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href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Индеецтарҙың Ҡояш бейеүе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индеецтарҙың Ҡояш бейеүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Танец сонца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Танец сонца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanz" title="Sundanz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sundanz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldans" title="Soldans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Soldans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnentanz" title="Sonnentanz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonnentanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_del_Sol" title="Danza del Sol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Danza del Sol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanco" title="Sundanco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sundanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguzki-dantza" title="Eguzki-dantza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguzki-dantza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_du_Soleil" title="Danse du Soleil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Danse du Soleil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_do_Sol" title="Danza do Sol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Danza do Sol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EC%B6%A4" title="태양춤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태양춤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_del_sole" title="Danza del sole – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danza del sole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napt%C3%A1nc" title="Naptánc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Naptánc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F" title="サンダンスの儀式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンダンスの儀式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_S%C5%82o%C5%84ca" title="Taniec Słońca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taniec Słońca" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ceremony practiced by some Indigenous people in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sundance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sundance (disambiguation)">Sundance (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Hall_Reservation._Shoshone_Indian_Sun_Dance_-_NARA_-_298649.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fort_Hall_Reservation._Shoshone_Indian_Sun_Dance_-_NARA_-_298649.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Fort_Hall_Reservation._Shoshone_Indian_Sun_Dance_-_NARA_-_298649.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fort_Hall_Reservation._Shoshone_Indian_Sun_Dance_-_NARA_-_298649.tif/lossy-page1-450px-Fort_Hall_Reservation._Shoshone_Indian_Sun_Dance_-_NARA_-_298649.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fort_Hall_Reservation._Shoshone_Indian_Sun_Dance_-_NARA_-_298649.tif/lossy-page1-600px-Fort_Hall_Reservation._Shoshone_Indian_Sun_Dance_-_NARA_-_298649.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>Sun dance, <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sun Dance</b> is a ceremony practiced by some <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a>, primarily those of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains cultures</a>, as well as a new movement within <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deloria_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deloria-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Underhill_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underhill-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Detwiler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detwiler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Champagne_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champagne-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of otherwise independent bands gather to reaffirm beliefs about the world and the supernatural through rituals of personal and community sacrifice. Typically, young men would dance semi-continuously for several days and nights without eating or drinking; in some cultures <a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh#Indigenous_practices_and_shamanism" title="Mortification of the flesh">self-mortification</a> is/was also practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_River_Shoshone_Sun_Dance_lodge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wind_River_Shoshone_Sun_Dance_lodge.png/220px-Wind_River_Shoshone_Sun_Dance_lodge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wind_River_Shoshone_Sun_Dance_lodge.png/330px-Wind_River_Shoshone_Sun_Dance_lodge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wind_River_Shoshone_Sun_Dance_lodge.png/440px-Wind_River_Shoshone_Sun_Dance_lodge.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shoshone" title="Eastern Shoshone">Eastern Shoshone</a> Sun Dance lodge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_(1889)_(14774538232).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281889%29_%2814774538232%29.jpg/220px-Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281889%29_%2814774538232%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281889%29_%2814774538232%29.jpg/330px-Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281889%29_%2814774538232%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281889%29_%2814774538232%29.jpg/440px-Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281889%29_%2814774538232%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>1889 drawing of Sun Dance participants; note the leather thongs tying the dancer to the stakes.</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>, and with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> governments, both countries passed laws intended to suppress Indigenous cultures and force assimilation to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and majority-<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-American</a> culture. The Sun Dance was one of the prohibited ceremonies, as was the <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a> of the Pacific Northwest peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attenuated form Canada lifted its prohibition against the practice of the full ceremony in 1951. In the United States, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act" title="American Indian Religious Freedom Act">American Indian Religious Freedom Act</a> (AIRFA) in 1978, which was enacted to protect basic civil liberties, and to protect and preserve the traditional religious rights and cultural practices of Native Americans, <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Dance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placing_the_Clan_Poles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Placing_the_Clan_Poles.jpg/260px-Placing_the_Clan_Poles.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Placing_the_Clan_Poles.jpg/390px-Placing_the_Clan_Poles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Placing_the_Clan_Poles.jpg/520px-Placing_the_Clan_Poles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Placing the clan poles, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several features are common to the ceremonies held by Sun Dance cultures. These include dances and songs passed down through many generations, the use of a traditional drum, a sacred fire, praying with a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">ceremonial pipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> from food and water before participating in the dance, and, in some cases, the ceremonial piercing of skin and trials of physical endurance. Certain plants are picked and prepared for use during the ceremony, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_ludoviciana" title="Artemisia ludoviciana">Artemisia ludoviciana</a></i> (white sage), which the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> use to make <a href="/wiki/Bracelets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracelets">bracelets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, the Sun Dance is a grueling ordeal for the dancers, a physical and spiritual test that they offer in sacrifice for their people. According to the Oklahoma Historical Society, young men dance around a pole to which they are fastened by "rawhide thongs pegged through the skin of their chests."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piercing was accomplished using skewers or piercing needles through a small fold of skin on the upper chest or back; <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> was then used to attach a <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> skull or other heavy weight to the skewers. A dancer would dance while bearing the weight until he collapsed or the skin was torn loose.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At most ceremonies, family members and friends stay in the surrounding camp and pray in support of the dancers. Communities plan and organize for at least a year to prepare for the ceremony. Usually, one leader or a small group of leaders are in charge of the ceremony, but many elders help out and advise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Dance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government of Canada, through the Department of Indian Affairs (now <a href="/wiki/Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" title="Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada">Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada</a>), persecuted Sun Dance practitioners and attempted to suppress the dance. Indian agents, based on directives from their superiors, routinely interfered with, discouraged, and disallowed sun dances in many Canadian plains communities from 1882 until the 1940s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Canadian government outlawed "any celebration or dance of which the wounding or mutilation of the dead or living body of any human being or animal forms a part or is a feature" in an 1895 amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Backhouse_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backhouse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone who engaged, assisted or encouraged (either directly or indirectly) was liable to imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Backhouse_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backhouse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not all <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">nations</a>' Sun Dances include the body piercings, the amendment legally prohibited its performance for those communities that did.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is unclear how often this law was actually enforced; in at least one instance<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, police are known to have given their permission for the ceremony to be conducted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The First Nations people simply conducted many ceremonies quietly and in secret. Sun dance practitioners, such as the Plains <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a>, continued to hold sun dances throughout the persecution period. Some practiced the dance in secret, others with permissions from their agents, and others without the body piercing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1951, government officials amended the <i>Indian Act</i>, dropping the prohibition against practices of flesh-wounding.<sup id="cite_ref-AIRFA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIRFA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_practices">Contemporary practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Dance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sun Dance is living tradition<sup id="cite_ref-Champagne_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champagne-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> practiced annually in many Native communities in Canada and the U.S. The Cree and Saulteaux have conducted at least one Rain Dance (with similar elements) each year since 1890 somewhere on the Canadian Plains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1993, responding to what they believed was a frequent desecration of the Sun Dance and other <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> sacred ceremonies, US and Canadian Lakota, <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Nakota</a> nations held "the Lakota Summit V". It was an international gathering of about 500 representatives from 40 different peoples and bands of the Lakota. They unanimously passed the following 'Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality': </p> <blockquote><p>"Whereas sacrilegious "sundances" for non-Indians are being conducted by charlatans and cult leaders who promote abominable and obscene imitations of our sacred Lakota sundance rites; ... We hereby and henceforth declare war against all persons who persist in exploiting, abusing, and misrepresenting the sacred traditions and spiritual practices of the Lakota, Dakota and Nakota people." - Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-decwar1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decwar1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-talisman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talisman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1995, efforts to continue practicing the ceremony on a tract of unceded <a href="/wiki/Secwepemc" class="mw-redirect" title="Secwepemc">Secwepemc</a> land led to an armed confrontation known as the <a href="/wiki/Gustafsen_Lake_standoff" title="Gustafsen Lake standoff">Gustafsen Lake standoff</a>. </p><p>In 2003, the 19th-Generation Keeper of the Sacred White Buffalo Calf Pipe of the Lakota asked non-Indigenous people to stop attending the Sun Dance (<i>Wi-wayang-wa-c'i-pi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>); he stated that all can pray in support, but that only Indigenous people should approach the altars.<sup id="cite_ref-LookingHorse1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LookingHorse1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement was supported by keepers of sacred bundles and traditional spiritual leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> who issued a proclamation that non-Indigenous people would be banned from sacred altars and the Seven Sacred Rites, including and especially the sun dance, effective March 9, 2003 onward: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i>Wi-wanyang-wa-c'i-p</i>i (Sundance Ceremony): The only participants allowed in the centre will be Native People. The non-Native people need to understand and respect our decision. If there have been any unfinished commitments to the sundance and non-Natives have concern for this decision; they must understand that we have been guided through prayer to reach this resolution. Our purpose for the sundance is for the survival of the future generations to come, first and foremost. If the non-Natives truly understand this purpose, they will also understand this decision and know that by their departure from this <i>Ho-c'o-ka</i> (our sacred altar) is their sincere contribution to the survival of our future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-LookingHorse1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LookingHorse1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filming">Filming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Dance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Filming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne_dance4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Cheyenne Sun Dance gathering, c. 1909."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cheyenne_dance4.jpg/1500px-Cheyenne_dance4.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cheyenne_dance4.jpg/2250px-Cheyenne_dance4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cheyenne_dance4.jpg/3000px-Cheyenne_dance4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne_dance4.jpg" title="File:Cheyenne dance4.jpg"> </a></div>A <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> Sun Dance gathering, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1909</span>.</div></div></div> <p>In most Sun Dance cultures, it is forbidden to film ceremony or prayer. Few images exist of authentic ceremonies. Many First Nations people believe that when money or cameras enter, the spirits leave, so no photo conveys an authentic ceremony. To much disdain, the <a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai Nation</a> in Alberta permitted filming of their Sun Dance in the late 1950s for the sake of its preservation. This was released as the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_the_Sun" title="Circle of the Sun">Circle of the Sun</a></i> (1960), produced by the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-curators_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curators-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> archival photos show that the ceremonies have been consistently practiced since at least the early 1900s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Dance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sun_Dance" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Race_(Native_American_legend)" title="Great Race (Native American legend)">Great Race (Native American legend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohuokhai_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohuokhai Dance">Ohuokhai Dance</a>, carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha people">Sakha people</a> around Midsummer and tied to a solar deity</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Dance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Deloria-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deloria_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeloria1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Cara_Deloria" title="Ella Cara Deloria">Deloria, Ella Cara</a> (1929). "The Sun Dance of the Oglala Sioux". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Folklore" title="Journal of American Folklore">Journal of American Folklore</a></i>. <b>XLII</b> (166): <span class="nowrap">354–</span>413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F535232">10.2307/535232</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/535232">535232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Sun+Dance+of+the+Oglala+Sioux&rft.volume=XLII&rft.issue=166&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F535232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F535232%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deloria&rft.aufirst=Ella+Cara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Underhill-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Underhill_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Underhill" title="Ruth Underhill">Underhill, Ruth M.</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I20d62JZxT8C&pg=PA42"><i>Red Man's Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico</i></a>. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-84167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-84167-7"><bdi>0-226-84167-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Man%27s+Religion%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices+of+the+Indians+North+of+Mexico&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-226-84167-7&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Ruth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI20d62JZxT8C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Detwiler-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Detwiler_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetwiler1983" class="citation book cs1">Detwiler, F. (1983). <i>The Sun Dance of the Oglala Sioux: A Case Study in Religion, Ritual, and Ethics</i>. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun+Dance+of+the+Oglala+Sioux%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Religion%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Ethics&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pa&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Detwiler&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champagne-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Champagne_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champagne_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampagne2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Champagne, Duane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/north-american-indian-religions-new-religious-movements">"North American Indian Religions: New Religious Movements"</a>. In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set</i>. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Indian+Religions%3A+New+Religious+Movements&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+15-volume+Set&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Champagne&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnorth-american-indian-religions-new-religious-movements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sun-Dance">"Sun Dance | Native American Ritual & Ceremony | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Sun+Dance+%26%23124%3B+Native+American+Ritual+%26+Ceremony+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSun-Dance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Jay; & Jensen, Vickie. (1976). <i>Quileute: An Introduction to the Indians of La Push.</i> Seattle: University of Washington Press. (Cited in Bright 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell.edu" class="citation web cs1">Cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514134557/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1996-">"AIRFA act 1978"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1996-">the original</a> on May 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIRFA+act+1978.&rft.au=Cornell.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F42%2F1996-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2000" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Michelle (5 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_arlu.pdf">"Plant Guide: White Sage Artemisia ludoviciana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Department of Agriculture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Plant+Guide%3A+White+Sage+Artemisia+ludoviciana&rft.date=2000-12-05&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2FDocumentLibrary%2Fplantguide%2Fpdf%2Fpg_arlu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Gloria A. 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Toronto [Ont.]: Published for the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802082862" title="Special:BookSources/9780802082862"><bdi>9780802082862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour-coded+%3A+a+legal+history+of+racism+in+Canada%2C+1900-1950&rft.place=Toronto+%5BOnt.%5D&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Osgoode+Society+for+Canadian+Legal+History+by+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780802082862&rft.aulast=Backhouse&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIRFA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIRFA_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"American Indian Religions Freedom". Native American Rights Fund. <i>Justice Newsletter.</i> Winter 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, 1996: pp. 34-5; 1994 Mandelbaum, 1975, pp. 14-15; & Pettipas, 1994 p. 210. "A Description and Analysis of Sacrificial Stall Dancing: As Practiced by the Plains Cree and Saulteaux of the Pasqua Reserve, Saskatchewan, in their Contemporary Rain Dance Ceremonies" by Randall J. Brown, Master thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 1996. Mandelbaum, David G. (1979). <i>The Plains Cree: An Ethnographic, Historical and Comparative Study.</i> Canadian Plains Studies No. 9. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center. Pettipas, Katherine (1994). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/91800582/Severing_the_Ties_That_Bind_Government_Repression_of_Indigenous_Religious_Ceremonies_on_the_Prairies">Serving the Ties That Bind: Government Repression of Indigenous Religious Ceremonies on the Prairies</a>.</i> (PDF) Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decwar1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decwar1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (1993) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/ladecwar.htm">Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality"</a>, <i>The Peoples Path</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talisman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talisman_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taliman, Valerie (1993) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/warlakot.htm">The 'Lakota Declaration of War' "</a>, <i>News From Indian Country,</i> Indian Country Communications, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LookingHorse1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LookingHorse1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LookingHorse1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Looking Horse, Chief Arvol (2003) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newagefraud.org/olh3.html">Protection of Ceremonies <i>O-mini-c'i-ya-pi</i></a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthalJohn_Corner2005" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Alan; John Corner (13 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7byAre88gYC&q=%22Circle+of+the+Sun%22+low&pg=PA90"><i>New Challenges for Documentary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6899-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6899-1"><bdi>0-7190-6899-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Challenges+for+Documentary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft.isbn=0-7190-6899-1&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=John+Corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7byAre88gYC%26q%3D%2522Circle%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSun%2522%2Blow%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curators-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curators_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowGil_Cardinal" class="citation web cs1">Low, Colin; Gil Cardinal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/circle-of-the-sun">"Circle of the Sun"</a>. <i>Curator's comments</i>. National Film Board of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curator%27s+comments&rft.atitle=Circle+of+the+Sun&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Gil+Cardinal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Fcircle-of-the-sun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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