrain "is flat and sparsely populated, offering few good defensive positions."<a href="#cite_note-CriticalThreats-92">[87]</a> Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached <a href="/wiki/Brovary" title="Brovary">Brovary</a>, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.<a href="#cite_note-ISW_4MAR-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriticalThreats-92">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy Oblast</a> remained contested.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> On 7 April, the governor of Sumy Oblast said that Russian troops were gone, but had left behind rigged explosives and other hazards.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_front">Southern front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Siege of Mariupol</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_bombing_of_Odesa" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 bombing of Odesa">2022 bombing of Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherson" title="Battle of Kherson">Battle of Kherson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Enerhodar" title="Battle of Enerhodar">Battle of Enerhodar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg/220px-Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg/220px-Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg/330px-Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg/440px-Destruction_of_Russian_tanks_by_Ukrainian_troops_in_Mariupol_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A destroyed Russian <a href="/wiki/BMP-3" title="BMP-3">BMP-3</a> near Mariupol, 7 March 2022</figcaption></figure> On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the <a href="/wiki/North_Crimean_Canal" title="North Crimean Canal">North Crimean Canal</a>, allowing Crimea to obtain water from the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, which had been cut off since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> On 26 February, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">siege of Mariupol</a> began as the attack moved east linking to separatist-held Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-unianberdyansk-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> En route, Russian forces entered <a href="/wiki/Berdiansk" title="Berdiansk">Berdiansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berdiansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berdiansk">captured it</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-Berdyansk-152">[147]</a> On 25 February, Russian units from the DPR were fighting near <a href="/wiki/Pavlopil" title="Pavlopil">Pavlopil</a> as they moved on Mariupol.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> By evening, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> began an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assault</a> on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces were deploying thousands of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry" title="Russian Naval Infantry">marines</a> from this <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/22nd_Army_Corps_(Russian_Federation)" title="22nd Army Corps (Russian Federation)">Russian 22nd Army Corps</a> approached the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant</a> on 26 February<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Enerhodar" title="Battle of Enerhodar">besieged Enerhodar</a>. A fire began,<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> but the Ukrainian military said that essential equipment was undamaged.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest and captured the bridge over the Dnieper.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> On 2 March, Russian troops took <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherson" title="Battle of Kherson">Kherson</a>; this was the first major city to fall to Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Russian troops moved on <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mykolaiv" title="Battle of Mykolaiv">attacked it</a> two days later. They were repelled by Ukrainian forces.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> After renewed missile attacks on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government said more than 2,500 had died.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> On 20 March, an art school sheltering around 400 people, was <a href="/wiki/Mariupol_art_school_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariupol art school bombing">destroyed by Russian bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-2022-03-20-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC-2022-03-21-165">[160]</a> On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Olha_Stefanishyna" title="Olha Stefanishyna">Olha Stefanishyna</a> said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> Putin told Emmanuel Macron in a phone call on 29 March that the bombardment of Mariupol would only end when the Ukrainians surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> On 1 April, Russian troops refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to evacuate civilians, as peace talks continued in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine further west, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_front">Eastern front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kharkiv (2022)">Battle of Kharkiv (2022)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Izium" title="Battle of Izium">Battle of Izium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millerovo_air_base_attack" title="Millerovo air base attack">Millerovo air base attack</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast">Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg/220px-Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 390px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg/220px-Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="390" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg/330px-Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg/440px-Russian_bombardment_on_the_outskirts_of_Kharkiv.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian bombardment on the outskirts of Kharkiv, 1 March 2022</figcaption></figure> In the east, Russian troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kharkiv (2022)">attempted to capture Kharkiv</a>, less than 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Russian border,<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> and met strong Ukrainian resistance. On 25 February, the <a href="/wiki/Millerovo_air_base_attack" title="Millerovo air base attack">Millerovo air base was attacked</a> by Ukrainian military forces with <a href="/wiki/OTR-21_Tochka" title="OTR-21 Tochka">OTR-21 Tochka</a> missiles, which according to Ukrainian officials, destroyed several <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> planes and started a fire.<a href="#cite_note-Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25-172">[167]</a> On 1 March, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a>, head of the DPR, announced that DPR forces had almost completely surrounded the city of <a href="/wiki/Volnovakha" title="Volnovakha">Volnovakha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> On 2 March, Russian forces were repelled from <a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a> during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)" title="Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)">an attack against the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> On the same day, Ukrainian forces initiated <a href="/wiki/Horlivka_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Horlivka offensive">a counter-offensive</a> on <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> controlled by the DPR.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Izium" title="Izium">Izium</a> was captured by Russian forces on 1 April<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> after a monthlong battle.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> On 31 March, <a href="/wiki/PBS_News" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS News">PBS News</a> reported renewed shelling and missile attacks in Kharkiv, as bad or worse than before, as peace talks with Russia were to resume in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Amid the heightened Russian shelling of Kharkiv on 31 March, Russia reported a helicopter strike against an oil supply depot approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of the border in <a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, and accused Ukraine of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Ukraine denied responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian invasion troops and tank divisions around the towns of Izium, <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a> prompted Ukrainian government officials to advise the remaining residents near the eastern border of Ukraine to evacuate to western Ukraine within 2–3 days, given the absence of arms and munitions previously promised to Ukraine by then.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeastern_front_(8_April_–_5_September_2022)">Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_April_%E2%80%93_28_August_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 April – 28 August 2022)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 April – 28 August 2022)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif/390px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="390" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="806"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 390px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif/390px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif" data-width="390" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif/585px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif/780px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_2_animated.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animated map of the Russian invasion from 7 April to 5 September 2022</figcaption></figure> By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared to be impeded by opposing Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal steel mill and surrounding area in Mariupol.<a href="#cite_note-RNZM-184">[179]</a> On 19 April, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> confirmed that Russia had launched a renewed invasion front referred to as an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv in the north and Lviv in western Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-185">[180]</a> As of 30 April, a NATO official described Russian advances as "uneven" and "minor."<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "very tepid", "minimal at best", and "anaemic."<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> In June 2022 the chief spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Defence">Russian Ministry of Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Konashenkov" title="Igor Konashenkov">Igor Konashenkov</a> revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)" title="Aleksandr Lapin (general)">Aleksander Lapin</a> and "South" commanded by Army General <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Surovikin" title="Sergey Surovikin">Sergey Surovikin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Novaya-188">[183]</a> On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad as justifying the expansion of its special military operation to include objectives in both the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a> oblasts.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-189">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a> started recruiting volunteer battalions from the regions in June 2022 to create a new <a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(Russia)" title="3rd Army Corps (Russia)">3rd Army Corps</a> within the Western Military District, with a planned strength estimated at 15,500–60,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> Its units were deployed to the front around the time of Ukraine's 9 September <a href="/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">Kharkiv oblast counteroffensive</a>, in time to join the Russian retreat, leaving behind tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and personnel carriers: the 3rd Army Corps "melted away" according to <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, having little or no impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Mariupol">Fall of Mariupol</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Siege of Mariupol</a></div> On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the <a href="/wiki/Azovstal_Iron_and_Steel_Works" title="Azovstal Iron and Steel Works">Azovstal Iron and Steel Works</a> in Mariupol, and the remaining Ukrainian personnel defending it.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> By 17 April, Russian forces had surrounded the factory. Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said that the Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the renewed ultimatum to surrender and to fight to the last soul.<a href="#cite_note-RNZM-184">[179]</a> On 20 April, Putin said that the siege of Mariupol could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the Azovstal iron works and estimated 1,000 Ukrainian civilians were completely sealed off from any type of relief.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> After consecutive meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN Secretary-General Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an emergency evacuation of survivors from Azovstal in accordance with assurances he had received from Putin on his visit to the Kremlin.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> By 3 May, after allowing approximately 100 Ukrainian civilians to depart from the Azovstal steel factory, Russian troops renewed their bombardment of the steel factory.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> On 6 May, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining Ukrainian soldiers, who had lost contact with the Kyiv government; in his last communications, Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the besieged steel factory to surrender as necessary under the pressure of increased Russian attacks.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> On 7 May, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported that all civilians were evacuated from the Azovstal steel works at the end of the three-day ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96,_9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_2022_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%2C_9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_2022_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%2C_9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_2022_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%2C_9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_2022_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%2C_9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_2022_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A children's hospital in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a> after <a href="/wiki/Mariupol_hospital_airstrike" title="Mariupol hospital airstrike">a Russian airstrike</a></figcaption></figure> After the last civilians evacuated from the Azovstal bunkers, nearly two thousand Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 of them injured. They were able to communicate a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected summary execution if they surrendered to Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> Reports of dissent within the Ukrainian troops at Azovstal were reported by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> on 8 May indicating that the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Marine_Corps" title="Ukrainian Marine Corps">Ukrainian marines</a> assigned to defend the Azovstal bunkers made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position there and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defensive position in Azovstal as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian lines of attack.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Illia_Samoilenko_(officer)" title="Illia Samoilenko (officer)">Ilia Somolienko</a>, deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops barricaded at Azovstal, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly."<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and that final evacuations from the Azovstal steel factory had begun. The military said that 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 of them who were "seriously injured" had been taken to a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Novoazovsk" title="Novoazovsk">Novoazovsk</a> also controlled by Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes16-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Following the evacuation of Ukrainian personnel from Azovstal, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled all areas of Mariupol. The end of the battle also brought an end to the Siege of Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Russian President Vladimir Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said in an address that "the work of bringing the boys home continues, and this work needs delicacy—and time." Some prominent Russian lawmakers called on the government to deny prisoner exchanges for members of the <a href="/wiki/Azov_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Regiment">Azov Regiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reutersmay17-204">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Sievierodonetsk_and_Lysychansk">Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Donbas (2022–present)">Battle of Donbas (2022–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Popasna" title="Battle of Popasna">Battle of Popasna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk_railway_station_attack" title="Kramatorsk railway station attack">Kramatorsk railway station attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)" title="Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)">Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lysychansk" title="Battle of Lysychansk">Battle of Lysychansk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg/220px-Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="2702"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg/220px-Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg/330px-Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg/440px-Map_of_the_war_in_Donbass.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Military control around Donbas as of 24 March 2023: pink highlights areas held by the DNR, LNR, and Russia, yellow highlights areas held by the Ukrainian government.</figcaption></figure> A Russian missile attack on <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk_railway_station" title="Kramatorsk railway station">Kramatorsk railway station</a> in the city of Kramatorsk took place on 8 April, reportedly killing at least 52 people<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> and injuring as many as 87 to 300.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> On 11 April, Zelenskyy said that Ukraine expected a major new Russian offensive in the east.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> American officials said that Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere in Ukraine, and therefore was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment of infantry and tank divisions to the southeastern Ukraine front.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> Military satellites photographed extensive Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment of its northeastern troops to the southeastern front of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> On 18 April, with Mariupol almost entirely overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying of the Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk province.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering the city of <a href="/wiki/Lyman,_Ukraine" title="Lyman, Ukraine">Lyman</a>, fully capturing the city by 26 May.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> Ukrainian forces were reported leaving <a href="/wiki/Sviatohirsk" title="Sviatohirsk">Sviatohirsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RID_Rivista_Italiana_Difesa-215">[210]</a> By 24 May, Russian forces captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Svitlodarsk" title="Svitlodarsk">Svitlodarsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Svitlodarsk24522-216">[211]</a> On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation to Russian occupation with over 80 per cent of the city in the hands of Russian troops.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> On 12 June, it was reported that possibly as many as 800 Ukrainian civilians (as per Ukrainian estimates) and 300–400 soldiers (as per Russian sources) were besieged at the <a href="/wiki/Azot_(Sievierodonetsk)" title="Azot (Sievierodonetsk)">Azot</a> chemical factory in Severodonetsk.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> With the Ukrainian defences of Severodonetsk faltering, Russian invasion troops began intensifying their attack upon the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Lysychansk" title="Lysychansk">Lysychansk</a> as their next target city in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Severodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages and hamlets surrounding the city, most recently the village of Metelkine.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> On 24 June, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported that, amid continuing scorched-earth tactics being applied by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate the Severodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind in the withdrawal, with some comparing their plight to that of the civilians at the Azovstal steel works in Mariupol in May.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> On 3 July, CBS announced that the Russian defence ministry claimed that the city of Lysychansk had been captured and occupied by Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, that Russian invasion troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk Oblast</a> to attack the cities of Sloviansk and <a href="/wiki/Bakhmut" title="Bakhmut">Bakhmut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kharkiv_front">Kharkiv front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kharkiv (2022)">Battle of Kharkiv (2022)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast">Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_(2022-05-19)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg/220px-Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg/220px-Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg/330px-Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg/440px-Northern_Saltivka_after_battle_for_Kharkiv_%282022-05-19%29_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saltivka" title="Saltivka">Saltivka</a> residential area after the battle of Kharkiv on 19 May 2022</figcaption></figure> On 14 April, Ukrainian troops reportedly blew up a bridge between Kharkiv and Izium used by Russian forces to redeploy troops to Izium, impeding the Russian convoy.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> On 5 May, <a href="/wiki/David_Axe" title="David Axe">David Axe</a> writing for Forbes stated that the Ukrainian army had concentrated its 4th and <a href="/wiki/17th_Tank_Brigade_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine)">17th Tank Brigades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/95th_Air_Assault_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="95th Air Assault Brigade (Ukraine)">95th Air Assault Brigade</a> around Izium for possible rearguard action against the deployed Russian troops in the area; Axe added that the other major concentration of Ukraine's forces around Kharkiv included the 92nd and <a href="/wiki/93rd_Mechanized_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="93rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)">93rd Mechanised Brigades</a> which could similarly be deployed for rearguard action against Russian troops around Kharkiv or link up with Ukrainian troops contemporaneously being deployed around Izium.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> On 13 May, BBC reported that Russian troops in Kharkiv were being retracted and redeployed to other fronts in Ukraine following the advances of Ukrainian troops into surrounding cities and Kharkiv itself, which included the destruction of strategic <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridges</a> built by Russian troops to cross over the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Siverskyi_Donets" title="Battle of the Siverskyi Donets">Seversky Donets river</a> and previously used for rapid tank deployment in the region.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kherson-Mykolaiv_front">Kherson-Mykolaiv front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">2022 Kherson counteroffensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_bombing_of_Odesa" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 bombing of Odesa">2022 bombing of Odesa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2022_Transnistria_attacks" title="2022 Transnistria attacks">2022 Transnistria attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army,_Kherson,_September_27_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg/440px-Liberation_of_Vysokopillia_by_the_Ukrainian_Army%2C_Kherson%2C_September_27_2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian soldiers in reclaimed <a href="/wiki/Vysokopillia" title="Vysokopillia">Vysokopillia</a> in September 2022 during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">2022 Kherson counteroffensive</a></figcaption></figure> Missile attacks and bombardment of the key cities of Mykolaiv and Odesa continued as the second phase of the invasion began.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-185">[180]</a> On 22 April 2022, Russia's Brigadier General Rustam Minnekayev in a defence ministry meeting said that Russia planned to extend its Mykolaiv–Odesa front after the siege of Mariupol further west to include <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">the breakaway region</a> of Transnistria on the Ukrainian border with Moldova.<a href="#cite_note-dw-230">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)">Ministry of Defence of Ukraine</a> called this plan imperialism and said that it contradicted previous Russian claims that it did not have territorial ambitions in Ukraine and also that the statement admitted that "the goal of the 'second phase' of the war is not victory over the mythical Nazis, but simply the occupation of eastern and southern Ukraine."<a href="#cite_note-dw-230">[225]</a> Georgi Gotev of EURACTIV noted on 22 April that Russian occupation from Odesa to Transnistria would transform Ukraine into a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked nation</a> with no practical access to the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Russia resumed its missile strikes on Odesa on 24 April, destroying military facilities and causing two dozen civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> Explosions destroyed two Russian broadcast towers in Transnistria on 27 April that had primarily rebroadcast Russian television programming, Ukrainian sources said.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> Russian missile attacks at the end of April destroyed runways in Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> In the week of 10 May, Ukrainian troops began to dislodge Russian forces from <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Snake Island</a> in the Black Sea approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> Russia said on 30 June 2022 that it had withdrawn its troops from the island, once their objectives had been completed.<a href="#cite_note-RBC_30_June-236">[231]</a> On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative" title="Black Sea Grain Initiative">UN- and Turkish-brokered deal</a> to secure a sea corridor for exports of grains and other foodstuffs.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> On 31 July, CNN reported significantly intensified rocket attacks and bombing of <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a> by Russians, which also killed Ukrainian grain tycoon <a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Vadaturskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksiy Vadaturskyi">Oleksiy Vadaturskyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaporizhzhia_front">Zaporizhzhia front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling,_2022-06-27_(1)_frame_0246.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg/220px-Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg/220px-Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg/330px-Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg/440px-Shopping_center_in_Kremenchuk_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-06-27_%281%29_frame_0246.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French president Emmanuel Macron called the Russian <a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk_shopping_mall_attack" title="Kremenchuk shopping mall attack">missile attack on a shopping mall in Kremenchuk</a> on 28 June 2022 a "war crime"</figcaption></figure> Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on the key cities of <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-185">[180]</a> Russian missiles destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Dnipro_International_Airport" title="Dnipro International Airport">Dnipro International Airport</a> on 10 April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol to the village of <a href="/wiki/Bezimenne,_Novoazovsk_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezimenne, Novoazovsk Raion">Bezimenne</a> near Donetsk, from whence they would move to Zaporizhzhia.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on the city of <a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchuk</a> northwest of Zaporizhzhia detonated in a public mall and caused at least 18 deaths. France's Emmanuel Macron called it a "war crime."<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> Ukrainian nuclear agency <a href="/wiki/Energoatom" title="Energoatom">Energoatom</a> called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", although it was still operated by its Ukrainian staff. As many as 500 Russian soldiers controlled the plant; Kyiv's nuclear agency said they were shelling nearby areas and storing weapons and "missile systems" there. Almost the entire country went on air raid alert. "They already shell the other side of the river Dnipro and the territory of Nikopol," Energoatom president Pedro Kotin said.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the Zaporizhzhia plant after a phone call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, however, access to the plant remained limited and required extensive negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of <a href="/wiki/Enerhodar" title="Enerhodar">Enerhodar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nei-20220822-244">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Ellwood" title="Tobias Ellwood">Tobias Ellwood</a>, chair of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Defence_Select_Committee" title="Defence Select Committee">Defence Select Committee</a>, said on 19 August that any deliberate damage to the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_5" title="North Atlantic Treaty">Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty</a>, under which an attack on a member state of NATO is an attack on them all. US congressman <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kinzinger" title="Adam Kinzinger">Adam Kinzinger</a> said the following day that any radiation leak would kill people in NATO countries, an automatic activation of Article 5.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia,_2022-09-30_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Missile_strike_on_a_humanitarian_convoy_in_Zaporizhzhia%2C_2022-09-30_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Killed Ukrainian civilians during the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_civilian_convoy_attack" title="Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack">Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack</a> by Russian Army in September 2022</figcaption></figure> Shelling hit <a href="/wiki/Coal_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal ash">coal ash</a> dumps at the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_thermal_power_station" title="Zaporizhzhia thermal power station">neighbouring coal-fired power station</a> on 23 August, and the ash was on fire on 25 August. The 750 <a href="/wiki/Kilovolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilovolt">kV</a> transmission line to the Dniprovska substation, the only one of the four 750 kV transmission lines still undamaged and cut by military action, passes over the ash dumps. At 12:12 p.m. on 25 August, the line was cut off due to the fire, disconnecting the plant and its two operating reactors from the national grid for the first time since its startup in 1985. In response, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_power_system" title="Emergency power system">backup generators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">coolant pumps</a> for reactor 5 started up, and reactor 6 reduced generation.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-247">[242]</a> Incoming power was still available across the 330 kV line to the substation at the coal-fired station, so the diesel generators were not essential for cooling reactor cores and <a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">spent fuel pools</a>. The 750 kV line and reactor 6 resumed operation at 12:29 p.m., but the line was cut by fire again two hours later. The line, but not the reactors, resumed operation again later that day.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-247">[242]</a> On 26 August, one reactor restarted in the afternoon and another in the evening, resuming electricity supplies to the grid.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> On 29 August 2022, an IAEA team led by Rafael Grossi went to the plant to investigate.<a href="#cite_note-likpic-249">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lydie_Evrard" title="Lydie Evrard">Lydie Evrard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Aparo" title="Massimo Aparo">Massimo Aparo</a> were also on the team. No leaks had been reported at the plant before their arrival, but shelling had occurred days before.<a href="#cite_note-aug292022-250">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_annexations_and_occupation_losses_(6_September_–_11_November_2022)">Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(29_August_%E2%80%93_11_November_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (29 August – 11 November 2022)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (29 August – 11 November 2022)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_(cropped).gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif/390px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif" decoding="async" width="390" height="484" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 390px;height: 484px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif/390px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif" data-width="390" data-height="484" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif/585px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif/780px-2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_Phase_3_animated_%28cropped%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animated map of the Russian invasion from 5 September 2022 to 11 November 2022</figcaption></figure> On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise <a href="/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region</a>, beginning near <a href="/wiki/Balakliia" title="Balakliia">Balakliia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Syrskyi" title="Oleksandr Syrskyi">General Syrskyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-251">[246]</a> An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">a partial mobilisation</a> and Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> said 300,000 reservists would be called.<a href="#cite_note-France_24_2022-253">[248]</a> He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself." Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures."<a href="#cite_note-gazetapl_2022_pd-254">[249]</a> British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation",<a href="#cite_note-Ellyatt_2022_esc-255">[250]</a> while former Mongolian president <a href="/wiki/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj" title="Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj">Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj</a> accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder."<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts">Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a></div> In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised <a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">referendums</a> on the annexation of the occupied territories of Ukraine. These included the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in Russian-occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and its allies as <a href="/wiki/Sham_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham election">sham elections</a>, the elections' official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Russian parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaporizhzhia_front_2">Zaporizhzhia front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant_crisis" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_residential_building_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike">Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling,_2022-10-09_(41)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1211"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Zaporizhzhia_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-09_%2841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Damage to a residential building in <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a> following an <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_residential_building_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike">airstrike on 9 October 2022</a></figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> delegation visited the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant on 3 September, and on 6 September reported damage and security threats caused by external shelling and the presence of occupying troops in the plant.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20220906-260">[255]</a> On 11 September, at 3:14 a.m., the sixth and final reactor was disconnected from the grid, "completely stopping" the plant. <a href="/wiki/Energoatom" title="Energoatom">Energoatom</a> said that preparations were "underway for its cooling and transfer to a cold state."<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> In the early hours of 9 October 2022, Russian Armed Forces <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_residential_building_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike">carried out an airstrike on a residential building</a> in Zaporizhzhia, killing 13 civilians and injuring 89 others.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kherson_counteroffensive">Kherson counteroffensive</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">2022 Kherson counteroffensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">Liberation of Kherson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._(52502054830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg/220px-Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg/220px-Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg/330px-Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg/440px-Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_took_part_in_hoisting_the_State_Flag_of_Ukraine_in_liberated_Kherson._%2852502054830%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a>, participating in reraising the Ukrainian flag in Kherson a few days after <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">the city's liberation</a></figcaption></figure> On 29 August, Zelenskyy advisedly vowed the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast. He first announced a counteroffensive to retake Russian-occupied territory in the south concentrating on the Kherson-Mykolaiv region, a claim that was corroborated by the Ukrainian parliament as well as <a href="/wiki/Operational_Command_South" title="Operational Command South">Operational Command South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> On 4 September, Zelenskyy announced the liberation of two unnamed villages in Kherson Oblast and one in Donetsk Oblast. Ukrainian authorities released a photo showing the raising of the Ukrainian flag in <a href="/wiki/Vysokopillia" title="Vysokopillia">Vysokopillia</a> by Ukrainian forces.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> On 12 September, Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had retaken a total of 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) from Russia, in both the south and the east. The BBC stated that it could not verify these claims.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi) of territory, with fighting extending to <a href="/wiki/Dudchany" title="Dudchany">Dudchany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">Kherson</a>, and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west (right) bank of the Dnieper.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kharkiv_counteroffensive">Kharkiv counteroffensive</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 300px; height: 400px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -470px; left: -2150px; width: 2800px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/2800px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2800" height="1882" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="1478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2800px;height: 1882px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/2800px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="2800" data-height="1882" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/4200px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/5600px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg" title="File:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg"> </a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Retained by Ukraine <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Retaken by Ukraine <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Occupied by Russia Map of the Kharkiv front as of 23 November 2024 </div> </div> </div> Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near <a href="/wiki/Balakliia" title="Balakliia">Balakliia</a> led by General Syrskyi.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-251">[246]</a> By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced some 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson in response to the Ukrainian offensive there.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Kupiansk" title="Kupiansk">Kupiansk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> On 9 September, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast">Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast</a> announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and <a href="/wiki/Velykyi_Burluk" title="Velykyi Burluk">Velykyi Burluk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a> (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours,<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk,<a href="#cite_note-kupiansk-euromaidanpress-276">[271]</a> and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi) by effectively exploiting their breakthrough.<a href="#cite_note-isw20220909-277">[272]</a> Later in the day, Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> By 15 September, an assessment by <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the <a href="/wiki/Oskil_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskil (river)">Oskil river</a>. The retreating units had also abandoned various high-value military assets.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian Armed Forces <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Lyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of Lyman">had liberated the key city of Lyman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_stalemate,_attrition_campaign_and_military_surge_(12_November_2022_–_7_June_2023)">Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(12_November_2022_%E2%80%93_7_June_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter_Offensive_in_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Winter Offensive in Ukraine (2022–2023)">Russian Winter Offensive in Ukraine (2022–2023)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_Leopard_2,_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%8E_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_Leopard_2%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%8E_06.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="546"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_Leopard_2%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%8E_06.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_Leopard_2%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%8E_06.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_Leopard_2%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%8E_06.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian and Polish prime ministers shaking hands near <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> tanks provided by Poland to Ukraine</figcaption></figure> After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting shifted to a semi-deadlock during the winter,<a href="#cite_note-TakesStock-281">[276]</a> with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign ended in "disappointment" for Moscow, with limited gains as the offensive stalled.<a href="#cite_note-TakesStock-281">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-aground-283">[278]</a> Analysts variously blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men", and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems.<a href="#cite_note-TakesStock-281">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-aground-283">[278]</a> Near the end of May, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Galeotti" title="Mark Galeotti">Mark Galeotti</a> assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position."<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas, against Ukraine troops already wearied by previous fighting.<a href="#cite_note-:2-285">[280]</a> The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war,<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> leading "grinding advances" in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut" title="Battle of Bakhmut">Bakhmut</a> with tens of thousands of recruits from <a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">prison battalions</a> taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions.<a href="#cite_note-aground-283">[278]</a> In late January 2023, fighting intensified in the southern Zaporizhzhia region, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vuhledar" title="Battle of Vuhledar">intense, three-week Russian assault</a> near the coal-mining town of <a href="/wiki/Vuhledar" title="Vuhledar">Vuhledar</a> was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The <a href="/wiki/British_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ministry of Defence">British Ministry of Defence</a> stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated."<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-TankKramer-289">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Bakhmut">Battle of Bakhmut</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut" title="Battle of Bakhmut">Battle of Bakhmut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakhmut_during_the_battle_(2023-04-05),_frame_16531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg/220px-Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg/220px-Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg/330px-Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg/440px-Bakhmut_during_the_battle_%282023-04-05%29%2C_frame_16531.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of western Bakhmut during the battle, 5 April 2023</figcaption></figure> Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking the city of Bakhmut and breaking the half year long stalemate that prevailed there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via <a href="/wiki/Soledar" title="Soledar">Soledar</a>. After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soledar" title="Battle of Soledar">took control of Soledar</a> on 16 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from <a href="/wiki/Chasiv_Yar" title="Chasiv Yar">Chasiv Yar</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> On 3 March 2023, Ukrainian soldiers destroyed two key bridges, creating the possibility for a controlled fighting withdrawal from eastern sectors of Bakhmut.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> On 7 March, despite the city's near-encirclement, The New York Times reported that Ukrainian commanders were requesting permission from Kyiv to continue fighting against the Russians in Bakhmut.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> On 26 March, Wagner Group forces claimed to have fully captured the tactically significant Azom factory in Bakhmut.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> Appearing before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Committee on Armed Services</a> on 29 March, General <a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Mark Milley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, reported that, "for about the last 20, 21 days, the Russia have not made any progress whatsoever in and around Bakhmut." Milley described the severe casualties being inflicted upon the Russian forces there as a "slaughter-fest."<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> By the beginning of May, the ISW assessed that Ukraine controlled only 1.89 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi) of the city, less than five percent.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> On 18 May 2023, The New York Times reported that Ukrainian forces had launched a local counteroffensive, taking back swathes of territory to the north and south of Bakhmut over the course of a few days.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day,<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_counteroffensives_and_summer_campaign_(8_June_2023_–_1_December_2023)">2023 counteroffensives and summer campaign (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_June_2023_%E2%80%93_31_August_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_September_%E2%80%93_30_November_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 September – 30 November 2023)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 September – 30 November 2023)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive" title="2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive">2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast,_2023-06-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg/220px-Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg/220px-Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg/330px-Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg/440px-Flood_in_Kherson_Oblast%2C_2023-06-10.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flood in <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a> on 10 June 2023 caused by the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a> on 6 June 2023</figcaption></figure> In June 2023, Ukrainian forces gradually launched a series of counteroffensives on multiple fronts, including Donetsk Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, and others.<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> On 8 June 2023, counteroffensive efforts focused near settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Orikhiv" title="Orikhiv">Orikhiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokmak" title="Tokmak">Tokmak</a>, and Bakhmut.<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> However, counteroffensive operations faced stiff resistance from Russia,<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> and the American think tank <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a> described the Russian defensive effort as having "an uncharacteristic degree of coherency."<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> By 12 June, Ukraine reported its fastest advance in seven months, claiming to have liberated several villages and advanced a total of 6.5 km. Russian military bloggers also reported that Ukraine had taken <a href="/wiki/Blahodatne,_Velyka_Novosilka_settlement_hromada,_Volnovakha_Raion,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Blahodatne, Velyka Novosilka settlement hromada, Volnovakha Raion, Donetsk Oblast">Blahodatne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makarivka,_Volnovakha_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Makarivka, Volnovakha Raion">Makarivka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neskuchne,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Neskuchne, Donetsk Oblast">Neskuchne</a>, and were continuing to push southward.<a href="#cite_note-Balmforth_2023-306">[301]</a> Ukraine continued to liberate settlements over the next few months, raising the Ukrainian flag over the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Robotyne" title="Robotyne">Robotyne</a> in late August.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg/220px-Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg/220px-Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg/330px-Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg/440px-Prigozhin_rebellion_Rostov_tank_with_flowers_in_the_muzzle_June_24.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A tank in <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> decorated with flowers during the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a> in the summer of 2023</figcaption></figure> On 24 June, the Wagner Group <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">launched a brief rebellion</a> against the Russian government, capturing several cities in western Russia largely unopposed before marching towards Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-revolt-308">[303]</a> This came as the culmination of <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group%E2%80%93Russian_Ministry_of_Defence_conflict" title="Wagner Group–Russian Ministry of Defence conflict">prolonged infighting and power struggles</a> between Wagner and the Russian Ministry of Defence.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> After about 24 hours, the Wagner Group backed down<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> and agreed to a peace deal in which Wagner leader <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a> would go into exile in Belarus, and his forces would be free from prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-revolt-308">[303]</a> On 27 June, the UK's Ministry of Defence reported that Ukraine were "highly likely" to have reclaimed territory in the eastern Donbas region occupied by Russia since 2014 among its advances. Pro-Russian bloggers also reported that Ukrainian forces had made gains in the southern Kherson Oblast, establishing a foothold on the left bank of the Dnipro river.<a href="#cite_note-The_Visual_Journalism_Team_2022_m926-311">[306]</a> In August, The Guardian reported that Ukraine had become the most mined country in the world, with Russia laying millions of mines attempting to thwart Ukraine's counteroffensive. The vast minefields forced Ukraine to extensively de-mine areas to allow advances. Ukrainian officials reported shortages of men and equipment as Ukrainian soldiers unearthed five mines for every square metre in certain places.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion,_2023-09-04_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg/220px-School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1213"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg/220px-School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg/330px-School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg/440px-School_lessons_in_Kharkiv_Metro_during_Russian_invasion%2C_2023-09-04_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>School lessons of pupils in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Metro" title="Kharkiv Metro">Kharkiv Metro</a> due to the danger of Russian shelling</figcaption></figure> Following Russia pulling out of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative" title="Black Sea Grain Initiative">Black Sea Grain Initiative</a>, the conflict on the Black Sea escalated with Ukraine targeting Russian ships. On 4 August, Ukrainian security service sources reported that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_landing_ship_Olenegorsky_Gornyak" title="Russian landing ship Olenegorsky Gornyak">Russian landing ship Olenegorsky Gornyak</a> had been hit and damaged by an unmanned <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">naval drone</a>. Video footage released by Ukraine's security services appeared to show the drone striking the ship, with another video showing the ship seemingly listing to one side.<a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_2023_p642-313">[308]</a> On 12 September, both Ukrainian and Russian sources reported that Russian naval targets in Sevastopol had been struck by unconfirmed weaponry, damaging two military vessels, one of them reportedly a submarine.<a href="#cite_note-Balmforth_2023_n398-314">[309]</a> Ukraine also reported that <a href="/wiki/Chornomornaftogaz" title="Chornomornaftogaz">several oil and gas drilling platforms</a> on the Black Sea held by Russia since 2015 had been retaken.<a href="#cite_note-Santora_2023_n398-315">[310]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Klishchiivka,_2023-09-17_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Liberation_of_Klishchiivka%2C_2023-09-17_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian soldiers in recaptured <a href="/wiki/Klishchiivka" title="Klishchiivka">Klishchiivka</a> on 17 September 2023</figcaption></figure> In September 2023, <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">Ukrainian intelligence</a> estimated that Russia had deployed over 420,000 troops in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> On 21 September, Russia began missile strikes across Ukraine, damaging the country's energy facilities.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> On 22 September, the US announced it would send long-range <a href="/wiki/ATACMS" title="ATACMS">ATACMS</a> missiles to Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> despite the reservations of some government officials.<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> The same day, the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/2023_missile_strike_on_the_Sevastopol_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 missile strike on the Sevastopol Naval Base">missile strike</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> headquarters in Sevastopol, Crimea, killing several senior military officials.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> In October 2023, it was reported that there was a growth of mutinies among Russian troops due to the large number of losses in Russian offensives around <a href="/wiki/Avdiivka" title="Avdiivka">Avdiivka</a> with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported.<a href="#cite_note-Cole_2023_r879-322">[317]</a> By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far."<a href="#cite_note-France_24_2023_a290-323">[318]</a> In mid-to-late October 2023, Ukrainian marines—partly guided by defecting Russian troops—crossed the <a href="/wiki/Dnipro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipro River">Dnipro River</a> (the strategic barrier between eastern and western Ukraine), downstream of the destroyed <a href="/wiki/Kakhovka_Dam" title="Kakhovka Dam">Kakhovka Dam</a>, to attack the Russian-held territory on the east side of the river. Despite heavy losses due to intense Russian shelling and aerial bombardment, disorganisation, and dwindling resources, Ukrainian brigades invading the Russian-held side of the river continued to inflict heavy casualties on Russian forces well into late December.<a href="#cite_note-inside_2023_12_25_abcnews-324">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-suicide_2023_12_16_nytimes-325">[320]</a> On 1 December 2023, Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was not successful, citing slower than expected results.<a href="#cite_note-failedTelegraph-326">[321]</a> Zelenskyy also stated that it will be easier for Ukraine to regain the Crimean peninsula than the Donbas region in the east of the country, because the Donbas is heavily militarised and there are frequent pro-Russian sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> In December 2023, multiple international media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain any significant amount of territory or meet any of its strategic objectives.<a href="#cite_note-failedTelegraph-326">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-failedNYT-328">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-failedWPT1-329">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_spring_and_summer_campaigns_and_Ukrainian_incursion_(1_December_2023_–_present)">Russian spring and summer campaigns and Ukrainian incursion (1 December 2023 – present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)">Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2024_Kharkiv_offensive" title="2024 Kharkiv offensive">2024 Kharkiv offensive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign#Russian_spring_and_summer_campaign_(April_2024%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern Ukraine campaign § Russian spring and summer campaign (April 2024–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_December_2023_%E2%80%93_31_March_2024)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_April_2024_%E2%80%93_31_July_2024)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 April 2024 – 31 July 2024)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 April 2024 – 31 July 2024)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_August_2024_%E2%80%93_present)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August 2024 – present)">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August 2024 – present)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avdiivka_during_fighting_(2024-01-03)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg/220px-Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg/220px-Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg/330px-Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg/440px-Avdiivka_during_fighting_%282024-01-03%29_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Damaged buildings in <a href="/wiki/Avdiivka" title="Avdiivka">Avdiivka</a> during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)">fighting over the city</a> in January 2024</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_offensive">Russian offensive</h4></div> On 17 February 2024, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)">Russia captured Avdiivka</a>, a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avdiivka_BBCW-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avdiivka_TGW-331">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-17Feb24NYT-332">[327]</a> ABC News stated that Russia could use the development to boost morale with the war largely at a stalemate close to its second anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-17Feb24ABC-333">[328]</a> Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost before seizing the ruins of Avdiivka.<a href="#cite_note-Axe_2024_u665-334">[329]</a> Following severe equipment shortages and struggling to build or reactivate from long-term storage enough infantry fighting vehicles to equip front-line regiments and brigades, Russian forces resorted to using Chinese desertcross ″golf-carts″ as well as Chinese and Belarusian dirt bikes as replacements. The assaults with these vehicles have resulted in multiple Russian units being destroyed by the fortified Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-w932-335">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-d161-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-f224-337">[332]</a> Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Watling_2024_x516-338">[333]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vovchansk_(2024-06-02)_1604.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg/220px-Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg/220px-Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg/330px-Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg/440px-Vovchansk_%282024-06-02%29_1604.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Vovchansk" title="Vovchansk">Vovchansk</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2024_Kharkiv_offensive" title="2024 Kharkiv offensive">2024 Kharkiv offensive</a>, June 2024</figcaption></figure> On 10 May 2024, Russia began a <a href="/wiki/2024_Kharkiv_offensive" title="2024 Kharkiv offensive">renewed offensive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv Oblast</a>. Russia managed to capture a dozen villages, and Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials meanwhile said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions.<a href="#cite_note-c973-339">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-k589-340">[335]</a> The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further.<a href="#cite_note-k069-341">[336]</a> Following the Russian success in the battle of Avdiivka, their forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, and by mid-April 2024 reached the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ocheretyne" title="Ocheretyne">Ocheretyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocheretyne" title="Battle of Ocheretyne">capturing</a> it in late April<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_2024-05-04-343">[338]</a> and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months.<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> Russian forces also launched an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chasiv_Yar" title="Battle of Chasiv Yar">offensive</a> towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Chasiv_Yar" title="Chasiv Yar">Chasiv Yar</a> in early April,<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> a strategically important settlement west of Bakhmut, and by early July had captured its easternmost district.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toretsk" title="Battle of Toretsk">offensive</a> in the direction of the city of <a href="/wiki/Toretsk" title="Toretsk">Toretsk</a> was launched on 18 June,<a href="#cite_note-ISW_2024-07-18-348">[343]</a> with the goal of capturing the city,<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a> and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south.<a href="#cite_note-ISW_2024-06-21-350">[345]</a> Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July, made a breakthrough allowing them to <a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk_offensive" title="Pokrovsk offensive">begin advancing towards</a> the operationally significant city of <a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokrovsk, Ukraine">Pokrovsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_2024-07-19-352">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian_offensive_into_Russia">Ukrainian offensive into Russia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg/220px-The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg/220px-The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg/330px-The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg/440px-The_80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_captured_a_T-90M_Proryv_tank_in_the_Kursk_region.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Kursk_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kursk region">Kursk region</a> in August 2024</figcaption></figure> On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their <a href="/wiki/2024_Kursk_offensive" title="2024 Kursk offensive">first direct offensive</a> into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of the town of <a href="/wiki/Sudzha" title="Sudzha">Sudzha</a>, located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border,<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defenses along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat,<a href="#cite_note-k052-357">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo831-358">[353]</a> though not from Donetsk Oblast.<a href="#cite_note-wapo831-358">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Donbas_advances">Russian Donbas advances</h4></div> Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine, notably at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive,<a href="#cite_note-Miller-359">[354]</a> including towards the strategically important city of <a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk" title="Pokrovsk">Pokrovsk</a>, where their number of forces had instead been increased.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> In late August 2024, Russian forces seized the city of <a href="/wiki/Novohrodivka" title="Novohrodivka">Novohrodivka</a>, southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city,<a href="#cite_note-Miller-359">[354]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnohorivka" title="Battle of Krasnohorivka">capturing</a> <a href="/wiki/Krasnohorivka" title="Krasnohorivka">Krasnohorivka</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_2024-09-10-363">[358]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainsk" title="Ukrainsk">Ukrainsk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT918-364">[359]</a> near Pokrovsk and west of Donetsk city, in early September.<a href="#cite_note-NYT918-364">[359]</a> In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of <a href="/wiki/Vuhledar" title="Vuhledar">Vuhledar</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vuhledar" title="Battle of Vuhledar">began</a>,<a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a> leading to its fall on 1 October.<a href="#cite_note-vuhledar101-366">[361]</a> Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/72nd_Mechanized_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="72nd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)">72nd Mechanised Brigade</a> had defended the city for over two years, and said that the Russians had suffered "numerous losses" as they stormed the elevated city. Following the Russian capture, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin".<a href="#cite_note-j026-367">[362]</a> On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Marchenko" title="Dmytro Marchenko">Dmytro Marchenko</a> was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said <a href="/wiki/Victory_Plan_for_Ukraine" title="Victory Plan for Ukraine">Zelensky's victory plan</a> was too heavily focused on seeking more Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20241030-368">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-20241101-369">[364]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Battlespaces">Battlespaces</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ukraine campaign">Northern Ukraine campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern Ukraine campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">Southern Ukraine campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command">Command</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Order of battle for the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_(2024-05-15)_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/330px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/440px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Putin with <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Shoigu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Gerasimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Belousov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunus-bek_Yevkurov" title="Yunus-bek Yevkurov">Yevkurov</a> and commanders of <a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">military districts of Russia</a> on 15 May 2024</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._(52713122299).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg/220px-President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg/220px-President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg/330px-President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg/440px-President_of_Ukraine_met_with_the_Ukrainian_military_in_Bakhmut_and_presented_state_awards._%2852713122299%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Zelenskyy with Ukrainian servicemen defending the city of <a href="/wiki/Bakhmut" title="Bakhmut">Bakhmut</a> in December 2022</figcaption></figure> The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state of the respective governments: President Vladimir Putin of Russia and President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> US general <a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Mark Milley</a> said that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine">commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi" title="Valerii Zaluzhnyi">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a>, "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians."<a href="#cite_note-Shuster_2022-371">[366]</a> Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives.<a href="#cite_note-CRSR21323-372">[367]</a> After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dvornikov" title="Aleksandr Dvornikov">Aleksandr Dvornikov</a>, was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022,<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov,<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command:<a href="#cite_note-CRSR21323-372">[367]</a> <ul><li>commander of the Eastern Military District <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zhidko" title="Gennady Zhidko">Gennady Zhidko</a> (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022)</li> <li>commander of the southern grouping of forces <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Surovikin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Surovikin">Sergei Surovikin</a> (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023)</li> <li>commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces <a href="/wiki/Valerii_Gerasimov" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerii Gerasimov">Valerii Gerasimov</a> (from 11 January 2023)</li></ul> Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including 12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_generals_killed_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of Russian generals killed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">generals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missile_attacks_and_aerial_warfare">Missile attacks and aerial warfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling,_2022-10-10_(073).webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp/220px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp/220px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp/330px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp/440px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28073%29.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A street in Kyiv following <a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">Russian missile strikes on 10 October 2022</a></figcaption></figure> Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-CriticalThreats-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_4MAR-93">[88]</a> reaching as far west as Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25-172">[167]</a> By September 2022, the Ukrainian air force had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a> In mid-October, Russian forces launched <a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure</a>, intended to knock out energy facilities.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded in the attacks,<a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">rolling blackouts</a> had left millions without power.<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on <a href="/wiki/Dyagilevo_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyagilevo (air base)">Dyagilevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engels-2_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels-2 (air base)">Engels</a> air bases in <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Western_Russia_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Western Russia attacks">western Russia</a>, killing 10 and heavily damaging two <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tu-95</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crimea_attacks">Crimea attacks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimea_attacks_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Crimea attacks (2022–present)">Crimea attacks (2022–present)</a></div> On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> headquarters in Sevastopol.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> On 9 August 2022, <a href="/wiki/2022_Novofedorivka_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Novofedorivka explosions">large explosions</a> were reported at <a href="/wiki/Saky_(air_base)" title="Saky (air base)">Saky Air Base</a> in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident;<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> Ukrainian general <a href="/wiki/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi" title="Valerii Zaluzhnyi">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a> claimed responsibility on 7 September.<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> The base is near <a href="/wiki/Novofedorivka" title="Novofedorivka">Novofedorivka</a>, a destination popular with tourists. Traffic backed up at the Crimean Bridge after the explosions with queues of civilians trying to leave the area.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near <a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a> in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Aksyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Aksyonov">Sergei Aksyonov</a> said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area.<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> On 18 August, explosions were reported at <a href="/wiki/Belbek_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Belbek Air Base">Belbek Air Base</a> north of Sevastopol.<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> On the morning of 8 October 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerch Bridge">Kerch Bridge</a>, linking occupied Crimea to Russia, <a href="/wiki/2022_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2022 Crimean Bridge explosion">partially collapsed due to an explosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyttruck-387">[382]</a> On 17 July 2023, there was <a href="/wiki/2023_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2023 Crimean Bridge explosion">another large explosion</a> on the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_attacks_against_Ukrainian_civilian_infrastructure">Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling,_2022-10-10_(305).webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp/220px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp/220px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp/330px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp/440px-Kyiv_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2022-10-10_%28305%29.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fires on a <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">combined heat and power plant</a> in Kyiv after Russian missile strikes on 10 October 2022</figcaption></figure> Since fall of 2022, Russia has carried out waves of strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems.<a href="#cite_note-intermittent-389">[384]</a> On 6 October the Ukrainian military reported that 86 <a href="/wiki/HESA_Shahed_136" title="HESA Shahed 136">Shahed 136</a> kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces in total, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched in that period.<a href="#cite_note-nw1-390">[385]</a> On 8 October, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Army">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Surovikin" title="Sergey Surovikin">Sergey Surovikin</a> would be commanding all Russian forces in Ukraine on the strength of his novel air assault technique.<a href="#cite_note-alar1-391">[386]</a> On 16 October 2022, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with both drones and missiles.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">Resolution 2231</a> by selling <a href="/wiki/Shahed_131" title="Shahed 131">Shahed 131</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahed_136" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahed 136">Shahed 136</a> drones to Russia,<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> agreeing with similar assessments by France and the United Kingdom. Iran denied sending any arms to Russia for the Ukraine war.<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> On 22 October France, Britain and Germany formally called for a UN investigation.<a href="#cite_note-f24-20221022-395">[390]</a> On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Ukrainian power grid</a>, causing major <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a> in Kyiv and neighboring regions.<a href="#cite_note-alj1-397">[392]</a> On 21 November, CNN quoted an intelligence assessment that Iran had begun to help Russia produce Iran-designed drones in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-cnn1-398">[393]</a> A 29 December New York Times report stated that the US was working to "choke off Iran's ability to manufacture the drones, make it harder for the Russians to launch the unmanned "kamikaze" aircraft and—if all else fails—to provide the Ukrainians with the defenses necessary to shoot them out of the sky."<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-399">[394]</a> On 31 December, Putin in his New Year address called the war against Ukraine a "sacred duty to our ancestors and descendants" as missiles and drones rained down on Kyiv.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-400">[395]</a> On 10 March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences that had previously proved useful against Russia's conventional, non-hypersonic missile systems.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2-401">[396]</a> The strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure were part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, said the UK Defense Ministry, intended to demoralize the population and forcing the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate.<a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> (RUSI), "Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatts">gigawatts</a> (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a> On 8 July 2024, Russia used a <a href="/wiki/Kh-101" title="Kh-101">Kh-101</a> missile<a href="#cite_note-bc8-404">[399]</a> to kill at least two people and injure at least 16 people at the <a href="/wiki/Okhmatdyt_Children%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital">Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital</a> in Kyiv.<a href="#cite_note-ap8-405">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn8-406">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc8-407">[402]</a> Also hit the same night were facilities in <a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokrovsk, Ukraine">Pokrovsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih" title="Kryvyi Rih">Kryvyi Rih</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbc8-408">[403]</a> At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night.<a href="#cite_note-peu8-409">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_blockade_and_engagements">Naval blockade and engagements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Naval warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Naval warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg/220px-Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1212"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg/220px-Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg/330px-Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg/440px-Stamp_of_Ukraine_s1985.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Commemorative stamp about the phrase <a href="/wiki/Russian_warship,_go_fuck_yourself!" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian warship, go fuck yourself!">Russian warship, go fuck yourself!</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg/220px-Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg/220px-Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg/330px-Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg/440px-Russian_cruiser_Moskva.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Russian Black Sea flagship <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Moskva" title="Russian cruiser Moskva">Moskva</a> was sunk on 14 April 2022, reportedly after being hit by two Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/R-360_Neptune" title="R-360 Neptune">Neptune</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ukraine lies on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, which has ocean access only through the Turkish-held <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> straits. On 28 February, Turkey invoked the 1936 <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreux Convention">Montreux Convention</a> and sealed off the straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage through the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> to four Russian naval vessels.<a href="#cite_note-410">[405]</a> On 24 February, the <a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Border Guard Service of Ukraine">State Border Guard Service of Ukraine</a> announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_campaign" title="Snake Island campaign">attack on Snake Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a> The guided missile cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Moskva" title="Russian cruiser Moskva">Moskva</a> and patrol boat <a href="/wiki/Russian_patrol_ship_Vasily_Bykov" title="Russian patrol ship Vasily Bykov">Vasily Bykov</a> bombarded the island with deck guns.<a href="#cite_note-412">[407]</a> The Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was "<a href="/wiki/Russian_warship,_go_fuck_yourself" title="Russian warship, go fuck yourself">Russian warship, go fuck yourself!</a>"<a href="#cite_note-413">[408]</a> After the bombardment, a detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Snake Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[409]</a> Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this.<a href="#cite_note-415">[410]</a> By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv <a href="/wiki/Scuttled" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttled">scuttled</a> the frigate <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaidachny" title="Ukrainian frigate Hetman Sahaidachny">Hetman Sahaidachny</a>, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture by Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-416">[411]</a> On 14 March, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdiansk, including the <a href="/wiki/Polnocny-class_landing_ship" title="Polnocny-class landing ship">Polnocny-class landing ship</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_ship_Yuri_Olefirenko" title="Ukrainian ship Yuri Olefirenko">Yuri Olefirenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[412]</a> On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian <a href="/wiki/Alligator-class_landing_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator-class landing ship">landing ship</a> docked in Berdiansk—initially reported to be the Orsk and then its sister ship, the Saratov—was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-Berdyansk-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[413]</a> In March 2022, the UN <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20220312-419">[414]</a> On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Exclusion_Zone" title="Maritime Exclusion Zone">Maritime Exclusion Zone</a>, for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-westpoint-20220412-420">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-imo-20220328-421">[416]</a> Ukraine closed its ports at <a href="/wiki/MARSEC" title="MARSEC">MARSEC</a> level 3, with sea mines laid in port approaches, pending the end of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-imo-safety-422">[417]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The Russian cruiser Moskva, the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a>, was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official,<a href="#cite_note-423">[418]</a> hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/R-360_Neptune" title="R-360 Neptune">Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles</a>, setting the ship afire. The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its entire crew had been evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-424">[419]</a> Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs and refitting in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[420]</a> Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Moskva" title="Sinking of the Moskva">Moskva had sunk</a> while under tow in rough weather.<a href="#cite_note-426">[421]</a> On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory <a href="/wiki/Luch_Design_Bureau" title="Luch Design Bureau">Luch Design Bureau</a> in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured and designed.<a href="#cite_note-427">[422]</a> On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" (including real-time battlefield <a href="/wiki/Targeting_(warfare)" title="Targeting (warfare)">targeting</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a>)<a href="#cite_note-428">[423]</a> to assist in the sinking of the Moskva.<a href="#cite_note-429">[424]</a> On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-430">[425]</a> On 30 June 2022, Russia announced that it had withdrawn its troops from the island in a "gesture of goodwill."<a href="#cite_note-RBC_30_June-236">[231]</a> The withdrawal was later confirmed by Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-431">[426]</a> On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the <a href="/wiki/Russian_landing_ship_Novocherkassk" title="Russian landing ship Novocherkassk">Russian landing ship Novocherkassk</a> docked in <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a>. Ukraine said it was destroyed—unlikely to sail again. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast.<a href="#cite_note-strikes_2023_12_26_reuters-432">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-attack_2023_12_26_foxnews-433">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-strikes_2023_12_26_wsj_com-434">[429]</a> On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian <a href="/wiki/Tarantul-class_corvette" title="Tarantul-class corvette">Tarantul-class corvette</a> Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink.<a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph_2024_e989-435">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenall_2024_j308-436">[431]</a> Two weeks later on 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ship_Tsezar_Kunikov" title="Russian ship Tsezar Kunikov">Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goryashko_2024_x892-437">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tom_Balmforth_2024_k016-438">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_resistance">Ukrainian resistance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_resistance_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian resistance during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukrainian resistance during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine">2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone,_Almost_Overnight_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Reporter%E2%80%99s_Notebook_-_Thriving_Kyiv_Becomes_Battle_Zone%2C_Almost_Overnight_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Civilians in Kyiv preparing <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov cocktails">Molotov cocktails</a>, 26 February 2022</figcaption></figure> Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a>, donating food, building barriers like <a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehogs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-439">[434]</a> and helping to transport refugees.<a href="#cite_note-440">[435]</a> Responding to a call from <a href="/wiki/State_Agency_of_Automobile_Roads_of_Ukraine" title="State Agency of Automobile Roads of Ukraine">Ukravtodor</a>, Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs,<a href="#cite_note-441">[436]</a> constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways.<a href="#cite_note-442">[437]</a> Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops.<a href="#cite_note-yes!-443">[438]</a> By the beginning of April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence.<a href="#cite_note-444">[439]</a> People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-yes!-443">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[440]</a> The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters,<a href="#cite_note-yes!-443">[438]</a> to firing into the air, to firing directly into crowds.<a href="#cite_note-446">[441]</a> There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a>, and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military.<a href="#cite_note-447">[442]</a> To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diia" title="Diia">Diia</a>, a Ukrainian government app previously used by citizens to upload official identity and medical documents. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks.<a href="#cite_note-ft-448">[443]</a> As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-449">[444]</a> Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a> missions like <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-450">[445]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_Ukraine">Support for Ukraine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg/220px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg/220px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg/330px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg/440px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Ukraine_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Countries sending lethal military equipment to Ukraine</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Countries sending non-lethal military aid to Ukraine</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Russia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Ukraine</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Legion_(Ukraine)" title="International Legion (Ukraine)">International Legion (Ukraine)</a></div> In response to the invasion, many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Western and other countries imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy;<a href="#cite_note-auto11-451">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[447]</a> sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-451">[446]</a> Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Defense_Contact_Group" title="Ukraine Defense Contact Group">Ukraine Defense Contact Group</a>, whose more than fifty countries include all 32 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">member states</a> of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[448]</a> From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Institute_for_the_World_Economy" title="Kiel Institute for the World Economy">Kiel Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-aid-454">[449]</a> European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian), while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States has provided</a> the most military assistance to Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-455">[450]</a> and has set aside $175 billion to help the country.<a href="#cite_note-CFR-456">[451]</a> Most of the US military aid is old American weaponry and equipment from <a href="/wiki/War_reserve_stock" title="War reserve stock">reserve stockpiles</a>, while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidizing the manufacture of weapons and military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-CFR-456">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawfare-457">[452]</a> The US is producing 14,000 155 mm shells monthly and plans to increase production to 90,000 shells per month by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-davis-458">[453]</a> The US and other countries have ruled out sending troops to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-459">[454]</a> NATO members such as Germany reversed policies against providing offensive military aid to support Ukraine, and the European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-460">[455]</a> Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-CFR-456">[451]</a> Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel.<a href="#cite_note-461">[456]</a> In September 2023, Poland said it would cease sending arms to Ukraine after a dispute between the two countries over grain.<a href="#cite_note-462">[457]</a> Although India has maintained a neutral stance in the conflict, reports indicate that artillery shells produced by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-2024-09-19-463">[458]</a> The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a "proxy war" against Russia.<a href="#cite_note-464">[459]</a> However, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its "<a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">red lines</a>" being crossed.<a href="#cite_note-465">[460]</a> President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long.<a href="#cite_note-466">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_Russia">Support for Russia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png/220px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png/220px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png/330px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png/440px-Countries_supplying_military_equipment_to_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Countries supplying weaponry to Russia during the invasion</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_aid_to_Russia_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military aid to Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian War (page does not exist)">Military aid to Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Talk:Russian invasion of Ukraine">Discuss</a>) (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch Russian missiles into Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-AP_Belarus-467">[462]</a> Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">radar early warning and control</a> missions, until 2023, when a Russian <a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-50" title="Beriev A-50">Beriev A-50</a> surveillance plane was <a href="/wiki/Machulishchy_air_base_attack" title="Machulishchy air base attack">damaged by drones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[463]</a> Because of its active involvement, Belarus is considered a <a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">co-belligerent</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[465]</a> (but not a <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">co-combatant</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[466]</a>) in this invasion, as contrasted to non-belligerent states, which have "a wide range of tools available to non-belligerent actors without reaching the threshold of warfighting".<a href="#cite_note-472">[467]</a> According to the US, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers although US authorities did not mention the specific models. Based on debris left by missiles on 30 December 2023 attacks against Ukrainian targets show parts common to KN-23, KN-24 and KN-25 missiles.<a href="#cite_note-473">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[469]</a> In October 2024, Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> claimed that North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and had suffered some casualties.<a href="#cite_note-y556-475">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-k284-476">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-a180-477">[472]</a> Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said that the United States was "concerned" about reports that North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-u147-478">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-n959-479">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-h428-480">[475]</a> A day later, Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces on the front line.<a href="#cite_note-481">[476]</a> However, the North Korean government rejected these claims and stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia.<a href="#cite_note-482">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[479]</a> The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported from North Korea by ship in early-to-mid October and were undergoing training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower.<a href="#cite_note-y335-485">[480]</a> On 28 October, NATO chief <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a> confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk oblast</a> to support Russia against the <a href="/wiki/2024_Kursk_offensive" title="2024 Kursk offensive">2024 Kursk Offensive</a>, and the Pentagon reported an increased number of 10,000 North Korean soldiers sent to train in Russia and fight in the war.<a href="#cite_note-486">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-i587-487">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-k484-488">[483]</a> On 13 November, both the US and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had begun engaging in combat against Ukrainian forces in the Kursk region.<a href="#cite_note-r219-489">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-b215-490">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-u951-491">[486]</a> In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both <a href="/wiki/Shahed_drone" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahed drone">Shahed combat drones</a> and production materials to develop a <a href="/wiki/Yelabuga_drone_factory" title="Yelabuga drone factory">drone manufactory</a> to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-492">[487]</a> In February 2024, a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military.<a href="#cite_note-493">[488]</a> According to the US and Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Iranian troops</a> have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-494">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[490]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a> assessed that these are likely <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC) or IRGC-affiliated personnel.<a href="#cite_note-496">[491]</a> Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-497">[492]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Norinco" title="Norinco">Norinco</a> shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armor to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-498">[493]</a> According to the United States, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-499">[494]</a> In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-500">[495]</a> In April 2024, China was reported to have supplied Russia with <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">geospatial intelligence</a>, machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles.<a href="#cite_note-501">[496]</a> In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-k324-502">[497]</a> Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defense equipment from India.<a href="#cite_note-503">[498]</a> Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs.<a href="#cite_note-504">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[500]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War § Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of deaths during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">List of deaths during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%9E_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_D._Kuleba_-_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%88%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_-_52439597854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%9E_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_D._Kuleba_-_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%88%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_-_52439597854.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%9E_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_D._Kuleba_-_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%88%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_-_52439597854.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%9E_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_D._Kuleba_-_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%88%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_-_52439597854.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%9E_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_D._Kuleba_-_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%88%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_-_52439597854.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photos of Ukrainian soldiers killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="569"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg/440px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%93_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian casualties next to a <a href="/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)" title="Z (military symbol)">Z</a> marked armored vehicle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg/220px-Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4753" data-file-height="3460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg/220px-Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg/330px-Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg/440px-Moscow_Kaluzhskaya_WarCampaign_020_7518.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Recruitment point in Moscow in 2024 soliciting Russians to join the military</figcaption></figure> Russian and Ukrainian sources have both been said to inflate the casualty numbers for opposing forces and downplay their own losses for the sake of morale.<a href="#cite_note-506">[501]</a> Leaked US documents say that "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command."<a href="#cite_note-507">[502]</a> Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-508">[503]</a> Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant"<a href="#cite_note-tragedy-509">[504]</a> and "considerable" losses, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-untilwarends-510">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[506]</a> The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been as always <a href="/wiki/Fog_of_war" title="Fog of war">impossible to determine</a> precisely.<a href="#cite_note-512">[507]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors were able to verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected that they were inflated.<a href="#cite_note-513">[508]</a> On 12 October 2022, the independent Russian media project <a href="/wiki/Important_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Important Stories">iStories</a>, citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-514">[509]</a> While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> of military action, measuring civilian deaths can be more difficult. On 16 June 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Ministry of Defence">Ukrainian Minister of Defence</a> told CNN that he believed that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, adding that he hoped the total death toll was below 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-515">[510]</a> By the end of June 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs.<a href="#cite_note-516">[511]</a> In the destroyed city of Mariupol alone, Ukrainian officials believe that at least 25,000 have been killed,<a href="#cite_note-517">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[513]</a> and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-519">[514]</a> The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and that Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment with them when they entered the city.<a href="#cite_note-520">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[516]</a> Researcher Dan Ciuriak from <a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe_Institute" title="C. D. Howe Institute">C. D. Howe Institute</a> in August 2022 estimates the number of killed Mariupol civilians at 25,000,<a href="#cite_note-:1-522">[517]</a> and an investigation by <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> from the end of 2022 gives a number of up to 75,000 killed civilians in Mariupol area alone.<a href="#cite_note-523">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> says that "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died".<a href="#cite_note-525">[520]</a> According to a recent study by Human Rights Watch and two other organizations, there were at least 8,034 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023.<a href="#cite_note-526">[521]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) reports similar issues and believed that the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR_sep-527">[522]</a> In the Russian military during the invasion, Russia's ethnic minorities have been suffering disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities.<a href="#cite_note-n606-528">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-g456-529">[524]</a><a href="#cite_note-g132-530">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-c079-531">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-j309-532">[527]</a> According to Western officials, about 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May and June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-533">[528]</a> Latvia-based news outlet <a href="/wiki/Meduza" title="Meduza">Meduza</a> estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died in the war by the end of June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-534">[529]</a> The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years,<a href="#cite_note-535">[530]</a> surpassing the death toll of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallensteen2023348-536">[531]</a> Ukrainian average <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_mortality_rate" title="List of countries by mortality rate">mortality rate</a> was 8.7/1000 people in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-537">[532]</a> and jumped to 18.6/1000 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate that same year was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, respectively, on the list of countries with the highest mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-538">[533]</a> In August 2024, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-539">[534]</a> In September 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Casualties-540">[535]</a> The Journal took note of how the number of casualties impacts the two countries' shrinking prewar populations.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Casualties-540">[535]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Confirmed casualties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Numbers </th> <th scope="col">Time period </th> <th scope="col">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ukrainian civilians </th> <td>11,973 killed, 25,943 wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 </td> <td>United Nations (<a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a>)<a href="#cite_note-541">[536]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ukrainian forces (<a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">NGU</a>) </th> <td>501 killed, 1,697 wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 12 May 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard of Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-542">[537]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ukrainian forces (<a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">ZSU</a>) </th> <td>31,000 killed </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 25 February 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_Ukraine" title="Office of the President of Ukraine">Office of the President of Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[538]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ukrainian forces </th> <td>59,955 killed (incl. non-combat,<a href="#cite_note-544">[539]</a> confirmed by names) </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 6 November 2024 </td> <td>UALosses project<a href="#cite_note-UALosses-545">[540]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Russian forces (<a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">DPR/LPR</a> excluded) </th> <td>77,143 killed (conf. by names) </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 7 November 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Russian" title="BBC News Russian">BBC News Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediazona" title="Mediazona">Mediazona</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCMediazona-546">[541]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Russian forces (<a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">Donetsk & Luhansk PR</a>) </th> <td>21,000–23,500 killed </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Russian" title="BBC News Russian">BBC News Russian</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCMediazona-546">[541]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Estimated and claimed casualties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Numbers </th> <th scope="col">Time period </th> <th scope="col">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Ukrainian civilians </th> <td>12,000 killed (confirmed),<a href="#cite_note-547">[f]</a> 28,000 captive </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 </td> <td>Ukrainian government<a href="#cite_note-548">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[543]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,911 killed, 6,834 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) </td> <td>17 February 2022 – 12 August 2024 </td> <td>DPR<a href="#cite_note-552">[g]</a> and LPR<a href="#cite_note-553">[546]</a><a href="#cite_note-554">[547]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13,287 killed, 19,464 injured </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 23 February 2023 </td> <td>Benjamin J. Radford et al.<a href="#cite_note-555">[548]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Ukrainian forces </th> <td>80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – before September 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a> citing confidential Ukrainian estimate<a href="#cite_note-million-556">[549]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57,500+ killed, 250,000+ wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 10 October 2024 </td> <td>United States estimate<a href="#cite_note-USestimate-557">[550]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Russian forces </th> <td>115,000 killed, 500,000 wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 10 October 2024 </td> <td>US estimate<a href="#cite_note-USestimate-557">[550]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>404,700–564,000 killed and wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 18 October 2024 </td> <td>BBC News Russian<a href="#cite_note-BBCMediazona-546">[541]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>727,250+ killed and wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 21 November 2024 </td> <td>Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)">MoD</a> estimate<a href="#cite_note-558">[551]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>700,000 killed and wounded </td> <td>24 February 2022 – 10 November 2024 </td> <td>UK <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> estimate<a href="#cite_note-559">[552]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Prisoners_of_war" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War § Prisoners of war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> Official and estimated numbers of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> (POW) have varied.<a href="#cite_note-560">[553]</a> On 24 February, <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Markarova" title="Oksana Markarova">Oksana Markarova</a>, Ukraine's ambassador to the US, said that a platoon of the <a href="/wiki/74th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade">74th Guards</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo Oblast</a> had surrendered, saying they were unaware that they had been brought to Ukraine and ordered to kill Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-561">[554]</a> Russia claimed to have captured 572 Ukrainian soldiers as of 2 March 2022,<a href="#cite_note-562">[555]</a> while Ukraine said it held 562 Russian soldiers as of 20 March.<a href="#cite_note-563">[556]</a> It also released one soldier for five of its own and exchanged another nine for the detained mayor of Melitopol.<a href="#cite_note-564">[557]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia,_2023-05-06_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Exchange_of_captured_soldiers_between_Ukraine_and_Russia%2C_2023-05-06_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian soldiers released during the prisoner exchange between Ukraine and Russia on 6 May 2023</figcaption></figure> On 24 March 2022, 10 Russian and 10 Ukrainian soldiers, as well as 11 Russians and 19 Ukrainian civilian sailors, were exchanged.<a href="#cite_note-565">[558]</a> On 1 April, 86 Ukrainian servicemen were exchanged<a href="#cite_note-566">[559]</a> for an unknown number of Russian troops.<a href="#cite_note-567">[560]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> on 9 June 2022 cited an intelligence estimate of more than 5,600 Ukrainian soldiers captured, while the Russian servicemen held prisoner fell from 900 in April to 550 after several prisoner exchanges. A 25 August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Public_Health" title="Yale School of Public Health">Yale School of Public Health</a> identified some 21 <a href="/wiki/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians" title="Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians">filtration camps</a> for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs, and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, <a href="/wiki/Olenivka,_Kalmiuske_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Olenivka, Kalmiuske Raion">Olenivka prison</a>, found two sites featuring disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves."<a href="#cite_note-Yale_School_of_Medicine-568">[561]</a> Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and physical assault.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_School_of_Medicine-568">[561]</a> In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">barrier troops</a>. The U.K. defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers in order to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to President Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation. They stated that barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them".<a href="#cite_note-Sauer_2023_a785-569">[562]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Storm-Z" title="Storm-Z">Storm-Z</a> units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops.<a href="#cite_note-Axe_2024_h250-570">[563]</a> In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner <a href="/wiki/Volker_T%C3%BCrk" title="Volker Türk">Volker Türk</a> reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office, which could only include those who were released from Russia, said in Russia "they were tortured or ill-treated, notably in penitentiary facilities, including through so-called – it is an awful phrase – 'welcoming beatings' on their arrival, as well as frequent acts of torture throughout detention."<a href="#cite_note-571">[564]</a> In April 2023, several videos started circulating on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-AP_NEWS_2023-572">[565]</a> Zelenskyy compared Russian soldiers to "beasts" after the footage was circulated.<a href="#cite_note-573">[566]</a> Russian officials opened an investigation of the footage shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-574">[567]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="War_crimes_and_attacks_on_civilians">War crimes and attacks on civilians</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg/220px-Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg/220px-Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg/330px-Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg/440px-Kramatorsk_railway_bombing_2022_April_8_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dead bodies 8 April 2022 after the <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk_railway_station_attack" title="Kramatorsk railway station attack">Kramatorsk railway bombing</a>. Ukrainian investigators identified more than 600 suspected <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">war crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, some notably involving Russian defence minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-575">[568]</a></figcaption></figure> During the invasion, the Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">attacks against civilian targets</a><a href="#cite_note-576">[569]</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_on_hospitals_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian strikes on hospitals during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">strikes on hospitals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">on the energy grid</a>), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">sexual violence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-577">[570]</a> forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out many <a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">indiscriminate attacks</a> in densely populated areas, including <a href="/wiki/Use_of_cluster_munitions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Use of cluster munitions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">with cluster bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-578">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-579">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[573]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-controlled territory, while 21% had been killed in Russian-occupied territory.<a href="#cite_note-581">[574]</a> The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine#Violations_and_war_crimes" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">human rights violations in occupied Ukraine</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary detentions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">enforced disappearances</a>, torture, crackdown on <a href="/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine">protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, enforced <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>, indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_March_24-582">[575]</a> Ukrainians have been <a href="/wiki/Passportization" title="Passportization">coerced into taking Russian passports</a> and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights,<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_March_24-582">[575]</a> and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against the Ukrainian army.<a href="#cite_note-583">[576]</a> Russian forces have reportedly used banned <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> at least 465 times during the war, usually as <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> grenades.<a href="#cite_note-Hambling_2023_z855-584">[577]</a> The use of tear gas is banned by international <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> and considered a chemical weapon if applied by military forces during warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Field_2024_s609-585">[578]</a> In April 2024, a <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers".<a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph_2024_g413-586">[579]</a> In March 2024, the United Nations issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian prisoners of war over the winter months. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian prisoners of war also "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations and to check for tattoos."<a href="#cite_note-Melkozerova_2024_g984-587">[580]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abduction_of_Ukrainian_children">Abduction of Ukrainian children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> In June 2024, an investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website that had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 additional matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were also confirmed as Ukrainian children in a recent New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-k182-588">[581]</a><a href="#cite_note-t017-589">[582]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_arrest_warrants">International arrest warrants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures">International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) opened <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">an investigation</a> into possible <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">genocide</a> and war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-590">[583]</a> On 17 March 2023 the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the <a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">abduction of children</a> forcibly deported to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-issues_warrant_2023_03_17_reuters-591">[584]</a> It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a><a href="#cite_note-issues_warrant_2023_03_17_reuters-591">[584]</a> (the world's five principal nuclear powers).<a href="#cite_note-nuclear_powers-592">[585]</a> Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a> says "has bordered on the farcical,"<a href="#cite_note-593">[586]</a> and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal.<a href="#cite_note-594">[587]</a> One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> still looms large in public memory.<a href="#cite_note-595">[588]</a> Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus, since "forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II</a> and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>. As both war crimes and <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_legislation" title="Magnitsky legislation">Magnitsky sanctions</a> legislation.<a href="#cite_note-596">[589]</a> The ICC also issued arrest warrants for military officials <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kobylash" title="Sergey Kobylash">Sergey Kobylash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sokolov_(naval_officer)" title="Viktor Sokolov (naval officer)">Viktor Sokolov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-597">[590]</a><a href="#cite_note-WarCrime-598">[591]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_impact">Humanitarian impact</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Humanitarian impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="World food crises (2022–present)">World food crises (2022–present)</a></div> The humanitarian impact of the invasion has been extensive and has included negative impacts on international food supplies and the <a href="/wiki/2022_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 food crises">2022 food crises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-599">[592]</a> An estimated 6.6 million Ukrainians were internally displaced by August 2022, and about the same number were refugees in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-600">[593]</a> The invasion has devastated the cultural heritage of Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-601">[594]</a> with over 500 Ukrainian cultural heritage sites, including cultural centres, theatres, museums, and churches, affected by "Russian aggression." Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Information_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture and Information Policy">Minister of Culture</a> called it <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-602">[595]</a> Deliberate destruction and looting of Ukrainian cultural heritage sites in this way is considered a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-603">[596]</a> The Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">democide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Etkind-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-h710-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-q611-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-v008-25">[20]</a> On 15 September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body presented their findings that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians so brutally that some of their victims died, and forced families to listen as they raped women next door.<a href="#cite_note-Farge_2023_r049-604">[597]</a><a href="#cite_note-v008-25">[20]</a> The commission has previously said that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine, including the use of torture, may constitute crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-Gabrielle_T%C3%A9trault-Farber_2023_t397-605">[598]</a> A report by Physicians for Human Rights described Russian violence against the Ukrainian health care system as being a prominent feature of Russia's conduct during the war, documenting 707 attacks on Ukraine's health care system between 24 February and 31 December 2022. Such attacks are considered war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-PHR_2023_i908-606">[599]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugee_crisis">Refugee crisis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis">Ukrainian refugee crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transnational_repression_by_Russia" title="Transnational repression by Russia">Transnational repression by Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4433" data-file-height="2957"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-02022_1199_Refugees_from_Ukraine_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian refugees in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> protesting against the war, 6 March 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki,_Finland,_2022_February_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg/220px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5582" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg/220px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg/330px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg/440px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_protest_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_February_-_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protest against the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, organised by political youth organisations in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, 26 February 2022</figcaption></figure> The war caused the largest refugee and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a> in Europe since the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in the 1990s;<a href="#cite_note-607">[600]</a><a href="#cite_note-608">[601]</a> the UN described it as the fastest growing such crisis since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-609">[602]</a> As Russia built up military forces along the Ukrainian border, many neighbouring governments and aid organisations prepared for a mass displacement event in the weeks before the invasion. In December 2021, the Ukrainian defence minister estimated that an invasion could force three to five million people to flee their homes.<a href="#cite_note-610">[603]</a> In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this subsequently reached over eight million by 31 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-Ukraine-611">[604]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-612">[605]</a> On 20 May 2022, NPR reported that, following a significant influx of foreign military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees were seeking to return to regions in Ukraine which were relatively isolated from the invasion front in southeastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-613">[606]</a> However, by 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-614">[607]</a> Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled.<a href="#cite_note-615">[608]</a> Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription,<a href="#cite_note-616">[609]</a> unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-617">[610]</a> Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance.<a href="#cite_note-618">[611]</a> According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of 13 May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-Ukraine-611">[604]</a> By 13 July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by one child. These refugees were twice as likely to have a college degree as the Czech population as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-619">[612]</a> Turkey has been another significant destination, registering more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of 22 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-620">[613]</a> The EU invoked the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Protection_Directive" title="Temporary Protection Directive">Temporary Protection Directive</a> for the first time in its history, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years.<a href="#cite_note-621">[614]</a> Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for 3 years with broadly similar entitlements as the EU, three years residency and access to state welfare and services.<a href="#cite_note-622">[615]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-623">[616]</a> The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forcibly moving</a> civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Soviet-era population transfers</a> and Russian actions in the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen War of Independence">Chechen War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mackintosh-2022-04-08-624">[617]</a> For instance, as of 8 April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Mackintosh-2022-04-08-624">[617]</a> Also, on 19 October, Russia announced the forced deportation of 60,000 civilians from areas around the line of contact in Kherson oblast.<a href="#cite_note-625">[618]</a> <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a> and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to various centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-626">[619]</a> from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-627">[620]</a> In April, Ukraine's National Security and Defence Council secretary <a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Danilov" title="Oleksiy Danilov">Oleksiy Danilov</a> said that Russia planned to build "concentration camps" for Ukrainians in western Siberia, and likely planned to force prisoners to build new cities in Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-628">[621]</a><a href="#cite_note-630">[h]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_demographic_effects">Long-term demographic effects</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_(51926526000).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg/220px-MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="5312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg/220px-MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg/330px-MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg/440px-MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Ukrainian refugees</a> entering Romania, 5 March 2022</figcaption></figure> Both <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine#Population_decline" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a> faced the prospect of significant <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">population decline</a> even before the war, having among the lowest fertility rates worldwide and considerable emigration. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other.<a href="#cite_note-631">[623]</a> Russia had a fighting-age (18- to 40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-632">[624]</a> Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis, making significant shrinking very likely.<a href="#cite_note-633">[625]</a> A July 2023 study by the <a href="/wiki/The_Vienna_Institute_for_International_Economic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies">Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies</a> stated that "regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching." The study took different scenarios, from a "best case" (end of the war in 2023 without much further escalation) to a "worst case" (end of the war in 2025 with further escalation) into account. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair the conditions for reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-634">[626]</a> The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rates</a> and war-related casualties further deepened the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">demographic crisis of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-635">[627]</a> Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-636">[628]</a> The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%.<a href="#cite_note-637">[629]</a><a href="#cite_note-638">[630]</a> Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russians have emigrated</a>; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population.<a href="#cite_note-639">[631]</a> Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict, and Putin's time in office.<a href="#cite_note-640">[632]</a> According to BBC:<a href="#cite_note-641">[633]</a> <blockquote>They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg/220px-A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="806"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg/220px-A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg/330px-A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg/440px-A446e8e1f45302f2b983625dd551e76b_XL.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bodies of Russian soldiers in a trench</figcaption></figure> According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>, out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run."<a href="#cite_note-642">[634]</a> According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs.<a href="#cite_note-643">[635]</a> In November 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/World_Russian_People%27s_Council" title="World Russian People's Council">World Russian People's Council</a>, Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children amid increasing Russian casualties in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma_2023_w549-644">[636]</a> In July 2024, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the British Army <a href="/wiki/Roland_Walker" title="Roland Walker">Roland Walker</a> said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties.<a href="#cite_note-645">[637]</a> He said there are "no winners" in Russia's invasion, adding "it is an utter devastation for both sides and lost generations."<a href="#cite_note-646">[638]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg/220px-Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="715"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg/220px-Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg/330px-Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg/440px-Attack_on_the_center_of_Severodonetsk_by_Russian_forces.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An explosion due to the shelling of a tank filled with nitric acid during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)" title="Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)">battle of Sievierodonetsk</a>, 31 May 2022</figcaption></figure> Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> 51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_the_Environment" title="Yale School of the Environment">Yale School of the Environment</a>, some 687,000 tons of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,600 tons of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 70 acres of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible.<a href="#cite_note-enviroyale-647">[639]</a> Around 30% of Ukraine's land is now littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares of forest have been damaged.<a href="#cite_note-648">[640]</a> According to Netherlands-based peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns.<a href="#cite_note-pax-649">[641]</a> In early June 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Kakhovka_Dam" title="Kakhovka Dam">Kakhovka Dam</a>, under Russian occupation, <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">was damaged</a>, causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster."<a href="#cite_note-:3-650">[642]</a> The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-651">[643]</a> The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine).<a href="#cite_note-652">[644]</a> Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures (<a href="/wiki/Heidi_Hautala" title="Heidi Hautala">Heidi Hautala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margot_Wallstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Margot Wallstrom">Margot Wallstrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a>) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it.<a href="#cite_note-653">[645]</a> According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up.<a href="#cite_note-Fornusek_2024_r049-654">[646]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_risk">Nuclear risk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_risk_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> Senior Russian politicians—including Putin, Sergey Lavrov, and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>—have made statements widely seen as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_blackmail" title="Nuclear blackmail">nuclear blackmail</a>. They have implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain <a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">"red lines"</a> are crossed, such as helping Ukraine to strike back at Russia itself. Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapon" title="Tactical nuclear weapon">tactical nuclear weapons</a> against Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-655">[647]</a> In April, Putin "seemed to hint at the use of nuclear weapons against any nation that directly intervenes", and Sergei Lavrov said there was a "real" danger of a third world war.<a href="#cite_note-656">[648]</a> CIA director <a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William Burns</a> said that "desperation" in the face of defeat could lead Putin to order a nuclear strike.<a href="#cite_note-657">[649]</a> In September, the United States warned Russia's government that the country would suffer "catastrophic" consequences if it used nuclear weapons against Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-658">[650]</a><a href="#cite_note-659">[651]</a> Addressing the United Nations, President Biden accused Putin of making "overt, reckless and irresponsible" nuclear threats and said Russia would not win a nuclear war: "<a href="/wiki/Joint_Statement_of_the_Leaders_of_the_Five_Nuclear-Weapon_States_on_Preventing_Nuclear_War_and_Avoiding_Arms_Races" title="Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races">A nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought</a>".<a href="#cite_note-660">[652]</a> In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-661">[653]</a> By 2024, most of the <a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian government's "red lines"</a> had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response.<a href="#cite_note-662">[654]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_(02011296)_(52340771440).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg/220px-Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg/220px-Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg/330px-Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg/440px-Rafael_Mariano_Grossi_visits_Zaporizhzhya_NPP_%2802011296%29_%2852340771440%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>IAEA inspectors recording damage at Zaporizhzhya NPP</figcaption></figure> The invasion had an <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_on_nuclear_power_plants" title="Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on nuclear power plants">impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants</a>. Russian forces <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl" title="Capture of Chernobyl">seized Chernobyl</a> on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels.<a href="#cite_note-663">[655]</a> Russia also seized <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant</a>, the largest in Europe. The plant has been damaged by shelling, Russian military equipment has been placed there, and safety protocols have been breached, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant_crisis" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis">nuclear safety crisis</a>. Ukraine described the crisis as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">nuclear terrorism</a> by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-664">[656]</a> In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be outside control over Russia's nuclear plants.<a href="#cite_note-665">[657]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) issued stark warnings and said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants. It called for a demilitarized zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP.<a href="#cite_note-666">[658]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Economy (Ukraine)">Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade</a> <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Svyrydenko" title="Yulia Svyrydenko">Yulia Svyrydenko</a> announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30.4% loss in their GDP.<a href="#cite_note-667">[659]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> predicted that Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) would suffer a decrease from a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 35%;<a href="#cite_note-668">[660]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> also predicted that the invasion would cause a 20% decrease of Ukraine's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-669">[661]</a> However, the Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%.<a href="#cite_note-670">[662]</a> Ukraine began issuing <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bonds</a> on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias.<a href="#cite_note-671">[663]</a> A ban was placed in May 2022 by the European Commission on grain sales in the countries of: Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries with the ban being lifted in September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-672">[664]</a> The war has caused a major <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a> in Ukraine: the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year.<a href="#cite_note-673">[665]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> The Russian economic ministry said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1%<a href="#cite_note-674">[666]</a> and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%.<a href="#cite_note-675">[667]</a> A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">Group of 7</a> (G7) at US$60 on 5 December 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:4-676">[668]</a> The United States banned all imports of Russia oil on 8 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-677">[669]</a> The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:4-676">[668]</a> Other countries that embargoed Russian oil were: Canada, United Kingdom and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-678">[670]</a> Russia itself issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, before being lifted on 6 October.<a href="#cite_note-679">[671]</a> On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning increases in personal income taxes and corporate taxes to help pay for the war.<a href="#cite_note-680">[672]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Peace_efforts">Peace efforts</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/220px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/220px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/330px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/440px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian President Putin made recognition of Russian sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexed territories</a> (pictured) a condition for peace talks with Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-681">[673]</a></figcaption></figure> Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February, 3 March, and 7 March 2022, on the <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Belarus–Ukraine border">Belarus–Ukraine border</a>, with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March.<a href="#cite_note-682">[674]</a> On 13 July that year, Ukrainian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Kuleba" title="Dmytro Kuleba">Dmytro Kuleba</a> said that peace talks were frozen and Ukraine must first recover the seized territories in the east before negotiations can begin.<a href="#cite_note-683">[675]</a> On 19 July, Deputy head of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Russia's Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, said: "Russia will achieve all its goals. There will be peace – on our terms."<a href="#cite_note-684">[676]</a> In September 2022, after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine">Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine</a>, Zelenskyy announced that any Ukrainian talks with Putin were "impossible", but left the door open to talks with Russia or a future Russian president.<a href="#cite_note-685">[677]</a><a href="#cite_note-686">[678]</a> In December that year, Kremlin spokesman <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov" title="Dmitry Peskov">Dmitry Peskov</a> and Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> said that before there are peace talks, Ukraine must accept Russian sovereignty over the provinces it claimed to have annexed.<a href="#cite_note-687">[679]</a><a href="#cite_note-688">[680]</a><a href="#cite_note-689">[681]</a> Ukraine's counter proposal was for Moscow to return occupied Ukrainian land and pay war damages.<a href="#cite_note-:0-690">[682]</a> In January 2023, Kremlin spokesman Peskov said that "there is currently no prospect for diplomatic means of settling the situation".<a href="#cite_note-691">[683]</a> In May 2023, UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> said peace negotiations were "not possible at this moment", saying that Russia and Ukraine were "absorbed in this war" and each "convinced that they can win."<a href="#cite_note-692">[684]</a> In June 2023, Ukrainian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Oleksii_Reznikov" title="Oleksii Reznikov">Oleksii Reznikov</a> said that the peace plans presented by China, Brazil and Indonesia are attempts at mediation on behalf of Russia, adding "this sort of mediation currently doesn't fit for us at all, because they aren't impartial."<a href="#cite_note-693">[685]</a> He said that Ukraine was willing to accept China as a mediator only if Beijing could convince Russia to withdraw from all the <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">territories it had occupied</a>.<a href="#cite_note-694">[686]</a> In December 2023, The New York Times reported that Putin has been signaling through intermediaries since at least September 2022 that "he is open to a ceasefire that freezes the fighting along the current lines". This has been received with skepticism by Ukrainians and their country's supporters, with criticism that it could be an insincere, opportunistic public relations ploy by Russia that would give it time to rebuild its weakened army before renewing the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-:0-690">[682]</a><a href="#cite_note-695">[687]</a> Such concerns have been raised since 2022.<a href="#cite_note-696">[688]</a><a href="#cite_note-697">[689]</a> In May 2024, Kremlin sources said that Putin wanted to avoid unpopular steps such as further nationwide mobilization and increased war spending.<a href="#cite_note-698">[690]</a> As of 2024, Ukraine's peace terms are that Russia withdraw its troops, that Russian leaders be prosecuted for <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">war crimes</a>, and that Ukraine have security guarantees. Russia's terms are that Russia must keep <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">all the land it occupies</a>, that it also be given all of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">provinces that it claims</a> but does not fully control, and that Ukraine end plans to join NATO.<a href="#cite_note-Putin_terms-699">[691]</a> Several Western-based analysts say that allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would "reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent.<a href="#cite_note-Chatham_end-700">[692]</a> They predict that this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its <a href="/wiki/Russian_neo-imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neo-imperialism">imperialist campaign of expansionism</a>" against its other neighbors, and embolden other expansionist regimes to invade other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Chatham_end-700">[692]</a><a href="#cite_note-701">[693]</a><a href="#cite_note-702">[694]</a><a href="#cite_note-703">[695]</a><a href="#cite_note-704">[696]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Zelenskyy commented: "It's the same thing <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> did, when he said '<a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">give me a part of</a> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and it'll end here'."<a href="#cite_note-705">[697]</a> Leo Litra of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="European Council on Foreign Relations">European Council on Foreign Relations</a> pointed out that allowing Russia to <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annex Crimea</a> in 2014 did not stop further Russian aggression. Opinion polls show that the majority of Ukrainians oppose giving up any of their country for peace.<a href="#cite_note-706">[698]</a> Orysia Lutsevych of <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> points out that "calls for Ukraine to become ‘neutral’ because this will remove Russia's incentive for aggression ignore the fact that Ukraine was already neutral when <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War#History" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">first attacked in 2014</a>".<a href="#cite_note-707">[699]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg/220px-United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg/220px-United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg/330px-United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg/440px-United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11_L.1_vote.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/1" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1">UN General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1</a> vote on 2 March 2022 condemning the invasion of Ukraine and demanding a complete withdrawal of Russian troops <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> In favour</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Against</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Abstained</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Absent</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Non-member</div></figcaption></figure> The invasion received widespread international condemnation from <a href="/wiki/Government_and_intergovernmental_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">governments and intergovernmental organisations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-708">[700]</a> On 2 March 2022 and on 23 February 2023, 141 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> voted for a resolution saying that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, voted against the measure.<a href="#cite_note-709">[701]</a> Political reactions to the invasion included <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">new sanctions imposed on Russia</a>, which triggered <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanctions_slams_Russian_economy-710">[702]</a> Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports to non-sanctioning countries such as India, rely more on <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a> (which was not subject to European Union sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia.<a href="#cite_note-711">[703]</a> Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-712">[704]</a> Over seventy sovereign states and the European Union delivered <a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">humanitarian aid</a> to Ukraine, and nearly fifty countries plus the EU provided <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">military aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-713">[705]</a> Economic sanctions included a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,<a href="#cite_note-714">[706]</a> a <a href="/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">ban of certain Russian banks from the SWIFT international payments system</a>, and a ban on certain Russian media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-715">[707]</a> Reactions to the invasion have included public response, media responses, <a href="/wiki/2022_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_peace_negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations">peace efforts</a>, and the examination of the <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">legal implications of the invasion</a>. The invasion received widespread international public condemnation. Some countries, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a>, saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">US foreign policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-eligon-716">[708]</a> Protests and demonstrations were held worldwide, including some <a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine">parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-717">[709]</a> Calls for <a href="/wiki/2022_boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus">a boycott of Russian goods</a> spread on social media platforms,<a href="#cite_note-718">[710]</a> while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government.<a href="#cite_note-719">[711]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Anti-Russian sentiment</a> against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-720">[712]</a> In March 2022, Russian President Putin introduced <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">prison sentences of up to 15 years</a> for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations,<a href="#cite_note-721">[713]</a> intended to suppress any criticism related to the war.<a href="#cite_note-722">[714]</a> According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way.<a href="#cite_note-723">[715]</a> By October 2022, three countries—Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia—had declared Russia a "terrorist state."<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler_2022-724">[716]</a> On 1 August, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Nova_2023_y784-725">[717]</a> The invasion prompted Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-726">[718]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> to officially apply for NATO membership.<a href="#cite_note-727">[719]</a> Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023,<a href="#cite_note-728">[720]</a> followed by Sweden on 7 March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-729">[721]</a> A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, <a href="/wiki/20_Days_in_Mariupol" title="20 Days in Mariupol">20 Days in Mariupol</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film">Oscar for best documentary</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Pulver_Shoard_2024_a031-730">[722]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasions_in_the_21st_century" title="List of invasions in the 21st century">List of invasions in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_military_history" title="2020s in military history">2020s in military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">List of conflicts in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstate_wars_since_1945" title="List of interstate wars since 1945">List of interstate wars since 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasions_and_occupations_of_Ukraine" title="List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine">List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">List of wars between Russia and Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars:_2003%E2%80%93present" title="List of wars: 2003–present">List of wars: 2003–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DonetskLuhanskRecognition-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DonetskLuhanskRecognition_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DonetskLuhanskRecognition_1-1">b</a> The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian puppet states, having declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">they received international recognition</a> from each other, Russia, Syria and North Korea, and some other partially recognised states. On 30 September 2022, after <a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">a referendum</a>, Russia declared that <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">it had formally annexed both entities</a>. They continue to exist as <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics of Russia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Belarus let Russia use its territory to launch the invasion<a href="#cite_note-CNN_invasion_routes-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> and to launch missiles into Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> North Korea has been widely reported to be supporting Russia with troops since October 2024.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> See <a href="#Foreign_involvement">§ Foreign involvement</a> for more details. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Civilian_deaths" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">See here</a> for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> The DPR said 1,697 civilians were killed and 6,278 wounded between 1 January 2022 and 11 August 2024,<a href="#cite_note-550">[544]</a> of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022,<a href="#cite_note-ombudsman1-551">[545]</a> leaving a total of 1,689 killed and 6,255 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. </li> <li id="cite_note-630"><a href="#cite_ref-630">^</a> Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-629">[622]</a> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CNN_invasion_routes-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_invasion_routes_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFListerKesa2022" class="citation news cs1">Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_82bf44af2f01ad57f81c0760c6cb697c">"Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders"</a>. Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224071121/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_82bf44af2f01ad57f81c0760c6cb697c">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+says+it+was+attacked+through+Russian%2C+Belarus+and+Crimea+borders&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Kesa%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Feurope%2Flive-news%2Fukraine-russia-news-02-23-22%2Fh_82bf44af2f01ad57f81c0760c6cb697c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2022" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_d115a65e9b6348752422ad427fa83b95">"Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223185404/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troops+and+military+vehicles+have+entered+Ukraine+from+Belarus&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Palu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Feurope%2Flive-news%2Fukraine-russia-news-02-23-22%2Fh_d115a65e9b6348752422ad427fa83b95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60542877?pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:4b1fae66-d68a-4ba0-9cb3-bf962c5a10d2">"Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 27 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125730/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60542877?pinned_post_locator=urn%3Aasset%3A4b1fae66-d68a-4ba0-9cb3-bf962c5a10d2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Missiles+launched+into+Ukraine+from+Belarus&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fworld-europe-60542877%3Fpinned_post_locator%3Durn%3Aasset%3A4b1fae66-d68a-4ba0-9cb3-bf962c5a10d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-HarrisonMcCurry2024" class="citation web cs1">Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/10/north-korea-engineers-deployed-russia-ukraine">"North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+Koreans+deployed+alongside+Russian+troops+in+Ukraine%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=McCurry%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Foct%2F10%2Fnorth-korea-engineers-deployed-russia-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/feature/2024/02/24/75-tysyach-pogibshih-rossiyskih-soldat">"75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование «Медузы» и «Медиазоны» о потерях"</a>. Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 24 February 2024. <q>... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=75+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82+120+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%E2%80%93+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%8E+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83.+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%C2%BB+%D0%B8+%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%C2%BB+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Ffeature%2F2024%2F02%2F24%2F75-tysyach-pogibshih-rossiyskih-soldat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengali2022" class="citation news cs1">Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/18/world/ukraine-russia-news">"The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218063637/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/18/world/ukraine-russia-news">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+says+Russia%27s+troop+buildup+could+be+as+high+as+190%2C000+in+and+near+Ukraine.&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft.aulast=Bengali&rft.aufirst=Shashank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flive%2F2022%2F02%2F18%2Fworld%2Fukraine-russia-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Military_Balance2021-12"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Military_Balance2021_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2021" class="citation book cs1">Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Re4fEAAAQBAJ">The Military Balance 2021</a> (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-201227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-201227-8"><bdi>978-1-03-201227-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1292198893">1292198893</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL32226712M">32226712M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2021&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1292198893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL32226712M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-03-201227-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe4fEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Military_Balance2022_p901-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Military_Balance2022_p901_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Military_Balance2022_p901_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA901">The Military Balance 2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>. February 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000620030" title="Special:BookSources/9781000620030"><bdi>9781000620030</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2022&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2022-02&rft.isbn=9781000620030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOFeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISW_May_30-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ISW_May_30_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-may-30-2023">"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.atitle=Russian+Offensive+Campaign+Assessment%2C+May+30%2C+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Frussian-offensive-campaign-assessment-may-30-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISW_14_June_2024-15"><a href="#cite_ref-ISW_14_June_2024_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-14-2024">"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.atitle=Russian+Offensive+Campaign+Assessment%2C+June+14%2C+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Frussian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-14-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Military_Balance2022_p945-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Military_Balance2022_p945_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Military_Balance2022_p945_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA945">The Military Balance 2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>. February 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000620030" title="Special:BookSources/9781000620030"><bdi>9781000620030</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2022&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2022-02&rft.isbn=9781000620030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOFeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#military-and-security">Ukraine</a>", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 2023-01-19 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67120904">"Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft"</a>. BBC News. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Swimming+rivers+and+faking+illness+to+escape+Ukraine%E2%80%99s+draft&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-67120904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2023" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (16 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2F_EAAAQBAJ">The Russo-Ukrainian War: From the bestselling author of Chernobyl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80206-179-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80206-179-6"><bdi>978-1-80206-179-6</bdi></a>. <q>... If the collapse of the USSR was sudden and largely bloodless, growing strains between its two largest successors would develop into limited fighting in the Donbas in 2014 and then into all-out warfare in 2022, causing death, destruction, and a refugee crisis on a scale not seen in Europe since the Second World War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Ukrainian+War%3A+From+the+bestselling+author+of+Chernobyl&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft.isbn=978-1-80206-179-6&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2F_EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamani202374-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamani202374_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamani2023">Ramani 2023</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Anieri2023i;_98-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Anieri2023i;_98_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Anieri2023">D'Anieri 2023</a>, p. i; 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-Etkind-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etkind_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etkind_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtkind2022" class="citation journal cs1">Etkind, Alexander (2022). 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Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 17 (3): 325–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2017.1348044">10.1080/14683857.2017.1348044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157173954">157173954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+change+in+instrumentalizing+%27The+Precedent%27.+How+Russia+uses+Kosovo+to+legitimize+the+annexation+of+Crimea&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-345&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2017.1348044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157173954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rotaru&rft.aufirst=Vasile&rft.au=Troncot%C4%83%2C+Miruna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2023" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3eoEAAAQBAJ&dq=annexation+of+the+peninsula+to+Hitler%E2%80%99s+Anschluss+of+Austria+in+1938&pg=PT64">The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-05120-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-05120-6"><bdi>978-1-324-05120-6</bdi></a>. <q>... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Ukrainian+War%3A+The+Return+of+History&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft.isbn=978-1-324-05120-6&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3eoEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dannexation%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpeninsula%2Bto%2BHitler%25E2%2580%2599s%2BAnschluss%2Bof%2BAustria%2Bin%2B1938%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽalimas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/4559">"LESSONS OF WORLD WAR II AND THE ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA"</a>. International Comparative Jurisprudence. 3 (1): 25–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13165%2Fj.icj.2017.03.003">10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2351-6674">2351-6674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Comparative+Jurisprudence&rft.atitle=LESSONS+OF+WORLD+WAR+II+AND+THE+ANNEXATION+OF+CRIMEA&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13165%2Fj.icj.2017.03.003&rft.issn=2351-6674&rft.aulast=%C5%BDalimas&rft.aufirst=Dainius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.mruni.eu%2Fojs%2Finternational-comparative-jurisprudence%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-parliament-abandons-neutrality/26758725.html">"Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 23 December 2014 – via rferl.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Votes+To+Abandon+Neutrality&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukraine-parliament-abandons-neutrality%2F26758725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/nato-ukraine-neutrality-russia-zelenskyi/">"How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality | openDemocracy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+NATO+can+ease+Ukraine%27s+path+to+neutrality+%26%23124%3B+openDemocracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fodr%2Fnato-ukraine-neutrality-russia-zelenskyi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q264-52"><a href="#cite_ref-q264_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerlad2022" class="citation web cs1">Sommerlad, Joe (18 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-nato-membership-zelensky-russia-putin-b2039085.html">"Why can't Ukraine join Nato?"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Why+can%27t+Ukraine+join+Nato%3F&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft.aulast=Sommerlad&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-nato-membership-zelensky-russia-putin-b2039085.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/juncker-says-ukraine-not-likely-join-eu-nato-for-20-25-years/27588682.html">Juncker Says Ukraine Not Likely To Join EU, NATO For 20–25 Years</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811030116/http://www.rferl.org/content/juncker-says-ukraine-not-likely-join-eu-nato-for-20-25-years/27588682.html">Archived</a> 11 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. Published on 4 March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-i407-54"><a href="#cite_ref-i407_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/02/25/7443642/">"Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot"</a>. Ukrainska Pravda. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Zelenskyy+on+meeting+Putin+in+2019%3A+We+talked+and+bargained+a+lot&rft.date=2024-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2024%2F02%2F25%2F7443642%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/29/ukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce">"Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 29 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/29/ukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+ceasefire+violated+more+than+100+times+within+days%3A+OSCE&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F7%2F29%2Fukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwackAndrusivAntonenko2021" class="citation web cs1">Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/russian-military-buildup-ukraines-border-expert-analysis">"The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Military+Buildup+on+Ukraine%27s+Border%3A+An+Expert+Analysis&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft.aulast=Zwack&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Andrusiv%2C+Victor&rft.au=Antonenko%2C+Oksana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Frussian-military-buildup-ukraines-border-expert-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllahChernovaMackintosh2021" class="citation web cs1">Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/22/europe/russia-military-ukraine-border-exercises-intl/index.html">"Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+pulls+back+troops+after+massive+buildup+near+Ukraine+border&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft.aulast=Ullah&rft.aufirst=Zahra&rft.au=Chernova%2C+Anna&rft.au=Mackintosh%2C+Eliza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F04%2F22%2Feurope%2Frussia-military-ukraine-border-exercises-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisSonne2021" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russia-ukraine-invasion/2021/12/03/98a3760e-546b-11ec-8769-2f4ecdf7a2ad_story.html">"Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+planning+massive+military+offensive+against+Ukraine+involving+175%2C000+troops%2C+U.S.+intelligence+warns&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft.au=Sonne%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2Frussia-ukraine-invasion%2F2021%2F12%2F03%2F98a3760e-546b-11ec-8769-2f4ecdf7a2ad_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchogol2022" class="citation web cs1">Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taskandpurpose.com/analysis/russian-military-equipment-white-markings/">"Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Task_%26_Purpose" title="Task & Purpose">Task & Purpose</a>. North Equity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://taskandpurpose.com/analysis/russian-military-equipment-white-markings/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <q>[B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Task+%26+Purpose&rft.atitle=Here%27s+what+those+mysterious+white+%27Z%27+markings+on+Russian+military+equipment+may+mean&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft.aulast=Schogol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaskandpurpose.com%2Fanalysis%2Frussian-military-equipment-white-markings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-denials-58"><a href="#cite_ref-denials_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2022" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/">"Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Evgeniy_Maloletka" title="Evgeniy Maloletka">Evgeniy Maloletka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220224205233/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022. <q>On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+attack+on+Ukraine+came+after+months+of+denials+it+would+attack&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F02%2F24%2Fukraine-russia-denials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deny-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Deny_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarleyKiely2022" class="citation news cs1">Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/">"Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Public_Policy_Center" title="Annenberg Public Policy Center">Annenberg Public Policy Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022. <q>Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FactCheck.org&rft.atitle=Russian+Rhetoric+Ahead+of+Attack+66+Ukraine%3A+Deny%2C+Deflect%2C+Mislead&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kiely%2C+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2022%2F02%2Frussian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czech-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Czech_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFořtová2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf">"Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný'"</a> [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. <a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_DNES" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladá fronta DNES">Mladá fronta DNES</a> (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308092951/https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. <q>Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm.</q> [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mlad%C3%A1+fronta+DNES&rft.atitle=Velvyslanec+Ukrajiny+v+%C4%8Cesku+denn%C4%9B+promlouv%C3%A1%2C+rusk%C3%BD+ml%C4%8D%C3%AD+a+je+%27neviditeln%C3%BD%27&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Fo%C5%99tov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Kl%C3%A1ra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idnes.cz%2Fzpravy%2Fdomaci%2Fjevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-20/putin-s-war-in-ukraine-has-russian-elites-fearing-global-isolation">"Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Kremlin+Insiders+Alarmed+Over+Growing+Toll+of+Putin%27s+War+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-04-20%2Fputin-s-war-in-ukraine-has-russian-elites-fearing-global-isolation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2022" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Tom (7 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/this-war-will-be-a-total-failure-fsb-whistleblower-says-wl2gtdl9m">"This war will be a total failure, FSB whistleblower says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=This+war+will+be+a+total+failure%2C+FSB+whistleblower+says&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthis-war-will-be-a-total-failure-fsb-whistleblower-says-wl2gtdl9m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duben-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Duben_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDüben2023" class="citation journal cs1">Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood". LSE Public Policy Review. 3 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31389%2Flseppr.86">10.31389/lseppr.86</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LSE+Public+Policy+Review&rft.atitle=Revising+History+and+%27Gathering+the+Russian+Lands%27%3A+Vladimir+Putin+and+Ukrainian+Nationhood&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31389%2Flseppr.86&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCben&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutin2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin, Vladimir</a> (12 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125053520/https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181">"Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kremlin">The Kremlin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181">the original</a> on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kremlin&rft.atitle=Article+by+Vladimir+Putin+%27On+the+Historical+Unity+of+Russians+and+Ukrainians%27&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.aulast=Putin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.kremlin.ru%2Fevents%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2F66181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time22222-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time22222_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time22222_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrigo2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6150046/ukraine-statehood-russia-history-putin/">"What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+Putin+Gets+Wrong+About+Ukraine%27s+Statehood&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft.aulast=Perrigo&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6150046%2Fukraine-statehood-russia-history-putin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy D.</a> (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snyder.substack.com/p/how-to-think-about-war-in-ukraine">"How to think about war in Ukraine"</a>. Thinking about... (newsletter). <a href="/wiki/Substack" title="Substack">Substack</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119065436/https://snyder.substack.com/p/how-to-think-about-war-in-ukrfaine">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. <q>Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thinking+about...+%28newsletter%29&rft.atitle=How+to+think+about+war+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnyder.substack.com%2Fp%2Fhow-to-think-about-war-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2021" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/putins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour">"Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207180813/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/putins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. <q>fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+Ukraine+rhetoric+driven+by+distorted+view+of+neighbor&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fdec%2F07%2Fputins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2020" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-putins-history-essay-requires-a-rewrite-6nzjzbqjb">"Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143913/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-putins-history-essay-requires-a-rewrite-6nzjzbqjb">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Putin%27s+history+essay+requires+a+rewrite&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwhy-putins-history-essay-requires-a-rewrite-6nzjzbqjb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinsonHaringLubkivskyMotyl2021" class="citation web cs1">Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putins-new-ukraine-essay-reflects-imperial-ambitions/">"Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715191212/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putins-new-ukraine-essay-reflects-imperial-ambitions/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2023. <q>Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin%27s+new+Ukraine+essay+reveals+imperial+ambitions&rft.pub=Atlantic+Council&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Haring%2C+Melinda&rft.au=Lubkivsky%2C+Danylo&rft.au=Motyl%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Whitmore%2C+Brian&rft.au=Goncharenko%2C+Oleksiy&rft.au=Fedchenko%2C+Yevhen&rft.au=Bonner%2C+Brian&rft.au=Kuzio%2C+Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Fputins-new-ukraine-essay-reflects-imperial-ambitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2021" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-and-ukraine-one-people-putin-claims">"Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124130721/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-and-ukraine-one-people-putin-claims/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. <q>Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Ukraine%3A+%27One+People%27+as+Putin+Claims%3F&rft.pub=Royal+United+Services+Institute&rft.date=2021-12-23&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusi.org%2Fexplore-our-research%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Frussia-and-ukraine-one-people-putin-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiśnicki2023" class="citation web cs1">Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euvsdisinfo.eu/history-as-an-information-weapon-in-russias-full-scale-war-in-ukraine/">"History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+as+an+information+weapon+in+Russia%27s+full-scale+war+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft.aulast=Wi%C5%9Bnicki&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuvsdisinfo.eu%2Fhistory-as-an-information-weapon-in-russias-full-scale-war-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_17_Dec_21-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_17_Dec_21_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_17_Dec_21_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTétrault-FarberBalmforth2021" class="citation news cs1">Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/">"Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222081106/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+demands+NATO+roll+back+from+East+Europe+and+stay+out+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2021-12-17&rft.aulast=T%C3%A9trault-Farber&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft.au=Balmforth%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Frussia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzioJajecznyk-Kelman2023" class="citation book cs1">Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBtzwEACAAJ">Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians</a>. COLUMBIA University Press. pp. 17, 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1791-8"><bdi>978-3-8382-1791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+and+Genocide%3A+Russia%27s+War+Against+Ukrainians&rft.pages=17%2C+57&rft.pub=COLUMBIA+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-1791-8&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft.au=Jajecznyk-Kelman%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpBtzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2021" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue/">"Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115165246/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Putin+warns+of+unspecified+military+response+if+U.S.+and+NATO+continue+%27aggressive+line%27&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fworld%2Farticle-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyer2022" class="citation news cs1">Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article258774458.html">"Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329021337/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article258774458.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Why+is+Ukraine+not+in+NATO+and+is+it+too+late+to+join%3F+Here%27s+what+experts%2C+NATO+say&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.aulast=Coyer&rft.aufirst=Cassandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Farticle258774458.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATO_myths-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NATO_myths_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NATO_myths_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/115204.htm">"NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. 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Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=NATO+chief%3A+%22Russia+has+no+right+to+establish+a+sphere+of+influence%22&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fnato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90">"US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=US+offers+no+concessions+in+response+to+Russia+on+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/26/us/politics/russia-demands-us-ukraine.html">"U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+NATO+Respond+to+Putin%27s+Demands+as+Ukraine+Tensions+Mount&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frussia-demands-us-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosePolityuk2022" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/kremlin-denies-putin-promised-not-hold-manoeuvres-near-ukraine-2022-02-08/">"France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=France%27s+Macron+calls+for+calm+to+resolve+Ukraine+crisis&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Polityuk%2C+Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fkremlin-denies-putin-promised-not-hold-manoeuvres-near-ukraine-2022-02-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-scholz-says-putin-started-war-for-completely-absurd-reasons/a-62880926">"Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Scholz%3A+Putin+started+war+for+%27completely+absurd%27+reasons&rft.date=2022-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-scholz-says-putin-started-war-for-completely-absurd-reasons%2Fa-62880926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonPancevskiBisserbeWalker2022" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/vladimir-putins-20-year-march-to-war-in-ukraineand-how-the-west-mishandled-it-11648826461">"Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 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Retrieved 11 September 2023. <q>More than 400 Russian mercenaries from the Wagner group were reported to have been in Kyiv in February 2022 with orders to kill Zelenskiy as part of a "decapitation strategy".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Zelenskiy+assassination+plot+foiled+by+security+service%2C+says+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Boffey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Faug%2F07%2Fvolodymyr-zelenskiy-assassination-plot-foiled-by-security-service-says-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ukraine-more-wagner-group-mercenaries-in-country-to-attempt-to-assassinate-zelensky/">"Ukraine: More Wagner Group mercenaries in country to attempt to assassinate Zelensky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. 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Russia's initial offensive has failed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Russian+army+has+run+out+of+time&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2F2022%2F03%2F22%2Frussian-army-has-run-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-united-nations-kyiv-6ccba0905f1871992b93712d3585f548">"Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Live+updates%3A+Zelenskyy+declines+US+offer+to+evacuate+Kyiv&rft.pub=AP+News&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-business-europe-united-nations-kyiv-6ccba0905f1871992b93712d3585f548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/06/zelenskys-famous-quote-need-ammo-not-ride-not-easily-confirmed/">"Analysis: Zelensky's famous quote of 'need ammo, not a ride' not easily confirmed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Zelensky%27s+famous+quote+of+%27need+ammo%2C+not+a+ride%27+not+easily+confirmed&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F03%2F06%2Fzelenskys-famous-quote-need-ammo-not-ride-not-easily-confirmed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-troops-battle-invading-russian-army-in-kyiv-outskirts/">"Ukraine loses control of Chernobyl nuclear site, amid battles in Kyiv outskirts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. 24 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225030412/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-troops-battle-invading-russian-army-in-kyiv-outskirts/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Ukraine+loses+control+of+Chernobyl+nuclear+site%2C+amid+battles+in+Kyiv+outskirts&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fukraine-troops-battle-invading-russian-army-in-kyiv-outskirts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-vijskovi-pid-kiyevom-zupinili-kolonu-rosijskih-tankiv/1072503">"Ukrayinsʹki viysʹkovi pid Kyyevom zupynyly kolonu rosiysʹkykh tankiv" <bdi lang="uk">Українські військові під Києвом зупинили колону російських танків</bdi></a> [The Ukrainian military stopped a column of Russian tanks near Kyiv]. <a href="/wiki/Gazeta.ua" title="Gazeta.ua">Gazeta</a> (in Ukrainian). 25 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100628/https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-vijskovi-pid-kiyevom-zupinili-kolonu-rosijskih-tankiv/1072503">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta&rft.atitle=Ukrayins%CA%B9ki+viys%CA%B9kovi+pid+Kyyevom+zupynyly+kolonu+rosiys%CA%B9kykh+tankiv+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazeta.ua%2Farticles%2Fnp%2F_ukrayinski-vijskovi-pid-kiyevom-zupinili-kolonu-rosijskih-tankiv%2F1072503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/battle-underway-for-airbase-on-kyiv-outskirts-a76573">"Battle Underway for Airbase on Kyiv Outskirts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Times">Moscow Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/AFP_(news_agency)" class="mw-redirect" title="AFP (news agency)">AFP</a>. 24 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225043724/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/battle-underway-for-airbase-on-kyiv-outskirts-a76573">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Battle+Underway+for+Airbase+on+Kyiv+Outskirts&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2022%2F02%2F24%2Fbattle-underway-for-airbase-on-kyiv-outskirts-a76573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/russia-claims-to-take-control-of-hostomel-airport-just-outside-kyiv/">"Russia claims to take control of Hostomel airport just outside Kyiv"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225143618/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/russia-claims-to-take-control-of-hostomel-airport-just-outside-kyiv/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Russia+claims+to+take+control+of+Hostomel+airport+just+outside+Kyiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Frussia-claims-to-take-control-of-hostomel-airport-just-outside-kyiv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3413199-okupanti-namagautsa-visaditi-desant-u-vasilkovi-jdut-boi.html">"Okupanty namahayutʹsya vysadyty desant u Vasylʹkovi, ydutʹ boyi" <bdi lang="uk">Окупанти намагаються висадити десант у Василькові, йдуть бої</bdi></a> [The occupiers are trying to land in Vasylkiv, fighting is going on] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226004532/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3413199-okupanti-namagautsa-visaditi-desant-u-vasilkovi-jdut-boi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Okupanty+namahayut%CA%B9sya+vysadyty+desant+u+Vasyl%CA%B9kovi%2C+ydut%CA%B9+boyi+%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82+%D1%83+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%2C+%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Frubric-ato%2F3413199-okupanti-namagautsa-visaditi-desant-u-vasilkovi-jdut-boi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.ua/war/u-vasilkovi-zbili-vinishchuvach-ta-dva-gvintokrili-okupantiv-trivayut-vazhki-boji-novini-donbasu-11718652.html">"U Vasylʹkovi zbyly vynyshchuvach ta dva hvyntokryly okupantiv" <bdi lang="uk">У Василькові збили винищувач та два гвинтокрили окупантів</bdi></a> [A fighter and two helicopters of the occupiers were shot down in Vasylkiv] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226003258/https://www.unian.ua/war/u-vasilkovi-zbili-vinishchuvach-ta-dva-gvintokrili-okupantiv-trivayut-vazhki-boji-novini-donbasu-11718652.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U+Vasyl%CA%B9kovi+zbyly+vynyshchuvach+ta+dva+hvyntokryly+okupantiv+%D0%A3+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%89%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.ua%2Fwar%2Fu-vasilkovi-zbili-vinishchuvach-ta-dva-gvintokrili-okupantiv-trivayut-vazhki-boji-novini-donbasu-11718652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2022" class="citation news cs1">Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/05/ukraine-military-battlefield-kyiv-mariupol/">"After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=After+temporary+cease-fires+break+down%2C+Putin+threatens+Ukraine%27s+government&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F03%2F05%2Fukraine-military-battlefield-kyiv-mariupol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2022" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Arnold, Edward (6 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1po2OdNnIc">How is the war in Ukraine going for Russia?</a>. <a href="/wiki/DW_News" title="DW News">DW News</a>. Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Ritters" title="Rebecca Ritters">Rebecca Ritters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314020335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1po2OdNnIc">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+is+the+war+in+Ukraine+going+for+Russia%3F&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Df1po2OdNnIc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListerPenningtonMcGeeGigova2022" class="citation news cs1">Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/06/europe/ukraine-russia-invasion-sunday-intl-hnk/index.html">"'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 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Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+war+news+from+February+25%3A+Kyiv+suburbs+breached%2C+Russian+forces+face+resistance%2C+Zelensky+warns+Russia+will+%27storm%27+capital&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.issn=0307-1766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F93554a7e-f974-49fc-85ba-c111d253b002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFНедилько2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Недилько, Владимир (28 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apostrophe.ua/news/society/2022-02-28/boi-pod-sumami-artilleriya-i-bayraktaryi-unichtojili-100-tankov-i-20-gradov-okkupantov/260916">"Boi pod Sumami: artilleriya i "Bayraktary" unichtozhili 100 tankov i 20 "Gradov" okkupantov" <bdi lang="uk">Бои под Сумами: артиллерия и "Байрактары" уничтожили 100 танков и 20 "Градов" оккупантов</bdi></a> [Battles near Sumy: Artillery and Bayraktars destroyed 100 tanks and 20 "Grad" of invaders]. Апостроф [Apostrophe] (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228222555/https://apostrophe.ua/news/society/2022-02-28/boi-pod-sumami-artilleriya-i-bayraktaryi-unichtojili-100-tankov-i-20-gradov-okkupantov/260916">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84&rft.atitle=Boi+pod+Sumami%3A+artilleriya+i+%22Bayraktary%22+unichtozhili+100+tankov+i+20+%22Gradov%22+okkupantov+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%22%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%22+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+100+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+20+%22%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%22+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.aulast=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapostrophe.ua%2Fnews%2Fsociety%2F2022-02-28%2Fboi-pod-sumami-artilleriya-i-bayraktaryi-unichtojili-100-tankov-i-20-gradov-okkupantov%2F260916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unianberdyansk-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unianberdyansk_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unianberdyansk_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolyakovskaya2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.net/war/rossiyskaya-voennaya-tehnika-zanyala-territoriyu-byvshego-aeroporta-berdyansk-gorsovet-novosti-donbassa-11719648.html">"Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" <bdi lang="ru">Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет</bdi></a> [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226195413/https://www.unian.net/war/rossiyskaya-voennaya-tehnika-zanyala-territoriyu-byvshego-aeroporta-berdyansk-gorsovet-novosti-donbassa-11719648.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rossiyskaya+voyennaya+tekhnika+zanyala+territoriyu+byvshego+aeroporta+%22Berdyansk%22+%E2%80%93+gorsovet+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%22%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%22+%E2%80%93+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.aulast=Polyakovskaya&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.net%2Fwar%2Frossiyskaya-voennaya-tehnika-zanyala-territoriyu-byvshego-aeroporta-berdyansk-gorsovet-novosti-donbassa-11719648.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirjianLamothe2022" class="citation news cs1">Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/04/06/pentagon-russia-withdraws-kyiv-chernihiv/">"Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pentagon%3A+Russia+has+fully+withdrawn+from+Kyiv%2C+Chernihiv&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.aulast=Demirjian&rft.aufirst=Karoun&rft.au=Lamothe%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2022%2F04%2F06%2Fpentagon-russia-withdraws-kyiv-chernihiv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalatur2022" class="citation news cs1">Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/04/8/7338013/">"Sumy region liberated from Russian troops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Sumy+region+liberated+from+Russian+troops&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.aulast=Kalatur&rft.aufirst=Anastasiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2022%2F04%2F8%2F7338013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrowOstroukh2022" class="citation news cs1">Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-forces-unblock-water-flow-canal-annexed-crimea-moscow-says-2022-02-24/">"Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-forces-unblock-water-flow-canal-annexed-crimea-moscow-says-2022-02-24/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+forces+unblock+water+flow+for+canal+to+annexed+Crimea%2C+Moscow+says&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Marrow&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Ostroukh%2C+Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-forces-unblock-water-flow-canal-annexed-crimea-moscow-says-2022-02-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNEXTA2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nexta" title="Nexta">NEXTA [@nexta_tv]</a> (26 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nexta_tv/status/1497605510887100420">"The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. https://t.co/jwsIoORzH0"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227062037/https://twitter.com/nexta_tv/status/1497605510887100420">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+tanks+of+the+occupiers+have+circled+%23Berdyansk+and+are+heading+towards+%23Mariupol.+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FjwsIoORzH0&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.au=NEXTA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fnexta_tv%2Fstatus%2F1497605510887100420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-Berdyansk-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN-Berdyansk_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN-Berdyansk_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListerAlkhaldiVoitovychMezzofiore2022" class="citation news cs1">Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/24/europe/ukraine-russian-warship-berdyansk-intl/index.html">"Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukrainians+claim+to+have+destroyed+large+Russian+warship+in+Berdyansk&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Alkhaldi%2C+Celine&rft.au=Voitovych%2C+Olga&rft.au=Mezzofiore%2C+Gianluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F03%2F24%2Feurope%2Fukraine-russian-warship-berdyansk-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412585-battle-ongoing-near-mariupol-mayor.html">"Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225110919/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412585-battle-ongoing-near-mariupol-mayor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Battle+ongoing+near+Mariupol+%E2%80%93+mayor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-ato%2F3412585-battle-ongoing-near-mariupol-mayor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichárd2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ellenszel.hu/2022/02/25/igy-all-most-a-haboru-ukrajnaban-tobb-nagyvarosban-harcok-dulnak-megtamadtak-egy-orosz-repuloteret/">"Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret"</a> [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellensz%C3%A9l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellenszél (page does not exist)">Ellenszél</a> (in Hungarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226011052/https://ellenszel.hu/2022/02/25/igy-all-most-a-haboru-ukrajnaban-tobb-nagyvarosban-harcok-dulnak-megtamadtak-egy-orosz-repuloteret/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ellensz%C3%A9l&rft.atitle=%C3%8Dgy+%C3%A1ll+most+a+h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA+Ukrajn%C3%A1ban%3A+t%C3%B6bb+nagyv%C3%A1rosban+harcok+d%C3%BAlnak%2C+megt%C3%A1madtak+egy+orosz+rep%C3%BCl%C5%91teret&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.aulast=Rich%C3%A1rd&rft.aufirst=Jabronka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fellenszel.hu%2F2022%2F02%2F25%2Figy-all-most-a-haboru-ukrajnaban-tobb-nagyvarosban-harcok-dulnak-megtamadtak-egy-orosz-repuloteret%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-25-22/h_622a8b21dd1cf52845090a96c9c6513b">""Amphibious assault" underway west of Mariupol on the Sea of Azov, senior US defense official says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 25 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225220827/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-25-22/h_622a8b21dd1cf52845090a96c9c6513b">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Amphibious+assault%22+underway+west+of+Mariupol+on+the+Sea+of+Azov%2C+senior+US+defense+official+says&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Feurope%2Flive-news%2Fukraine-russia-news-02-25-22%2Fh_622a8b21dd1cf52845090a96c9c6513b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-carries-out-amphibious-assault-near-mariupol">"Russian Navy Carries Out Amphibious Assault Near Mariupol"</a>. The Maritime Executive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225220846/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-carries-out-amphibious-assault-near-mariupol">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Maritime+Executive&rft.atitle=Russian+Navy+Carries+Out+Amphibious+Assault+Near+Mariupol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Frussian-navy-carries-out-amphibious-assault-near-mariupol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/ukraine-official-says-russian-troops-approaching-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant">"Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Ukraine+official+says+Russian+troops+approaching+Zaporizhzhia+nuclear+plant&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fpmn%2Fnews-pmn%2Fukraine-official-says-russian-troops-approaching-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-attacking-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-ukraine-ap-2022-3">"Russian forces attacking Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Ukraine, per multiple reports"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> Australia. 3 March 2022. 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Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+24&rft.atitle=Rosiya+atakuvala+ukrayins%CA%B9ki+mista%3A+de+vidbulysya+boyi+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F24tv.ua%2Frosiya-atakuvala-ukrayinski-mista-de-vidbulisya-boyi_n1877474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rostovgazeta.ru/news/politics/25-02-2022/vooruzhennye-sily-ukrainy-atakovali-millerovo-tochkoy-u">"Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostov_Gazeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rostov Gazeta (page does not exist)">Rostov Gazeta</a>. 25 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225073113/https://rostovgazeta.ru/news/politics/25-02-2022/vooruzhennye-sily-ukrainy-atakovali-millerovo-tochkoy-u">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rostov+Gazeta&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Armed+Forces+attacked+Millerovo+with+Tochka-U&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frostovgazeta.ru%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F25-02-2022%2Fvooruzhennye-sily-ukrainy-atakovali-millerovo-tochkoy-u&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListerVoitovych2022" class="citation news cs1">Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-01-22/h_0e3d20b474aa007bb1e4acc0d0fba984">"Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/16/world/europe/azovstal-mariupol.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2022. 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Instytut Europy Środkowej. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3">1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-67678-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-67678-29-2"><bdi>978-83-67678-29-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+hammer+and+the+anvil+%3A+Belarus%2C+its+people%2C+and+Russia%27s+war+against+Ukraine&rft.pub=Instytut+Europy+%C5%9Arodkowej&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3&rft.isbn=978-83-67678-29-2&rft.aulast=Lozka&rft.aufirst=Katsiaryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1854%2FLU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iiss.org/sv/online-analysis/survival-online/2022/04/putins-strategic-failure/">"Putin's Strategic Failure"</a>. IISS. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IISS&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+Strategic+Failure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiss.org%2Fsv%2Fonline-analysis%2Fsurvival-online%2F2022%2F04%2Fputins-strategic-failure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_(IISS)2023" class="citation book cs1">The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueznEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Belarus+remains+a+co-belligerent+but+not+a+co-combatant%22&pg=RA3-PT42">Armed Conflict Survey 2023</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-040-01544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-040-01544-5"><bdi>978-1-040-01544-5</bdi></a>. <q>... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Conflict+Survey+2023&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-040-01544-5&rft.au=The+International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies+%28IISS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueznEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Belarus%2Bremains%2Ba%2Bco-belligerent%2Bbut%2Bnot%2Ba%2Bco-combatant%2522%26pg%3DRA3-PT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysPaegļkalna" class="citation news cs1">Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4048994">"Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4048994">4048994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Combat+Without+Warfighting%3A+Non-Belligerent+Actors+and+the+Russian+Invasion+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4048994%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Paeg%C4%BCkalna%2C+Lauma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4048994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxe" class="citation news cs1">Axe, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/01/05/russia-got-7500-pound-rockets-from-north-korea-and-promptly-blew-up-a-pair-of-ukrainian-supply-bases/?sh=208781e9363f">"Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Russia+Got+7%2C500-Pound+Rockets+From+North+Korea%E2%80%94And+Promptly+Blew+Up+A+Pair+Of+Ukrainian+Supply+Bases&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidaxe%2F2024%2F01%2F05%2Frussia-got-7500-pound-rockets-from-north-korea-and-promptly-blew-up-a-pair-of-ukrainian-supply-bases%2F%3Fsh%3D208781e9363f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-north-korea-war-missiles-kn-23/32765450.html">"Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?"</a>. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Did+Russia+Fire+North+Korean+Missiles+At+Ukraine%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-ukraine-north-korea-war-missiles-kn-23%2F32765450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y556-475"><a href="#cite_ref-y556_475-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-HarrisonMcCurry2024" class="citation web cs1">Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/10/north-korea-engineers-deployed-russia-ukraine">"North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+Koreans+deployed+alongside+Russian+troops+in+Ukraine%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=McCurry%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Foct%2F10%2Fnorth-korea-engineers-deployed-russia-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k284-476"><a href="#cite_ref-k284_476-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJochecová2024" class="citation web cs1">Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/north-korean-soldiers-are-likely-fighting-in-ukraine-seouls-defense-minister-says/">"North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says"</a>. Politico. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=North+Korean+soldiers+are+likely+dying+for+Putin+in+Ukraine%2C+Seoul+says&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.aulast=Jochecov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Ketrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fnorth-korean-soldiers-are-likely-fighting-in-ukraine-seouls-defense-minister-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a180-477"><a href="#cite_ref-a180_477-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2024" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-09/north-korea-seen-likely-to-send-troops-to-ukraine-to-aid-russia">"North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia"</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=North+Korea+Seen+Likely+to+Send+Troops+to+Ukraine+to+Aid+Russia&rft.date=2024-10-09&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Youkyung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-10-09%2Fnorth-korea-seen-likely-to-send-troops-to-ukraine-to-aid-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-u147-478"><a href="#cite_ref-u147_478-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/us-concerned-by-reports-north-korean-soldiers-fighting-russia-2024-10-15/">"US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia"</a>. Reuters. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=US+concerned+by+reports+of+North+Korean+soldiers+fighting+for+Russia&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fus-concerned-by-reports-north-korean-soldiers-fighting-russia-2024-10-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n959-479"><a href="#cite_ref-n959_479-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/us-concerned-reports-north-korean-soldiers-fighting-for-russia-ukraine-rcna175640">"North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says"</a>. NBC News. 16 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=North+Korean+soldiers+are+training+to+fight+for+Russia%2C+Ukraine+says&rft.date=2024-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus-concerned-reports-north-korean-soldiers-fighting-for-russia-ukraine-rcna175640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h428-480"><a href="#cite_ref-h428_480-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2024" class="citation web cs1">McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/16/north-korean-troops-for-russias-war-in-ukraine-what-we-know-so-far">"North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+Korean+troops+for+Russia%27s+war+in+Ukraine%3A+what+we+know+so+far&rft.date=2024-10-16&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Foct%2F16%2Fnorth-korean-troops-for-russias-war-in-ukraine-what-we-know-so-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecil2024" class="citation news cs1">Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/vladimir-putin-ukraine-drone-attacks-russia-double-b1188508.html">"Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials"</a>. Evening Standard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Putin+military+doubling+%27kamikaze%27+drone+attacks+on+Ukraine+to+1%2C500+last+month%2C+say+western+officials&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft.aulast=Cecil&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fvladimir-putin-ukraine-drone-attacks-russia-double-b1188508.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/east-asia/north-korea-united-nations-represenative-denies-pyongyangg-troops-russia-4693886">"North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia"</a>. CNA. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=North+Korea+UN+representative+denies+Pyongyang+sent+troops+to+Russia&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Feast-asia%2Fnorth-korea-united-nations-represenative-denies-pyongyangg-troops-russia-4693886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988">"North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as "groundless rumour"." </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/asia/north-korea-un-representative-denies-pyongyang-sent-troops-to-russia-18223088">"North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia"</a>. TRT World. 23 October 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRT+World&rft.atitle=North+Korea+UN+representative+denies+Pyongyang+sent+troops+to+Russia&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fasia%2Fnorth-korea-un-representative-denies-pyongyang-sent-troops-to-russia-18223088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenisova2024" class="citation news cs1">Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/north-korea-denies-alleged-troops-sending-to-fight-russian-war-as-groundless-rumors/">"North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors'"</a>. The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 2 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=North+Korea+denies+sending+troops+to+join+Russia%27s+war+in+Ukraine%2C+dismisses+%27groundless+rumors%27&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft.aulast=Denisova&rft.aufirst=Kateryna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fnorth-korea-denies-alleged-troops-sending-to-fight-russian-war-as-groundless-rumors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y335-485"><a href="#cite_ref-y335_485-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Stewart2024" class="citation web cs1">Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-korea-has-sent-3000-troops-russia-ukraine-war-south-korean-lawmakers-say-2024-10-23/">"US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euromaidan+Press&rft.atitle=87%2C000+killed+civilians+documented+in+occupied+Mariupol+%E2%80%93+volunteer&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Shandra&rft.aufirst=Alya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuromaidanpress.com%2F2022%2F08%2F30%2F87000-killed-civilians-documented-in-occupied-mariupol-volunteer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3564256-mariupol-invaders-dont-bother-to-clear-residential-buildings-of-newly-discovered-bodies.html">"Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. 4 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Mariupol%3A+invaders+don%27t+bother+to+clear+residential+buildings+of+newly+discovered+bodies&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-ato%2F3564256-mariupol-invaders-dont-bother-to-clear-residential-buildings-of-newly-discovered-bodies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/over-10000-civilians-killed-in-mariupol-siege-mayor-says">"Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+10%2C000+civilians+killed+in+Mariupol+siege%2C+mayor+says&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fover-10000-civilians-killed-in-mariupol-siege-mayor-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/02/14/world/russia-invasion-of-ukraine-numbers/">"'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023. <q>Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Terrible+toll%27%3A+Russia%27s+invasion+of+Ukraine+by+the+numbers&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2023%2F02%2F14%2Fworld%2Frussia-invasion-of-ukraine-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-522"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_522-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdhowe.org/public-policy-research/what-cost-economic-and-human-costs-russias-invasion-ukraine-0">"At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine"</a>. C.D. Howe Institute. Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C.D.+Howe+Institute&rft.atitle=At+What+Cost%3F+The+Economic+and+Human+Costs+of+Russia%27s+Invasion+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdhowe.org%2Fpublic-policy-research%2Fwhat-cost-economic-and-human-costs-russias-invasion-ukraine-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/cost-war-ukraine">"The Cost of War to Ukraine"</a>. The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+United+Services+Institute+for+Defence+and+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Cost+of+War+to+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusi.org%2Fexplore-our-research%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Fcost-war-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-erasing-mariupol-499dceae43ed77f2ebfe750ea99b9ad9">"Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. 23 December 2022. 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Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=10%2C368%3A+The+incomplete+count+of+Ukraine%27s+civilian+dead&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20230606-10-368-the-incomplete-count-of-ukraine-s-civilian-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> Human Rights Watch/SITU/Truth Hounds, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/feature/russia-ukraine-war-mariupol/report">"Our City Was Gone" Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine</a>, p. 147: "Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. 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Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9701476-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9701476-1-9"><bdi>978-2-9701476-1-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827072718/http://www.the-monitor.org/media/3348257/Cluster-Munition-Monitor-2022-Web_HR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CLUSTER+MUNITION+MONITOR+2022&rft.pub=Cluster+Munition+Coalition&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-2-9701476-1-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-monitor.org%2Fmedia%2F3348257%2FCluster-Munition-Monitor-2022-Web_HR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/Ukraine%20-%20protection%20of%20civilians%20in%20armed%20conflict%20%28December%202023%29_ENG_0.pdf">"Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. 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Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+war+in+Ukraine&rft.aulast=Subramaniam&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Feurope%2Flive-news%2Frussia-ukraine-war-news-10-19-22%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackintosh-2022-04-08-624">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackintosh-2022-04-08_624-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackintosh-2022-04-08_624-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintoshOchmanMezzofiorePolglase2022" class="citation news cs1">Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/europe/ukraine-mariupol-russia-deportation-cmd-intl/index.html">"Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Russia+or+die%3A+After+weeks+under+Putin%27s+bombs%2C+these+Ukrainians+were+given+only+one+way+out&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=Eliza&rft.au=Ochman%2C+Oleksandra&rft.au=Mezzofiore%2C+Gianluca&rft.au=Polglase%2C+Katie&rft.au=Rebane%2C+Teele&rft.au=Graham-Yooll%2C+Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F04%2F07%2Feurope%2Fukraine-mariupol-russia-deportation-cmd-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2022" class="citation news cs1">Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60894142">"Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+transfers+thousands+of+Mariupol+civilians+to+its+territory&rft.date=2022-03-27&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-60894142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-625"><a href="#cite_ref-625">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63311744">"Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+war%3A+Russians+start+leaving+Ukraine%27s+Kherson+city&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-63311744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-626"><a href="#cite_ref-626">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButchenko2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://life.nv.ua/socium/deportaciya-ukraincev-v-rossiyu-kak-eto-proishodit-i-kak-vernutsya-v-ukrainu-50233912.html">"V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" <bdi lang="ru">В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса</bdi></a> [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NV.ua&rft.atitle=V+dukhe+Stalina.+Fil%27tratsionnyye+lagerya%2C+doprosy+i+vyvoz+v+glush%27+%E2%80%94+kak+Moskva+nasil%27no+deportiruyet+ukraintsev+Donbassa+%D0%92+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7+%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8C+%E2%80%94+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.aulast=Butchenko&rft.aufirst=Maksym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flife.nv.ua%2Fsocium%2Fdeportaciya-ukraincev-v-rossiyu-kak-eto-proishodit-i-kak-vernutsya-v-ukrainu-50233912.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapoval2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.segodnya.ua/strana/podrobnosti/denisova-okkupanty-derzhat-v-filtracionnyh-lageryah-rf-bolee-20-000-mariupolcev-1615773.html">"Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" <bdi lang="ru">Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев</bdi></a> [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. <a href="/wiki/Segodnya" title="Segodnya">Segodnya</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Segodnya&rft.atitle=Denisova%3A+okkupanty+derzhat+v+fil%27tratsionnykh+lageryakh+RF+boleye+20+000+mariupol%27tsev+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+20+000+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft.aulast=Shapoval&rft.aufirst=Valentyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.segodnya.ua%2Fstrana%2Fpodrobnosti%2Fdenisova-okkupanty-derzhat-v-filtracionnyh-lageryah-rf-bolee-20-000-mariupolcev-1615773.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorichevaTokhmakhchi2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currenttime.tv/a/razdevali-tatushki-moi-smotreli-artem/31797135.html">""Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" <bdi lang="ru">"Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах</bdi></a> ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. <a href="/wiki/Current_Time_TV" title="Current Time TV">Current Time TV</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Time+TV&rft.atitle=%22Razdevali%2C+tatushki+moi+smotreli%22.+Artem+uyekhal+iz+Mariupolya+v+%22DNR%22%2C+a+potom+i+iz+Rossii.+On+rasskazyvayet+o+tom%2C+chto+proiskhodilo+na+granitsakh+%22%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%22.+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%22%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A0%22%2C+%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%9E%D0%BD+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Goricheva&rft.aufirst=Yuliya&rft.au=Tokhmakhchi%2C+%D0%90nn%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currenttime.tv%2Fa%2Frazdevali-tatushki-moi-smotreli-artem%2F31797135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanyukova2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.obozrevatel.com/vojna-v-ukraine/okkupantyi-sozdali-v-rossii-lager-dlya-deportirovannyih-iz-ukrainyi-tam-soderzhat-bolee-400-chelovek.htm">"Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" <bdi lang="ru">Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек</bdi></a> [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. <a href="/wiki/Obozrevatel" title="Obozrevatel">Obozrevatel</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obozrevatel&rft.atitle=Okkupanty+sozdali+v+Rossii+lager%27+dlya+deportirovannykh+iz+Ukrainy%3A+tam+soderzhat+boleye+400+chelovek+%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%3A+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+400+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2022-04-10&rft.aulast=Hanyukova&rft.aufirst=Ol%27ga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.obozrevatel.com%2Fvojna-v-ukraine%2Fokkupantyi-sozdali-v-rossii-lager-dlya-deportirovannyih-iz-ukrainyi-tam-soderzhat-bolee-400-chelovek.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurpita2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsn.ua/ru/ukrayina/ne-bylo-odezhdy-edy-i-predmetov-gigieny-v-rossii-obnaruzhili-tri-lagerya-dlya-deportirovannyh-mariupolcev-2039359.html">""Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" <bdi lang="ru">"Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев</bdi></a> ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. <a href="/wiki/Television_Service_of_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Service of News">TSN</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TSN&rft.atitle=%22Ne+imeli+odezhdy%2C+yedy+i+predmetov+gigiyeny%22%3A+v+Rossii+obnaruzhili+tri+lagerya+dlya+deportirovannykh+mariupol%27tsev+%22%D0%9D%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B%2C+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%22%3A+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.date=2022-04-17&rft.aulast=Kurpita&rft.aufirst=Tat%27yana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsn.ua%2Fru%2Fukrayina%2Fne-bylo-odezhdy-edy-i-predmetov-gigieny-v-rossii-obnaruzhili-tri-lagerya-dlya-deportirovannyh-mariupolcev-2039359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPylypenko2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.liga.net/politics/news/rossiya-sozdala-bliz-donetska-filtratsionnyy-lager-dlya-ukraintsev-razvedka">"Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" <bdi lang="ru">Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка</bdi></a> [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIGA.net&rft.atitle=Rossiya+sozdala+bliz+Donetska+fil%27tratsionnyy+lager%27+dlya+ukraintsev+%E2%80%93+razvedka+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Pylypenko&rft.aufirst=Yevgeniy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.liga.net%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Frossiya-sozdala-bliz-donetska-filtratsionnyy-lager-dlya-ukraintsev-razvedka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nv.ua/kharkiv/okkupanty-sozdayut-filtracionnye-lagerya-dlya-perepravki-lyudey-v-rf-novosti-harkova-50231325.html">"V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" <bdi lang="ru">В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова</bdi></a> [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NV.ua&rft.atitle=V+Khar%27kovskoy+oblasti+okkupanty+sozdayut+fil%27tratsionnyye+lagerya+%E2%80%94+Denisova+%D0%92+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F+%E2%80%94+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnv.ua%2Fkharkiv%2Fokkupanty-sozdayut-filtracionnye-lagerya-dlya-perepravki-lyudey-v-rf-novosti-harkova-50231325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2022" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russia-ukraine-art-school-mariupol-6fprjwq0t">"Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+accuses+Russia+of+killing+56+care+home+residents+in+Luhansk&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-art-school-mariupol-6fprjwq0t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sport.ua/news/578396-foto-okkupanty-stroyat-filtratsionnye-lagerya-dlya-ukraintsev">"Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" <bdi lang="ru">Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев</bdi></a> [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sport.ua&rft.atitle=Foto.+Okkupanty+stroyat+fil%27tratsionnyye+lagerya+dlya+ukraintsev+%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.+%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.date=2022-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsport.ua%2Fnews%2F578396-foto-okkupanty-stroyat-filtratsionnye-lagerya-dlya-ukraintsev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-627"><a href="#cite_ref-627">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupriyanova2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1plus1.ua/ru/novyny/filtracijni-tabori-ta-pracevlastuvanna-na-sahalini-ukrainciv-z-okupovanih-mist-primusovo-vidpravlaut-do-rosii">"Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" <bdi lang="ru">Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию</bdi></a> [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. <a href="/wiki/1%2B1_(TV_channel)" title="1+1 (TV channel)">1+1</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1%2B1&rft.atitle=Fil%27tratsionnyye+lagerya+i+trudoustroystvo+na+Sakhaline%3A+ukraintsev+iz+okkupirovannykh+gorodov+prinuditel%27no+otpravlyayut+v+rossiyu+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%3A+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Kupriyanova&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1plus1.ua%2Fru%2Fnovyny%2Ffiltracijni-tabori-ta-pracevlastuvanna-na-sahalini-ukrainciv-z-okupovanih-mist-primusovo-vidpravlaut-do-rosii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-628"><a href="#cite_ref-628">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censor.net/ru/news/3335903/putin_i_shoyigu_planirovali_sozdat_kontslagerya_dlya_ukraintsev_v_zapadnoyi_sibiri_danilov">"Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" <bdi lang="ru">Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов</bdi></a> [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022. 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Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2023. <q>Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. 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Retrieved 7 March 2022. <bdi lang="uk">Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають.</bdi> [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. 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But Russian immigrants are paying the price"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin+invaded+Ukraine.+But+Russian+immigrants+are+paying+the+price&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fthink%2Famp%2Frcna26971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-719"><a href="#cite_ref-719">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2022" class="citation news cs1">Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3391bf8c-e431-415c-b7c5-9eeee08b3374">"Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+pummelled+by+pro-Ukrainian+hackers+following+invasion&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Mehul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3391bf8c-e431-415c-b7c5-9eeee08b3374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-720"><a href="#cite_ref-720">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeardsworth2022" class="citation news cs1">Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306231213/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/russians-abroad-blamed-for-a-regime-they-sought-to-escape-a76762">"Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-sweden-submit-application-join-nato-2022-05-18/">the original</a> on 18 May 2022. <q>Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Finland%2C+Sweden+apply+to+join+NATO+amid+Turkish+objections&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.aulast=Emmott&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Straus%2C+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffinland-sweden-submit-application-join-nato-2022-05-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-728"><a href="#cite_ref-728">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214936/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-65173043">"Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 4 April 2023. 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Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine+war+film+20+Days+in+Mariupol+wins+Oscar+for+best+documentary&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft.aulast=Pulver&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Shoard%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2024%2Fmar%2F11%2F20-days-in-mariupol-documentary-oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Anieri2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%27Anieri" title="Paul D'Anieri">D'Anieri, Paul</a> (23 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASysEAAAQBAJ">Ukraine and Russia</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-31550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-31550-0"><bdi>978-1-009-31550-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1350843759">1350843759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+and+Russia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1350843759&rft.isbn=978-1-009-31550-0&rft.aulast=D%27Anieri&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASysEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamani2023" class="citation book cs1">Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74ebEAAAQBAJ">Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution</a>. Hurst Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80526-003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80526-003-5"><bdi>978-1-80526-003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putin%27s+War+on+Ukraine%3A+Russia%27s+Campaign+for+Global+Counter-Revolution&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.isbn=978-1-80526-003-5&rft.aulast=Ramani&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74ebEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallensteen2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wallensteen" title="Peter Wallensteen">Wallensteen, Peter</a> (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publishing" title="Sage Publishing">SAGE</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781529613209" title="Special:BookSources/9781529613209"><bdi>9781529613209</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1370602224">1370602224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Conflict+Resolution&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1370602224&rft.isbn=9781529613209&rft.aulast=Wallensteen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Borshchevskaya, Anna (2022). Putin's War in Syria. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: I. B. Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755634637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755634637">978-0755634637</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs6vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48609-5"><bdi>978-1-108-48609-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+and+Russia%3A+From+Civilized+Divorce+to+Uncivil+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48609-5&rft.aulast=D%27Anieri&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGs6vDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harding, Luke. Invasion: The Inside Story of Russia's Bloody War and Ukraine's Fight for Survival. 2022. Vintage Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593685174" title="Special:BookSources/9780593685174">9780593685174</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marples, David R., ed. (2022). The War in Ukraine's Donbas: Origins, Contexts, and the Future. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9633865972" title="Special:BookSources/978-9633865972"><bdi>978-9633865972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+Ukraine%27s+Donbas%3A+Origins%2C+Contexts%2C+and+the+Future&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9633865972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Menon, Rajan; Rumer, Eugene B. (6 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3L34DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post–Cold War Order</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53629-5"><bdi>978-0-262-53629-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029335958">1029335958</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Ukraine%3A+The+Unwinding+of+the+Post%E2%80%93Cold+War+Order&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029335958&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53629-5&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Rajan&rft.au=Rumer%2C+Eugene+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3L34DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/cost-war-ukraine">"The Cost of War to Ukraine"</a>. The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+United+Services+Institute+for+Defence+and+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Cost+of+War+to+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusi.org%2Fexplore-our-research%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Fcost-war-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Schwirtz, Michael; Troianovski, Anton; Al-Hlou, Yousur; Froliak, Masha; Entous, Adam; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (16 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/12/16/world/europe/russia-putin-war-failures-ukraine.html">"Putin's War: The Inside Story of a Catastrophe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+War%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+a+Catastrophe&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft.aulast=Schwirtz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Troianovski%2C+Anton&rft.au=Al-Hlou%2C+Yousur&rft.au=Froliak%2C+Masha&rft.au=Entous%2C+Adam&rft.au=Gibbons-Neff%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2022%2F12%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-putin-war-failures-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Smith, Christopher M. (15 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HxUWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Ukraine's Revolt, Russia's Revenge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3925-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3925-8"><bdi>978-0-8157-3925-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1287616684">1287616684</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%27s+Revolt%2C+Russia%27s+Revenge&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1287616684&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-3925-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxUWEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrofimov2024" class="citation book cs1">Trofimov, Yaroslav (2024). Our Enemies Will Vanish. The Russian Invasion and Ukraine's War of Independence. Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593655184" title="Special:BookSources/9780593655184"><bdi>9780593655184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Enemies+Will+Vanish.+The+Russian+Invasion+and+Ukraine%27s+War+of+Independence&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780593655184&rft.aulast=Trofimov&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Watling, Jack; Reynolds, Nick (22 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202204-operation-z-web.pdf">Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Operation+Z%3A+The+Death+Throes+of+an+Imperial+Delusion&rft.pub=Royal+United+Services+Institute&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft.aulast=Watling&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.rusi.org%2Fspecial-report-202204-operation-z-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegrefe2022" class="citation news cs1">Wiegrefe, Klaus (15 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-is-vladimir-putin-right-a-bf318d2c-7aeb-4b59-8d5f-1d8c94e1964d">"NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349">2195-1349</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215103833/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-is-vladimir-putin-right-a-bf318d2c-7aeb-4b59-8d5f-1d8c94e1964d">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=NATO%27s+Eastward+Expansion%3A+Is+Vladimir+Putin+Right%3F&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft.issn=2195-1349&rft.aulast=Wiegrefe&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fnato-s-eastward-expansion-is-vladimir-putin-right-a-bf318d2c-7aeb-4b59-8d5f-1d8c94e1964d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wood, Elizabeth A.; Pomeranz, William E.; Merry, E. Wayne; Trudolyubov, Maxim (15 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyDyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Roots of Russia's War in Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-80138-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-80138-6"><bdi>978-0-231-80138-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008637056">1008637056</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Russia%27s+War+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008637056&rft.isbn=978-0-231-80138-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Pomeranz%2C+William+E.&rft.au=Merry%2C+E.+Wayne&rft.au=Trudolyubov%2C+Maxim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyDyCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Russian invasion of Ukraine at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="extiw" title="c:Category:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="extiw" title="n:Category:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="extiw" title="q:Russian invasion of Ukraine">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110999040" class="extiw" title="d:Q110999040">Data</a> from Wikidata</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/41px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="extiw" title="m:Special:Search/Russian invasion of Ukraine">Discussions</a> from Meta-Wiki</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-ukraine-key-information/">The UN and the war in Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/library/library-blog/posts/think-tank-reports-on-the-invasion-of-ukraine/">Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/topics/CAAqLAgKIiZDQkFTRmdvTkwyY3ZNVEZ5Y0dSaWNXcDZjeElGWlc0dFIwSW9BQVAB">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-updates">Ukraine conflict updates</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375">Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/733fe90805894bfc8562d90b106aa895">Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&oldid=1259042037">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&oldid=1259042037</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 01:37 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiese_inval_in_Oekra%C3%AFne_sedert_2022" title="Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B6-%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ዘረኝነት በሩሶ-ዩክሬንያን ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘረኝነት በሩሶ-ዩክሬንያን ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_infaru_Russlandes_on_Ucr%C3%A6gnan" title="2022 infaru Russlandes on Ucrægnan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="2022 infaru Russlandes on Ucrægnan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الغزو الروسي لأوكرانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو الروسي لأوكرانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_rusa_d%27Ucra%C3%ADna_de_2022" title="Invasión rusa d'Ucraína de 2022 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Invasión rusa d'Ucraína de 2022" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%88%D6%82%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1_(2022)" title="Ռուսաստանի ներխուժում Ուքրանիա (2022) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսաստանի ներխուժում Ուքրանիա (2022)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazia_ali_askeri_aruseasc%C4%83_tru_Ucraina" title="Invazia ali askeri arusească tru Ucraina – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Invazia ali askeri arusească tru Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env%C3%A2sion_de_l%E2%80%99Ucr%C3%A8na_per_la_Russia_en_2022" title="Envâsion de l’Ucrèna per la Russia en 2022 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Envâsion de l’Ucrèna per la Russia en 2022" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3" title="ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওপৰত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউক্ৰেইনৰ ওপৰত ৰাছিয়াৰ আক্ৰমণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_rusa_d%27Ucra%C3%ADna_de_2022" title="Invasión rusa d'Ucraína de 2022 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Invasión rusa d'Ucraína de 2022" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%BAsia_ondyry_Uky%C3%A1%C3%B1a_rehe" title="Rrúsia ondyry Ukyáña rehe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrúsia ondyry Ukyáña rehe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya%E2%80%93Ukrayna_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si_(2022%E2%80%93hal-haz%C4%B1rda)" title="Rusiya–Ukrayna müharibəsi (2022–hal-hazırda) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya–Ukrayna müharibəsi (2022–hal-hazırda)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B2" title="روسیه‌نین اوکراینا هوجومو ۲۰۲۲ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه‌نین اوکراینا هوجومو ۲۰۲۲" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ইউক্রেনে রুশ আক্রমণ (২০২২-বর্তমান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউক্রেনে রুশ আক্রমণ (২০২২-বর্তমান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_n%C3%AE_L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a_chhim-lio%CC%8Dk_Ukraina" title="2022 nî Lō͘-se-a chhim-lio̍k Ukraina – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="2022 nî Lō͘-se-a chhim-lio̍k Ukraina" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D0%B7_2022)" title="Уварванне Расіі ва Украіну (з 2022) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уварванне Расіі ва Украіну (з 2022)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%8E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D0%B7_2022)" title="Расейскае ўварваньне ва Ўкраіну (з 2022) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расейскае ўварваньне ва Ўкраіну (з 2022)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_2022" title="रूस के यूक्रेन पर हमला, 2022 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रूस के यूक्रेन पर हमला, 2022" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pagsakyada_kan_Rusya_sa_Ukranya" title="2022 Pagsakyada kan Rusya sa Ukranya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="2022 Pagsakyada kan Rusya sa Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Руско нападение над Украйна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руско нападение над Украйна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུ་རུ་སུས་ཡུག་རེན་ལ་བཙན་འཛུལ་བྱས་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུ་རུ་སུས་ཡུག་རེན་ལ་བཙན་འཛུལ་བྱས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Rusije_na_Ukrajinu" title="Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloubadeg_Ukraina_gant_Rusia_e_2022" title="Aloubadeg Ukraina gant Rusia e 2022 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aloubadeg Ukraina gant Rusia e 2022" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE_(2022)" title="Ородой Украина руу добтолон оролго (2022) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ородой Украина руу добтолон оролго (2022)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_russa_d%27Ucra%C3%AFna_del_2022" title="Invasió russa d'Ucraïna del 2022 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasió russa d'Ucraïna del 2022" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsulong_sa_Rusya_sa_Ukranya,_2022" title="Pagsulong sa Rusya sa Ukranya, 2022 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagsulong sa Rusya sa Ukranya, 2022" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_invaze_na_Ukrajinu" title="Ruská invaze na Ukrajinu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská invaze na Ukrajinu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russia_ikuukira_Ukraine" title="2022 Russia ikuukira Ukraine – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="2022 Russia ikuukira Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goresgyniad_Wcr%C3%A1in_gan_Rwsia_yn_2022" title="Goresgyniad Wcráin gan Rwsia yn 2022 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Goresgyniad Wcráin gan Rwsia yn 2022" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslands_invasion_af_Ukraine_2022" title="Ruslands invasion af Ukraine 2022 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruslands invasion af Ukraine 2022" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AF_%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AF_2022" title="جتياح روسي د ؤكرانيا د 2022 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جتياح روسي د ؤكرانيا د 2022" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russischer_%C3%9Cberfall_auf_die_Ukraine_seit_2022" title="Russischer Überfall auf die Ukraine seit 2022 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russischer Überfall auf die Ukraine seit 2022" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%9D%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%94%DE%AB%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ރަޝިޔާއިން ޔޫކްރެއިނަށް އަރައިގަތުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރަޝިޔާއިން ޔޫކްރެއިނަށް އަރައިގަތުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusojski_nadpad_na_Ukrainu" title="Rusojski nadpad na Ukrainu – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rusojski nadpad na Ukrainu" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa_sissetung_Ukrainasse" title="Venemaa sissetung Ukrainasse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venemaa sissetung Ukrainasse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εισβολή της Ρωσίας στην Ουκρανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εισβολή της Ρωσίας στην Ουκρανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_rusa_de_Ucrania" title="Invasión rusa de Ucrania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión rusa de Ucrania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invado_de_Rusio_en_Ukrainion_(2022)" title="Invado de Rusio en Ukrainion (2022) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Invado de Rusio en Ukrainion (2022)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainako_inbasioa_(2022-2024)" title="Ukrainako inbasioa (2022-2024) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ukrainako inbasioa (2022-2024)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حمله روسیه به اوکراین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمله روسیه به اوکراین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_de_l%27Ukraine_par_la_Russie" title="Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionradh_na_R%C3%BAise_ar_an_%C3%9Acr%C3%A1in" title="Ionradh na Rúise ar an Úcráin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionradh na Rúise ar an Úcráin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruegys_Rooshagh_er_yn_Ookraan" title="Ruegys Rooshagh er yn Ookraan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ruegys Rooshagh er yn Ookraan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_rusa_de_Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Invasión rusa de Ucraína – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Invasión rusa de Ucraína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="러시아의 우크라이나 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아의 우크라이나 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamayewar_Rasha_a_Ukraine_na_2022" title="Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lele_kaua_o_R%C5%ABsia_i_%CA%BBUkelena_(2022%E2%80%93)" title="Lele kaua o Rūsia i ʻUkelena (2022–) – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lele kaua o Rūsia i ʻUkelena (2022–)" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_(2022-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AA%D5%B4)" title="Ռուսաստանի ներխուժում Ուկրաինա (2022-այժմ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսաստանի ներխուժում Ուկրաինա (2022-այժմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3,_2022" title="यूक्रेन पर रूसी आक्रमण, 2022 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूक्रेन पर रूसी आक्रमण, 2022" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Rusije_na_Ukrajinu_2022." title="Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu 2022. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu 2022." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invado_di_Ukraina_da_Rusia_(2022)" title="Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Ukraina_oleh_Rusia" title="Invasi Ukraina oleh Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Ukraina oleh Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innr%C3%A1s_R%C3%BAssa_%C3%AD_%C3%9Akra%C3%ADnu_2022%E2%80%93" title="Innrás Rússa í Úkraínu 2022– – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Innrás Rússa í Úkraínu 2022–" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasione_russa_dell%27Ucraina_del_2022" title="Invasione russa dell'Ucraina del 2022 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasione russa dell'Ucraina del 2022" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת אוקראינה–רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת אוקראינה–רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_(2022)" title="რუსეთის შეჭრა უკრაინაში (2022) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის შეჭრა უკრაინაში (2022)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A0%D9%B9%DA%BE_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81%D9%95" title="یوکرینَس پؠٹھ روٗسی حملہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یوکرینَس پؠٹھ روٗسی حملہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96" title="Ресейдің Украинаға басып кіруі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресейдің Украинаға басып кіруі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Uburusiya_bwateye_Ikerene" title="2022 Uburusiya bwateye Ikerene – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="2022 Uburusiya bwateye Ikerene" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envazyon_Ikr%C3%A8n_pa_Risi_an_2022" title="Envazyon Ikrèn pa Risi an 2022 – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Envazyon Ikrèn pa Risi an 2022" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagirkirina_%C3%9Bkraynay%C3%AA_ji_aliy%C3%AA_R%C3%BBsyay%C3%AA_ve_2022" title="Dagirkirina Ûkraynayê ji aliyê Rûsyayê ve 2022 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dagirkirina Ûkraynayê ji aliyê Rûsyayê ve 2022" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81%D2%AF_(2022)" title="Орусиянын Украинага басып кирүүсү (2022) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орусиянын Украинага басып кирүүсү (2022)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D_2022" title="ການຮຸກຮານຢູເຄຣນຂອງລັດເຊຍ 2022 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຮຸກຮານຢູເຄຣນຂອງລັດເຊຍ 2022" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incursio_Russica_in_Ucrainam_(2022)" title="Incursio Russica in Ucrainam (2022) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Incursio Russica in Ucrainam (2022)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_uzbrukums_Ukrainai_(kop%C5%A1_2022._gada)" title="Krievijas uzbrukums Ukrainai (kopš 2022. gada) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas uzbrukums Ukrainai (kopš 2022. gada)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_m._Rusijos_invazija_%C4%AF_Ukrain%C4%85" title="2022 m. Rusijos invazija į Ukrainą – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="2022 m. Rusijos invazija į Ukrainą" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaxon_r%C3%BCscia_de_l%27Ucra%C3%ACnn-a" title="Invaxon rüscia de l'Ucraìnn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Invaxon rüscia de l'Ucraìnn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_russa_de_l%27Ucraina" title="Invasion russa de l'Ucraina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Invasion russa de l'Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-es_orosz_inv%C3%A1zi%C3%B3_Ukrajna_ellen" title="2022-es orosz invázió Ukrajna ellen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="2022-es orosz invázió Ukrajna ellen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(2022)" title="Руска инвазија на Украина (2022) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руска инвазија на Украина (2022)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="2022-ൽ ഉക്രെയ്നിലെ റഷ്യൻ അധിനിവേശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="2022-ൽ ഉക്രെയ്നിലെ റഷ്യൻ അധിനിവേശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inva%C5%BCjoni_Russa_tal-Ukrajna_tal-2022" title="Invażjoni Russa tal-Ukrajna tal-2022 – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Invażjoni Russa tal-Ukrajna tal-2022" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3,_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A8" title="युक्रेनवर रशियन आक्रमण, २०२२ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युक्रेनवर रशियन आक्रमण, २०२२" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_(2022)" title="რუსეთიშ მინოკათუა უკრაინაშა (2022) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთიშ მინოკათუა უკრაინაშა (2022)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(2022)" title="الغزو الروسى لاوكرانيا (2022) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الغزو الروسى لاوكرانيا (2022)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencerobohan_Rusia_ke_atas_Ukraine_2022" title="Pencerobohan Rusia ke atas Ukraine 2022 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencerobohan Rusia ke atas Ukraine 2022" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%B2%EA%AF%B0%EA%AF%B2%EA%AF%B2_%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85_%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95" title="꯲꯰꯲꯲ ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅ ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯇꯥꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="꯲꯰꯲꯲ ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅ ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯇꯥꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_ni%C3%A8ng_Ng%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86_ch%C4%ADng-li%C5%8Fk_Ukraine" title="2022 nièng Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ chĭng-liŏk Ukraine – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="2022 nièng Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ chĭng-liŏk Ukraine" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE_(2022)" title="Оросын Украин руу хийсэн довтолгоо (2022) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оросын Украин руу хийсэн довтолгоо (2022)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံမှ ယူကရိန်းနိုင်ငံအား ကျူးကျော်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံမှ ယူကရိန်းနိုင်ငံအား ကျူးကျော်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_invasie_van_Oekra%C3%AFne_sinds_2022" title="Russische invasie van Oekraïne sinds 2022 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische invasie van Oekraïne sinds 2022" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="सन् २०२२ युक्रेनमा रूसी आक्रमण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सन् २०२२ युक्रेनमा रूसी आक्रमण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="2022年ロシアのウクライナ侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2022年ロシアのウクライナ侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mmasione_russa_%27e_ll%27Ucraina" title="'Mmasione russa 'e ll'Ucraina – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="'Mmasione russa 'e ll'Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russlands_invasjon_av_Ukraina_2022" title="Russlands invasjon av Ukraina 2022 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russlands invasjon av Ukraina 2022" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88_(2022)" title="Российын Украинышке керылтмаш (2022) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Российын Украинышке керылтмаш (2022)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%A6%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%A8_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3" title="୨୦୨୨ ରୁଷର ୟୁକ୍ରେନ ଉପରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୨୦୨୨ ରୁଷର ୟୁକ୍ରେନ ଉପରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiyaning_Ukrainaga_bosqini" title="Rossiyaning Ukrainaga bosqini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiyaning Ukrainaga bosqini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਯੂਕ੍ਰੇਨ ਉੱਤੇ ਰੂਸੀ ਹਮਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਕ੍ਰੇਨ ਉੱਤੇ ਰੂਸੀ ਹਮਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B2%D8%A1" title="یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ ۲۰۲۲ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ ۲۰۲۲ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%AF_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B2_%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%84" title="پر اوکراین د روسیې د ۲۰۲۲ ز کال یرغل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پر اوکراین د روسیې د ۲۰۲۲ ز کال یرغل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%88%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93%E2%80%8B" title="ការឈ្លានពានរបស់រុស្ស៊ីលើអ៊ុយក្រែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការឈ្លានពានរបស់រុស្ស៊ីលើអ៊ុយក្រែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_russa_dl%27Ucrain-a_(2022)" title="Invasion russa dl'Ucrain-a (2022) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Invasion russa dl'Ucrain-a (2022)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwazja_Rosji_na_Ukrain%C4%99" title="Inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_pela_R%C3%BAssia_(2022%E2%80%93presente)" title="Invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia (2022–presente) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia (2022–presente)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiyan%C4%B1%C5%84_Ukraina%C7%B5a_basq%C4%B1n%C4%B1_(2022)" title="Rossiyanıń Ukrainaǵa basqını (2022) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rossiyanıń Ukrainaǵa basqını (2022)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiyeni%C3%B1_Ukraina%C4%9Fa_a%C3%A7%C4%B1q_istil%C3%A2s%C4%B1_(2022)" title="Rusiyeniñ Ukrainağa açıq istilâsı (2022) – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rusiyeniñ Ukrainağa açıq istilâsı (2022)" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazia_Rusiei_%C3%AEn_Ucraina_(2022%E2%80%93prezent)" title="Invazia Rusiei în Ucraina (2022–prezent) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Invazia Rusiei în Ucraina (2022–prezent)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D1%81_2022)" title="Вторжение России на Украину (с 2022) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторжение России на Украину (с 2022)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_a_mihcaan_u_Elus_misatal_tu_Ukelan" title="2022 a mihcaan u Elus misatal tu Ukelan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="2022 a mihcaan u Elus misatal tu Ukelan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taua_a_Rusia-Iukureini" title="Taua a Rusia-Iukureini – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Taua a Rusia-Iukureini" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_2022%D8%A1" title="یوکرین روس جنگ 2022ء – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="یوکرین روس جنگ 2022ء" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasione_russa_de_s%27Ucraina_(2022)" title="Invasione russa de s'Ucraina (2022) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Invasione russa de s'Ucraina (2022)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Roushian_invasion_o_Ukraine" title="2022 Roushian invasion o Ukraine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="2022 Roushian invasion o Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimi_rus_i_Ukrain%C3%ABs_n%C3%AB_2022" title="Pushtimi rus i Ukrainës në 2022 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pushtimi rus i Ukrainës në 2022" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="2022 රුසියානු යුක්‍රේන ආක්‍රමණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="2022 රුසියානු යුක්‍රේන ආක්‍රමණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian invasion of Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_inv%C3%A1zia_na_Ukrajinu" title="Ruská invázia na Ukrajinu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruská invázia na Ukrajinu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_invazija_na_Ukrajino" title="Ruska invazija na Ukrajino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruska invazija na Ukrajino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwazyj%C5%8F_na_Ukrajin%C3%A3_%C3%B4d_Rusyje_(2022)" title="Inwazyjŏ na Ukrajinã ôd Rusyje (2022) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Inwazyjŏ na Ukrajinã ôd Rusyje (2022)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalki_Russia_/Ukraine_2022" title="Dagaalki Russia /Ukraine 2022 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalki Russia /Ukraine 2022" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%86_%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ھێرشی ڕووسیا بۆ ئوکراینا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێرشی ڕووسیا بۆ ئوکراینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Инвазија Русије на Украјину – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инвазија Русије на Украјину" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Rusije_na_Ukrajinu" title="Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Invazija Rusije na Ukrajinu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ys_Ukrainaan_2022%E2%80%93" title="Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan 2022– – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan 2022–" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rysslands_invasion_av_Ukraina" title="Rysslands invasion av Ukraina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rysslands invasion av Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="2022 உக்ரைன் மீதான உருசியாவின் படையெடுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="2022 உக்ரைன் மீதான உருசியாவின் படையெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%B5_(2022)" title="Россиянең Украинага бәреп керүе (2022) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россиянең Украинага бәреп керүе (2022)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8_%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE_2022)" title="လွင်ႈ ရတ်ႈသျႃး ၶဝ်ႈတိုၵ်း ယူႇၶရဵၼ်း (ပီ 2022) – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွင်ႈ ရတ်ႈသျႃး ၶဝ်ႈတိုၵ်း ယူႇၶရဵၼ်း (ပီ 2022)" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="2022 ఉక్రెయిన్‌పై రష్యా దాడి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="2022 ఉక్రెయిన్‌పై రష్యా దాడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การรุกรานยูเครนโดยรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรุกรานยูเครนโดยรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_(2022)" title="Ҳамлаи Русия ба Укроин (2022) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳамлаи Русия ба Укроин (2022)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya%27n%C4%B1n_Ukrayna%27y%C4%B1_i%C5%9Fgali" title="Rusya'nın Ukrayna'yı işgali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya'nın Ukrayna'yı işgali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi%C3%BDany%C5%88_Ukraina_basgyny" title="Russiýanyň Ukraina basgyny – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Russiýanyň Ukraina basgyny" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D0%B7_2022)" title="Російське вторгнення в Україну (з 2022) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російське вторгнення в Україну (з 2022)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81_2022%D8%A1" title="یوکرین پر روسی حملہ 2022ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوکرین پر روسی حملہ 2022ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8B%DB%87%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%89" title="روسىيەنىڭ ئۇكرائىناغا تاجاۋۇز قىلىشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روسىيەنىڭ ئۇكرائىناغا تاجاۋۇز قىلىشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozlozswh_ciemqhaeuj_Vuhgwzlanz" title="Ngozlozswh ciemqhaeuj Vuhgwzlanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngozlozswh ciemqhaeuj Vuhgwzlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaxion_rusa_de_%C5%82a_Ucr%C3%A0ina_del_2022" title="Invaxion rusa de ła Ucràina del 2022 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Invaxion rusa de ła Ucràina del 2022" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4man_hogahtuz_Ukrainha_(vodelp%C3%A4i_2022)" title="Venäman hogahtuz Ukrainha (vodelpäi 2022) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venäman hogahtuz Ukrainha (vodelpäi 2022)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nga_x%C3%A2m_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_Ukraina" title="Nga xâm lược Ukraina – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nga xâm lược Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCdr%C3%A4n_Rus%C3%A4na_ini_Lukray%C3%A4n_%C3%BCn_2022" title="Nüdrän Rusäna ini Lukrayän ün 2022 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nüdrän Rusäna ini Lukrayän ün 2022" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnemaa_sisseminek_Ukrainahe_(2022)" title="Vinnemaa sisseminek Ukrainahe (2022) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vinnemaa sisseminek Ukrainahe (2022)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_d%27_Oucrinne_(2022)" title="Guere d' Oucrinne (2022) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere d' Oucrinne (2022)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E5%AF%85%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%82" title="壬寅俄亂 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="壬寅俄亂" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BE%B5%E7%95%A5%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="2022年俄罗斯侵略乌克兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="2022年俄罗斯侵略乌克兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="רוסישע אינוואזיע אויף אוקראינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסישע אינוואזיע אויף אוקראינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%9Fal%C3%AA_Ukrayna_be_dest%C3%AA_Rusya_2022" title="İşğalê Ukrayna be destê Rusya 2022 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İşğalê Ukrayna be destê Rusya 2022" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_m._Ros%C4%97j%C4%97s_invaz%C4%97j%C4%97_i_Okraina" title="2022 m. Rosėjės invazėjė i Okraina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="2022 m. Rosėjės invazėjė i Okraina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 01:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2kd4h","wgBackendResponseTime":570,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"6.820","walltime":"7.699","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45087,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":2032454,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20058,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":124,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":3124707,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":4,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 6469.814 1 -total"," 65.65% 4247.478 3 Template:Reflist"," 34.55% 2235.205 507 Template:Cite_news"," 17.59% 1138.099 277 Template:Cite_web"," 5.50% 355.546 4 Template:Sfn"," 4.42% 286.242 1 Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_infobox"," 2.40% 155.376 1 Template:Cite_Q"," 1.88% 121.342 1 Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"," 1.82% 117.633 23 Template:Cite_book"," 1.64% 106.218 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.444","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18253339,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAguilera2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Arshani2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAliStewart2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllegretti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlperFreifeldLanday2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrafNechepurenkoLandler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsami2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtlamazoglou2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtlamazoglou2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtwood2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAxe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxe2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAxe2024\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFBaconMansfieldWadingtonSantucci2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadshahClintonGerts2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyEvansWolkovHarward2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyMappesHirdKagan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBalmforth2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBalmforthHunderPrentice2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalmforthPolityuk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBancoAarup2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnesSchmittCooperBarker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeardsworth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumontSauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeketova2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelamChao-Fong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBella2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellinger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBengali2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennetts2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlingerChernovaLister2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlingerLister2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessonov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBielieskov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBildung2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiorShapiroOzug2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlank2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoffey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoffeyTondo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoot2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoruahKarleTringham2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritzky2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrunnstrom2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudjeryn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBufacchi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBussewitzDaly2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButchenko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCecil2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChampionKudrytski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaturvedi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheetham2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenHumayunKnightCarey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherkasov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernovaCotovioThompson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColvinOrchard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperSchmitt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorderCasert2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortenKoutroulis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoyer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCranny-Evans2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullisonColesTrofimov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumming-Bruce2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyuzuzo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Anieri2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDammers2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanylyuk2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeYoungHudson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeliso2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemirjianLamothe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenisova2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinsonHaringLubkivskyMotyl2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietrich2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinanNugent\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDohertySaric2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoubek2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDress2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüben2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEligon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllyatt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmottStraus2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpsteinHaltiwanger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtkind2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansWolkovHarwardHird2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarge2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarleyKiely2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiedler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlayCoxBury2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForgey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFornusek2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFořtová2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunakoshiLawsonDeka2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrielle_Tétrault-FarberEmma_Farge2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadzoIbrahim2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaleotti\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaleotti2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallKramer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarver2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons-NeffStevis-Gridneff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGigova2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoble2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonLeary2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonPancevskiBisserbeWalker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorichevaTokhmakhchi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoryashko2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGotev2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Harrison2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-HarrisonMcCurry2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenall2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrove2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrytsenkoVlasova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman-ArgemíAhnBenson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallamPenningtonReganVoitovych2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltiwager2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHambling2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamourtziadou2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanyukova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarahan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardingKoshiw2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHardingKoshiwMcKernan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisSonne2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisonagencies2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarwardEvansStepanenkoKagan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbKaufmanAtwood2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeren2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewsonRamFrantsev2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirdBaileyMappesBarros2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirdBarrosPhilipsonKagan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirdEvansWolkovMappes2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirdMappesBaileyHoward2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirdMappesBarrosPhilipson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirdMappesWolkovPhilipson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgeCotovioLieberman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmański2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolderHernandez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolderLeatherbyTroianovskiCai2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinsNechepurenkoSantora2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinsWilsonHarding2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubenko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuijboom2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreysPaegļkalna\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunderHnidyi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIAEA_Imagebank2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImpelli2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngimundarson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInsinna2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffeRyan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanowski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJochecová2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonScott-GeddesWhiteZagon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaarel_Kaas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaganBarrosStepanenko2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKalatur2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaratnycky2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedyMahmoodiKottasováRaine2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKhurshudyanGalouchkaMorgunov2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhurshudyanWitte2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilnerHardaker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmage2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimešováŠatavaOndruška2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnapp2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoshiw2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKottasováVoitovychTarasovaSuri2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKramerHiggins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramerSantora2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramerSchwirtz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramerTroianovski2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasnolutskaChampion2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubeSiemaszko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubeTsirkinAlbaGutierrez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKullabMorton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuluChristisonLiuMikolai2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupriyanova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurpita2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzioJajecznyk-Kelman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaizansPiper2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatschan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatypova2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeBlanc2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibanova2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerAlkhaldiVoitovychMezzofiore2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerBrennanGoodwin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerKesa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerKesaievaPennington2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerPennington2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerPenningtonMcGeeGigova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerVoitovych2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLitra2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLjunggren2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLock2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockLuscombeAmbroseBelam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLozka2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukiv2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutsevych\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutsevych2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxmoore2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacias2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMackintoshOchmanMezzofiorePolglase2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhaniMiller2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargolina2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkic\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarrowOstroukh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayerTalmazan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurry2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGlynn2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeilhanRoth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelanderGabriela2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelkozerova2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerJoinerKillingAndringa2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMongilioLaGrone2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotyl2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMureephy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyListerMezzofioreVoitovych2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMéheut2024\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNEXTA2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNardelliJacobs2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNir_Hasson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;GradyBurianovaMorgunov2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Loughlin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neil2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhanes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlearchyk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlga_Ivshina2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsterman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverlandLoginova2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPancevski2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedrozo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennington2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenningtonStambaugh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrigo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPersonMcFaul2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterMurphy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetkova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrenko2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPetrenkoKravets2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhil_Stewart2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPicheta2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicheta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPineles2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlokhy2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPolityukHeritage2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolityukPiper2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolyakovskaya2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPost2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrentice2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulverShoard2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPylypenko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadfordDaiStoehrSchein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavanO\u0026#039;GradyShefteKhudov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagozin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaiBancroft2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainford2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRana2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReedSeddonCookRathbone2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReevellHutchinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReganKottasováHaqKhalil2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRettman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichárd2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoblin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosePolityuk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshchina2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotaruTroncotă2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudenko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabbagh2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSabbagh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalemWalkerHarding2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSands2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangerBarnes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantora2023\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSantora2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantoraHicks2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantoraNechepurenkoHernandez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaric2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauerKoshiw2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaul2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchifrinCutlerFellow2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchogol2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreck2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwirtzAddario2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwirtzPérez-Peña2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwirtzSantoraHillCardia2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott-Geddes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScully2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalalZinetsLawder2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShandra2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapoval2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheftalovich2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuster2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlyLamothe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmilianets2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommerlad2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommerville2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonne2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonneKhurshudyan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStavljanin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepanenko2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepanenkoEvansHirdHarward2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepanenkoMappesBarrosPhilipson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStruck2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramaniam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzuleckiOverland2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmazan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmazan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmazanArkinKaufmanMayer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambur2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanWang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavsan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeborLee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeborMillerHayesSantucci2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelfordTimsitPietschDuplain2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_(IISS)2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThebaultIatiTimsitSuliman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Balmforth2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTondo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraynorGrytsenko2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevelyan2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrofimov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrofimov2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroianovski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroianovskiEntousBarnes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzimas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTétrault-FarberBalmforth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllahChernovaMackintosh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandiverSvan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasilyeva2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasylenko2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisontay2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkmann-Schluck2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWachs2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerGrytsenkoRagozin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallensteen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalshDavey-Attlee2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltersBartholomewBelamLock2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarburton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrickNakashimaHarris2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterhouse2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatling2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeir2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegrefe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintour2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiśnicki2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfgang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYermakWallström2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuhas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwackAndrusivAntonenko2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽalimas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFНедилько2022\"] = 1,\n [\"putinsEssay\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"CSS image crop\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Russian invasion of Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Russo-Ukrainian War\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 502,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 273,\n [\"Convert\"] = 17,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Russian invasion of Ukraine, 2022\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 5,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:10000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:20000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:390000\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 16,\n [\"Further information\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Irredentism\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 9,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 3,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ongoing military conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Overcite\"] = 2,\n [\"Post-Cold War European conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Retrieved\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian invasion of Ukraine infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Russia–Ukraine relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Russo-Ukrainian War navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass2\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 12,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Ship\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Split section\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"TODAY\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vladimir Putin\"] = 1,\n [\"Volodymyr Zelenskyy\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","700","14.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","580","12.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","400","8.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","3.4"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","140","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","140","3.0"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","140","3.0"],["[others]","1560","33.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4xwft","timestamp":"20241123020243","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q110999040","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q110999040","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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