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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mongolian Revolution of 1911</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_maneuvering_over_Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_maneuvering_over_Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diplomatic maneuvering over Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diplomatic_maneuvering_over_Mongolia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diplomatic maneuvering over Mongolia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_maneuvering_over_Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kyakhta_Agreement_of_1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyakhta_Agreement_of_1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kyakhta Agreement of 1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyakhta_Agreement_of_1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Russian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Russian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline of Russian influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Russian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_attempts_to_reintegrate_Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_attempts_to_reintegrate_Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chinese attempts to reintegrate Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_attempts_to_reintegrate_Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_civil_war_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_civil_war_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Revolution and civil war in Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_civil_war_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_Mongolian_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_Mongolian_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Abolition of Mongolian autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_Mongolian_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Conclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bogd Khanate of Mongolia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوغد خانات منغوليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوغد خانات منغوليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanatu_de_Mongolia" title="Kanatu de Mongolia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kanatu de Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monqolustan_(1911%E2%80%931921)" title="Monqolustan (1911–1921) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monqolustan (1911–1921)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i_B%C3%B4ng-k%C3%B3%CD%98-kok" title="Tāi Bông-kó͘-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi Bông-kó͘-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Олоноо Үргэгдэһэн Монгол Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Олоноо Үргэгдэһэн Монгол Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanat_de_Mong%C3%B2lia" title="Kanat de Mongòlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kanat de Mongòlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolsk%C3%BD_chan%C3%A1t" title="Mongolský chanát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mongolský chanát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd_Khanatet" title="Bogd Khanatet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bogd Khanatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanato_de_Mongolia" title="Kanato de Mongolia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kanato de Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaganat_de_Mongolie_du_Bogdo" title="Khaganat de Mongolie du Bogdo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khaganat de Mongolie du Bogdo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-k%C3%BA_(1911%E2%80%931924)" title="Mùng-kú (1911–1924) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mùng-kú (1911–1924)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="복드 칸국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복드 칸국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_(1911%E2%80%9324)" title="Mongolia (1911–24) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mongolia (1911–24)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanato_di_Mongolia" title="Khanato di Mongolia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khanato di Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd_mong%C3%B3liai_k%C3%A1ns%C3%A1g" title="Bogd mongóliai kánság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bogd mongóliai kánság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-g%C5%AB_(1911%E2%80%931924)" title="Mùng-gū (1911–1924) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mùng-gū (1911–1924)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D3%A8%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9" title="ボグド・ハーン政権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボグド・ハーン政権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanat_Mongolii" title="Chanat Mongolii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chanat Mongolii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canato_da_Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Canato da Mongólia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canato da Mongólia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanatul_Bogd" title="Hanatul Bogd – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hanatul Bogd" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1911%E2%80%941921)" title="Монголия (1911—1921) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монголия (1911—1921)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐข่านบ็อกด์มองโกเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐข่านบ็อกด์มองโกเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Folistan_Bogd_Hanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Moğolistan Bogd Hanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moğolistan Bogd Hanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Богдо-ханська Монголія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Богдо-ханська Монголія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%C3%A3n_qu%E1%BB%91c_M%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%95" title="Đại hãn quốc Mông Cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại hãn quốc Mông Cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B_(1911%E2%80%931924)" title="大蒙古國 (1911–1924) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大蒙古國 (1911–1924)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="博克多汗国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博克多汗国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2475921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Great Mongolian State</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span><br /><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Монгол улс</span></span><br /><i>Mongol uls</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1911–1915<br />1921–1924</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bogd_Khaanate_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mongolia" title="Flag of Mongolia">Flag</a><sup id="cite_ref-VCM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VCM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Mongolia_(1911%E2%80%9324).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of"><img alt="Coat of arms of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emblem_of_Mongolia_%281911%E2%80%9324%29.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Mongolia_%281911%E2%80%9324%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emblem_of_Mongolia_%281911%E2%80%9324%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Mongolia_%281911%E2%80%9324%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emblem_of_Mongolia_%281911%E2%80%9324%29.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Mongolia_%281911%E2%80%9324%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mongolia" title="Emblem of Mongolia">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> Зуун лангийн жороо луус<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠯᠠᠭᠤᠰᠠ</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Zuun_Langiin_Joroo_Luus" title="Zuun Langiin Joroo Luus">Zuun Langiin Joroo Luus</a><br /><i>Centuries of Folk of Silver Herds</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial seal</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg/120px-Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg/250px-Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Mongolia_(1914)_Korostovets,_Ilyin%27s_Cartographic_Establishment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Outer Mongolia in 1914, shown in orange"><img alt="Outer Mongolia in 1914, shown in orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Mongolia_%281914%29_Korostovets%2C_Ilyin%27s_Cartographic_Establishment.jpg/250px-Map_of_Mongolia_%281914%29_Korostovets%2C_Ilyin%27s_Cartographic_Establishment.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Mongolia_%281914%29_Korostovets%2C_Ilyin%27s_Cartographic_Establishment.jpg/375px-Map_of_Mongolia_%281914%29_Korostovets%2C_Ilyin%27s_Cartographic_Establishment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Mongolia_%281914%29_Korostovets%2C_Ilyin%27s_Cartographic_Establishment.jpg/500px-Map_of_Mongolia_%281914%29_Korostovets%2C_Ilyin%27s_Cartographic_Establishment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7094" data-file-height="5173" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Outer Mongolia in 1914, shown in orange</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">Partially recognised state</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous state">Autonomous state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a> under the Republic of China (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Niislel Khüree (now Ulaanbaatar)</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tengriism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengriism">Tengriism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> Buddhist<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers#Bogd_Khanate" title="List of Mongol rulers">Khan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911–1919<br />1921–1924 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan" title="Bogd Khan">Bogd Khan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912–1919 (first)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6gs-Ochiryn_Namnans%C3%BCren" title="Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren">Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919–1920 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gonchigjalzangiin_Badamdorj" title="Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj">Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>) (1911–1914; 1921–1924)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Khural</a> (1914–1919)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">1911 Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1915)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)">Autonomy under Chinese suzerainty and Russian influence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 1915</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Autonomy revoked</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1919–1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">1921 Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1921–1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">MPR proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 November 1924</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">Tael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_dollar" title="Mongolian dollar">Mongolian dollar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule"><span class="nowrap"><b>1911:</b><br />Qing dynasty</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia"><span class="nowrap"><b>1921:</b><br />Republic of China</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia"><span class="nowrap"><b>1919:</b><br />Republic of China</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic"><span class="nowrap"><b>1924:</b><br />Mongolian<br />People's Republic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281924%E2%80%931940%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281924%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281924%E2%80%931940%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281924%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281924%E2%80%931940%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281924%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/120px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/250px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Mongols" title="Template:History of the Mongols">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric</a> period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3300–2500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2750–1900 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan_culture" title="Munkhkhairkhan culture">Munkhkhairkhan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1800–1600 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sagsai_culture" title="Sagsai culture">Sagsai culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanzuukh_culture" title="Ulaanzuukh culture">Ulaanzuukh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">Slab-grave culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture">Chandman culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600–300 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 209 BC–93 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 93–234</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganates</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 555–630<br />682–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 628–646</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Tang protectorate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 647–682</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 744–840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 907–1125</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Mongol khanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 9th–12th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1130–1206</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1271–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–1635</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat Confederation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1399–1634</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1634–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1691–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">National Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bogd Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">People's Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921<br />1921–1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1924–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Mongolia" title="Template:History of Mongolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Mongolia" title="Template talk:History of Mongolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Mongolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Mongolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bogd Khanate of Mongolia</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> between 1911 and 1915 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongol nobles including Prince <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6gs-Ochiryn_Namnans%C3%BCren" title="Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren">Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren</a> persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan" title="Bogd Khan">Jebstundamba Khutukhtu</a> to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>. On 30 November 1911 the Mongols established the Temporary Government of <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a>. On 29 December 1911 the Mongols <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">declared their independence</a> from the collapsing Qing dynasty following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. They installed as theocratic sovereign the 8th <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Bogd Gegeen</a>, highest authority of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> in Mongolia, who took the title <i><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan" title="Bogd Khan">Bogd Khan</a></i> or "Holy Ruler".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bogd Khaan was last <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> of the Mongols. This ushered in the period of "Theocratic Mongolia",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the realm of the Bogd Khan is usually known as the "Bogd Khanate".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three historical currents were at work during this period. The first was the efforts of the Mongols to form an independent, theocratic state that included <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a>), <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Mongolia">Upper Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mongolia">Western Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannu_Uriankhai" title="Tannu Uriankhai">Tannu Uriankhai</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">pan-Mongolism</a>"). The second was the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire's</a> determination to achieve the twin goals of establishing its own preeminence in the country but at the same time ensuring Outer Mongolia's autonomy within the nascent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC). The third was the ultimate success of the ROC in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">eliminating Outer Mongolian autonomy</a> and establishing its full sovereignty over the region from 1919 to 1921. Finally, under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the Mongols expelled the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Chinese warlords</a> in 1921, and Mongolia regained its independence under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Mongolia">Communists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olnoo_urgugdsun_Mongol_uls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olnoo_urgugdsun_Mongol_uls.jpg/220px-Olnoo_urgugdsun_Mongol_uls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olnoo_urgugdsun_Mongol_uls.jpg/330px-Olnoo_urgugdsun_Mongol_uls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olnoo_urgugdsun_Mongol_uls.jpg/440px-Olnoo_urgugdsun_Mongol_uls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Outer Mongolian tribes in 1910s</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mongolian name used is generally "<span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Olnoo Örgögdsön Mongol Uls</i></span>" (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Cyrl"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D3%A8%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" class="extiw" title="mn:Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс">Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс</a></span></span>, State of Mongolia Elevated by the Many) or "Khaant uls" (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Cyrl">хаант улс</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> country).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1915 to 1919, Outer Mongolia was under Chinese <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> and was called the "Periods of Mongolian Autonomy".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mongolian Revolution of 1911"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></div> <p>On 2 February 1913 the Bogd Khanate sent Mongolian cavalry forces to liberate <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> from China.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> refused to sell weapons to the Bogd Khanate, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Russian Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> spoke of "Mongolian imperialism". The only country to recognize Mongolia as a legitimate state was <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a>, which also declared its independence from Qing China. Tibet and Mongolia later signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">friendship treaty</a> and affirmed mutual recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_society">Government and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharav_bogd_khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sharav_bogd_khan.jpg/180px-Sharav_bogd_khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sharav_bogd_khan.jpg/270px-Sharav_bogd_khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sharav_bogd_khan.jpg/360px-Sharav_bogd_khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Bogd Khaan</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time, the government was still composed of a feudal Khanate, which held its system in place largely with the power of agriculture, as most traditional pastoral societies of East Asia had been. The new Mongolian state was a fusion of very different elements: Western political institutions, Mongolian theocracy, and Qing imperial administrative and political traditions. 29 December was declared to be independence day and a national holiday. Urga (modern <a href="/wiki/Ulan_Bator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulan Bator">Ulan Bator</a>), until then known to the Mongolians as the "Great Monastery" (<i>Ikh khüree</i>), was renamed "Capital Monastery" (<i>Niislel khüree</i>) to reflect its new role as the seat of government. A state name, "Great Mongolian State" (<i>Ikh Mongol uls</i>), and a state flag were adopted. A parliament (<i>ulsyn khural</i>) was created, comprising upper and lower houses. A new Mongolian government was formed with five ministries: internal affairs, foreign affairs, finance, justice, and the army. Consequently, a national army was created. </p><p>The new state also reflected old ways; the Bogd Khaan adopted a reign title, "Elevated by the Many" (<i>Olnoo örgogdsön</i>), a style name used (it was believed) by the ancient kings of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. He promoted the ruling princes and <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> by one grade, an act traditionally performed by newly installed Chinese emperors. Lay and religious princes were instructed to render their annual tribute, the "nine whites". By tradition the "nine whites" were eight white horses and one white camel. On this occasion, the "nine whites" consisted of 3,500 horses and 200 camels<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sent to the Bogd Khaan instead of the Qing Emperor as in the past. Again, the Bogd Khaan appropriated to himself the right to confer ranks and seals of office upon the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing198036_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing198036-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bogd Khaan himself was the inevitable choice as leader of the state in view of his stature as the revered symbol of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Buddhism in Mongolia</a>. He was famed throughout the country for his special oracular and supernatural powers and as the Great Khan of Mongols. He established contacts with foreign powers, tried to assist development of economy (mainly agriculture and military issues), but his main goal was development of Buddhism in Mongolia. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladies_at_court_Bogd_Khan._Mongolia,_1911-1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ladies_at_court_Bogd_Khan._Mongolia%2C_1911-1924.jpg/330px-Ladies_at_court_Bogd_Khan._Mongolia%2C_1911-1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ladies_at_court_Bogd_Khan._Mongolia%2C_1911-1924.jpg/500px-Ladies_at_court_Bogd_Khan._Mongolia%2C_1911-1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ladies_at_court_Bogd_Khan._Mongolia%2C_1911-1924.jpg/960px-Ladies_at_court_Bogd_Khan._Mongolia%2C_1911-1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Ladies at court Bogd Khanate.</figcaption></figure> <p>The new state was theocratic, and its system suited Mongols, but it was not economically efficient as the leaders were inexperienced in such matters. The Qing dynasty had been careful to check the encroachment of religion into the secular arena; that restraint was now gone. State policy was directed by religious leaders, with relatively little participation by lay nobles. The parliament had only consultative powers; in any event, it did not meet until 1914. The Office of Religion and State, an extra-governmental body headed by a lama, played a role in directing political matters.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Internal Affairs was vigilant in ensuring that senior ecclesiastics were treated with solemn deference by lay persons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of the Bogd Khaan's Ecclesiastical Administration (<i>Shav' yamen</i>) endeavoured to transfer as many wealthy herdsmen as he could to the ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estate</a> (<i>Ikh shav'</i>), resulting in the population bearing an increasingly heavy tax burden. Ten-thousand Buddha statuettes were purchased in 1912 as propitiatory offerings to restore the Bogd Khaan's eyesight. A cast-iron statue of the Buddha, 84 feet tall, was brought from <a href="/wiki/Dolon_Nor" title="Dolon Nor">Dolonnor</a>, and a temple was constructed to house the statue. <i>D. Tsedev</i>, pp. 49–50. In 1914 the Ecclesiastical Administration ordered the government to defray the costs of a particular religious ceremony in the amount of 778,000 bricks of tea (the currency of the day), a gigantic sum.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Ministers in the <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan" title="Bogd Khan">Bogd Khan</a>'s Government</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Namnansuren2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prime Minister Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren"><img alt="Prime Minister Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Namnansuren2.jpg/120px-Namnansuren2.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Namnansuren2.jpg/141px-Namnansuren2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Namnansuren2.jpg/188px-Namnansuren2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6gs-Ochiryn_Namnans%C3%BCren" title="Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren">Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tserenchimed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior Minister Da Lam Tserenchimed"><img alt="Interior Minister Da Lam Tserenchimed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tserenchimed.jpg/91px-Tserenchimed.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tserenchimed.jpg/136px-Tserenchimed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tserenchimed.jpg/182px-Tserenchimed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Da_Lam_Tserenchimed" title="Da Lam Tserenchimed">Da Lam Tserenchimed</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foreign Minister Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj"><img alt="Foreign Minister Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg/120px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg/250px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mijiddorjiin_Khanddorj" title="Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj">Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minister of Religion and State Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj"><img alt="Minister of Religion and State Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D0%93.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg/86px-%D0%93.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D0%93.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg/129px-%D0%93.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D0%93.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg/172px-%D0%93.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minister of Religion and State <a href="/wiki/Gonchigjalzangiin_Badamdorj" title="Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj">Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deputy Foreign Minister Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren"><img alt="Deputy Foreign Minister Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD.jpg/65px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD.jpg/98px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD.jpg/130px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Manlaibaatar_Damdins%C3%BCren" title="Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren">Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JalkhanzKhutagt2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minister for the Pacification of the Western Border Areas Sodnomyn Damdinbazar"><img alt="Minister for the Pacification of the Western Border Areas Sodnomyn Damdinbazar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JalkhanzKhutagt2.jpg/120px-JalkhanzKhutagt2.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JalkhanzKhutagt2.jpg/250px-JalkhanzKhutagt2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minister for the Pacification of the Western Border Areas <a href="/wiki/Jalkhanz_Khutagt_Sodnomyn_Damdinbazar" title="Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar">Sodnomyn Damdinbazar</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bogd Khanate was divided into four <i><a href="/wiki/Aimag" title="Aimag">aimags</a></i> and two <i><a href="/wiki/Krai" title="Krai">khyadzgaars</a></i> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">хязгаар</span></span>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zasagt_Khan" title="Zasagt Khan">Zasagt Khan <i>aimag</i></a> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Засагт хан аймаг</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan" title="Tüsheet Khan">Tüsheet Khan <i>aimag</i></a> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Түшээт хан аймаг</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechen_Khan" title="Sechen Khan">Setsen Khan <i>aimag</i></a> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Сэцэн хан аймаг</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sain_Noyon_Khan" title="Sain Noyon Khan">Sain Noyon Khan <i>aimag</i></a> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Сайн ноён хан аймаг</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khovd_khyazgaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khovd khyazgaar (page does not exist)">Khovd <i>khyazgaar</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="mn:Ховдын хязгаар">mn</a>]</span> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Ховдын хязгаар</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B6rv%C3%B6d_Dalai_Khan_aimag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dörvöd Dalai Khan aimag (page does not exist)">Dörvöd Dalai Khan <i>aimag</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="mn:Дөрвөд Далай хан аймаг">mn</a>]</span> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Дөрвөд Далай хан аймаг</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cnen_Zorigt_Khan_aimag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ünen Zorigt Khan aimag (page does not exist)">Ünen Zorigt Khan <i>aimag</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="mn:Үнэн Зоригт Хан аймаг">mn</a>]</span> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Үнэн Зоригт Хан аймаг</span></span>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uryankhay_Republic" title="Uryankhay Republic">Tagna Uryankhay <i>khyadzgaar</i></a> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Тагнын Урианхайн хязгаар</span></span>) independent country, annexed by Russia in 1914.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_maneuvering_over_Mongolia">Diplomatic maneuvering over Mongolia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomatic maneuvering over Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_058.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_058.png/250px-With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_058.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_058.png/330px-With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_058.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_058.png/500px-With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_058.png 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>The Russian plenipotentiary M. Korostovetz greeted on his arrival, by the Mongol princes and cabinet ministers, at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ulaanbaatar" title="History of Ulaanbaatar">Urga</a> in September, 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_196.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_196.png/220px-With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_196.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_196.png/330px-With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_196.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_196.png/440px-With_the_Russians_in_Mongolia_196.png 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Parade for first Russian-drilled Mongolian battery of artillery in the presence of the Russian plenipotentiary and the <a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Mongol princes and ministers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The new government under Bogd Khan tried to seek international recognition, particularly from the Russian government. The <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> however, rejected the Mongolian plea for recognition, due to a common Russian Imperial ambition at the time to take over the central Asian states, and Mongolia was planned for further expansion. Throughout the Bogd Khaan era, the positions of the governments of China and Russia were clear and consistent. China was adamant that Mongolia was, and must remain, an integral part of China. The (provisional) constitution of the new Chinese republic contained an uncompromising statement to this effect. A law dealing with the election of the Chinese National Assembly provided for delegates from Outer Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their part, the Russian Imperial government accepted the principle that Mongolia must remain formally part of China; however, Russia was equally determined that Mongolia possess autonomous powers so substantial as to make it quasi-independent, so they recognised the autonomy of the region. The Russian Empire could not act on the ambition due to internal struggles, which allowed Russia to claim that Mongolia was under her protection. Thus, in 1912 Russia concluded a secret convention with the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> delineating their respective spheres of influence: South Manchuria and Inner Mongolia fell to the Japanese, North Manchuria and Outer Mongolia to the Russians. Bogd Khaan said to <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, the President of the Republic of China "I established our own state before you, Mongols and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> have different origins, our languages and <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">scripts</a> are different. You're not the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>'s descendants, so how can you think China is the Manchu's <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor</a>?".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of Chinese and Russian opposition, the Mongols were tireless in their efforts to attract international recognition of their independence. Diplomatic notes were sent to foreign consulates in <a href="/wiki/Hailar_District" title="Hailar District">Hailar</a>; none responded. A delegation went to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> the purpose of which, among other things, was to contact European ambassadors expressing the desire for diplomatic relations. The Russians did not permit these contacts. A later delegation to Saint Petersburg sent notes to Western ambassadors announcing Mongolia's independence and formation of a pan-Mongolian state; again none responded. The Mongols attempted to send a delegation to Japan but the Japanese consul at <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> prevented it from proceeding further.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing198049–50_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing198049–50-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibet_Mongolia_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tibet_Mongolia_Treaty.jpg/220px-Tibet_Mongolia_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tibet_Mongolia_Treaty.jpg/330px-Tibet_Mongolia_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tibet_Mongolia_Treaty.jpg/440px-Tibet_Mongolia_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Mongolian_Friendship_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet–Mongolian Friendship Treaty">Tibet–Mongolian Friendship Treaty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While these efforts at obtaining international recognition continued, the Mongols and Russians were negotiating. At the end of 1912, Russia and the Mongols signed a treaty by which Russia acknowledged Mongol autonomy within the Republic of China; it also provided for Russian assistance in the training of a new Mongolian army and for Russian commercial privileges in Mongolia. Nevertheless, in the equivalent Mongolian version of the treaty, the terms designated independence were used. Both versions have the same value; so it was formally recognition of Mongolia as an independent state and its name Great Mongolian State.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913 Russia agreed to provide Mongolia with weapons and a loan of two million <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">rubles</a>. In 1913, Mongolia and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">bilateral treaty</a>, recognizing each other as independent states. </p><p>In November 1913, there was a Sino-Russian Declaration which recognised Mongolia as part of China but with internal autonomy; further, China agreed not to send troops or officials to Mongolia, or to permit colonization of the country; it was also to accept the "good offices" of Russia in Chinese-Mongolian affairs. There was to be a tripartite conference, in which Russia, China, and the "authorities" of Mongolia would participate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This declaration was not considered by Mongolia to be legitimate as the Mongolian government had not participated in the decision. </p><p>To reduce tensions, the Russians agreed to provide Mongolia with more weapons and a second loan, this time three million rubles. There were other agreements between Russia and Mongolia in these early years concerning weapons, military instructors, telegraph, and railroad that were either concluded or nearly so by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914. In April 1914, the northern region of <a href="/wiki/Tannu_Uriankhai" title="Tannu Uriankhai">Tannu Uriankhai</a> was formally accepted as a Russian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyakhta_Agreement_of_1915">Kyakhta Agreement of 1915</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kyakhta Agreement of 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namnansuren_and_Delegates,_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Namnansuren_and_Delegates%2C_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/250px-Namnansuren_and_Delegates%2C_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Namnansuren_and_Delegates%2C_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/330px-Namnansuren_and_Delegates%2C_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Namnansuren_and_Delegates%2C_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/500px-Namnansuren_and_Delegates%2C_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Namnansüren in delegation to St. Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolia_1915.jpg/250px-Mongolia_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolia_1915.jpg/330px-Mongolia_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolia_1915.jpg/440px-Mongolia_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Mongolia in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>A tripartite conference between the Russian Empire, Republic of China and the Bogd Khaan's government convened at <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta" title="Kyakhta">Kyakhta</a> in the autumn of 1914. The Mongolian representative, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6gs-Ochiryn_Namnans%C3%BCren" title="Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren">Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren</a>, were determined to stretch autonomy into independence, and to deny the Chinese anything more than vague, ineffectual <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a> powers. The Chinese sought to minimize, if not to end, Mongolian autonomy. The Russian position was somewhere in between.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1915)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)">Kyakhta Treaty</a> of June 1915, which recognised Mongolia's autonomy within the Chinese state. Nevertheless, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside Chinese control<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retained main features of the state according to international law of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mongolians viewed the treaty as a disaster because it denied the recognition of a truly independent, all-Mongolian state. China regarded the treaty in a similar fashion, consenting only because it was preoccupied with other international problems, especially Japan. The treaty did contain one significant feature which the Chinese were later to turn to their advantage; the right to appoint a high commissioner to <a href="/wiki/Ulan_Bator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulan Bator">Urga</a> and deputy high commissioners to <a href="/wiki/Uliastai" title="Uliastai">Uliastai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khovd_(city)" title="Khovd (city)">Khovd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta" title="Kyakhta">Kyakhta</a>. This provided a senior political presence in Mongolia, which had been lacking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_of_Russian_influence">Decline of Russian influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline of Russian influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Cossacks_in_Khuree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Two_Cossacks_in_Khuree.jpg/200px-Two_Cossacks_in_Khuree.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Two_Cossacks_in_Khuree.jpg/300px-Two_Cossacks_in_Khuree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Two_Cossacks_in_Khuree.jpg/400px-Two_Cossacks_in_Khuree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a> in gymnastyorka uniform, in Khüree ca. 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1913, the Russian consulate in Urga began publishing a journal titled <i>Shine tol'</i> (the New Mirror), the purpose of which was to project a positive image of Russia. Its editor, a Buryat-born scholar and statesman <a href="/wiki/Jamsrangiin_Tseveen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamsrangiin Tseveen">Ts. Zhamtsarano</a>, turned it into a platform for advocating political and social change. Lamas were incensed over the first issue, which denied that the world was flat; another issue severely criticized the Mongolian nobility for its exploitation of ordinary people.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical and veterinary services, part of Russian-sponsored reforms, met resistance from the lamas as this had been their prerogative. Mongols regarded as annoying the efforts of the Russians to oversee use of the second loan (the Russians believed the first had been profligately spent) and to reform the state budgetary system.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian diplomat Alexander Miller, appointed in 1913, proved to be a poor choice as he had little respect for most Mongolian officials, whom he regarded as incompetent in the extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing198081_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing198081-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief Russian military instructor successfully organized a Mongolian military brigade. Soldiers from this brigade manifested themselves later on in combat against Chinese troops. </p><p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914 required Russia to redirect its energies to Europe. By the middle of 1915, the Russian military position had deteriorated so badly that the Russian government had no choice but to neglect its Asian interests. China soon took advantage of the Russian distractions which increased dramatically following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a> in 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_attempts_to_reintegrate_Mongolia">Chinese attempts to reintegrate Mongolia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chinese attempts to reintegrate Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg/150px-YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg/225px-YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg/300px-YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, the President of the Republic of China</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1915, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, the President of the Republic of China, sent gifts to the Bogd Khaan and his wife. In return, the Bogd Khaan dispatched a delegation of 30 persons to Beijing with gifts for Yuan: four white horses and two camels (his wife Ekh Dagina sent four black horses and two camels). The delegation was received by Yuan Shikai himself, now proclaimed ruler of a <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">restored Empire of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delegation met Yuan Shikai on 10 February 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China this was interpreted in the context of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tributary system</a>, when all missions with gifts to Chinese rulers were considered as signs of submission. In this regard, Chinese sources stated that a year later, the Bogd Khaan agreed to participate in an investiture ceremony – a formal Qing ritual by which frontier nobles received the patent and seal of imperial appointment to office; Yuan awarded him China's highest decoration of merit; lesser but significant decorations were awarded to other senior Mongolian princes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actually, after the conclusion of the Kyakhta agreement in 1914, Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to the Bogd Khaan informing him that he was bestowed a title of "Bogd Jevzundamba Khutuktu Khaan of Outer Mongolia" and would be provided with a golden seal and a golden diploma. The Bogd Khaan responded: "<i>Since the title of Bogd <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jevzundamba Khutuktu</a> Khaan of Outer Mongolia was already bestowed by the Ikh Juntan, there was no need to bestow it again and that since there was no provision on the golden seal and golden diploma in the tripartite agreement, his government was not in a position to receive them</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bogd Khaan had already been granted said golden seal, title and diploma by the Qing dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_and_civil_war_in_Russia">Revolution and civil war in Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revolution and civil war in Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a> in 1917 and the resultant outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war in Russia</a> provided new opportunities for China to move into Mongolia. The Bolsheviks established <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">workers' councils</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, a process essentially completed by the summer of 1918. The presence of the Bolsheviks so close to the Mongolian border unsettled both the Mongolians and the Chinese High Commissioner, Chen Yi. Rumours were rife of Bolshevik troops preparing to invade Mongolia. The <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> consular guards at Urga, Uliastai, and Khovd, traditionally loyal to the Imperial <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a>, had mutinied and left. The Russian communities in Mongolia were themselves becoming fractious, some openly supporting the new Bolshevik regime.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pretext was the penetration of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> troops from Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Yi sent telegrams to Beijing requesting troops and, after several efforts, was able to persuade the Bogd Khaan's government to agree to the introduction of one battalion. By July 1918, the Soviet threat from Siberia had faded and the Mongolian foreign minister told Chen Yi that troops were no longer needed. Nevertheless, the Chinese battalion continued to move and in August arrived to Urga. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataman_semenov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ataman_semenov.jpg/250px-Ataman_semenov.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ataman_semenov.jpg/330px-Ataman_semenov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Mikhaylovich_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov">Grigory Semyonov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-Bolshevik forces in Asia were fragmented into a number of regiments. One was led by the <a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Supreme Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Mikhaylovich_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov">Grigory Semyonov</a>, who had assembled a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> and Inner Mongolian nationalists for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">pan-Mongolian state</a>. Semyonov and his allies made several unsuccessful efforts to encourage the Bogd Khaan's government to join it. The Khalkha people regarded themselves as the natural leaders of all Mongols and feared being submerged into a new political system that likely would be led by Buryats, whom the Khalkhas deeply mistrusted.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When inducements failed, Semyonov threatened to invade Mongolia to force compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bogd Khaanate was in a difficult position. On the one hand, it lacked the strength to repel a pan-Mongolist attack; on the other, they were profoundly disquieted by the thought of more Chinese troops in Mongolia. The first detachment of Chinese troops arrived to Urga in July 1919. Prince N.A Kudashev, the old Imperial Russian ambassador to Beijing, indicated a violation of the Kyakhta Agreement by China.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzmin,_S.L_2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzmin,_S.L_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This step in conflict with the Kyakhta agreement was considered by the Chinese as the first step toward Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing1980118_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing1980118-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, the threatened pan-Mongolian invasion never materialized because of dissension between the Buryats and Inner Mongolians, and Semyonov's dream of a pan-Mongolian state died.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_of_Mongolian_autonomy">Abolition of Mongolian autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abolition of Mongolian autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Occupation of Mongolia</a></div> <p>On 4 August 1919, an assembly of princes took place in Urga to discuss Semyonov's invitation to join the pan-Mongolian movement; this was because Khalkhas were threatened by a pan-Mongolist group of one Mongolian and two Buryat regiments advancing from Dauria.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzmin,_S.L_2011_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzmin,_S.L_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While that military campaign failed, China continued to increase troop numbers in Mongolia. On 13 August 1919 Commissioner Chen Yi received a message from "representatives of the four <a href="/wiki/Aimags_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimags of Mongolia">aimags</a>", requesting that China come to Mongolia's aid against Semyonov; it also expressed the desire of the Khalkha nobility to restore the previous Qing system. Among other things, they proposed that the five ministries of the Mongolian government be placed under the direct supervision of the Chinese high commission rather than the Bogd Khaan.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an Associated Press dispatch, some Mongol chieftains signed a petition asking China to retake administration of Mongolia and end Outer Mongolia's autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pressure from Chen Yi on Mongolian princes followed; representatives of the Bogd Khaan also participated in negotiations. Eventually, the princes agreed on a long list of principles, sixty-four points "<i>On respecting of Outer Mongolia by the government of China and improvement of her position in future after self-abolishing of authonomy</i>". This document offered the replacement of the Mongolian government with Chinese officials, the introduction of Chinese garrisons and keeping of feudal titles. According to ambassador Kudashev, the majority of princes supported the abolition of autonomy. The Bogd Khaan sent a delegation to the President of China with a letter complaining that the plan to abolish autonomy was a contrivance of the High Commissioner alone and not the wish of the people of Mongolia. On 28 October 1919, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">Chinese National Assembly</a> approved the articles. President <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shichang" title="Xu Shichang">Xu Shichang</a> sent a conciliatory letter to the Bogd Khaan, pledging respect for Mongolian feelings and reverence for the Jebtsundamba Khututktu and the Buddhist faith.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Major_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_Shuzheng2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Xu_Shuzheng2.jpg/250px-Xu_Shuzheng2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Xu_Shuzheng2.jpg/300px-Xu_Shuzheng2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shuzheng" title="Xu Shuzheng">Xu Shuzheng</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A few months earlier the Chinese government had appointed as new Northwest Frontier Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shuzheng" title="Xu Shuzheng">Xu Shuzheng</a>, an influential warlord and prominent member of the pro-Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anhui_clique" title="Anhui clique">Anhui clique</a> in the Chinese National Assembly. Xu had a vision for Mongolia very different from that reflected in the Sixty-four points. It presented a vast plan for reconstruction. Arriving with a military escort in Urga on 29 October, he informed the Mongolians that the Sixty-four points would need to be renegotiated. He submitted a much tougher set of conditions, the "Eight Articles," calling for the express declaration of Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia, an increase in Mongolia's population (presumably through Chinese colonization), and the promotion of commerce, industry, and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols resisted, prompting Xu to threaten to deport the Bogd Khaan to China if he did not immediately agree to the conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To emphasize the point, Xu placed troops in front of the Bogd Khaan's palace.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese were the ones who ordered these pro-Japanese Chinese warlords to occupy Mongolia to halt a possibly revolutionary spillover from the Russian revolutionaries into Mongolia and Northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Chinese completed the occupation, the Japanese then abandoned them and left them on their own. </p><p>The Eight Articles were placed before the Mongolian Parliament on 15 November. The upper house accepted the Articles; the lower house did not, with some members calling for armed resistance, if necessary. The Buddhist monks resisted most of all, but the nobles of the upper house prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A petition to end autonomy, signed by the ministers and deputy ministers of the Bogd Khaan's government, was presented to Xu.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bogd Khaan refused to affix his seal until compelled by the fact that new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gonchigjalzangiin_Badamdorj" title="Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj">Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj</a>, installed by order of Xu Shuzheng, and conservative forces were accepting the Chinese demands. The office of the high commission was abolished, and Chen Yi was recalled. Xu's success was broadly celebrated in China. 1 January and the following days were declared holidays and all governmental institutions in Beijing and in the provinces were closed. </p><p>Xu Shuzheng returned to Mongolia in December for the Bogd Khaan's "investiture", which took place on 1 January 1920. It was an elaborate ceremony: Chinese soldiers lined both sides of the road to the palace; the portrait of the President of China was borne on a palanquin, followed by the national flag of China and a marching band of cymbals and drums. Mongols were obliged to prostrate themselves before these emblems of Chinese sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That night herdsmen and lamas gathered outside the palace and angrily tore down the flags of the Chinese Republic hanging from the gate.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xu moved immediately to implement the Eight Articles. The doors of the former Mongolian ministries were locked, and Chinese sentries posted in front. A new government of eight departments was formed. The Mongolian army was demobilized, its arsenal seized, and both lay and religious officials banned from using the words "Mongolian state" (Mongol uls) in their official correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tusiyetu Khan Aimak's Prince Darchin Ch'in Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of Ungern-Sternberg.<sup id="cite_ref-LattimoreNachukdorji_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LattimoreNachukdorji-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bogd_Khaant_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Bogd_Khaant_Mongolia.jpg/150px-Flag_of_Bogd_Khaant_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Bogd_Khaant_Mongolia.jpg/225px-Flag_of_Bogd_Khaant_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Bogd_Khaant_Mongolia.jpg/300px-Flag_of_Bogd_Khaant_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Mongolia, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mongolia" title="National Museum of Mongolia">National Museum of Mongolia</a><sup id="cite_ref-VCM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VCM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The late Qing government had embarked on a grand plan, the "<a href="/wiki/New_Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="New Policies">New Policies</a>", aimed at greater integration of Mongolia with the rest of China and opened <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> colonization and agricultural settlement. Many Mongols considered this act as a violation of the old agreements when they recognized authority of the Manchu dynasty, particularly the preservation of traditional social order on Mongol lands, and thus began to seek independence. The collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, conducted under the nationalistic catchwords of the Han Chinese, led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>; later the initial concept was called "<a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly founded Chinese state laid claim to all imperial territory, including Mongolia. Mongolian officials were clear that their subordination was to the Qing monarch and thus owed no allegiance to the new Chinese republic. While some Inner Mongols showed willingness to join the Republic of China, Outer Mongols, together with part of Inner Mongolia, declared independence from China. The Russian-Mongolian Agreement of 1912 was the first international agreement of new Mongolia. In terms of content, method of elaboration and conclusion, it was a document on the recognition of an independent state. By signing it Russia recognized Mongolia's negotiability and international legal personality. The tripartite 1915 Agreement, which replaced the 1912 Agreement, incorporated important provisions of the latter. According to the vew of the Russian Foreign Ministry, this Agreement recognized the statehood of Mongolia and her autonomy under purely formal suzerainty of China.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Outer Mongols were helped by the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> troops of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ungern_von_Sternberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Ungern von Sternberg">Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg</a> incursions following the Russian Revolution of 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abolition of Mongolian autonomy by Xu Shuzheng in 1919 reawakened the Mongolian national independence movement. Two small resistance groups formed, later to become the Mongolian People's Party (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party</a>), which sought independence and Soviet cooperation. </p><p>It was proposed that <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a>'s domain (the Chinese "<a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Three Eastern Provinces</a>") take Outer Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Outer Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-LattimoreNachukdorji_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LattimoreNachukdorji-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Occupation of Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (1921–1922), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> (1922–1924), and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a> (a <i>de-facto</i> independent state)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span>, Богд хаант Монгол Улс</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">博克多汗國</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bókèduō Hán Guó</span></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk">Моңғолия Боғд хандығы</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Kazakh">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kazakh-language romanization"><i lang="kk-Latn">Moñğolïya Boğd xandığı</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a>: <span lang="tyv">Моолдуң Богд каганады</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tuvan-language romanization"><i lang="tyv-Latn">Moolduň Bogd kaganady</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VCM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VCM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VCM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/stories/view.nhn?id=548">"VCM"</a>. <i>Virtual Collection of Asian Masterpieces</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Collection+of+Asian+Masterpieces&rft.atitle=VCM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmasterpieces.asemus.museum%2Fstories%2Fview.nhn%3Fid%3D548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay2008" class="citation book cs1">May, Timothy Michael (2008). <i>Culture and customs of Mongolia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Mongolia&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eap.bl.uk/item/EAP264-1-8-2-6">"Namnansüren, Tögs-Ochiryn, 1878–1919, Former Prime Minister of Mongolia (1912–1919)"</a>. <i>The Endangered Archives Programme</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Endangered+Archives+Programme&rft.atitle=Namnans%C3%BCren%2C+T%C3%B6gs-Ochiryn%2C+1878%E2%80%931919%2C+Former+Prime+Minister+of+Mongolia+%281912%E2%80%931919%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feap.bl.uk%2Fitem%2FEAP264-1-8-2-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas E. Ewing, Revolution on the Chinese Frontier: Outer Mongolia in 1911, Journal of Asian History (Wiesbaden), v. 12, pp. 101–119 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Академия наук СССР <i>History of the Mongolian People's Republic</i>, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler" class="citation book cs1">Butler, William Elliott. <i>The Mongolian legal system: contemporary legislation and documentation</i>. p. 255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolian+legal+system%3A+contemporary+legislation+and+documentation&rft.pages=255&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=William+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/chinamongolia-1911-1946/">"China/Mongolia (1911–1946)"</a>. <i>University of Central Arkansas</i>. Department of Government, Public Service, and International Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Mongolian revolutionaries defeated Chinese government troops on March 17–18, 1921. The provisional government of Mongolia requested Russian (Bolshevik) military intervention on April 10, 1921. Russian (Bolshevik) troops entered Mongolia on July 3, 1921, and the Russian (Bolshevik) troops captured Yihe Huree (Urga) on July 6, 1921. Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg was captured near Lake Gusinoe on August 22, 1921, and he was executed by the Russians (Bolsheviks) on September 15, 1921. The MPP proclaimed the independence of Mongolia on September 14, 1921, and the 60-member National Provisional Khural convened in Yihe Huree (Urga) on October 28, 1921.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Central+Arkansas&rft.atitle=China%2FMongolia+%281911%E2%80%931946%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fhome%2Fresearch-projects%2Fdadm-project%2Fasiapacific-region%2Fchinamongolia-1911-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Батсайхан О.</i> 2008. Монголын суулчийн эзэн хаан VIII Богд Жавзандамба. Ulaanbaatar: Admon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael, K. Jerryson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.muni.cz/el/phil/jaro2015/RLB392/um/jerryson_2007_4.pdf"><i>Mongolian Buddhism: The Rise and Fall of the Sangha</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Silkworm Books. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789749511268" title="Special:BookSources/9789749511268"><bdi>9789749511268</bdi></a>. <q>Periods of autonomy in early twentieth century Mongolia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolian+Buddhism%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sangha&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789749511268&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=K.+Jerryson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.muni.cz%2Fel%2Fphil%2Fjaro2015%2FRLB392%2Fum%2Fjerryson_2007_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD&oldid=775897">"Таван замын байлдаан"</a>, <i>Википедиа нэвтэрхий толь</i> (in Mongolian), 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.date=2024-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%26oldid%3D775897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ts. Nasanbaljir, <i>Jibzandama khutagtyn san</i> ["The treasury of the Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu"], <i>Tüükhiin sudlal</i> ("Historical studies"). Ulan Bator, 1970. Vol. 8, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing198036-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing198036_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEwing1980">Ewing 1980</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sh. Sandag, Mongolyn uls töriin gadaad khariltsaa, 1850–1919 [Foreign relations of Mongolia, 1850–1919], (Ulan Bator, 1971), p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A contemporary, "Old Jambal," in the Soviet time has supplied a fascinating description of the sordid affairs of the Bogd Khaan's court and his court. <a href="/wiki/Tsendiin_Damdins%C3%BCren" title="Tsendiin Damdinsüren">Tsendiin Damdinsüren</a>, ed., <i>Övgön Jambalyn yaria</i> ("Tales of Old Jambal") Ulan Bator, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsedev, pp. 40, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jou Kuntien, <i>Bienjiang chengtse</i> ("Frontier policy"). Taipei, 1962. pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Mongolia</i>, Volume 5. Mongolian Institute of History, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing198049–50-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing198049–50_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEwing1980">Ewing 1980</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12092500/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1.%D0%9B._2015._%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_1912_%D0%B3._%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_Kuzmin_S.L._2015._Russian_Mongolian_Agreement_of_1912_and_the_Independence_of_Mongolia_">Kuzmin S.L. Russian – Mongolian Agreement of 1912 and the Independence of Mongolia. – Vestnik Moskovskogo Gorodskogo Pedagogicheskogo Universiteta, Ser. Istoricheskie Nauki, 2015, no 1, pp. 80–87</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John V.A. MacMurray, comp., Treaties and Agreements with and concerning China, 1894–1919 (New York, 1921), v. 2, no. 1913/11, pp. 1066–1067.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Istoriya Tuvy [History of Tuva], v. 1, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen Lu, the Chinese representative, has provided a detailed chronicle of discussions in Jishi biji [Reminiscences], (Shanghai, 1919), pp. 16–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batsaikhan, O. The Last King of Mongolia, Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, 2008, pp. 290–293. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9992904640" title="Special:BookSources/978-9992904640">978-9992904640</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12779988/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1.%D0%9B._2015._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1915_%D0%B3._%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC_Kuzmin_S.L._2015._%D0%A1entenary_of_the_Kyakhta_Agreement_of_1915_between_Russia_Mongolia_and_China_">Kuzmin, S.L. Сentenary of the Kyakhta Agreement of 1915 between Russia, Mongolia and China. – Asia and Africa Today (Moscow), 2015, no 4, pp. 60–63</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korostovetz, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korostovetz, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing198081-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing198081_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEwing1980">Ewing 1980</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bügd nairamdakh Mongol ard ulsyn tüükh [History of the Mongolian People's Republic], (Ulan Bator, 1966–69), v. 2, pp. 536–537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badarchi, O.S. and Dugarsuren, Sh.N. Bogd khaany amdrallyn on daraalyn tovchoon. Ulaanbaatar: Khadyn san, 2000, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen Chungzu, Wai mengu jinshi shi [The modern history of Outer Mongolia], (Shanghai, 1926; repr. Taipei, 1965), bien 2, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batsaikhan, O. <i>The Last King of Mongolia, Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu</i>. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, 2008, pp. 293 – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99929-0-464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-99929-0-464-0">978-99929-0-464-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burdukov, pp. 151, 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuzmin, S.L. 2011. The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-692-2">978-5-87317-692-2</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Shirendyb, Mongolia na rubezhe XIX–XX vekov [Mongolia on the eve of the 19th and 20th centuries], (Ulan Bator, 1963), pp. 173–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhung-O guanxi shiliao: Wai menggu [Historical sources on Chinese-Russian relations: Outer Mongolia], (Taipei, 1959), no. 159, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuzmin,_S.L_2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuzmin,_S.L_2011_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuzmin,_S.L_2011_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuzmin, S.L. 2011. The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-692-2">978-5-87317-692-2</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing1980118-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwing1980118_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEwing1980">Ewing 1980</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, Russia, China, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhung-O, no. 253, 461–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031105903/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/10/31/118174410.pdf">"Outer Mongolia, Tired of Autonomy, Asks China to Pay Her Princes and Take Her Back"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Peking. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 31 October 1919. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E3DB1138EE32A25752C3A9669D946896D6CF">the original</a> on 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Outer+Mongolia%2C+Tired+of+Autonomy%2C+Asks+China+to+Pay+Her+Princes+and+Take+Her+Back.&rft.date=1919-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C04E3DB1138EE32A25752C3A9669D946896D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniatlas.com/maps/northern-eurasia/19181101/">"Northern Eurasia 1918: End of the Great War"</a>. <i>Omniatlas</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniatlas&rft.atitle=Northern+Eurasia+1918%3A+End+of+the+Great+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniatlas.com%2Fmaps%2Fnorthern-eurasia%2F19181101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas E. Ewing, Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911–1921: A Reappraisal, The Slavonic and East European Review (London), v. 58, pp. 407–408 (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Major_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajor1990" class="citation book cs1">Major, John S. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landpeopleofmong00majo/page/119"><i>The land and people of Mongolia</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landpeopleofmong00majo/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-32386-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-32386-9"><bdi>978-0-397-32386-9</bdi></a>. <q>in 1919, a Japanese influenced faction in the Chinese government mounted an invasion of Outer Mongolia and forced its leaders to sign a "request" to be taken over by the government of China. Japan's aim was to protect its own economic, political, and military interests in North China be keeping the Russian Revolution from influencing Mongolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+land+and+people+of+Mongolia&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-397-32386-9&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandpeopleofmong00majo%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ts. Puntsagnorov, Mongolyn avtonomit üyeiin tüükh [History of Mongolia in the autonomous period], (Ulan Bator, 1955), p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhung-O, no. 420, p. 593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Gongor, Ts. Dolgorsüren, eds., D. Sükhbaataaryn tukhai durdatgaluud [Memories of D. Sukhbaatar], (Ulan Bator, 1965), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Bat-Ochir, D. Dashjamts, Damdiny Sukhe-Bator. Biografiya [Biography of Damdin Sukhbaatar], (Moscow, 1971), pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen Chungzu, pien 3, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Daolin, Xu shuzheng hsien-sheng wenji nienpu hokan [The life of Mr. Xu Shuzheng], (Taipei, 1962), p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bat-Ochir, Dashjamts, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bügd nairamdakh Mongol ard ulsyn tüükh [History of the Mongolian People's Republic], (Ulan Bator, 1966–69), v. 3, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LattimoreNachukdorji-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LattimoreNachukdorji_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LattimoreNachukdorji_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLattimoreNachukdorji1955" class="citation book cs1">Lattimore, Owen; Nachukdorji, Sh (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28wUAAAAIAAJ&q=bogda+khan&pg=PA171"><i>Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Archive</a>. pp. 171–. GGKEY:4D2GY636WK5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Revolution+in+Mongolia&rft.pages=171-&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Nachukdorji%2C+Sh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28wUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbogda%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esherick J.W. 2006. How the Qing became China. – В кн.: Empire to Nation. Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World (eds. J.W. Esherick, H. Kayali, E. van Young). Lanham, Maryland, pp. 240–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/106960698/Kuzmin_S_L_2023_International_status_of_Mongolia_before_and_after_the_Russo_Mongolian_Agreement_of_1912_">Kuzmin S.L. International status of Mongolia before and after the Russo-Mongolian Agreement of 1912. – In: Монголын тусгаар тогтнол ба Монгол Оросын 1912 оны гэрээ. Улаанбаатар, 2023, pp. 36–46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Thomas E. Ewing, <i>Ch'ing Policies in Outer Mongolia 1900–1911</i>, Modern Asian Studies, pp. 145–157 (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuzmin, S.L. 2011. The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-692-2">978-5-87317-692-2</a>, pp. 120–199.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwing1980" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Thomas E. (1980). <i>Between the Hammer and the Anvil. Chinese and Russian Policies in Outer Mongolia, 1911–1921</i>. Bloomington, IN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Hammer+and+the+Anvil.+Chinese+and+Russian+Policies+in+Outer+Mongolia%2C+1911%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABogd+Khanate+of+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bogd Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">1921 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">1990 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mongolia" title="Emblem of Mongolia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mongolia" title="Template:Borders of Mongolia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia" title="List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia">Historical cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Fauna of Mongolia">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Mongolia" title="List of birds of Mongolia">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Mongolia" title="List of mammals of Mongolia">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Flora of Mongolia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mongolia" title="List of lakes of Mongolia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Khövsgöl">Khövsgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Lake" title="Uvs Lake">Uvs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Mongolia" title="List of mountains in Mongolia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentii_Mountains" title="Khentii Mountains">Khentii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Mongolia" title="List of national parks of Mongolia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mongolia" title="List of rivers of Mongolia">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selenga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenga River">Selenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural <span style="font-size: 85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mongolia" title="Government of Mongolia">Government <span style="font-size: 85%;">(cabinet)</span></a></li> <li>Judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Constitutional Court of Mongolia">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Mongolia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_neighbor_policy" title="Third neighbor policy">Third neighbor policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mongolia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Mongolia)" title="Chief of General Staff (Mongolia)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mongolia" title="List of political parties in Mongolia">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia#Banks" title="Economy of Mongolia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mongolia" title="List of companies of Mongolia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Stock_Exchange" title="Mongolian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Tögrög <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mongolia" title="Tourism in Mongolia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mongolia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mongolia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Society of Mongolia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyol_Fashion_Festival" title="Goyol Fashion Festival">Goyol Fashion Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">Horse culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam <span style="font-size: 85%;">(festival)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Sar" title="Tsagaan Sar">Tsagaan Sar <span style="font-size: 85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mongolia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mongolia" title="Outline of Mongolia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongolia" title="Category:Mongolia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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