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id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">J. M. W. Turner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.M.W._Turner" title="J.M.W. Turner – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="J.M.W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_(%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="تيرنر (رسام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيرنر (رسام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уильям Тёрнер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уильям Тёрнер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ўільям Тэрнэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўільям Тэрнэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джоузеф Търнър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джоузеф Търнър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уильям Тёрнер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уильям Тёрнер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.M.W._Turner" title="J.M.W. Turner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="J.M.W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ουίλλιαμ Τέρνερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίλλιαμ Τέρνερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ویلیام ترنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام ترنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EB%A7%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%84%B0%EB%84%88" title="조지프 말로드 윌리엄 터너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 말로드 윌리엄 터너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B9%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուիլյամ Թըրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Թըրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="जोजेफ विलियम मेलार्ड टर्नर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोजेफ विलियम मेलार्ड टर्नर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Тёрнер, Джозеф Мэллорд Уильям – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тёрнер, Джозеф Мэллорд Уильям" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8_(%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="ויליאם טרנר (צייר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם טרנר (צייר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಮ್ಯಾಲರ್ಡ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಟರ್ನರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಮ್ಯಾಲರ್ಡ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಟರ್ನರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ ტერნერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ ტერნერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Mallord_Gulielmus_Turner" title="Iosephus Mallord Gulielmus Turner – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Mallord Gulielmus Turner" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEozefs_Melords_Viljams_T%C4%93rners" title="Džozefs Melords Viljams Tērners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džozefs Melords Viljams Tērners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="जोसफ टर्नर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जोसफ टर्नर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82._%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BC" title="ജെ.എം.ഡബ്ൾയൂ. ടേണർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെ.എം.ഡബ്ൾയൂ. ടേണർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="تيرنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيرنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီလျံ တားနား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီလျံ တားနား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ジョゼフ・マロード・ウィリアム・ターナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョゼフ・マロード・ウィリアム・ターナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.M.W._Turner" title="J.M.W. Turner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="J.M.W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੋਸਫ ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਟਰਨਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੋਸਫ ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਟਰਨਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ولیم ٹرنر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولیم ٹرنر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Тёрнер, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тёрнер, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joseph Mallord William Turner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вилијам Тарнер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Тарнер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Turner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วิลเลียม เทอร์เนอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม เทอร์เนอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вільям Тернер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Тернер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turneri_Joseph_Mallord_William" title="Turneri Joseph Mallord William – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Turneri Joseph Mallord William" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="J. M. W. Turner" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%80%8F%E7%BA%B3" title="约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%8B%BF" title="透拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="透拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%80%8F%E7%BA%B3" title="约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the painter <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(painter)" title="William Turner (painter)">William Turner</a> of Oxford.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">J. M. W. Turner</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academician" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academician">RA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_auto-retrato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_auto-retrato.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_auto-retrato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_auto-retrato.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_auto-retrato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_auto-retrato.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_auto-retrato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Turner)" title="Self-Portrait (Turner)">Self-Portrait</a></i>, oil on canvas, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Mallord William Turner</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1775-04-23</span>)</span>23 April 1775<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1851<span style="display:none">(1851-12-19)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea, London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Paintings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Temeraire" title="The Fighting Temeraire">The Fighting Temeraire</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_%E2%80%93_The_Great_Western_Railway" title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway">Rain, Steam and Speed</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_turner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_turner.svg/150px-William_turner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_turner.svg/225px-William_turner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_turner.svg/300px-William_turner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Mallord William Turner</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Academicians" title="List of Royal Academicians">RA</a></span> (23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851), known in his time as <b>William Turner</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an English <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> painter, <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolourist</a>. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscapes</a> and turbulent, often violent <a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">marine</a> paintings. He left behind more than 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_Society_Homepage_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_Society_Homepage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was championed by the leading English art critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> from 1840, and is today regarded as having elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner was born in <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Lane,_Covent_Garden" title="Maiden Lane, Covent Garden">Maiden Lane, Covent Garden</a>, London, to a modest lower-middle-class family and retained his lower class accent, while assiduously avoiding the trappings of success and fame. A child prodigy, Turner studied at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a> from 1789, enrolling when he was 14, and exhibited his first work there at 15. During this period, he also served as an architectural draftsman. He earned a steady income from commissions and sales, which he often only begrudgingly accepted owing to his troubled and contrary nature. He opened his own gallery in 1804 and became professor of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> at the academy in 1807, where he lectured until 1828. He travelled around Europe from 1802, typically returning with voluminous sketchbooks. </p><p>Intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive, Turner was a controversial figure throughout his career. He did not marry, but fathered two daughters, Evelina (1801–1874) and Georgiana (1811–1843), by the widow Sarah Danby. He became more pessimistic and morose as he got older, especially after the death of his father in 1829; when his outlook deteriorated, his gallery fell into disrepair and neglect, and his art intensified. In 1841, Turner rowed a boat into the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> so he could not be counted as present at any property in <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_census" title="1841 United Kingdom census">that year's census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived in squalor and poor health from 1845, and died in London in 1851 aged 76. Turner is buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DV307_no.70_House_where_Turner_was_born,_from_a_print.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DV307_no.70_House_where_Turner_was_born%2C_from_a_print.png/170px-DV307_no.70_House_where_Turner_was_born%2C_from_a_print.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DV307_no.70_House_where_Turner_was_born%2C_from_a_print.png/255px-DV307_no.70_House_where_Turner_was_born%2C_from_a_print.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DV307_no.70_House_where_Turner_was_born%2C_from_a_print.png/340px-DV307_no.70_House_where_Turner_was_born%2C_from_a_print.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>The house in <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Lane,_Covent_Garden" title="Maiden Lane, Covent Garden">Maiden Lane</a> where Turner was born, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1850s</figcaption></figure> <p>Turner's father William Turner (1745–1829) moved to London around 1770 from South Molton, Devon.<sup id="cite_ref-blayney_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blayney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on 23 April 1775 and baptised on 14 May.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born in <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Lane,_Covent_Garden" title="Maiden Lane, Covent Garden">Maiden Lane</a>, Covent Garden, in London, England.<sup id="cite_ref-shanes2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanes2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a barber and wig maker.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778 but died in August 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner's mother showed signs of mental disturbance from 1785 and was admitted to <a href="/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Hospital_for_Lunatics" title="St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics">St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics</a> in Old Street in 1799. She was moved in 1800 to <a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethlem Hospital">Bethlem Hospital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-blayney_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blayney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Mental_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental asylum">mental asylum</a>, where she died in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner was sent to his maternal uncle, Joseph Mallord William Marshall, a butcher<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Brentford" title="Brentford">Brentford</a>, then a small town on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> west of London, where Turner attended school. The earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's <i>Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilton14_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilton14-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1786, Turner was sent to <a href="/wiki/Margate" title="Margate">Margate</a> on the north-east <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> coast. There he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area that foreshadowed his later work.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Turner's drawings were being exhibited in his father's shop window and sold for a few <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father boasted to the artist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stothard" title="Thomas Stothard">Thomas Stothard</a> that: "My son, sir, is going to be a painter".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to <a href="/wiki/Sunningwell" title="Sunningwell">Sunningwell</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>). A whole <a href="/wiki/Sketchbook" title="Sketchbook">sketchbook</a> of work from this time in Berkshire survives as well as a <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. The use of pencil sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings, formed the basis of Turner's essential working style for his whole career.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilton14_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilton14-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many early sketches by Turner were architectural studies or exercises in <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>, and it is known that, as a young man, he worked for several architects including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardwick" title="Thomas Hardwick">Thomas Hardwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wyatt" title="James Wyatt">James Wyatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonomi_the_Elder" title="Joseph Bonomi the Elder">Joseph Bonomi the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1789, he had also begun to study under the <a href="/wiki/Topographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical">topographical</a> draughtsman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malton" title="Thomas Malton">Thomas Malton</a>, who specialised in London views. Turner learned from him the basic tricks of the trade, copying and colouring outline prints of British castles and <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>. He would later call Malton "My real master".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caerlaverock_Castle_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_ABDAG000623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caerlaverock_Castle_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_ABDAG000623.jpg/220px-Caerlaverock_Castle_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_ABDAG000623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caerlaverock_Castle_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_ABDAG000623.jpg/330px-Caerlaverock_Castle_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_ABDAG000623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caerlaverock_Castle_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_ABDAG000623.jpg/440px-Caerlaverock_Castle_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_ABDAG000623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><i>Caerlaverock Castle</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1832</span>), Aberdeen Archives Gallery and Museums</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_(British_-_Modern_Rome-Campo_Vaccino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%28British_-_Modern_Rome-Campo_Vaccino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%28British_-_Modern_Rome-Campo_Vaccino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%28British_-_Modern_Rome-Campo_Vaccino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%28British_-_Modern_Rome-Campo_Vaccino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%28British_-_Modern_Rome-Campo_Vaccino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%28British_-_Modern_Rome-Campo_Vaccino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4336" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Rome_%E2%80%93_Campo_Vaccino" title="Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino">Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino</a></i>, 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>Turner entered the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> of Art in 1789, aged 14,<sup id="cite_ref-finberg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finberg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was accepted into the academy a year later by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a>. He showed an early interest in architecture but was advised by Hardwick to focus on painting. His first watercolour, <i>A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth</i>, was accepted for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_summer_exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy summer exhibition">Royal Academy summer exhibition</a> of 1790 when Turner was 15. </p><p>As an academy probationer, Turner was taught drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures. From July 1790 to October 1793, his name appears in the registry of the academy over a hundred times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1792, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Life_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Life class">life class</a> to learn to draw the human body from nude models.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner exhibited watercolours each year at the academy while painting in the winter and travelling in the summer widely throughout Britain, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, where he produced a wide range of sketches for working up into studies and watercolours. These particularly focused on architectural work, which used his skills as a draughtsman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, he showed the watercolour titled <i>The Rising Squall – Hot Wells from St Vincent's Rock Bristol</i> (now lost), which foreshadowed his later climatic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-wilton20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilton20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British writer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cunningham_(British_writer)" title="Peter Cunningham (British writer)">Peter Cunningham</a>, in his obituary of Turner, wrote that it was: "recognised by the wiser few as a noble attempt at lifting landscape art out of the tame insipidities ... [and] evinced for the first time that mastery of effect for which he is now justly celebrated".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Fishermen_at_Sea" title="Fishermen at Sea">Fishermen at Sea</a></i>, exhibited in 1796, the first oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal Academy</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1796, Turner exhibited <i><a href="/wiki/Fishermen_at_Sea" title="Fishermen at Sea">Fishermen at Sea</a></i>, his first oil painting for the academy, of a nocturnal moonlit scene of <a href="/wiki/The_Needles" title="The Needles">the Needles</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, an image of boats in peril.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilton said that the image was "a summary of all that had been said about the sea by the artists of the 18th century".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shows strong influence by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Joseph_Vernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Joseph Vernet">Claude Joseph Vernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg" title="Philip James de Loutherbourg">Philip James de Loutherbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Monamy" title="Peter Monamy">Peter Monamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Swaine" title="Francis Swaine">Francis Swaine</a>, who was admired for his moonlight <a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">marine paintings</a>. The image was praised by contemporary critics and founded Turner's reputation as both an oil painter and a painter of maritime scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_J._M._W._Turner,_R.A._making_his_sketch_for_the_celebrated_picture_of_Mercury_%26_Argus_(4674619).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Portrait_of_J._M._W._Turner%2C_R.A._making_his_sketch_for_the_celebrated_picture_of_Mercury_%26_Argus_%284674619%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_J._M._W._Turner%2C_R.A._making_his_sketch_for_the_celebrated_picture_of_Mercury_%26_Argus_%284674619%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Portrait_of_J._M._W._Turner%2C_R.A._making_his_sketch_for_the_celebrated_picture_of_Mercury_%26_Argus_%284674619%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_J._M._W._Turner%2C_R.A._making_his_sketch_for_the_celebrated_picture_of_Mercury_%26_Argus_%284674619%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Portrait_of_J._M._W._Turner%2C_R.A._making_his_sketch_for_the_celebrated_picture_of_Mercury_%26_Argus_%284674619%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_J._M._W._Turner%2C_R.A._making_his_sketch_for_the_celebrated_picture_of_Mercury_%26_Argus_%284674619%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_(engraver)" title="Charles Turner (engraver)">Charles Turner</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1840, <i>Portrait of J. M. W. Turner, making his sketch for the celebrated picture of 'Mercury & Argus' </i>(exhibited in 1836)</figcaption></figure> <p>Turner travelled widely in Europe, starting with France and Switzerland in 1802 and studying in <a href="/wiki/The_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Louvre">the Louvre</a> in Paris in the same year. He made many visits to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. Important support for his work came from <a href="/wiki/Walter_Fawkes" title="Walter Fawkes">Walter Ramsden Fawkes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Farnley_Hall_(North_Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnley Hall (North Yorkshire)">Farnley Hall</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Otley" title="Otley">Otley</a> in Yorkshire, who became a close friend of the artist. Turner first visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the surrounding area that he returned to it throughout his career. The stormy backdrop of <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Hannibal_and_his_Army_Crossing_the_Alps" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps">Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps</a></i> is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over <a href="/wiki/The_Chevin" title="The Chevin">the Chevin</a> in Otley while he was staying at Farnley Hall. </p><p>Turner was a frequent guest of <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham,_3rd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont">George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Petworth_House" title="Petworth House">Petworth House</a> in West Sussex, and painted scenes that Egremont funded taken from the grounds of the house and of the Sussex countryside, including a view of the <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Canal" title="Chichester Canal">Chichester Canal</a>. Petworth House still displays a number of paintings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Turner grew older, he became more eccentric. He had few close friends except for his father, who lived with him for 30 years and worked as his studio assistant. His father's death in 1829 had a profound effect on him, and thereafter he was subject to bouts of depression. He never married but had a relationship with an older widow, his housekeeper Sarah Danby. He is believed to have been the father of her two daughters Evelina Dupuis and Georgiana Thompson.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evelina married <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dupuis" title="Joseph Dupuis">Joseph Dupuis</a> on 31 October 1817. It was recorded that her mother, Sarah Danby, was a witness along with Charles Thompson.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnell_-_J.M.W._Turner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linnell_-_J.M.W._Turner.jpg/170px-Linnell_-_J.M.W._Turner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linnell_-_J.M.W._Turner.jpg/255px-Linnell_-_J.M.W._Turner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linnell_-_J.M.W._Turner.jpg/340px-Linnell_-_J.M.W._Turner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Turner, painted from memory by <a href="/wiki/John_Linnell_(painter)" title="John Linnell (painter)">Linnell</a> (1838)</figcaption></figure> <p>Turner formed a relationship with Sophia Caroline Booth after her second husband died, and from 1846 he lived with her as "Mr Booth" or "Admiral Booth" in her house at 6 Davis's Place (now <a href="/wiki/Cheyne_Walk" title="Cheyne Walk">Cheyne Walk</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>, until his death in December 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vch_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner was a habitual user of <a href="/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" title="Snuff (tobacco)">snuff</a>; in 1838, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of the French</a>, presented a gold <a href="/wiki/Snuff_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Snuff box">snuff box</a> to him.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of two other snuffboxes, an <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> and silver example bears Turner's name,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another, made of wood, was collected along with his spectacles, magnifying glass and card case by an associate housekeeper.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner formed a short but intense friendship with the artist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thomas_Daniell" title="Edward Thomas Daniell">Edward Thomas Daniell</a>. The painter <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a> wrote of him that, "He adored Turner, when I and others doubted, and taught me to see & to distinguish his beauties over that of others ... the old man really had a fond & personal regard for this young clergyman, which I doubt he ever evinced for the other".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007319–320_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007319–320-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniell may have supplied Turner with the spiritual comfort he needed after the deaths of his father and friends, and to "ease the fears of a naturally reflective man approaching old age".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007319–320_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007319–320-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Daniell's death in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> at the age of 38, he told Roberts he would never form such a friendship again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007356_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007356-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Before leaving for the Middle East, Daniell commissioned Turner’s portrait from <a href="/wiki/John_Linnell_(painter)" title="John Linnell (painter)">John Linnell</a>. Turner had previously refused to sit for the artist, and it was difficult to get his agreement to be portrayed. Daniell positioned the two men opposite each other at dinner, so that Linnell could observe his subject carefully and portray his likeness from memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007356_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007356-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turners_House,_Cheyne_Walk,_Chelsea,_1887_by_Philip_Norman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Turners_House%2C_Cheyne_Walk%2C_Chelsea%2C_1887_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/220px-Turners_House%2C_Cheyne_Walk%2C_Chelsea%2C_1887_by_Philip_Norman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Turners_House%2C_Cheyne_Walk%2C_Chelsea%2C_1887_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/330px-Turners_House%2C_Cheyne_Walk%2C_Chelsea%2C_1887_by_Philip_Norman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Turners_House%2C_Cheyne_Walk%2C_Chelsea%2C_1887_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/440px-Turners_House%2C_Cheyne_Walk%2C_Chelsea%2C_1887_by_Philip_Norman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Turners House, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, 1887 by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Norman_(artist)" title="Philip Norman (artist)">Philip Norman</a></figcaption></figure><p>Turner died of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> at the home of Sophia Caroline Booth, in <a href="/wiki/Cheyne_Walk" title="Cheyne Walk">Cheyne Walk</a> in Chelsea, on 19 December 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-vch_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, where he lies near the painter Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blayney_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blayney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently his last words were "The Sun (or Son?) is God",<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this may be apocryphal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner's friend, the architect <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hardwick" title="Philip Hardwick">Philip Hardwick</a>, the son of his old tutor, was in charge of making the funeral arrangements and wrote to those who knew Turner to tell them at the time of his death that, "I must inform you, we have lost him."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other executors were his cousin and chief mourner at the funeral, Henry Harpur IV (benefactor of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hospital" title="Westminster Hospital">Westminster – now Chelsea & Westminster – Hospital</a>), Revd. Henry Scott Trimmer, <a href="/wiki/George_Jones_(painter)" title="George Jones (painter)">George Jones RA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_(engraver)" title="Charles Turner (engraver)">Charles Turner ARA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornbury1862_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornbury1862-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner's talent was recognised early in his life. Financial independence allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is characterized by a chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint. According to David Piper's <i>The Illustrated History of Art</i>, his later pictures were called "fantastic puzzles". Turner was recognised as an artistic genius; the English art critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> described him as the artist who could most "stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature".<sup id="cite_ref-piper_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piper-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.M.W._Turner%27s_Rockets_and_Blue_Lights_(Close_at_Hand)_to_Warn_Steamboats_of_Shoal_Water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/J.M.W._Turner%27s_Rockets_and_Blue_Lights_%28Close_at_Hand%29_to_Warn_Steamboats_of_Shoal_Water.jpg/261px-J.M.W._Turner%27s_Rockets_and_Blue_Lights_%28Close_at_Hand%29_to_Warn_Steamboats_of_Shoal_Water.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/J.M.W._Turner%27s_Rockets_and_Blue_Lights_%28Close_at_Hand%29_to_Warn_Steamboats_of_Shoal_Water.jpg/392px-J.M.W._Turner%27s_Rockets_and_Blue_Lights_%28Close_at_Hand%29_to_Warn_Steamboats_of_Shoal_Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/J.M.W._Turner%27s_Rockets_and_Blue_Lights_%28Close_at_Hand%29_to_Warn_Steamboats_of_Shoal_Water.jpg/522px-J.M.W._Turner%27s_Rockets_and_Blue_Lights_%28Close_at_Hand%29_to_Warn_Steamboats_of_Shoal_Water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption><i>Rockets and Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water</i>, 1840, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Turner's imagination was sparked by shipwrecks, fires (including the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">burning of Parliament</a> in 1834, an event which Turner witnessed first-hand, and transcribed in a series of watercolour sketches), and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea, as seen at the 1840 Royal Academy of Arts exhibition, where <i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Ship" title="The Slave Ship">The Slave Ship</a></i> (1840), and <i>Rockets and Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water</i> (1840) were first shown. A 2003 exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a> suggested these two paintings were pendants, due in part to their similar content and size.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner's work drew criticism from contemporaries. An anonymous review of the 1840 Royal Academy exhibition, later identified as <a href="/wiki/John_Eagles" title="John Eagles">John Eagles</a>, called the displayed paintings “absurd extravagances [that] disgrace the Exhibition”.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Beaumont,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir George Beaumont, 7th Baronet">Sir George Beaumont</a>, a landscape painter and fellow member of the Royal Academy, described his paintings as "blots".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner's major venture into printmaking was the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Studiorum" title="Liber Studiorum">Liber Studiorum</a></i> (Book of Studies), seventy prints that he worked on from 1806 to 1819. The <i>Liber Studiorum</i> was an expression of his intentions for landscape art. The idea was loosely based on <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Veritatis" title="Liber Veritatis">Liber Veritatis</a></i> (Book of Truth), where Claude had recorded his completed paintings; a series of print copies of these drawings, by then at <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_House" title="Devonshire House">Devonshire House</a>, had been a huge publishing success. Turner's plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorised the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral.<sup id="cite_ref-blayney_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blayney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His printmaking was a major part of his output, and a museum is devoted to it, the Turner Museum in <a href="/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida" title="Sarasota, Florida">Sarasota</a>, Florida, founded in 1974 by Douglass Montrose-Graem to house his collection of Turner prints.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His early works, such as <i><a href="/wiki/File:Turner_Tintern1.jpg" title="File:Turner Tintern1.jpg">Tintern Abbey</a></i> (1795), stay true to the traditions of English landscape. In <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Hannibal_and_His_Army_Crossing_the_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps">Hannibal Crossing the Alps</a></i> (1812), an emphasis on the destructive power of nature has already come into play. His distinctive style of painting, in which he used watercolour technique with oil paints, created lightness, fluency, and ephemeral atmospheric effects.<sup id="cite_ref-piper_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piper-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Turner's later years, he used oils ever more transparently and turned to an evocation of almost pure light by use of shimmering colour. A prime example of his mature style can be seen in <i><a href="/wiki/Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_%E2%80%93_The_Great_Western_Railway" title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway">Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</a></i>, where the objects are barely recognisable. The intensity of hue and interest in evanescent light not only placed Turner's work in the vanguard of English painting but exerted an influence on art in France; the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionists</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, carefully studied his techniques. He is also generally regarded as a precursor of abstract painting. </p><p>High levels of volcanic ash (from the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a>) in the atmosphere during 1816, the "<a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>", led to unusually spectacular sunsets during this period, and were an inspiration for some of Turner's work. </p><p>John Ruskin said that an early patron, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Monro_(art_collector)" title="Thomas Monro (art collector)">Thomas Monro</a>, Principal Physician of <a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">Bedlam</a>, and a collector and amateur artist, was a significant influence on Turner's style: </p> <blockquote><p>His true master was Dr Monro; to the practical teaching of that first patron and the wise simplicity of method of watercolour study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by his friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Girtin" title="Thomas Girtin">Girtin</a>, the healthy and constant development of the greater power is primarily to be attributed; the greatness of the power itself, it is impossible to over-estimate.</p></blockquote> <p>Together with a number of young artists, Turner was able, in Monro's London house, to copy works of the major topographical draughtsmen of his time and perfect his skills in drawing. But the curious atmospherical effects and illusions of <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Cozens" title="John Robert Cozens">John Robert Cozens</a>'s watercolours, some of which were present in Monro's house, went far further than the neat renderings of topography. The solemn grandeur of his Alpine views were an early revelation to the young Turner and showed him the true potential of the watercolour medium, conveying mood instead of information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner experimented with a wide variety of pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used formulations like <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a>, despite knowing that they were not long-lasting, and against the advice of contemporary experts to use more durable pigments. As a result, many of his colours have now faded. Ruskin complained at how quickly his work decayed; Turner was indifferent to posterity and chose materials that looked good when freshly applied.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, there was concern that both his oils and his watercolours were fading.<sup id="cite_ref-perth_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perth-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fisherman%27s_Cottage,_Dover_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisherman's Cottage, Dover, 1790 Yale Center for British Art"><img alt="Fisherman's Cottage, Dover, 1790 Yale Center for British Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Dover_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/336px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Dover_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Dover_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/504px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Dover_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Dover_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/671px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Dover_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4411" data-file-height="2959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Fisherman's Cottage, Dover</i>, 1790 <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Clare_Hall_and_King%E2%80%99s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge,_from_the_Banks_of_the_River_Cam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clare Hall and King's College Chapel, Cambridge, from the Banks of the River Cam, 1793, watercolour[d], Yale Center for British Art"><img alt="Clare Hall and King's College Chapel, Cambridge, from the Banks of the River Cam, 1793, watercolour[d], Yale Center for British Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Clare_Hall_and_King%E2%80%99s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_from_the_Banks_of_the_River_Cam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/313px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Clare_Hall_and_King%E2%80%99s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_from_the_Banks_of_the_River_Cam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Clare_Hall_and_King%E2%80%99s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_from_the_Banks_of_the_River_Cam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/469px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Clare_Hall_and_King%E2%80%99s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_from_the_Banks_of_the_River_Cam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Clare_Hall_and_King%E2%80%99s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_from_the_Banks_of_the_River_Cam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/625px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Clare_Hall_and_King%E2%80%99s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_from_the_Banks_of_the_River_Cam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6267" data-file-height="4514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Clare Hall and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a> Chapel, Cambridge, from the Banks of the River Cam</i>, 1793, watercolour<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Angler_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Angler, 1794, Yale Center for British Art"><img alt="The Angler, 1794, Yale Center for British Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Angler_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/152px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Angler_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Angler_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/229px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Angler_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Angler_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/305px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Angler_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="4767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Angler</i>, 1794, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Barcelona)_Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells,_Cumberland_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, 1798, Tate Britain"><img alt="Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, 1798, Tate Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%28Barcelona%29_Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells%2C_Cumberland_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg/163px-%28Barcelona%29_Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells%2C_Cumberland_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%28Barcelona%29_Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells%2C_Cumberland_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg/245px-%28Barcelona%29_Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells%2C_Cumberland_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%28Barcelona%29_Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells%2C_Cumberland_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg/326px-%28Barcelona%29_Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells%2C_Cumberland_-_William_Turner_-_Tate_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="5631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Morning amongst the Coniston Fells</i>, 1798, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch Boats in a Gale, 1801, oil on canvas"><img alt="Dutch Boats in a Gale, 1801, oil on canvas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg/311px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg/467px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg/621px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Dutch Boats in a Gale</i>, 1801, oil on canvas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calais Pier, 1803, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London"><img alt="Calais Pier, 1803, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg/313px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg/470px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg/626px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5878" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Calais_Pier" title="Calais Pier">Calais Pier</a></i>, 1803, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_London_from_Greenwich_Park_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="London from Greenwich Park, 1809, oil on canvas, Tate Britain"><img alt="London from Greenwich Park, 1809, oil on canvas, Tate Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_London_from_Greenwich_Park_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_London_from_Greenwich_Park_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_London_from_Greenwich_Park_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_London_from_Greenwich_Park_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_London_from_Greenwich_Park_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_London_from_Greenwich_Park_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6068" data-file-height="4556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/London_from_Greenwich_Park" title="London from Greenwich Park">London from Greenwich Park</a></i>, 1809, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry,_Cornwall_MET_DP169566.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saltash with the Water Ferry, 1811, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Saltash with the Water Ferry, 1811, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry%2C_Cornwall_MET_DP169566.jpg/298px-Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry%2C_Cornwall_MET_DP169566.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry%2C_Cornwall_MET_DP169566.jpg/447px-Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry%2C_Cornwall_MET_DP169566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry%2C_Cornwall_MET_DP169566.jpg/595px-Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry%2C_Cornwall_MET_DP169566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="2961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry" title="Saltash with the Water Ferry">Saltash with the Water Ferry</a></i>, 1811, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, 1812, oil on canvas, Tate Britain"><img alt="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, 1812, oil on canvas, Tate Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg/367px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg/551px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg/734px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Hannibal_and_his_Army_Crossing_the_Alps" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps">Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps</a></i>, 1812, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DortorDordrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed, 1818, oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art"><img alt="Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed, 1818, oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DortorDordrecht.jpg/337px-DortorDordrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DortorDordrecht.jpg/506px-DortorDordrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DortorDordrecht.jpg/673px-DortorDordrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dort_or_Dordrecht:_The_Dort_packet-boat_from_Rotterdam_becalmed" title="Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed">Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed</a></i>, 1818, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_(1775-1851)_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Field of Waterloo, 1818, Tate Britain"><img alt="The Field of Waterloo, 1818, Tate Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg/370px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg/555px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg/739px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="2055" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Waterloo_(painting)" title="The Field of Waterloo (painting)">The Field of Waterloo</a></i>, 1818, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner_Cologne,_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet-Boat,_Evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening, 1826, Frick Collection"><img alt="Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening, 1826, Frick Collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turner_Cologne%2C_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet-Boat%2C_Evening.jpg/290px-Turner_Cologne%2C_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet-Boat%2C_Evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turner_Cologne%2C_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet-Boat%2C_Evening.jpg/436px-Turner_Cologne%2C_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet-Boat%2C_Evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turner_Cologne%2C_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet-Boat%2C_Evening.jpg/581px-Turner_Cologne%2C_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet-Boat%2C_Evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6182" data-file-height="4793" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne,_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet_Boat_in_the_Evening" title="Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening">Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening</a></i>, 1826, <a href="/wiki/Frick_Collection" title="Frick Collection">Frick Collection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons,_16_October_1834_-_1942.647_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834, oil on canvas, Cleveland Museum of Art"><img alt="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834, oil on canvas, Cleveland Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_16_October_1834_-_1942.647_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/303px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_16_October_1834_-_1942.647_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_16_October_1834_-_1942.647_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/455px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_16_October_1834_-_1942.647_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_16_October_1834_-_1942.647_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/606px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_16_October_1834_-_1942.647_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15155" data-file-height="11254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834</i>, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner,_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons,_October_16,_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834, c. 1835, oil on canvas, Philadelphia Museum of Art"><img alt="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834, c. 1835, oil on canvas, Philadelphia Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/303px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/454px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/605px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5313" data-file-height="3954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons" title="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons">The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1835, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wreckers Coast of Northumberland, c. 1836, oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art"><img alt="Wreckers Coast of Northumberland, c. 1836, oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg/299px-Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg/449px-Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg/598px-Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Wreckers Coast of Northumberland</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1836, oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_art_inst_turner_vallee_aoste.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Valley of Aosta: Snowstorm, Avalanche and Thunderstorm, 1836–37, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago"><img alt="Valley of Aosta: Snowstorm, Avalanche and Thunderstorm, 1836–37, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chicago_art_inst_turner_vallee_aoste.JPG/299px-Chicago_art_inst_turner_vallee_aoste.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chicago_art_inst_turner_vallee_aoste.JPG/450px-Chicago_art_inst_turner_vallee_aoste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chicago_art_inst_turner_vallee_aoste.JPG/599px-Chicago_art_inst_turner_vallee_aoste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2993" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Valley of Aosta: Snowstorm, Avalanche and Thunderstorm</i>, 1836–37, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fighting_Temeraire,_JMW_Turner,_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1838, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London"><img alt="The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1838, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Fighting_Temeraire%2C_JMW_Turner%2C_National_Gallery.jpg/303px-The_Fighting_Temeraire%2C_JMW_Turner%2C_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Fighting_Temeraire%2C_JMW_Turner%2C_National_Gallery.jpg/455px-The_Fighting_Temeraire%2C_JMW_Turner%2C_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Fighting_Temeraire%2C_JMW_Turner%2C_National_Gallery.jpg/606px-The_Fighting_Temeraire%2C_JMW_Turner%2C_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5684" data-file-height="4223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Temeraire" title="The Fighting Temeraire">The Fighting Temeraire</a> tugged to her last berth to be broken up</i>, 1838, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_-_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner,_1834,_oil_on_canvas,_view_2_-_National_Gallery_of_Art,_Washington_-_DSC00005.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore, c. 1834, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C."><img alt="Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore, c. 1834, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Venice_-_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_1834%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_view_2_-_National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_-_DSC00005.JPG/304px-Venice_-_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_1834%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_view_2_-_National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_-_DSC00005.JPG" decoding="async" width="203" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Venice_-_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_1834%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_view_2_-_National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_-_DSC00005.JPG/456px-Venice_-_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_1834%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_view_2_-_National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_-_DSC00005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Venice_-_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_1834%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_view_2_-_National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_-_DSC00005.JPG/608px-Venice_-_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_by_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_1834%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_view_2_-_National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_-_DSC00005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5057" data-file-height="3747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venice:_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore" title="Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore">Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1834, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Slave Ship, 1840, oil on canvas, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston"><img alt="The Slave Ship, 1840, oil on canvas, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slave-ship.jpg/300px-Slave-ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slave-ship.jpg/450px-Slave-ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slave-ship.jpg/599px-Slave-ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Ship" title="The Slave Ship">The Slave Ship</a></i>, 1840, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Snow_Storm_-_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth_-_WGA23178.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth, c. 1842, oil on canvas, Tate Britain"><img alt="Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth, c. 1842, oil on canvas, Tate Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Snow_Storm_-_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth_-_WGA23178.jpg/301px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Snow_Storm_-_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth_-_WGA23178.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Snow_Storm_-_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth_-_WGA23178.jpg/452px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Snow_Storm_-_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth_-_WGA23178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Snow_Storm_-_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth_-_WGA23178.jpg/601px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Snow_Storm_-_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth_-_WGA23178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth" title="Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth">Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1842, oil on canvas, Tate Britain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner,_The_Evening_of_the_Deluge,_c._1843,_NGA_46064.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Evening of the Deluge, c. 1843, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C."><img alt="The Evening of the Deluge, c. 1843, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_The_Evening_of_the_Deluge%2C_c._1843%2C_NGA_46064.jpg/224px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_The_Evening_of_the_Deluge%2C_c._1843%2C_NGA_46064.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_The_Evening_of_the_Deluge%2C_c._1843%2C_NGA_46064.jpg/336px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_The_Evening_of_the_Deluge%2C_c._1843%2C_NGA_46064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_The_Evening_of_the_Deluge%2C_c._1843%2C_NGA_46064.jpg/448px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_The_Evening_of_the_Deluge%2C_c._1843%2C_NGA_46064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Evening of the Deluge</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1843, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner_-_Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway, 1844, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London"><img alt="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway, 1844, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg/302px-Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg/453px-Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg/603px-Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5661" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_%E2%80%93_The_Great_Western_Railway" title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway">Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</a></i>, 1844, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Norham_Castle,_Sunrise_-_WGA23182.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norham Castle, Sunrise, c. 1845, oil on canvas, Tate Britain"><img alt="Norham Castle, Sunrise, c. 1845, oil on canvas, Tate Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Norham_Castle%2C_Sunrise_-_WGA23182.jpg/305px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Norham_Castle%2C_Sunrise_-_WGA23182.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Norham_Castle%2C_Sunrise_-_WGA23182.jpg/458px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Norham_Castle%2C_Sunrise_-_WGA23182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Norham_Castle%2C_Sunrise_-_WGA23182.jpg/610px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Norham_Castle%2C_Sunrise_-_WGA23182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle,_Sunrise" title="Norham Castle, Sunrise">Norham Castle, Sunrise</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1845, oil on canvas, Tate Britain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner_-_The_Wreck_Buoy,_c.1849,_WAG_310.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wreck Buoy', c. 1849, Sudley House"><img alt="The Wreck Buoy', c. 1849, Sudley House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Turner_-_The_Wreck_Buoy%2C_c.1849%2C_WAG_310.jpg/260px-Turner_-_The_Wreck_Buoy%2C_c.1849%2C_WAG_310.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Turner_-_The_Wreck_Buoy%2C_c.1849%2C_WAG_310.jpg/390px-Turner_-_The_Wreck_Buoy%2C_c.1849%2C_WAG_310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Turner_-_The_Wreck_Buoy%2C_c.1849%2C_WAG_310.jpg/519px-Turner_-_The_Wreck_Buoy%2C_c.1849%2C_WAG_310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Wreck Buoy'</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1849, <a href="/wiki/Sudley_House" title="Sudley House">Sudley House</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_(1775-1851)_-_The_Departure_of_the_Fleet_-_N00554_-_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Departure of the Fleet, 1850, National Gallery, London"><img alt="The Departure of the Fleet, 1850, National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Departure_of_the_Fleet_-_N00554_-_National_Gallery.jpg/306px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Departure_of_the_Fleet_-_N00554_-_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Departure_of_the_Fleet_-_N00554_-_National_Gallery.jpg/459px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Departure_of_the_Fleet_-_N00554_-_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Departure_of_the_Fleet_-_N00554_-_National_Gallery.jpg/611px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Departure_of_the_Fleet_-_N00554_-_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Departure of the Fleet</i>, 1850, National Gallery, London</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner left a small fortune, which he hoped would be used to support what he called "decayed artists". He planned an almshouse at <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a> in west London with a gallery for some of his works. His will was contested and in 1856, after a court battle, his first cousins, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Price_Turner" title="Thomas Price Turner">Thomas Price Turner</a>, received part of his fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another portion went to the Royal Academy of Arts, which occasionally awards students the Turner Medal. His finished paintings were bequeathed to the British nation, and he intended that a special gallery would be built to house them. This did not happen because there was disagreement over the final site. Twenty-two years after his death, the British Parliament passed an act allowing his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, and so began the process of scattering the pictures which Turner had wanted to be kept together. </p><p>One of the greatest collectors of his work was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vaughan_(art_collector)" title="Henry Vaughan (art collector)">Henry Vaughan</a>, who when he died in 1899 owned more than one hundred watercolours and drawings by Turner and as many prints. His collection included examples of almost every type of work on paper the artist produced, from early topographical drawings and atmospheric landscape watercolours, to brilliant colour studies, literary vignette illustrations and spectacular exhibition pieces. It included nearly a hundred proofs of <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Studiorum" title="Liber Studiorum">Liber Studiorum</a></i> and twenty-three drawings connected with it. It was an unparalleled collection that comprehensively represented the diversity, imagination and technical inventiveness of Turner's work throughout his sixty-year career. Vaughan bequeathed the most of his Turner collection to British and Irish public galleries and museums, stipulating that the collections of Turner's watercolours should be 'exhibited to the public all at one time, free of charge and only in January', demonstrating an awareness of conservation which was unusual at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, the main part of the Turner Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the National Gallery of British Art (now <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>). In 1987, a new wing at the Tate, the <a href="/wiki/Clore_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Clore Gallery">Clore Gallery</a>, was opened to house the Turner bequest, though some of the most important paintings remain in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> in contravention of Turner's condition that they be kept and shown together. Increasingly paintings are lent abroad, ignoring Turner's provision that they remain constantly and permanently in Turner's Gallery. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Battersea" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church, Battersea">St. Mary's Church, Battersea</a>, added a commemorative stained glass window for Turner, between 1976 and 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Paul's Cathedral, Royal Academy of Arts and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Albert Museum">Victoria & Albert Museum</a> all hold statues representing him. A portrait by Cornelius Varley with his patent <a href="/wiki/Graphic_telescope" title="Graphic telescope">graphic telescope</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Museums_%26_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Museums & Galleries">Sheffield Museums & Galleries</a>) was compared with his death mask (<a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, London) by Kelly Freeman at Dundee University 2009–10 to ascertain whether it really depicts Turner. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a> unveiled a memorial plaque at the site of his birthplace at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, on 2 June 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selby Whittingham founded The Turner Society at London and Manchester in 1975. After the society endorsed the Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery wing (on the lines of the Duveen wing of 1910), as the solution to the controversy of what should be done with the Turner Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned and founded the Independent Turner Society. The Tate created the prestigious annual <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a> art award in 1984, named in Turner's honour, and 20 years later the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Painters_in_Water_Colours" title="Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours">Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Winsor_%26_Newton" title="Winsor & Newton">Winsor & Newton</a> Turner Watercolour Award. A major exhibition, "Turner's Britain", with material (including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Temeraire" title="The Fighting Temeraire">The Fighting Temeraire</a></i>) on loan from around the globe, was held at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery</a> from 7 November 2003 to 8 February 2004. In 2005, Turner's <i>The Fighting Temeraire</i> was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public poll organised by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greatest_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatest-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal">Portrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leo_McKern" title="Leo McKern">Leo McKern</a> played Turner in <i>The Sun Is God</i>, a 1974 <a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a> production directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Darlow" title="Michael Darlow">Michael Darlow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programme aired on 17 December 1974, during the Turner Bicentenary Exhibition in London.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> wrote and directed <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Turner" title="Mr. Turner">Mr. Turner</a></i>, a biopic of Turner's later years, released in 2014. The film stars <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Spall" title="Timothy Spall">Timothy Spall</a> as Turner, Dorothy Atkinson, Marion Bailey and Paul Jesson, and premiered in competition for the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a></i></span> at the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, with Spall taking the award for Best Actor.<sup id="cite_ref-child_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ch4_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Bank_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bank of England">The Bank of England</a> announced that a portrait of Turner, with a backdrop of <i>The Fighting Temeraire</i>, would appear on the £20 note beginning in 2020. It is the first £20 <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">British banknote</a> printed on <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turner £20 note entered circulation on Thursday, 20 February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_J._M._W._Turner" title="List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner">List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although Turner was known by his middle name, William, he is now generally referred to by his initials, in order to avoid confusion with the artist <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(painter)" title="William Turner (painter)">William Turner</a> (1789–1862).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner claimed to have been born on 23 April 1775, which is both <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a> and the supposed birthday of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, but this claim has never been verified.<sup id="cite_ref-shanes2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanes2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first verifiable date is that Turner was baptised on 14 May, and some authors doubt the 23 April date on the grounds that high infant mortality rates meant that parents usually baptised their children shortly after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton20078_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton20078-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her illness was possibly due in part to the early death of Turner's younger sister. Hamilton suggests that this "fit of illness" may have been an early sign of her madness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="full citation of ref Hamilton needed (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Referring to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College</a>, formerly named Clare Hall, and not the present-day <a href="/wiki/Clare_Hall,_Cambridge" title="Clare Hall, Cambridge">Clare Hall</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Turner_Society_Homepage-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_Society_Homepage_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnersociety.org.uk/">"Turner Society Homepage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turner+Society+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turnersociety.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacayo2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Lacayo, Richard (11 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172424/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1670528,00.html">"The Sunshine Boy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1670528,00.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2007. <q>At the turn of the 18th century, history painting was the highest purpose art could serve, and Turner would attempt those heights all his life. But his real achievement would be to make landscape the equal of history painting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Sunshine+Boy&rft.date=2007-10-11&rft.aulast=Lacayo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1670528%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-51474049">"census"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-51474049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" <a href="/wiki/William_Sinclair_(Archdeacon_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)">Sinclair, W.</a> p. 468: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blayney-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blayney_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blayney_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blayney_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blayney_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David Blayney (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/jmw-turner/joseph-mallord-william-turner-1775-1851-r1141041">"Joseph Mallord William Turner 1775–1851"</a>. In Brown, David Blayney (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/jmw-turner"><i>J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours</i></a>. Tate Research Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-386-8"><bdi>978-1-84976-386-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Mallord+William+Turner+1775%E2%80%931851&rft.btitle=J.M.W.+Turner%3A+Sketchbooks%2C+Drawings+and+Watercolours&rft.pub=Tate+Research+Publications&rft.date=2012-12&rft.isbn=978-1-84976-386-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+Blayney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fresearch-publications%2Fjmw-turner%2Fjoseph-mallord-william-turner-1775-1851-r1141041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanes2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shanes2008_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanes2008_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanes2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shanes" title="Eric Shanes">Shanes, Eric</a> (2008). <i>The life and masterworks of J.M.W. Turner</i> (4th ed.). New York: Parkstone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85995-681-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85995-681-6"><bdi>978-1-85995-681-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+masterworks+of+J.M.W.+Turner&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Parkstone+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85995-681-6&rft.aulast=Shanes&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton20078-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton20078_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2007">Hamilton 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnb_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herrmann, Luke (October 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27854">"Joseph Mallord William Turner"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27854">10.1093/ref:odnb/27854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Mallord+William+Turner&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27854&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F27854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2007">Hamilton 2007</a>, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bailey-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bailey_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1998" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Anthony (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGxIAQAAIAAJ&q=mary+ann"><i>Standing in the sun: a life of J.M.W. Turner</i></a>. London: Pimlico. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6604-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6604-4"><bdi>0-7126-6604-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standing+in+the+sun%3A+a+life+of+J.M.W.+Turner&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7126-6604-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGxIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmary%2Bann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner in his Time, Andrew Wilton, H. N. Abrams Books, 1987, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brentfordandchiswicklhs.org.uk/m-w-turner-connections-with-brentford-by-carolyn-hammond/">"] M W Turner – Connections with Brentford by Carolyn Hammond | Brentford & Chiswick Local History Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2393%3B+M+W+Turner+%E2%80%93+Connections+with+Brentford+by+Carolyn+Hammond+%26%23124%3B+Brentford+%26+Chiswick+Local+History+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrentfordandchiswicklhs.org.uk%2Fm-w-turner-connections-with-brentford-by-carolyn-hammond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilton14-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilton14_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilton14_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (2006). <i>Turner in his time</i> (New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+his+time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (2006). <i>Turner in his time</i> (New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+his+time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornbury1862" class="citation book cs1">Thornbury, George Walter (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWIBAAAAQAAJ"><i>The life of J.M.W. Turner</i></a>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+J.M.W.+Turner&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Thornbury&rft.aufirst=George+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWIBAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1997" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, James (1997). "1". <i>Turner : a life</i>. London: Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-62811-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-62811-1"><bdi>0-340-62811-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Turner+%3A+a+life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-340-62811-1&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornbury1862" class="citation book cs1">Thornbury, George Walter (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWIBAAAAQAAJ"><i>The life of J.M.W. Turner</i></a>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+J.M.W.+Turner&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Thornbury&rft.aufirst=George+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWIBAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finberg-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finberg_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinberg1961" class="citation book cs1">Finberg, A. J. (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjmwturnerr0000finb"><i>The Life of J.M.W. Turner, R.A</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjmwturnerr0000finb/page/17">17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+J.M.W.+Turner%2C+R.A&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Finberg&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjmwturnerr0000finb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007Chapter_2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2007">Hamilton 2007</a>, Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (2006). <i>Turner in his time</i> (New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+his+time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilton20-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilton20_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (2006). <i>Turner in his time</i> (New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+his+time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1851" class="citation news cs1">Cunningham, Peter (27 December 1851). "Obituary of Turner". <i><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_(British_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenaeum (British magazine)">The Athenaeum</a></i>. pp. 17–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Obituary+of+Turner&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=1851-12-27&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlinJoll,_Evelyn1984" class="citation book cs1">Butlin, Martin; Joll, Evelyn (1984). <i>The paintings of J.M.W. Turner</i> (Rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03276-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03276-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+paintings+of+J.M.W.+Turner&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03276-5&rft.aulast=Butlin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Joll%2C+Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (2006). <i>Turner in his time</i> (New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+his+time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (2006). <i>Turner in his time</i> (New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+his+time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Miquette (5 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/jmw-turner/joseph-mallord-william-turner-1775-1851-r1141041"><i>The Unknown Turner</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-386-8"><bdi>978-1-84976-386-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Turner&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-84976-386-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Miquette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fresearch-publications%2Fjmw-turner%2Fjoseph-mallord-william-turner-1775-1851-r1141041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnersociety.org.uk/Turner_biography.pdf">"Turner Biography & Chronology – The Turner Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turner+Biography+%26+Chronology+%E2%80%93+The+Turner+Society&rft.date=2022-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turnersociety.org.uk%2FTurner_biography.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vch-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vch_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vch_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol12/pp102-106">"Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102–106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea"</a>. <i>British History Online</i>. Victoria County History, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Settlement+and+building%3A+Artists+and+Chelsea+Pages+102%E2%80%93106+A+History+of+the+County+of+Middlesex%3A+Volume+12%2C+Chelsea.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fmiddx%2Fvol12%2Fpp102-106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130414113002/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=74762&partid=1&output=People/!!/OR/!!/116764/!/116764-3-18/!/Previous+owner/ex-collection+Louis+Philippe,+King+of+the+French/!//!!//!!!/&orig=/research/search_the_collection_database/advanced_search.aspx&currentPage=1&numpages=200">"Collection Online: Snuff Box/box"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=74762&partid=1&output=People%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F116764%2F!%2F116764-3-18%2F!%2FPrevious+owner%2Fex-collection+Louis+Philippe%2C+King+of+the+French%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=1&numpages=200">the original</a> on 14 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Online%3A+Snuff+Box%2Fbox&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fsearch_object_details.aspx%3Fobjectid%3D74762%26partid%3D1%26output%3DPeople%252F%21%21%252FOR%252F%21%21%252F116764%252F%21%252F116764-3-18%252F%21%252FPrevious%2Bowner%252Fex-collection%2BLouis%2BPhilippe%252C%2BKing%2Bof%2Bthe%2BFrench%252F%21%252F%252F%21%21%252F%252F%21%21%21%252F%26orig%3D%252Fresearch%252Fsearch_the_collection_database%252Fadvanced_search.aspx%26currentPage%3D1%26numpages%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929161730/http://www.finch-and-co.co.uk/archive/antiquities/d/georgian-silver-and-agate-pocket-snuff-box-inscribed-%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%98joseph-mallord-william-tur/117264">"Georgian Silver and Agate Pocket Snuff Box Inscribed 'Joseph Mallord William Turner' and the date '1785'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Finch & Co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finch-and-co.co.uk/archive/antiquities/d/georgian-silver-and-agate-pocket-snuff-box-inscribed-%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%98joseph-mallord-william-tur/117264">the original</a> on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+Silver+and+Agate+Pocket+Snuff+Box+Inscribed+%27Joseph+Mallord+William+Turner%27+and+the+date+%271785%27&rft.pub=Finch+%26+Co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finch-and-co.co.uk%2Farchive%2Fantiquities%2Fd%2Fgeorgian-silver-and-agate-pocket-snuff-box-inscribed-%25C3%25A2%25C2%2580%25C2%2598joseph-mallord-william-tur%2F117264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204184229/http://www.philipmould.com/gallery/all-works/107">"Spectacles, glass, snuffbox and cardcase of Turner 1775–1851"</a>. Philip Mould & Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philipmould.com/gallery/all-works/107">the original</a> on 4 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spectacles%2C+glass%2C+snuffbox+and+cardcase+of+Turner+1775%E2%80%931851&rft.pub=Philip+Mould+%26+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philipmould.com%2Fgallery%2Fall-works%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007319–320-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007319–320_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007319–320_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2007">Hamilton 2007</a>, pp. 319–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007356-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007356_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2007356_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2007">Hamilton 2007</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1998" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (20 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm/page/687"><i>Europe: A History</i></a>. London: Pimlico. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm/page/687">687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097468-8"><bdi>978-0-06-097468-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=687&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1998-01-20&rft.isbn=978-0-06-097468-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00norm%2Fpage%2F687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (6 November 2006). <i>Turner in his Time</i> (01 ed.). London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+his+Time&rft.place=London&rft.edition=01&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+Ltd&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornbury1862-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thornbury1862_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornbury1862" class="citation book cs1">Thornbury, Walter (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPE4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA418"><i>The Life of J. M. W. Turner, R. A.: Founded on Letters and Papers Furnished by His Friends and Fellow Academicians</i></a>. Hurst and Blackett. p. 418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+J.+M.+W.+Turner%2C+R.+A.%3A+Founded+on+Letters+and+Papers+Furnished+by+His+Friends+and+Fellow+Academicians&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Thornbury&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPE4AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piper-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-piper_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-piper_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2004" class="citation book cs1">Piper, David (2004). <i>The Illustrated History of Art</i>. Bounty Books. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753709696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753709696"><bdi>978-0753709696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+Art&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Bounty+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0753709696&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, James (2003). <i>Turner: the late seascapes [exhibition, Sterling and Francine Clark art institute, Williamstown, Mass., 14 June - 7 September 2003, Manchester art gallery, Manchester, England, 31 October 2003 - 25 January 2004, Burrell collection, Glasgow, Scotland, 19 February - 23 May 2004]</i>. New Haven London Williamstown (Mass.): Yale university press Sterling and Francine Clark art institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09900-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09900-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09900-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner%3A+the+late+seascapes+%5Bexhibition%2C+Sterling+and+Francine+Clark+art+institute%2C+Williamstown%2C+Mass.%2C+14+June+-+7+September+2003%2C+Manchester+art+gallery%2C+Manchester%2C+England%2C+31+October+2003+-+25+January+2004%2C+Burrell+collection%2C+Glasgow%2C+Scotland%2C+19+February+-+23+May+2004%5D&rft.place=New+Haven+London+Williamstown+%28Mass.%29&rft.pub=Yale+university+press+Sterling+and+Francine+Clark+art+institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09900-3&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, James (2003). <i>Turner: the late seascapes [exhibition, Sterling and Francine Clark art institute, Williamstown, Mass., 14 June - 7 September 2003, Manchester art gallery, Manchester, England, 31 October 2003 - 25 January 2004, Burrell collection, Glasgow, Scotland, 19 February - 23 May 2004]</i>. New Haven London Williamstown (Mass.): Yale university press Sterling and Francine Clark art institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09900-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09900-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09900-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner%3A+the+late+seascapes+%5Bexhibition%2C+Sterling+and+Francine+Clark+art+institute%2C+Williamstown%2C+Mass.%2C+14+June+-+7+September+2003%2C+Manchester+art+gallery%2C+Manchester%2C+England%2C+31+October+2003+-+25+January+2004%2C+Burrell+collection%2C+Glasgow%2C+Scotland%2C+19+February+-+23+May+2004%5D&rft.place=New+Haven+London+Williamstown+%28Mass.%29&rft.pub=Yale+university+press+Sterling+and+Francine+Clark+art+institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09900-3&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1974" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Gerald (1974). <i>The Sketches of Turner, R.A</i>. London: Barrie & Jenkins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sketches+of+Turner%2C+R.A.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100216031921/http://www.turnermuseum.org/">"The Turner Museum"</a>. The Turner Museum and Thomas Moran Galleries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnermuseum.org">the original</a> on 16 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Turner+Museum&rft.pub=The+Turner+Museum+and+Thomas+Moran+Galleries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turnermuseum.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1993" class="citation journal cs1">Townsend, Joyce H. (1993). "The Materials of J. M. W. Turner: Pigments". <i>Studies in Conservation</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 231–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1506368">10.2307/1506368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1506368">1506368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Materials+of+J.+M.+W.+Turner%3A+Pigments&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=231-254&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1506368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1506368%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Joyce+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay2004" class="citation book cs1">Finlay, Victoria (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w486V_or5P8C&q=turner+"><i>Color: A Natural History of the Palette</i></a>. Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7142-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7142-6"><bdi>0-8129-7142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color%3A+A+Natural+History+of+the+Palette&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8129-7142-6&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw486V_or5P8C%26q%3Dturner%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perth-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perth_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83121606">"Colors That Fade: Turner's Masterpieces: Can his works be saved?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Perth,_Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)">The Daily News</a></i>. 9 January 1930. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Colors+That+Fade%3A+Turner%27s+Masterpieces%3A+Can+his+works+be+saved%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1930-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article83121606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monkhouse-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monkhouse_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonkhouse1879" class="citation book cs1">Monkhouse, William Cosmo (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40878/40878-h/40878-h.htm#page_121"><i>The Great Artists: J.M.W. Turner R.A.</i></a> New York: Scribner and Welford. p. 121<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Artists%3A+J.M.W.+Turner+R.A.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Scribner+and+Welford&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Monkhouse&rft.aufirst=William+Cosmo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F40878%2F40878-h%2F40878-h.htm%23page_121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-28131">Herrmann, L. (23 September 2004). Vaughan, Henry (1809–1899), art collector. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.clara.net/pkennington/VirtualTour/windows_modern.htm#Turner">"St. Mary's Church Parish website"</a>. <q>St Mary's Modern Stained Glass</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Mary%27s+Church+Parish+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.clara.net%2Fpkennington%2FVirtualTour%2Fwindows_modern.htm%23Turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015135/http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/greenplaques/displaybyname.cfm">"Joseph Mallord William Turner"</a>. City of Westminster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/greenplaques/displaybyname.cfm">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Mallord+William+Turner&rft.pub=City+of+Westminster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransact.westminster.gov.uk%2Fgreenplaques%2Fdisplaybyname.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greatest-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greatest_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4214824.stm">"Turner wins 'great painting' vote"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Turner+wins+%27great+painting%27+vote&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4214824.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121194616/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b774caca5">"The Sun Is God (1974)"</a>. <i>British Film Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b774caca5">the original</a> on 21 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Sun+Is+God+%281974%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore.bfi.org.uk%2F4ce2b774caca5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2009" class="citation book cs1">Whaley, George (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=relt16ELhI4C&q=the+sun+is+god+leo+mckern&pg=PA181"><i>Leo 'Rumpole' McKern: The Accidental Actor</i></a>. UNSW Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921410-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921410-89-5"><bdi>978-1-921410-89-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+%27Rumpole%27+McKern%3A+The+Accidental+Actor&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-921410-89-5&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drelt16ELhI4C%26q%3Dthe%2Bsun%2Bis%2Bgod%2Bleo%2Bmckern%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-child-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-child_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChild2012" class="citation news cs1">Child, Ben (23 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/23/timothy-spall-jmw-turner-mike-leigh">"Timothy Spall to play JMW Turner in Mike Leigh biopic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Timothy+Spall+to+play+JMW+Turner+in+Mike+Leigh+biopic&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft.aulast=Child&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2012%2Foct%2F23%2Ftimothy-spall-jmw-turner-mike-leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch4-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ch4_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.film4.com/reviews/2014/mr-turner">"Mr. Turner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Film_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Film 4">Film 4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr.+Turner&rft.pub=Film+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.film4.com%2Freviews%2F2014%2Fmr-turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/polymer-20-pound-note">"Polymer £20 note"</a>. <i>Bank of England</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+England&rft.atitle=Polymer+%C2%A320+note&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2Fpolymer-20-pound-note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2020/february/turner-20-enters-circulation">"Turner £20 enters circulation"</a>. <i>www.bankofengland.co.uk</i>. 19 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bankofengland.co.uk&rft.atitle=Turner+%C2%A320+enters+circulation&rft.date=2024-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2020%2Ffebruary%2Fturner-20-enters-circulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bailey_(author)" title="Anthony Bailey (author)">Bailey, Anthony</a> (1998). <i>Standing in the Sun: A Life of J. M. W. Turner</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6604-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6604-4"><bdi>0-7126-6604-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standing+in+the+Sun%3A+A+Life+of+J.+M.+W.+Turner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7126-6604-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinberg1961" class="citation book cs1">Finberg, A. J. (1961) [1939]. <i>The Life of J. M. W. Turner, R.A</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+J.+M.+W.+Turner%2C+R.A.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Finberg&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2007" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, James (2007). <i>Turner</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6791-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6791-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-6791-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6791-3&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2000" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Colin (2000). <i>Turner's Oxford</i>. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner%27s+Oxford&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Ashmolean+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2008" class="citation book cs1">Hill, David (2008). <i>Turner and Leeds: Image of Industry</i>. Jeremy Mills Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+and+Leeds%3A+Image+of+Industry&rft.pub=Jeremy+Mills+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyle2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franny_Moyle" title="Franny Moyle">Moyle, Franny</a> (2016). <i>Turner: The Extraordinary Life and Momentous Times of J.M.W. Turner</i>. Penguin/Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-96456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-96456-9"><bdi>978-0-241-96456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner%3A+The+Extraordinary+Life+and+Momentous+Times+of+J.M.W.+Turner&rft.pub=Penguin%2FRandom+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-241-96456-9&rft.aulast=Moyle&rft.aufirst=Franny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarburton2008" class="citation book cs1">Warburton, Stanley (2008). <i>Discovering Turner's Lakeland</i>. Lytham St Annes: Stanley Warburton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Turner%27s+Lakeland&rft.place=Lytham+St+Annes&rft.pub=Stanley+Warburton&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittingham1993–1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Selby_Whittingham" title="Selby Whittingham">Whittingham, Selby</a> (1993–1996). <i>An Historical Account of the Will of J. M. W. Turner, R.A</i>. London: J. M. W. Turner, R.A., Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Account+of+the+Will+of+J.+M.+W.+Turner%2C+R.A.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+W.+Turner%2C+R.A.%2C+Publications&rft.date=1993%2F1996&rft.aulast=Whittingham&rft.aufirst=Selby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (2006). <i>Turner in His Time</i> (revised ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23830-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+in+His+Time&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23830-1&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jmwturner00ackr"><i>J. M. W. Turner</i></a>. Ackroyd's Brief Lives. New York: Nan A. Talese. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50798-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50798-4"><bdi>0-385-50798-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+M.+W.+Turner&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Ackroyd%27s+Brief+Lives&rft.pub=Nan+A.+Talese&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-385-50798-4&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjmwturner00ackr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Barker, Elizabeth E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/trnr/hd_trnr.htm">"Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851)"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Joseph+Mallord+William+Turner+%281775%E2%80%931851%29&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Ftrnr%2Fhd_trnr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockemühl2015" class="citation book cs1">Bockemühl, Michael (2015) [1991]. <i>J. M. W. Turner, 1775–1851: The World of Light and Colour</i>. Köln: Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-6325-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-6325-1"><bdi>978-3-8228-6325-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+M.+W.+Turner%2C+1775%E2%80%931851%3A+The+World+of+Light+and+Colour&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-6325-1&rft.aulast=Bockem%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, James (1998). <i>Turner and the Scientists</i>. London: Tate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-255-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-255-0"><bdi>978-1-85437-255-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+and+the+Scientists&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85437-255-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Joll, Evelyn; Butlin, Martin; Herrmann, Luke, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f4d5"><i>The Oxford Companion to J. M. W. Turner</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860025-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860025-9"><bdi>0-19-860025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+J.+M.+W.+Turner&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-860025-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000unse_f4d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Singh, Iona (2012). "J.M.W. Turner as Producer". <i>Color, Facture, Art & Design</i>. Winchester, UK; Washington, DC: Zero Books. pp. 129–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-629-5"><bdi>978-1-78099-629-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J.M.W.+Turner+as+Producer&rft.btitle=Color%2C+Facture%2C+Art+%26+Design&rft.place=Winchester%2C+UK%3B+Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=129-152&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-629-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Iona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Joyce (1993). <i>Turner's Painting Techniques</i>. London: Tate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-202-4"><bdi>978-1-85437-202-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner%27s+Painting+Techniques&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85437-202-4&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Venning, Barry (2003). <i>Turner</i>. Berlin: Phaidon Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3988-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3988-4"><bdi>0-7148-3988-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Phaidon+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7148-3988-4&rft.aulast=Venning&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1992" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Robert K. (1992). <i>Melville & Turner: Spheres of Love and Fright</i>. The University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1366-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-1366-1"><bdi>0-8203-1366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melville+%26+Turner%3A+Spheres+of+Love+and+Fright&rft.pub=The+University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8203-1366-1&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span> "Wallace explores the stylistic and aesthetic affinities of English landscape painter J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851) and American novelist <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, establishing Turner as a decisive influence on the creation of Melville's <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i>". (Quotation from dust jacket)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Williams, Roger (2018). <i>A Year of Turner and the Thames</i>. London: Bristol Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9928466-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9928466-9-5"><bdi>978-0-9928466-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Year+of+Turner+and+the+Thames&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bristol+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9928466-9-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton1982" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Andrew (1982). <i>J. M. W. Turner: France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland</i>. New York: George Braziller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807610466" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807610466"><bdi>978-0807610466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+M.+W.+Turner%3A+France%2C+Italy%2C+Germany%2C+Switzerland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=George+Braziller&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0807610466&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" class="extiw" title="commons:J. 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M. W. Turner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnersociety.org.uk/index.htm">The Turner Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/estatehistory/reformation-1834/destruction-by-fire/">Turner & the 1834 Parliament Fire – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/features/videos/gallery-talks/giudecca-la-donna-della-salute-san-giorgio.aspx">Christie's Videos – <i>Giudecca, La Donna della Salute</i> and <i>San Giorgio</i> Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531010655/http://www.christies.com/features/videos/gallery-talks/giudecca-la-donna-della-salute-san-giorgio.aspx">Archived</a> 31 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sothebys.com/video/privateview/N08516/index.html">Sotheby's Videos – <i>The Temple of Jupiter Panellenius</i> Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sothebys.com/video/privateview/L10033/index-turner.html">Sotheby's Videos – <i>Modern Rome Campo Vaccino</i> and <i>The condition of Modern Rome, Campo Vaccino</i> J. M. W. Turner, RA</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/field/contri/searchterm/Turner,%20J.%20M.%20W.%20(Joseph%20Mallord%20William),%201775-1851/mode/exact">J.M.W. Turner exhibition catalogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/BrowseGroup?cgroupid=999999998">Web site of the Tate Turner Collection, includes the "Turner Bequest" of over 300 Oil paintings and over 30,000 sketches. The catalogue holds records of over 40,000 works by Turner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/24796">Works by J. M. W. Turner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Turner%2C%20Joseph%20Mallord%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20Mallord%20William%20Turner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Turner%2C%20Joseph%20Mallord%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20Mallord%20William%20Turner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Turner%2C%20J%2E%20M%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20Mallord%20William%20Turner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20Mallord%20William%20Turner%22%29%20OR%20%28%221775-1851%22%20AND%20Turner%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about J. M. W. Turner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/brief-history-abstract-art-turner-mondrian-and-more">A Brief History of Abstract Art with Turner, Mondrian and More</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Turners_Whaling_Pictures">"Turner's Whaling Pictures"</a>, <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>, v. 73, no. 4 (Spring, 2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ken (3 June 2016). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/arts/design/in-turner-paintings-at-the-met-the-bloody-business-of-whaling.html">"In Turner Paintings at the Met, the Bloody Business of Whaling"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. pp. C23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2310050465">2310050465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Turner+Paintings+at+the+Met%2C+the+Bloody+Business+of+Whaling&rft.pages=C23&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F03%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fin-turner-paintings-at-the-met-the-bloody-business-of-whaling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+M.+W.+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1839/Colgong_on_the_Ganges" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Colgong on the Ganges">Rocks at Colgong on the Ganges</a>., engraved by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Goodall" title="Edward Goodall">Edward Goodall</a> for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839, with a poetical illustration by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/08/14/splendid-lies/">"Splendid Lies"</a> review by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> of J.M.W. Turner: an exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C., October 1, 2007 – January 6, 2008; the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a>, February 10 – May 18, 2008; and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, June 24 – September 21, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/anglica/Chronology/19thC/Turner/tur_po00.html">Turner's poems and other texts</a> (Bibliotheca Augustana)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:J._M._W._Turner" title="Template:J. M. W. Turner"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._M._W._Turner" title="Template talk:J. M. W. Turner"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._M._W._Turner" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. M. W. Turner"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._M._W._Turner" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. M. W. Turner</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_J._M._W._Turner" title="List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner">Paintings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_of_a_Romanesque_Church_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Interior of a Romanesque Church (J. M. W. Turner)">Interior of a Romanesque Church</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Windmill_and_Rainbow_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Landscape with Windmill and Rainbow (J. M. W. Turner)">Landscape with Windmill and Rainbow</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_and_Callisto_(J._M._W._Turner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana and Callisto (J. M. W. Turner)">Diana and Callisto</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1796</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fishermen_at_Sea" title="Fishermen at Sea">Fishermen at Sea</a></i> (1796)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_of_a_Gothic_Church_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Interior of a Gothic Church (J. M. W. Turner)">Interior of a Gothic Church</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1797</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limekiln_at_Coalbrookdale_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Limekiln at Coalbrookdale (J. M. W. Turner)">Limekiln at Coalbrookdale</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1797</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonlight,_a_Study_at_Millbank_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Moonlight, a Study at Millbank (J. M. W. Turner)">Moonlight, a Study at Millbank</a></i> (1797)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_and_the_Sibyl,_Lake_Avernus" title="Aeneas and the Sibyl, Lake Avernus">Aeneas and the Sibyl, Lake Avernus</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buttermere_Lake,_with_Part_of_Cromackwater,_Cumberland,_a_Shower" title="Buttermere Lake, with Part of Cromackwater, Cumberland, a Shower">Buttermere Lake, with Part of Cromackwater, Cumberland, a Shower</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caernarvon_Castle_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Caernarvon Castle (J. M. W. Turner)">Caernarvon Castle</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells,_Cumberland" title="Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, Cumberland">Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, Cumberland</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shipping_by_a_Breakwater_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Shipping by a Breakwater (J. M. W. Turner)">Shipping by a Breakwater</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_and_the_Roman_Campagna_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Tivoli and the Roman Campagna (J. M. W. Turner)">Tivoli and the Roman Campagna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_a_Town_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="View of a Town (J. M. W. Turner)">View of a Town</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolbadarn_Castle_(Turner)" title="Dolbadarn Castle (Turner)">Dolbadarn Castle</a></i> (1798–1799)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Turner)" title="Self-Portrait (Turner)">Self-Portrait</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_in_Wales:_Mountain_Scene_with_Village_and_Castle_-_Evening_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="View in Wales: Mountain Scene with Village and Castle - Evening (J. M. W. Turner)">View in Wales: Mountain Scene with Village and Castle – Evening</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Mountain_Landscape_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Welsh Mountain Landscape (J. M. W. Turner)">Welsh Mountain Landscape</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beech_Wood_with_Gypsies_round_a_Campfire_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="A Beech Wood with Gypsies round a Campfire (J. M. W. Turner)">A Beech Wood with Gypsies round a Campfire</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beech_Wood_with_Gypsies_Seated_in_the_Distance_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="A Beech Wood with Gypsies Seated in the Distance (J. M. W. Turner)">A Beech Wood with Gypsies Seated in the Distance</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Lake_and_Fallen_Tree_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Landscape with Lake and Fallen Tree (J. M. W. Turner)">Landscape with Lake and Fallen Tree</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calais_Pier" title="Calais Pier">Calais Pier</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_on_Clapham_Common_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="View on Clapham Common (J. M. W. Turner)">View on Clapham Common</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>–1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipwreck_(Turner)" title="The Shipwreck (Turner)">The Shipwreck</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Captured_Danish_Ships_Entering_Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Two Captured Danish Ships Entering Portsmouth Harbour">Two Captured Danish Ships Entering Portsmouth Harbour</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_Richmond_Hill_and_Bridge" title="View of Richmond Hill and Bridge">View of Richmond Hill and Bridge</a></i> (1808)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London_from_Greenwich_Park" title="London from Greenwich Park">London from Greenwich Park</a></i> (1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Plague_of_Egypt" title="The Fifth Plague of Egypt">The Fifth Plague of Egypt</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford_(painting)" title="High Street, Oxford (painting)">High Street, Oxford</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry" title="Saltash with the Water Ferry">Saltash with the Water Ferry</a></i> (1811)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Hannibal_and_his_Army_Crossing_the_Alps" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps">Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army <wbr />Crossing the Alps</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frosty_Morning" title="Frosty Morning">Frosty Morning</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage, or, <wbr />The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_Carthaginian_Empire" title="The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire">The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dort_or_Dordrecht:_The_Dort_packet-boat_from_Rotterdam_becalmed" title="Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed">Dort or Dordrecht: <wbr />The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Waterloo_(painting)" title="The Field of Waterloo (painting)">The Field of Waterloo</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/England:_Richmond_Hill,_on_the_Prince_Regent%27s_Birthday" title="England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday">England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rome,_from_the_Vatican" title="Rome, from the Vatican">Rome, from the Vatican</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(painting)" title="The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)"><i>The Battle of Trafalgar</i></a> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne,_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet_Boat_in_the_Evening" title="Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening">Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum_(painting)" title="Forum Romanum (painting)">Forum Romanum</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortlake_Terrace:_Early_Summer_Morning" title="Mortlake Terrace: Early Summer Morning">Mortlake Terrace</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Port_Ruysdael" title="Port Ruysdael">Port Ruysdael</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Canal_(painting)" title="Chichester Canal (painting)">Chichester Canal</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Cowes_Castle_(painting)" title="East Cowes Castle (painting)">East Cowes Castle</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulus_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulus (painting)">Regulus</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Deriding_Polyphemus" title="Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus">Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence" title="Funeral of Sir Thomas Lawrence">Funeral of Sir Thomas Lawrence</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage_-_Italy" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_of_Indolence" title="The Fountain of Indolence">The Fountain of Indolence</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(painting)" title="The Golden Bough (painting)">The Golden Bough</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venice:_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore" title="Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore">Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons" title="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons">The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rome,_From_Mount_Aventine" title="Rome, From Mount Aventine">Rome, From Mount Aventine</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venice,_from_the_Porch_of_Madonna_della_Salute" title="Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute">Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1835</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Temeraire" title="The Fighting Temeraire">The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth <wbr />to Be Broken up</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Rome_%E2%80%93_Campo_Vaccino" title="Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino">Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Ship" title="The Slave Ship">Slave Ship <wbr />(Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, <wbr />Typhoon Coming On)</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venice,_the_Bridge_of_Sighs" title="Venice, the Bridge of Sighs">Venice, the Bridge of Sighs</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth" title="Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth">Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rigi" title="The Rigi">The Blue Rigi</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rigi" title="The Rigi">The Red Rigi</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_%E2%80%93_Burial_at_Sea" title="Peace – Burial at Sea">Peace – Burial at Sea</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War._The_Exile_and_the_Rock_Limpet" title="War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet">War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Colour_(Goethe%27s_Theory)_%E2%80%93_The_Morning_after_the_Deluge_%E2%80%93_Moses_Writing_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) – The Morning after the Deluge – Moses Writing the Book of Genesis">Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) – <wbr />The Morning after the Deluge – <wbr />Moses Writing the Book of Genesis</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_%E2%80%93_The_Great_Western_Railway" title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway">Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_with_Sea_Monsters" title="Sunrise with Sea Monsters">Sunrise with Sea Monsters</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle,_Sunrise" title="Norham Castle, Sunrise">Norham Castle, Sunrise</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1845</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whalers_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Whalers (J. M. W. Turner)">Whalers</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1845</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beacon_Light" title="The Beacon Light">The Beacon Light</a></i> (unknown)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Studiorum" title="Liber Studiorum">Liber Studiorum</a></i> (1807–1819)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandycombe_Lodge" title="Sandycombe Lodge">Sandycombe Lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_(play)" title="The Painter (play)">The Painter</a></i> (2011 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Turner" title="Mr. Turner">Mr. Turner</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Price_Turner" title="Thomas Price Turner">Thomas Price Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Contemporary" title="Turner Contemporary">Turner Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:J._M._W._Turner" title="Category:J. M. W. Turner">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159758#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159758#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159758#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100900492">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11862475X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060712">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121510346">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121510346">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35751158">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500026846">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/78519">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=9598989&lng=en">SIKART</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/fd3fe9b9-7f94-4a3a-81d8-816ef2ebd386">KulturNav</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0a943e0a-95a6-4061-abb5-c7537ffe9bab">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/6891/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=3290">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/1763/">Auckland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/3654/">South Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1070883">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11862475X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6057d6v">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/25484">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&oldid=1258108034">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&oldid=1258108034</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:J._M._W._Turner" title="Category:J. 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Turner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1775_births" title="Category:1775 births">1775 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1851_deaths" title="Category:1851 deaths">1851 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_English_male_artists" title="Category:18th-century English male artists">18th-century English male artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_male_artists" title="Category:19th-century English male artists">19th-century English male artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_English_painters" title="Category:18th-century English painters">18th-century English painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_painters" title="Category:19th-century English painters">19th-century English painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_marine_artists" title="Category:English marine artists">English marine artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" 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