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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_establishment_(1506–1510)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_establishment_(1506–1510)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Portuguese establishment (1506–1510)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_establishment_(1506–1510)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Razilly_expedition_(1629)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Razilly_expedition_(1629)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>De Razilly expedition (1629)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Razilly_expedition_(1629)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_modern_Essaouira_(1760–1770)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_modern_Essaouira_(1760–1770)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foundation of modern Essaouira (1760–1770)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_modern_Essaouira_(1760–1770)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jewish presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_trade_and_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_trade_and_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>European trade and diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_trade_and_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_interventions_and_Protectorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_interventions_and_Protectorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>French interventions and Protectorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_interventions_and_Protectorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bombardment_by_the_Confederate_States_Navy_(1864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment_by_the_Confederate_States_Navy_(1864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Bombardment by the Confederate States Navy (1864)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment_by_the_Confederate_States_Navy_(1864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Colonial_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Colonial_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>French Colonial Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Colonial_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Recent years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essaouira_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essaouira_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Essaouira today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Essaouira_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Essaouira today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Essaouira_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Accommodation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Essaouira</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Shawirah" title="As-Shawirah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="As-Shawirah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الصويرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصويرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="صویره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صویره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Әс-Сувейра – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әс-Сувейра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira_(kapital_sa_munisipyo)" title="Essaouira (kapital sa munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Essaouira (kapital sa munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Saw%C3%ADra" title="As-Sawíra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="As-Sawíra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الصويرة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الصويرة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Εσαουίρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσαουίρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esauira" title="Esauira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esauira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esa%C5%ADiro" title="Esaŭiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esaŭiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essauira" title="Essauira – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Essauira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="صویره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صویره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC" title="에사우이라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에사우이라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Էս Սուվեյրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էս Սուվեյրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esauira" title="Esauira – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Esauira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אסואירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסואירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ელ-სუვაირა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელ-სუვაირა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav%C4%ABra" title="Savīra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Savīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savira" title="Savira – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Savira" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szav%C3%ADra" title="Szavíra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szavíra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्साउरा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एस्साउरा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="الصويره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصويره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira_(stad)" title="Essaouira (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Essaouira (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्साउरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एस्साउरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9" title="エッサウィラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エッサウィラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Suwajra" title="As-Suwajra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="As-Suwajra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эс-Сувейра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эс-Сувейра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Есаура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Есаура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%A3urt" title="Taṣṣurt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taṣṣurt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugadur" title="Mugadur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mugadur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveyre" title="Suveyre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suveyre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Ес-Сувейра (Марокко) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ес-Сувейра (Марокко)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81" title="صویرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صویرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Essaouira" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swira" title="Swira – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" 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data-title="ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Essaouira&params=31_30_47_N_9_46_11_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°30′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°46′11″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.51306°N 9.76972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.51306; -9.76972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mogador" and "Mogadore" redirect here. For the hamlet in Surrey, see <a href="/wiki/Mogador,_Surrey" title="Mogador, Surrey">Mogador, Surrey</a>. For the village in Ohio, see <a href="/wiki/Mogadore,_Ohio" title="Mogadore, Ohio">Mogadore, Ohio</a>. For the class of French destroyer, see <a href="/wiki/Mogador-class_destroyer" title="Mogador-class destroyer">Mogador-class destroyer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Marrakesh-Safi, Morocco</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Essaouira</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصويرة</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_-_Essaouira_Part_2_(31679848385).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Morocco_-_Essaouira_Part_2_%2831679848385%29.jpg/280px-Morocco_-_Essaouira_Part_2_%2831679848385%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Morocco_-_Essaouira_Part_2_%2831679848385%29.jpg/420px-Morocco_-_Essaouira_Part_2_%2831679848385%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Morocco_-_Essaouira_Part_2_%2831679848385%29.jpg/560px-Morocco_-_Essaouira_Part_2_%2831679848385%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1307" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Walls_,_Essaouira_-_panoramio_(24).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/City_Walls_%2C_Essaouira_-_panoramio_%2824%29.jpg/139px-City_Walls_%2C_Essaouira_-_panoramio_%2824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/City_Walls_%2C_Essaouira_-_panoramio_%2824%29.jpg/209px-City_Walls_%2C_Essaouira_-_panoramio_%2824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/City_Walls_%2C_Essaouira_-_panoramio_%2824%29.jpg/278px-City_Walls_%2C_Essaouira_-_panoramio_%2824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira,_Morocco_(8141937822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Essaouira%2C_Morocco_%288141937822%29.jpg/139px-Essaouira%2C_Morocco_%288141937822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Essaouira%2C_Morocco_%288141937822%29.jpg/209px-Essaouira%2C_Morocco_%288141937822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Essaouira%2C_Morocco_%288141937822%29.jpg/278px-Essaouira%2C_Morocco_%288141937822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_citadel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Essaouira_citadel.JPG/139px-Essaouira_citadel.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Essaouira_citadel.JPG/209px-Essaouira_citadel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Essaouira_citadel.JPG/278px-Essaouira_citadel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_-_panoramio_(163).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Essaouira_-_panoramio_%28163%29.jpg/139px-Essaouira_-_panoramio_%28163%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Essaouira_-_panoramio_%28163%29.jpg/209px-Essaouira_-_panoramio_%28163%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Essaouira_-_panoramio_%28163%29.jpg/278px-Essaouira_-_panoramio_%28163%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: <br /> Essaouira skyline, city wall bastion, Magana clocktower, Essaouira citadel by Scala harbour, Mosque Ben Youssef</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandes_armoiries_de_la_commune_d%E2%80%99Essaouira.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Essaouira"><img alt="Coat of arms of Essaouira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Grandes_armoiries_de_la_commune_d%E2%80%99Essaouira.svg/100px-Grandes_armoiries_de_la_commune_d%E2%80%99Essaouira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Grandes_armoiries_de_la_commune_d%E2%80%99Essaouira.svg/150px-Grandes_armoiries_de_la_commune_d%E2%80%99Essaouira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Grandes_armoiries_de_la_commune_d%E2%80%99Essaouira.svg/200px-Grandes_armoiries_de_la_commune_d%E2%80%99Essaouira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="572" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Essaouira is located in Morocco"><img alt="Essaouira is located in Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="995" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.927%;left:29.191%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Essaouira"><img alt="Essaouira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Essaouira</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Morocco</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Morocco</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Essaouira is located in Africa"><img alt="Essaouira is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.391%;left:21.888%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Essaouira"><img alt="Essaouira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Essaouira</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Essaouira (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Essaouira&params=31_30_47_N_9_46_11_W_region:MA_type:city(77966)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°30′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°46′11″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.51306°N 9.76972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.51306; -9.76972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh-Safi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakesh-Safi">Marrakesh-Safi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Morocco">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essaouira_Province" title="Essaouira Province">Essaouira</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1769</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Mohammed III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarik_Ottmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarik Ottmani (page does not exist)">Tarik Ottmani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">50 m (160 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2014)<sup id="cite_ref-census2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">77,966</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UNESCO World Heritage Site</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/753">753</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2001 (25th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">30 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">15 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Essaouira</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ESS</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">WEER</span>-ə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصويرة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aṣ-Ṣawīra</i></span>), known until the 1960s as <b>Mogador</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موغادور</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mūghādūr</i></span>, or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موݣادور</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mūgādūr</i></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> in the western <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh-Safi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakesh-Safi">Marrakesh-Safi</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic coast</a>. It has 77,966 inhabitants as of 2014. </p><p>The foundation of the city of Essaouira was the work of the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawid</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Mohammed bin Abdallah</a>, who made an original experiment by entrusting it to several architects in 1760, in particular <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Cornut" title="Théodore Cornut">Théodore Cornut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed al-Inglizi</a>, who designed the city using French captives from the failed <a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">French expedition to Larache</a> in 1765, and with the mission of building a city adapted to the needs of foreign merchants. Once built, it continued to grow and experienced a golden age and exceptional development, becoming the country's most important commercial port but also its diplomatic capital between the end of the 18th <abbr>century and</abbr> the first half of the <abbr>19th</abbr> century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Essaouira" title="Medina of Essaouira">Medina of Essaouira</a> was designated by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2001. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the city is usually spelled <i>Essaouira</i> in Latin script, and <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصويرة</span></span> in Arabic script. Both spellings represent its name in <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a>, <i>aṣ-Ṣwiṛa</i>. This is the diminutive<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with definite article) of the noun <i>ṣuṛ</i> which means "wall (as round a yard, city), rampart".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pronunciation with <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> /sˁ/ and /rˁ/ is a typically Moroccan development. In Classical Arabic, the noun is <i>sūr</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سور</span></span>, with plain /s/ and /r/), diminutive <i>suwayrah</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سويرة</span></span>); this is the only form cited in all dictionaries of Classical Arabic. Hence, the spelling of the name in Arabic script according to the classical pronunciation is <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السويرة</span></span> <i>al-Suwayrah</i> (with <i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīn">sīn</a></i> not <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣād">ṣād</a></i>). </p><p>Until the 1960s, Essaouira was generally known by its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> name, <i>Mogador</i>. This name is probably a corruption of <i>Amegdul</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أمقدول</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ameqdūl</i></span>), which was mentioned by the 11th-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">al-Bakrī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Mogador</i> originated from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> word <i>Migdol</i>, meaning 'small fortress'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">Archaeological</a> research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times. The bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mogador" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Mogador">island of Mogador</a>, making it a peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essaouira has long been considered one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno</a> visited in the 5th century BCE and established the trading post of Arambys. </p><p>Around the end of the 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> factory, processing the <a href="/wiki/Murex" title="Murex">murex</a> and purpura shells found in the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> rocks at Essaouira and the <a href="/wiki/Iles_Purpuraires" title="Iles Purpuraires">Iles Purpuraires</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> colored the purple stripe in the <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">togas</a> worn by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senators</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Rome</a>. </p><p>A Roman villa was excavated on <a href="/wiki/Mogador_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador island">Mogador island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Roman vase was found as well as coinage from the 3rd century CE. Most of the artifacts are now visible in the <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mohammed_ben_Abdallah_Museum" title="Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum">Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rabat_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabat Archaeological Museum">Rabat Archaeological Museum</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenician_plate_with_red_slip_7th_century_BCE_excavated_in_Mogador_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician plate with red slip, 7th century BCE, excavated in Mogador island, Essaouira. Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum."><img alt="Phoenician plate with red slip, 7th century BCE, excavated in Mogador island, Essaouira. Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Phenician_plate_with_red_slip_7th_century_BCE_excavated_in_Mogador_island.jpg/120px-Phenician_plate_with_red_slip_7th_century_BCE_excavated_in_Mogador_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Phenician_plate_with_red_slip_7th_century_BCE_excavated_in_Mogador_island.jpg/250px-Phenician_plate_with_red_slip_7th_century_BCE_excavated_in_Mogador_island.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2679" data-file-height="1699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> plate with red <a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a>, 7th century BCE, excavated in <a href="/wiki/Mogador_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador island">Mogador island</a>, Essaouira. <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mohammed_ben_Abdallah_Museum" title="Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum">Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_of_the_Beltran_2B_type_late_1st_or_2nd_century_Betique_Southern_Spain_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Betica amphora found in Essaouira, 1-2nd century CE."><img alt="Betica amphora found in Essaouira, 1-2nd century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amphora_of_the_Beltran_2B_type_late_1st_or_2nd_century_Betique_Southern_Spain_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg/70px-Amphora_of_the_Beltran_2B_type_late_1st_or_2nd_century_Betique_Southern_Spain_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amphora_of_the_Beltran_2B_type_late_1st_or_2nd_century_Betique_Southern_Spain_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg/106px-Amphora_of_the_Beltran_2B_type_late_1st_or_2nd_century_Betique_Southern_Spain_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amphora_of_the_Beltran_2B_type_late_1st_or_2nd_century_Betique_Southern_Spain_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg/141px-Amphora_of_the_Beltran_2B_type_late_1st_or_2nd_century_Betique_Southern_Spain_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="2883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Betica" class="mw-redirect" title="Betica">Betica</a> amphora found in Essaouira, 1-2nd century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_of_the_Agora_K109_type_Agean_sea_3rd_4th_century_CE_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aegean amphora found in Essaouira, 3-4th century CE."><img alt="Aegean amphora found in Essaouira, 3-4th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Amphora_of_the_Agora_K109_type_Agean_sea_3rd_4th_century_CE_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg/120px-Amphora_of_the_Agora_K109_type_Agean_sea_3rd_4th_century_CE_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Amphora_of_the_Agora_K109_type_Agean_sea_3rd_4th_century_CE_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg/250px-Amphora_of_the_Agora_K109_type_Agean_sea_3rd_4th_century_CE_found_between_Mogador_and_Pharaon_islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean</a> amphora found in Essaouira, 3-4th century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_coins_excavated_in_Essaouira_3rd_century_and_late_Roman_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman coins excavated in Essaouira, 3rd century."><img alt="Roman coins excavated in Essaouira, 3rd century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Roman_coins_excavated_in_Essaouira_3rd_century_and_late_Roman_Empire.jpg/120px-Roman_coins_excavated_in_Essaouira_3rd_century_and_late_Roman_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Roman_coins_excavated_in_Essaouira_3rd_century_and_late_Roman_Empire.jpg/180px-Roman_coins_excavated_in_Essaouira_3rd_century_and_late_Roman_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Roman_coins_excavated_in_Essaouira_3rd_century_and_late_Roman_Empire.jpg/240px-Roman_coins_excavated_in_Essaouira_3rd_century_and_late_Roman_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2727" data-file-height="1327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> coins excavated in Essaouira, 3rd century.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidi_Mogdul_resting_place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sidi_Mogdul_resting_place.jpg/220px-Sidi_Mogdul_resting_place.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sidi_Mogdul_resting_place.jpg/330px-Sidi_Mogdul_resting_place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sidi_Mogdul_resting_place.jpg/440px-Sidi_Mogdul_resting_place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Resting place of <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mogdoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Mogdoul">Sidi Mogdoul</a> in Essaouira.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> saint named <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mogdoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Mogdoul">Sidi Mogdoul</a> was buried in Essaouira, probably giving its origin to the name "Mogador". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese_establishment_(1506–1510)"><span id="Portuguese_establishment_.281506.E2.80.931510.29"></span>Portuguese establishment (1506–1510)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portuguese establishment (1506–1510)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morocco-Portugal_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Morocco-Portugal relations">Morocco-Portugal relations</a></div> <p>In 1506, the king of Portugal, D. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>, ordered a fortress to be built there, named <a href="/wiki/Castelo_Real" title="Castelo Real">Castelo Real de Mogador</a>. Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized six Moroccan towns and built six stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Sous_River" title="Sous River">river of Sous</a> in the south. Four of them only had a short duration: <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a> (1489), <a href="/wiki/Sao_Joao_da_Mamora" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Joao da Mamora">São João da Mamora</a> (1515), <a href="/wiki/Castelo_Real" title="Castelo Real">Castelo Real of Mogador</a> (1506–10) and <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz</a> (1520–25). Two became permanent urban settlements: <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_do_Cabo_de_Gu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a>, founded in 1505–06), and <a href="/wiki/Mazagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan">Mazagan</a>, founded in 1514–17. Following the 1541 <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Agadir" title="Fall of Agadir">Fall of Agadir</a>, the Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> and Mazagan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> of Castelo Real of Mogador fell to the local resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Regraga" title="Regraga">Regraga</a> fraternity four years after its establishment, in 1510. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelo_Real_Adriaen_Matham_1641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castelo_Real_Adriaen_Matham_1641.jpg/250px-Castelo_Real_Adriaen_Matham_1641.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castelo_Real_Adriaen_Matham_1641.jpg/330px-Castelo_Real_Adriaen_Matham_1641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castelo_Real_Adriaen_Matham_1641.jpg/500px-Castelo_Real_Adriaen_Matham_1641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese-built <a href="/wiki/Castelo_Real" title="Castelo Real">Castelo Real</a> of Mogador was defended under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_II" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II">Abd el-Malek II</a> by a garrison of 100 Moroccans. It was drawn by <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Matham" title="Adriaen Matham">Adriaen Matham</a> in 1641.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 16th century, powers including Spain, England, the Netherlands and France tried in vain to conquer the locality. Essaouira remained a haven for the export of sugar and <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> and as an anchorage for <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_Razilly_expedition_(1629)"><span id="De_Razilly_expedition_.281629.29"></span>De Razilly expedition (1629)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: De Razilly expedition (1629)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/France-Morocco_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Morocco relations">France-Morocco relations</a></div> <p>France was involved in an early attempt to colonize Mogador in 1629. As <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Richelieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Père Joseph">Père Joseph</a> were attempting to establish a colonial policy, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Isaac de Razilly</a> suggested they occupy Mogador in 1626, which he had reconnoitered in 1619. The objective was to create a base against the Sultan of Morocco and asphyxiate the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He departed for <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> on 20 July 1629 with a fleet composed of the ships <i>Licorne</i>, <i>Saint-Louis</i>, <i>Griffon</i>, <i>Catherine</i>, <i>Hambourg</i>, <i>Sainte-Anne</i>, <i>Saint-Jean</i>. He bombarded the city of Salé, destroyed three corsair ships, and then sent the <i>Griffon</i> under Captain Treillebois to Mogador. The men of Razilly saw the fortress of Castelo Real in Mogador and landed 100 men with wood and supplies on Mogador island, with the agreement of Richelieu. After a few days, however, the <i>Griffon</i> reembarked the colonists and departed to rejoin the fleet in Salé.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After these expeditions, France signed a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_II" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II">Abd el-Malek II</a> in 1631, giving France preferential treatment, known as "<a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">capitulations</a>": preferential tariffs, the establishment of a Consulate, and freedom of religion for French subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_modern_Essaouira_(1760–1770)"><span id="Foundation_of_modern_Essaouira_.281760.E2.80.931770.29"></span>Foundation of modern Essaouira (1760–1770)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foundation of modern Essaouira (1760–1770)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Cornut_Essaouira_1767.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Theodore_Cornut_Essaouira_1767.jpg/250px-Theodore_Cornut_Essaouira_1767.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Theodore_Cornut_Essaouira_1767.jpg/330px-Theodore_Cornut_Essaouira_1767.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Theodore_Cornut_Essaouira_1767.jpg/500px-Theodore_Cornut_Essaouira_1767.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>Map of Essaouira by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Cornut" title="Théodore Cornut">Théodore Cornut</a>. When he left in 1767, areas in pink were already built (streets are still recognizable); areas in yellow (harbour front and <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a>) were only projected.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_harbour_fortifications_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Essaouira_harbour_fortifications_1770.jpg/500px-Essaouira_harbour_fortifications_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Essaouira_harbour_fortifications_1770.jpg/960px-Essaouira_harbour_fortifications_1770.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Harbour fortifications were built by an English <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">renegade</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed El Alj</a> in 1770, as described in the sculptured inscription in Arabic (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>The present city of Essaouira was built during the mid-eighteenth century by the Moroccan King.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_III_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed III of Morocco">Mohammed III</a> tried to reorient his kingdom toward the Atlantic for increased exchanges with European powers, choosing Mogador as his key location. One of his objectives was to establish a harbour at the closest possible point to Marrakesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_521_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_521-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other was to cut off trade from Agadir in the south, which had been favouring a political rival of Mohammed III, and the inhabitants of Agadir were forced to relocate to Essaouira.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_521_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_521-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For 12 years, Mohammed III directed a French engineer, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Cornut" title="Théodore Cornut">Théodore Cornut</a>, and several other Moroccan and European architects and technicians to build the fortress and city along modern lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_521_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_521-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gary_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally called "Souira" ("the small fortress"), the name became "Es-Saouira" ("the beautifully designed"). </p><p>Thédore Cornut designed and built the city itself, particularly the Kasbah area, corresponding to the royal quarters and the buildings for Christian merchants and diplomats. Other parts were built by other architects, including Moroccan architects especially from Fez, Marrakesh, and Rabat. The harbour entrance, with the "Porte de la Marine", was built by an English <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">renegade</a> by the name of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed el Inglizi</a> ("Ahmed the English") or Ahmed El Alj ("Ahmed the Renegade").<sup id="cite_ref-Gary_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammed III took numerous steps to encourage the development of Essaouira including closing off the harbour of Agadir to the south in 1767 so that southern trade could be redirected through Essaouira. European communities in the northern harbour of <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> were ordered to move to Essaouira through an ordinance of 21 January 1765.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the time of its rebuilding by Muhammad III until the end of the nineteenth century, Essaouira served as Morocco's principal port, offering the goods of the <a href="/wiki/Caravan_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravan trade">caravan trade</a> to the world. The route brought goods from <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, then through the desert and over the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> to Marrakesh. The road from Marrakesh to Essaouira is a straight line, explaining the king's choice of this port among the many others along the Moroccan coast. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skala_de_Ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City walls."><img alt="City walls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skala_de_Ville.jpg/120px-Skala_de_Ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skala_de_Ville.jpg/180px-Skala_de_Ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skala_de_Ville.jpg/240px-Skala_de_Ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5341" data-file-height="3561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City walls.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EssaouiraRamparts.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The ramparts from the Medina."><img alt="The ramparts from the Medina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EssaouiraRamparts.JPG/120px-EssaouiraRamparts.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EssaouiraRamparts.JPG/180px-EssaouiraRamparts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EssaouiraRamparts.JPG/240px-EssaouiraRamparts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ramparts from the <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EssaouiraCitadel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Genoese-built citadel by the harbour."><img alt="The Genoese-built citadel by the harbour." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/EssaouiraCitadel.JPG/120px-EssaouiraCitadel.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/EssaouiraCitadel.JPG/250px-EssaouiraCitadel.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Genoese-built citadel by the harbour.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skala_du_Port_(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbour scala."><img alt="Harbour scala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skala_du_Port_%28js%29.jpg/120px-Skala_du_Port_%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skala_du_Port_%28js%29.jpg/250px-Skala_du_Port_%28js%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5585" data-file-height="3667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harbour scala.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_of_Essaouira_(formerly_Mogador)-113160.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="tower and walls"><img alt="tower and walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg/120px-Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg/250px-Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">tower and walls</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_cannon_made_by_Adrianus_Crans_in_La_Hague_1744_installed_in_Essaouira_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch cannon made by Adrianus Crans in The Hague in 1744, installed in Essaouira."><img alt="Dutch cannon made by Adrianus Crans in The Hague in 1744, installed in Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dutch_cannon_made_by_Adrianus_Crans_in_La_Hague_1744_installed_in_Essaouira_Morocco.jpg/120px-Dutch_cannon_made_by_Adrianus_Crans_in_La_Hague_1744_installed_in_Essaouira_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dutch_cannon_made_by_Adrianus_Crans_in_La_Hague_1744_installed_in_Essaouira_Morocco.jpg/180px-Dutch_cannon_made_by_Adrianus_Crans_in_La_Hague_1744_installed_in_Essaouira_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dutch_cannon_made_by_Adrianus_Crans_in_La_Hague_1744_installed_in_Essaouira_Morocco.jpg/240px-Dutch_cannon_made_by_Adrianus_Crans_in_La_Hague_1744_installed_in_Essaouira_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dutch cannon made by Adrianus Crans in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in 1744, installed in Essaouira.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_presence">Jewish presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jewish presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Morocco">Jews in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Jewish_house_in_Mogador_by_Darondeau_1807_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Jewish_house_in_Mogador_by_Darondeau_1807_1841.jpg/220px-A_Jewish_house_in_Mogador_by_Darondeau_1807_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Jewish_house_in_Mogador_by_Darondeau_1807_1841.jpg/330px-A_Jewish_house_in_Mogador_by_Darondeau_1807_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Jewish_house_in_Mogador_by_Darondeau_1807_1841.jpg/440px-A_Jewish_house_in_Mogador_by_Darondeau_1807_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption>A Jewish house in Mogador, by <a href="/wiki/Darondeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Darondeau">Darondeau</a> (1807–1841).</figcaption></figure> <p>Mohammed III encouraged Moroccan Jews to settle in the town and handle the trade with Europe. Jews once comprised the majority of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Jewish quarter (or <a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">mellah</a>) contains many old <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>. The town also has a large Jewish cemetery. The city flourished until the caravan trade died, superseded by direct European shipping trade with sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in trade, the founding of Israel, the resulting wars with Arab states, and the independence of Morocco all resulted in Sephardic Jews leaving the country. As of 2017, Essaouira had only three Jewish inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-veconomist_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veconomist-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January 2020, King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Dakira" title="Bayt Dakira">Bayt Dakira</a>, a Jewish heritage house, in Essaouira.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Jewish_quarters_in_Essaouira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Jewish quarter in Essaouira."><img alt="Old Jewish quarter in Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old_Jewish_quarters_in_Essaouira.jpg/120px-Old_Jewish_quarters_in_Essaouira.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old_Jewish_quarters_in_Essaouira.jpg/180px-Old_Jewish_quarters_in_Essaouira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old_Jewish_quarters_in_Essaouira.jpg/240px-Old_Jewish_quarters_in_Essaouira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Jewish quarter in Essaouira.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_cemetery_in_Essaouira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewish cemetery in Essaouira."><img alt="Jewish cemetery in Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jewish_cemetery_in_Essaouira.jpg/120px-Jewish_cemetery_in_Essaouira.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jewish_cemetery_in_Essaouira.jpg/250px-Jewish_cemetery_in_Essaouira.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewish cemetery in Essaouira.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_trade_and_diplomacy">European trade and diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European trade and diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_in_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essaouira_in_1809.jpg/880px-Essaouira_in_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="880" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essaouira_in_1809.jpg/1320px-Essaouira_in_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Essaouira_in_1809.jpg/1760px-Essaouira_in_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Essaouira in 1809.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Morocco–Netherlands relations">Morocco–Netherlands relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco_%E2%80%93_United_Kingdom_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Morocco – United Kingdom relations">Morocco – United Kingdom relations</a></div> <p>In the 19th century, Essaouira became the first seaport of Morocco, with trade volumes about double those of <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_520_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_520-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city functioned as the harbour for Marrakesh, as it was only a few days from the inland city.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomatic and trade representations were established by European powers in Essouira.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1820s, European diplomats were concentrated in either Tangier or Essaouira.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_Dutch_Consulate_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the 19th-century Dutch Consulate in Essaouira."><img alt="Remains of the 19th-century Dutch Consulate in Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Essaouira_Dutch_Consulate_19th_century.jpg/80px-Essaouira_Dutch_Consulate_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Essaouira_Dutch_Consulate_19th_century.jpg/120px-Essaouira_Dutch_Consulate_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Essaouira_Dutch_Consulate_19th_century.jpg/160px-Essaouira_Dutch_Consulate_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="3030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the 19th-century Dutch Consulate in Essaouira.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Consulate_in_Essaouira_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the 19th-century Portuguese Consulate in Essaouira."><img alt="Remains of the 19th-century Portuguese Consulate in Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Essaouira_19th_century.jpg/77px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Essaouira_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Essaouira_19th_century.jpg/116px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Essaouira_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Essaouira_19th_century.jpg/154px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Essaouira_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="3050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the 19th-century Portuguese Consulate in Essaouira.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Essaouira_English_Consulate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Essaouira English Consulate."><img alt="Former Essaouira English Consulate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Former_Essaouira_English_Consulate.jpg/90px-Former_Essaouira_English_Consulate.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Former_Essaouira_English_Consulate.jpg/135px-Former_Essaouira_English_Consulate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Former_Essaouira_English_Consulate.jpg/180px-Former_Essaouira_English_Consulate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Essaouira English Consulate.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_French_Consulate_in_Essaouira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former French Consulate in Essaouira."><img alt="Former French Consulate in Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Former_French_Consulate_in_Essaouira.jpg/90px-Former_French_Consulate_in_Essaouira.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Former_French_Consulate_in_Essaouira.jpg/135px-Former_French_Consulate_in_Essaouira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Former_French_Consulate_in_Essaouira.jpg/180px-Former_French_Consulate_in_Essaouira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former French Consulate in Essaouira.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_interventions_and_Protectorate">French interventions and Protectorate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: French interventions and Protectorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_attack_of_Mogador_by_the_French_fleet_Serkis_Diranian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_attack_of_Mogador_by_the_French_fleet_Serkis_Diranian.jpg/250px-The_attack_of_Mogador_by_the_French_fleet_Serkis_Diranian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_attack_of_Mogador_by_the_French_fleet_Serkis_Diranian.jpg/330px-The_attack_of_Mogador_by_the_French_fleet_Serkis_Diranian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_attack_of_Mogador_by_the_French_fleet_Serkis_Diranian.jpg/500px-The_attack_of_Mogador_by_the_French_fleet_Serkis_Diranian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Mogador" title="Bombardment of Mogador">The attack of Mogador by the French fleet</a></i> in August 1844, Serkis Diranian.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Mogador" title="Bombardment of Mogador">Bombardment of Mogador</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate of Morocco</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Essaouira" title="Special:EditPage/Essaouira">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following Morocco's alliance with Algeria's <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jaza%27iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri">Abd-El-Kader</a> against France, Essaouira was bombarded and briefly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Prince_de_Joinville" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince de Joinville">Prince de Joinville</a> on 16 August 1844, in the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Mogador" title="Bombardment of Mogador">Bombardment of Mogador</a>, an important battle of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">First Franco-Moroccan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bombardment_by_the_Confederate_States_Navy_(1864)"><span id="Bombardment_by_the_Confederate_States_Navy_.281864.29"></span>Bombardment by the Confederate States Navy (1864)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bombardment by the Confederate States Navy (1864)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce Raider</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Georgia_(1862)" title="CSS Georgia (1862)">CSS Georgia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America's</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a> arrived off of the coast of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">the City</a> as a reprieve from a hard winter's sail. Upon arrival, the crew were able to lower a <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a> and bend oars towards the shore. Upon landing, the crew was greeted by hostile Moroccans who knew both who they were and that their government was hostile towards them, despite spoken neutrality. The officers were then forced, at gunpoint back towards the sea and into the boats from which they arrived. Back on the ship, Captain <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a> ordered a shot from the <i>Georgia's</i> ten inch turret gun, followed by a salvo bombardment. No Moroccan casualties were recorded, due to their retreat from the shore during the initial shot fired. This marked the only time that Confederate guns were fired anywhere besides North America.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Colonial_Empire">French Colonial Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: French Colonial Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1912 to 1956, Essaouira was part of the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate of Morocco</a>. Mogador was used as a base for a military expedition against Dar Anflous, when 8,000 French troops were located outside the city under the orders of Generals <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esperey" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Franchet d'Esperey">Franchet d'Esperey</a> and Brulard. The Kasbah of Dar Anflous was taken on 25 January 1913. In 1930, brothers, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Vieuchange" title="Michel Vieuchange">Michel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vieuchange" title="Jean Vieuchange">Jean Vieuchange</a> used Essaouira as a base before Michel set off into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> to try to find <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a>. </p><p>France had an important administrative, military and economic presence. Essaouira had a Franco-Moroccan school, still visible in Derb Dharb street. Linguistically, many Moroccans of Essaouira speak French fluently today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_years">Recent years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recent years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Essaouira" title="Special:EditPage/Essaouira">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early 1950s film director and actor <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> stayed at the Hotel des Iles just south of the town walls during the filming of his 1952 classic version of "<a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a>" which contains several memorable scenes shot in the labyrinthine streets and alleyways of the <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">medina</a>. Legend has it that during Welles' sojourn in the town he met <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, another guest at the Hotel des Iles. A bas-relief of Orson Welles is located in a small square just outside the medina walls close to the sea. Several other film directors have utilized Essaouira as a location due to the photogenic and atmospheric qualities. </p><p>The town was used in the filming of "The Game of Thrones" as the home of the Army of the Unsullied. The scene of the rows of crucified slaves were props to cover the Portuguese cannons. </p><p>Beginning in the late 1960s, Essaouira became something of a <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> hangout.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iles_Purpuraires_with_Mogador_island_in_the_background_seen_from_the_Essaouira_citadel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Iles_Purpuraires_with_Mogador_island_in_the_background_seen_from_the_Essaouira_citadel.jpg/220px-Iles_Purpuraires_with_Mogador_island_in_the_background_seen_from_the_Essaouira_citadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Iles_Purpuraires_with_Mogador_island_in_the_background_seen_from_the_Essaouira_citadel.jpg/330px-Iles_Purpuraires_with_Mogador_island_in_the_background_seen_from_the_Essaouira_citadel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Iles_Purpuraires_with_Mogador_island_in_the_background_seen_from_the_Essaouira_citadel.jpg/440px-Iles_Purpuraires_with_Mogador_island_in_the_background_seen_from_the_Essaouira_citadel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iles_Purpuraires" title="Iles Purpuraires">Iles Purpuraires</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mogador_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador island">Mogador island</a> in the background seen from the ramparts of Essaouira.</figcaption></figure> <p>Essaouira is protected by a natural bay partially shielded from wave action by the <a href="/wiki/Iles_Purpuraires" title="Iles Purpuraires">Iles Purpuraires</a>. A broad sandy beach extends from the harbour south of Essaourira, at which point the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Ksob" title="Oued Ksob">Oued Ksob</a> discharges to the ocean; south of the discharge lies the archaeological ruin, the <a href="/wiki/Bordj_El_Berod" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordj El Berod">Bordj El Berod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canary_Current" title="Canary Current">Canary Current</a> is responsible for the generally southward movement of ocean circulation and has led to enhancement of the local <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village of <a href="/wiki/Diabat" title="Diabat">Diabat</a> lies about five kilometres (3.1 miles) south of Essaouira, immediately south of the <a href="/wiki/Oued_Ksob" title="Oued Ksob">Oued Ksob</a>. </p><p>Essaouira connects to <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safi</a> to the north and to <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a> to the south via the <a href="/wiki/N_1_road_(Morocco)" class="mw-redirect" title="N 1 road (Morocco)">N1</a> road and to Marrakech to the east via the R 207 road. There is a <a href="/wiki/Mogador_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador Airport">small airport</a> some 7 to 8 km (4 to 5 mi) away from the town, which schedules several flights a week to <a href="/wiki/Paris-Orly" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Orly">Paris-Orly</a>, London-Luton and Brussels-South (Charleroi) and daily to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_9.76074W_31.50818N.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Essaouira viewed from space."><img alt="Essaouira viewed from space." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Essaouira_9.76074W_31.50818N.png/120px-Essaouira_9.76074W_31.50818N.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Essaouira_9.76074W_31.50818N.png/250px-Essaouira_9.76074W_31.50818N.png 1.5x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Essaouira viewed from space.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoadToEssaouira.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The desert road between Marrakesh and Essaouira."><img alt="The desert road between Marrakesh and Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RoadToEssaouira.JPG/120px-RoadToEssaouira.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RoadToEssaouira.JPG/250px-RoadToEssaouira.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The desert road between <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> and Essaouira.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_arganier_(3)_1142.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Argan tree near Essaouira."><img alt="Argan tree near Essaouira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Essaouira_arganier_%283%29_1142.JPG/120px-Essaouira_arganier_%283%29_1142.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Essaouira_arganier_%283%29_1142.JPG/180px-Essaouira_arganier_%283%29_1142.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Essaouira_arganier_%283%29_1142.JPG/240px-Essaouira_arganier_%283%29_1142.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Argan" class="mw-redirect" title="Argan">Argan</a> tree near Essaouira.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Essaouira beach."><img alt="Essaouira beach." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Essaouira_beach.jpg/120px-Essaouira_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Essaouira_beach.jpg/180px-Essaouira_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Essaouira_beach.jpg/240px-Essaouira_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Essaouira beach.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essaouira's climate is <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> (<i>BSk/BSh</i>), with mild temperatures year round. The gap between highs and lows is small and summers are warm while winters are mild. Annual rainfall is usually 300 to 500 millimetres (12 to 20 in). The highest temperature ever recorded in Essaouira was 35.7 °C (96.3 °F) on 18 April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest temperature ever recorded was 2.2 °C (36.0 °F) on 29 January 2005. The lowest maximum temperature ever recorded was 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) on 15 February 2018. The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 26.7 °C (80.1 °F) on 13 October 2017. The maximum amount of precipitation recorded in one day was 99.1 millimetres (3.90 in) on 8 March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Essaouira (1991-2020, extremes 1982–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5<br />(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(1.47) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(1.50) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(0.68) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(0.37) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(0.17) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(1.31) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.7<br />(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">299.7<br />(11.80) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.5 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.9 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">289.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">290.9 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">301.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.8 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.6 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,978.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity 1973-1992)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essaouira_today">Essaouira today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Essaouira today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira_harbour_docks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Essaouira_harbour_docks.jpg/220px-Essaouira_harbour_docks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Essaouira_harbour_docks.jpg/330px-Essaouira_harbour_docks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Essaouira_harbour_docks.jpg/440px-Essaouira_harbour_docks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Essaouira harbour docks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faience_in_Essasouira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Faience_in_Essasouira.jpg/250px-Faience_in_Essasouira.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Faience_in_Essasouira.jpg/330px-Faience_in_Essasouira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Faience_in_Essasouira.jpg/500px-Faience_in_Essasouira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">Faience</a> in Essaouira.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Essaouira" title="Medina of Essaouira">Medina</a> of Essaouira (formerly "<b>Mogador</b>") is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage listed</a> city, an example of a late 18th-century fortified town, as transferred to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> by European colonists. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphias_gladius_Essawira_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xiphias gladius, Essaouira"><img alt="Xiphias gladius, Essaouira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xiphias_gladius_Essawira_Morocco.jpg/120px-Xiphias_gladius_Essawira_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xiphias_gladius_Essawira_Morocco.jpg/180px-Xiphias_gladius_Essawira_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xiphias_gladius_Essawira_Morocco.jpg/240px-Xiphias_gladius_Essawira_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Xiphias_gladius" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphias gladius">Xiphias gladius</a></i>, Essaouira</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essaouira,_Fish_Market.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fishmarket in Essaouira"><img alt="Fishmarket in Essaouira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Essaouira%2C_Fish_Market.JPG/120px-Essaouira%2C_Fish_Market.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Essaouira%2C_Fish_Market.JPG/250px-Essaouira%2C_Fish_Market.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fishmarket in Essaouira</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essa3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Funfair in Essaouira"><img alt="Funfair in Essaouira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Essa3.JPG/120px-Essa3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Essa3.JPG/180px-Essa3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Essa3.JPG/240px-Essa3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Funfair in Essaouira</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishermen_in_Essaouira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fishermen in Essaouira after a bountiful fishing day"><img alt="Fishermen in Essaouira after a bountiful fishing day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fishermen_in_Essaouira.jpg/120px-Fishermen_in_Essaouira.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fishermen_in_Essaouira.jpg/250px-Fishermen_in_Essaouira.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fishermen in Essaouira after a bountiful fishing day</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_of_Essaouira_(formerly_Mogador)-113160.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clock tower in Essaouira"><img alt="Clock tower in Essaouira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg/120px-Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg/250px-Medina_of_Essaouira_%28formerly_Mogador%29-113160.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clock tower in Essaouira</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_Market_Essaouira_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Essaouira book market."><img alt="Essaouira book market." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Book_Market_Essaouira_2007.jpg/120px-Book_Market_Essaouira_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Book_Market_Essaouira_2007.jpg/180px-Book_Market_Essaouira_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Book_Market_Essaouira_2007.jpg/240px-Book_Market_Essaouira_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Essaouira book market.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saidi_Souiri_Essaouira_carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saidi-Souiri type Essaouira carpet."><img alt="Saidi-Souiri type Essaouira carpet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Saidi_Souiri_Essaouira_carpet.jpg/65px-Saidi_Souiri_Essaouira_carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Saidi_Souiri_Essaouira_carpet.jpg/97px-Saidi_Souiri_Essaouira_carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Saidi_Souiri_Essaouira_carpet.jpg/129px-Saidi_Souiri_Essaouira_carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="3027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saidi-Souiri type Essaouira carpet.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accommodation">Accommodation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accommodation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are only a handful of modern purpose-built hotels within the walls of the old city. Newer international hotels have been built along the sea front, with local planning regulations restricting buildings to 4 storeys in height.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are also many privately owned <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_riad" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan riad">riads</a>, also known as <i>dars</i>, that may be rented on a daily or weekly basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a> is home to many small arts and crafts businesses, notably <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet making">cabinet making</a> and 'thuya' <a href="/wiki/Wood-carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-carving">wood-carving</a> (using roots of the <a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a> tree), both of which have been practised in Essaouira for centuries. </p><p> The fishing <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbour</a>, suffering from the competition of <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safi</a>, remains rather small, although the catches (<a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conger_eel" class="mw-redirect" title="Conger eel">conger eels</a>) are surprisingly abundant due to the coastal <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> generated by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canaries_Current" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaries Current">Canaries Current</a>. Essaouira remains one of the major fishing harbours of Morocco. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Morocco" title="Fishing industry in Morocco">Fishing industry in Morocco</a></div> <p>Essaouira is also renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Kitesurfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitesurfing">kitesurfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a>, with the powerful trade wind blowing almost constantly onto the protected, almost waveless, bay. Several world-class clubs rent top-notch material on a weekly basis. The township of <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Kaouki" title="Sidi Kaouki">Sidi Kaouki</a> is located 25 km south of Essaouira and is becoming one of the best locations in Morocco for surfing, windsurfing and kitesurfing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several businesses in <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Kaouki" title="Sidi Kaouki">Sidi Kaouki</a> which offer gear rental. </p><p>Essaouira is also a center of <a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">argan oil</a> production. It has become a tourist attraction due to the tree-climbing goats who are unique to the region, as argan trees are the only type the goats climb.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Moroccan_school_in_Derb_Dharb_street_Essaouira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Franco-Moroccan_school_in_Derb_Dharb_street_Essaouira.jpg/250px-Franco-Moroccan_school_in_Derb_Dharb_street_Essaouira.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Franco-Moroccan_school_in_Derb_Dharb_street_Essaouira.jpg/330px-Franco-Moroccan_school_in_Derb_Dharb_street_Essaouira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Franco-Moroccan_school_in_Derb_Dharb_street_Essaouira.jpg/500px-Franco-Moroccan_school_in_Derb_Dharb_street_Essaouira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Former Franco-Moroccan school in Derb Dharb street, Essaouira.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a French international school in Essaouira, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_scolaire_Eric-Tabarly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groupe scolaire Eric-Tabarly (page does not exist)">Groupe scolaire Eric-Tabarly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnaoua_(Gnawa)_musicians_performing_during_the_2010_Gnaoua_festival_in_the_city_of_Essaouira,_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gnaoua_%28Gnawa%29_musicians_performing_during_the_2010_Gnaoua_festival_in_the_city_of_Essaouira%2C_Morocco.jpg/250px-Gnaoua_%28Gnawa%29_musicians_performing_during_the_2010_Gnaoua_festival_in_the_city_of_Essaouira%2C_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gnaoua_%28Gnawa%29_musicians_performing_during_the_2010_Gnaoua_festival_in_the_city_of_Essaouira%2C_Morocco.jpg/330px-Gnaoua_%28Gnawa%29_musicians_performing_during_the_2010_Gnaoua_festival_in_the_city_of_Essaouira%2C_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gnaoua_%28Gnawa%29_musicians_performing_during_the_2010_Gnaoua_festival_in_the_city_of_Essaouira%2C_Morocco.jpg/500px-Gnaoua_%28Gnawa%29_musicians_performing_during_the_2010_Gnaoua_festival_in_the_city_of_Essaouira%2C_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gnawa" title="Gnawa">Gnawa</a> musicians at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Gnaoua_World_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaoua World Music Festival">Gnaoua World Music Festival</a> in Essaouira</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Gnaoua_World_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaoua World Music Festival">Gnaoua Festival of World Music</a> is held in Essaouira, normally in the last week of June. It brings together artists from all over the world. Although focused on <a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">gnaoua music</a>, it includes rock, jazz and reggae. Known as the "Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a>" it lasts four days and attracts around 450,000 spectators annually.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish quarter "Mellah" of Essaouira's old medina </p> <ul><li>Bayt Dakira - "House of Memory" (Jewish museum)</li> <li>Chaim Pinto Synagogue</li> <li>Jewish cemeteries of Essaouira (old and new) <ul><li>Gravesite of Rabbi Haim Pinto</li></ul></li> <li>Medina</li> <li>Fortifications: <ul><li>Sqala du Port</li> <li>Sqala de la Kasbah</li></ul></li> <li>The most picturesque gates: <ul><li>Port de la Marine</li> <li>Bab Manjana with clocktower</li></ul></li> <li>Tagart beach (with sand dunes)</li> <li>Notre-Dame-de-l’Assomption church (catholic, operational)</li> <li>Sidi Mogdoul mosque</li> <li>Sidi Mogdoul lighthouse</li> <li>Ben Youssef mosque<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco">List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco</a></div> <p>Essaouira is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Changshu" title="Changshu">Changshu</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, France</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Almoznino" title="Albert Almoznino">Albert Almoznino</a>, hand shadow artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Azoulay" title="André Azoulay">André Azoulay</a>, adviser to the king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bensoussan" title="David Bensoussan">David Bensoussan</a>, memoirist<sup id="cite_ref-Marrakech_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marrakech-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" class="extiw" title="he:דוד פינטו">David Hanania Pinto</a>, rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Amran_El_Maleh" title="Edmond Amran El Maleh">Edmond Amran El Maleh</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amir" title="Jacques Amir">Jacques Amir</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Guinia" title="Mahmoud Guinia">Mahmoud Guinia</a>, Gnawa musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Cohen_(politician)" title="Meir Cohen (politician)">Meir Cohen</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Elmaleh" title="Victor Elmaleh">Victor Elmaleh</a>, businessman and athlete</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haha_(Berber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haha (Berber)">Haha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regraga" title="Regraga">Regraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensift_River" title="Tensift River">Tensift River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Souira Guedima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaoua_World_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaoua World Music Festival">Gnaoua World Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa" title="Gnawa">Gnaoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jodin" title="André Jodin">André Jodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Willshire" title="William Willshire">William Willshire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/">"POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014"</a> (in Arabic and French). <a href="/wiki/Haut_Commissariat_au_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut Commissariat au Plan">High Commission for Planning, Morocco</a>. 8 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POPULATION+L%C3%89GALE+DES+R%C3%89GIONS%2C+PROVINCES%2C+PR%C3%89FECTURES%2C+MUNICIPALIT%C3%89S%2C+ARRONDISSEMENTS+ET+COMMUNES+DU+ROYAUME+D%27APR%C3%88S+LES+R%C3%89SULTATS+DU+RGPH+2014&rft.pub=High+Commission+for+Planning%2C+Morocco&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgph2014.hcp.ma%2Ffile%2F166326%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the formation of diminutive nouns in Moroccan Arabic, see R.S. Harrell, <i>A short reference grammar of Moroccan Arabic</i> (Washington, D.C., 1962), p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See T. Fox and M. Abu-Talib, <i>A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic</i> (Washington, D.C., 1966), p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mac Guckin de Slane (ed. and transl.), <i>Description de l'Afrique septentrionale par el-Bekri</i> (Alger 1913), Arabic text p. 86 <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مرسى امقدول</span></span> <i>marsá Ameqdūl</i> "the port of Ameqdūl", translation p. 175 <i>Amegdoul</i> (<i>Amegdul</i>), with footnote: "Le tombeau ou chapelle de Sîdi Megdoul est situé tout auprès de Mogador; ce dernier est une altération de <i>Megdoul</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/753/">"Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador)"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Medina+of+Essaouira+%26%23x28%3Bformerly+Mogador%26%23x29%3B&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CX7zx5C1bf4C&pg=PA243"><i>Marokko</i> Ingeborg Lehmann, Rita Henss p.243</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dUv-1Ql2oC&pg=PA352"><i>City walls: the urban enceinte in global perspective</i>, James D. Tracy, p.352</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQmVAYBsX-AC&pg=PA338">Notes to <i>The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein</i> by Leo Africanus p.338</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA549"><i>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 9</i> by Martijn Theodoor Houtsma, p.549</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA259"><i>France in the age of Louis XIII and Richelieu</i> by Victor Lucien Tapié p.259</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Harvey E. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sephardimiddleea00harv"><i>Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sephardimiddleea00harv/page/103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253210410" title="Special:BookSources/0253210410"><bdi>0253210410</bdi></a>. <q>Essaouira.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardi+and+Middle+Eastern+Jewries%3A+History+and+Culture+in+the+Modern+Era&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0253210410&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Harvey+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsephardimiddleea00harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson_521-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_521_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_521_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_521_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvDVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA521"><i>The Anglo American, Volume 3</i> by Alexander D. Paterson p.521</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gary-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gary_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gary_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Of Essaouira: "He employed European architects to design it, one a Frenchman said to be his prisoner, and the other an Englishman, converted to Islam and known as Ahmed el-Inglizi— otherwise Ahmed the Englishman." in <i>Morocco</i>, Dorothy Hales Gary, Baron Patrick Balfour Kinross, Viking Press, 1971, p.35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201213-moroccan-schools-to-teach-jewish-history-and-culture">"Moroccan schools to teach Jewish history and culture"</a>. 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moroccan+schools+to+teach+Jewish+history+and+culture&rft.date=2020-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20201213-moroccan-schools-to-teach-jewish-history-and-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ur38Oc3EIs8C&pg=PA17"><i>The Sultan's Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi World</i> by Daniel J. Schroeter, pp. 17 <i>ff</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veconomist-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-veconomist_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21730897-essaouira-sets-example-rest-middle-east-moroccos-little-idyll">"Morocco's little idyll of Jewish-Muslim coexistence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Morocco%27s+little+idyll+of+Jewish-Muslim+coexistence&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21730897-essaouira-sets-example-rest-middle-east-moroccos-little-idyll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://middle-east-online.com/en/moroccan-king-visits-restored-bayt-dakira-essaouira">"Moroccan king visits restored Bayt Dakira in Essaouira"</a>. <i>Middle East Online</i>. 16 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Online&rft.atitle=Moroccan+king+visits+restored+Bayt+Dakira+in+Essaouira&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiddle-east-online.com%2Fen%2Fmoroccan-king-visits-restored-bayt-dakira-essaouira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson_520-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_520_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvDVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA520"><i>The Anglo American, Volume 3</i> by Alexander D. 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Retrieved on 12 May 2016. "25 rue Princesse Lalla Hasna, Quartier des Dunes, 44000 Essaouira"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-gnaoua.net/telechargement/Dossier%20presse%20Version%20francaise.pdf">Gnaoua Festival Press Kit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828095544/http://www.festival-gnaoua.net/telechargement/Dossier%20presse%20Version%20francaise.pdf">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morocco.falktime.com/destinations/essaouira-travel-guide/">"Essaouira guide book"</a>. <i>Morocco.FalkTime</i>. 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco.FalkTime&rft.atitle=Essaouira+guide+book&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorocco.falktime.com%2Fdestinations%2Fessaouira-travel-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maroc-diplomatique.net/diversite-de-culture-traditions-de-chine-feux-projecteurs-a-essaouira/">"La diversité de la culture et des traditions de Chine sous les feux des projecteurs à Essaouira"</a>. <i>maroc-diplomatique.net</i> (in French). Maroc Diplomatique. 18 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maroc-diplomatique.net&rft.atitle=La+diversit%C3%A9+de+la+culture+et+des+traditions+de+Chine+sous+les+feux+des+projecteurs+%C3%A0+Essaouira&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaroc-diplomatique.net%2Fdiversite-de-culture-traditions-de-chine-feux-projecteurs-a-essaouira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larochelle.fr/action-municipale/ville-solidaire/jumelage-et-partenariat">"Jumelage et partenariat"</a>. <i>larochelle.fr</i> (in French). La Rochelle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=larochelle.fr&rft.atitle=Jumelage+et+partenariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larochelle.fr%2Faction-municipale%2Fville-solidaire%2Fjumelage-et-partenariat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marrakech-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marrakech_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703122205/http://www.lemag.ma/La-Rosace-du-Roi-Salomon--nouveau-roman-de-David-Bensoussan_a58729.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"La Rosace du Roi Salomon", nouveau roman de David Bensoussan"</a>. Le Mag. 14 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemag.ma/La-Rosace-du-Roi-Salomon--nouveau-roman-de-David-Bensoussan_a58729.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22La+Rosace+du+Roi+Salomon%22%2C+nouveau+roman+de+David+Bensoussan&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemag.ma%2FLa-Rosace-du-Roi-Salomon--nouveau-roman-de-David-Bensoussan_a58729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasinfo.fr/Le-judaisme-marocain-est-bien-vivant_a22455.html">"Le judaïsme marocain est "bien vivant"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Atlas. 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+juda%C3%AFsme+marocain+est+%22bien+vivant%22&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasinfo.fr%2FLe-judaisme-marocain-est-bien-vivant_a22455.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssaouira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Bensoussan & Asher Knafo, "Mariage juif à Mogador" Éditions Du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2004 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-922505-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-922505-15-4">2-922505-15-4</a>)</li> <li>David Bensoussan, Le fils de Mogador, www.editionsdulys.ca,Éditions Du Lys, Montréal, 2002 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-922505-21-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-922505-21-4">978-2-922505-21-4</a>)</li> <li>David Bensoussan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editionsdulys.ca/il-eacutetait-une-fois-le-maroc.html"><i>Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain</i></a>, éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2010 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-922505-14-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-922505-14-6">2-922505-14-6</a>); Deuxième édition : www.iuniverse.com, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-2608-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-2608-8">978-1-4759-2608-8</a>, 620p. ebook <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-2609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-2609-5">978-1-4759-2609-5</a>, Prix Haïm Zafrani de l'Institut universitaire Élie Wiesel, Paris 2012.</li> <li>David Bensoussan, La rosace du roi Salomon, Les Éditions Du Lys,www.editionsdulys.ca, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-922505-23-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-922505-23-8">978-2-922505-23-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Ben_Driss_Ottmani" title="Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani">Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani</a>, <i>Une cité sous les alizés, MOGADOR, Des origines à 1939</i>, Éditions La Porte, Rabat, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9981889180" title="Special:BookSources/9981889180">9981889180</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Thi%C3%A9baud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Thiébaud (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Thiébaud</a>, <i>Consuls et vice-consuls de France à Mogador (Maroc)</i>, L'Harmattan, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harmattan.fr/auteurs/article_pop.asp?no=14638&no_artiste=5768">Harmattan.fr</a></li> <li>Jean-Marie Thiébaud, <i>Les Inscriptions du cimetière [chrétien] de Mogador (Essaouira, Maroc)</i> – étude épigraphique et généalogique, L'Harmattan, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/auteurs/article_pop.asp?no=14637&no_artiste=5768">Harmattan.fr</a></li> <li>Doris Byer: <i>Essaouira, endlich</i>, Wien 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8542-0651-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8542-0651-4">978-3-8542-0651-4</a></li> <li>Brigitte Tast, Hans-Juergen Tast: <i>Still the wind cries Jimi. Hendrix in Marokko</i>, Schellerten 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88842-040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88842-040-5">978-3-88842-040-5</a></li> <li>Brigitte Tast, Hans-Jürgen Tast: <i>Orson Welles – Othello – Mogador. Aufenthalte in Essaouira</i>, Kulleraugen Vis.Komm. Nr. 42, Schellerten 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88842-042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88842-042-9">978-3-88842-042-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Essaouira" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Essaouira">Essaouira</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Essaouira_Province72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Essaouira_Province" title="Template:Essaouira Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Essaouira_Province" title="Template talk:Essaouira Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Essaouira_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Essaouira Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Essaouira_Province72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Essaouira_Province" title="Essaouira Province">Essaouira Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essaouira</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Daoud" title="Ait Daoud">Ait Daoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hanchane" title="El Hanchane">El Hanchane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essaouira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmest" title="Talmest">Talmest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanar" title="Tamanar">Tamanar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Essaouira_province.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Essaouira Province"><img alt="Flag of Essaouira Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Essaouira_province.svg/120px-Flag_of_Essaouira_province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Essaouira_province.svg/250px-Flag_of_Essaouira_province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural communes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaghas" title="Adaghas">Adaghas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglif" title="Aglif">Aglif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguerd" title="Aguerd">Aguerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Aissi_Ihahane" title="Ait Aissi Ihahane">Ait Aissi Ihahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Said" title="Ait Said">Ait Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquermoud" title="Aquermoud">Aquermoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assais" title="Assais">Assais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizdad" title="Bizdad">Bizdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzemmour" title="Bouzemmour">Bouzemmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezzaouite" title="Ezzaouite">Ezzaouite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had_Dra" title="Had Dra">Had Dra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Ou_Aazza" title="Ida Ou Aazza">Ida Ou Aazza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Ou_Guelloul" title="Ida Ou Guelloul">Ida Ou Guelloul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Ou_Kazzou" title="Ida Ou Kazzou">Ida Ou Kazzou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imgrade" title="Imgrade">Imgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imi_N%27Tlit" title="Imi N'Tlit">Imi N'Tlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kechoula" title="Kechoula">Kechoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korimate" title="Korimate">Korimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagdadra" title="Lagdadra">Lagdadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahsinate" title="Lahsinate">Lahsinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Khalif" title="M'Khalif">M'Khalif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Ramer" title="M'Ramer">M'Ramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejji" title="Mejji">Mejji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskala" title="Meskala">Meskala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouarid" title="Mouarid">Mouarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulay_Bouzarqtoune" title="Moulay Bouzarqtoune">Moulay Bouzarqtoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzilate" title="Mzilate">Mzilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulad_M%27Rabet" title="Oulad M'Rabet">Oulad M'Rabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounagha" title="Ounagha">Ounagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Abdeljalil" title="Sidi Abdeljalil">Sidi Abdeljalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ahmed_Essayeh" title="Sidi Ahmed Essayeh">Sidi Ahmed Essayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Aissa_Regragui" title="Sidi Aissa Regragui">Sidi Aissa Regragui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ali_El_Korati" title="Sidi Ali El Korati">Sidi Ali El Korati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Boulaalam" title="Sidi Boulaalam">Sidi Boulaalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Jazouli" title="Sidi El Jazouli">Sidi El Jazouli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ghaneme" title="Sidi Ghaneme">Sidi Ghaneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_H%27Mad_Ou_M%27Barek" title="Sidi H'Mad Ou M'Barek">Sidi H'Mad Ou M'Barek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Hmad_Ou_Hamed" title="Sidi Hmad Ou Hamed">Sidi Hmad Ou Hamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ishaq" title="Sidi Ishaq">Sidi Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Kaouki" title="Sidi Kaouki">Sidi Kaouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Laaroussi" title="Sidi Laaroussi">Sidi Laaroussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27Hamed_Ou_Marzouq" title="Sidi M'Hamed Ou Marzouq">Sidi M'Hamed Ou Marzouq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smimou" title="Smimou">Smimou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafedna" title="Tafedna">Tafedna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafetachte" title="Tafetachte">Tafetachte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahelouante" title="Tahelouante">Tahelouante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takate" title="Takate">Takate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoucht" title="Takoucht">Takoucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targante" title="Targante">Targante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidzi" title="Tidzi">Tidzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timizguida_Ouftas" title="Timizguida Ouftas">Timizguida Ouftas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaouiat_Ben_Hmida" title="Zaouiat Ben Hmida">Zaouiat Ben Hmida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Morocco">World Heritage Sites in Morocco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medina of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage</li> <li>Medina of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a> (formerly known as Titawin)</li> <li>Archaeological Site of <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li> <li>Historic City of <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/60px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/80px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medina of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essaouira</a> (formerly Mogador)</li> <li>Medina of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a></li> <li>Portuguese City of <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan (El Jadida)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ksar of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou" title="Aït Benhaddou">Ait-Ben-Haddou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;class=noviewer&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;class=noviewer&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Essaouira&params=31_30_47_N_9_46_11_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°30′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°46′11″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.51306°N 9.76972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.51306; -9.76972</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1030" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1030" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216939#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140674598">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205112/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMfhbG4h34kKXJh7KKh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115178-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79051879">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX462279">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007561813105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044588">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&oldid=1278481633">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essaouira&oldid=1278481633</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Morocco">World Heritage Sites in Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Essaouira" title="Category:Essaouira">Essaouira</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Morocco" title="Category:Cities in Morocco">Cities in Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Portuguese_colonies" title="Category:Former Portuguese colonies">Former Portuguese colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_the_Algarve" title="Category:Kingdom of the Algarve">Kingdom of the Algarve</a></li><li><a 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