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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the ecclesiastical office, see <a href="/wiki/Incumbent_(ecclesiastical)" title="Incumbent (ecclesiastical)">Incumbent (ecclesiastical)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Re-election" redirects here. For the system used in the English Football League, see <a href="/wiki/Re-election_(Football_League)" title="Re-election (Football League)">Re-election (Football League)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>incumbent</b> is the current holder of an <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">office</a> or position. In an <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a>, the incumbent is the person holding or acting in the position that is up for election, regardless of whether they are seeking re-election. </p><p>There may or may not be an incumbent on the <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballot</a>: the previous holder may have died, retired, resigned; they may not seek re-election, be barred from re-election due to <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a>, or a new <a href="/wiki/Electoral_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral division">electoral division</a> or position may have been created, at which point the office or position is regarded as vacant or open. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, an election without an incumbent on the ballot is an <b>open seat</b> or <b>open contest</b>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Incumbency_advantage"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Incumbency advantage</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Business_usage"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Business usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sophomore_surge"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sophomore surge</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Anti-incumbency"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-incumbency</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb <i>incumbere</i>, literally meaning "to lean or lay upon" with the present participle stem <i>incumbent-</i>, "leaning a variant of <i>encumber,</i><sup id="cite_ref-volVII_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volVII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while encumber is derived from the root <i>cumber</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most appropriately defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to block fill up with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Incumbency_advantage">Incumbency advantage</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In general, an incumbent has a political advantage over challengers at <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>. Except when the timing of elections is determined by a constitution or by legislation, the incumbent in some countries may have the right to determine the date of an election. </p><p>For most political offices, the incumbent often has more <a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">name recognition</a> due to their previous work in the office. Incumbents also have easier access to <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign finance</a>, as well as government resources (such as the <a href="/wiki/Franking_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Franking privilege">franking privilege</a>) that can be indirectly used to boost the incumbent's re-election campaign. </p><p>In the United States, an election (especially for a <a href="/wiki/Single-member_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member constituency">single-member constituency</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>) in which an incumbent is not seeking re-election is often called an <i>open seat</i>; because of the lack of incumbency advantage, these are often amongst the most hotly contested races in any election.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, an open contest is created when the term of office is limited, as in the case of terms of the U.S. president being restricted to two four-year terms, and the incumbent is prohibited from recontesting. Although the expected advantage of incumbency has gone from about two percentage points in the 1950s, to ten percentage points in the 1980s and 1990s, and then back to about two percentage points in the 2010s and 2020s, the probability that an incumbent will lose his or her seat has remained approximately the same over the entire period.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When newcomers look to fill an open office, voters tend to compare and contrast the candidates' qualifications, positions on political issues, and personal characteristics in a relatively straightforward way. Elections featuring an incumbent, on the other hand, are, as Guy Molyneux puts it, "fundamentally a referendum on the incumbent."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters will first grapple with the record of the incumbent. Only if they decide to "fire" the incumbent do they begin to evaluate whether each of the challengers is an acceptable alternative. </p><p>A 2017 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Political_Science" title="British Journal of Political Science">British Journal of Political Science</a></i> argues that the incumbency advantage stems from the fact that voters evaluate the incumbent's ideology individually whereas they assume that any challenger shares his party's ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the incumbency advantage gets more significant as <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">political polarization</a> increases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics" title="The Journal of Politics">Journal of Politics</a></i> found that incumbents have "a far larger advantage" in on-cycle elections than in <a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">off-cycle elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_usage">Business usage</h3></div> <p>In relation to business operations and <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a>, an incumbent supplier is usually the supplier who currently supplies the needs of a customer and therefore has an advantageous position in relation to maintaining this role or agreeing a new contract, in comparison with competing businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sophomore_surge">Sophomore surge</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sophomore_surge" title="Sophomore surge">Sophomore surge</a></div> <p>Political analysts in the United States and United Kingdom have noted the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Sophomore_surge" title="Sophomore surge">sophomore surge</a> (not known as such in the United Kingdom) in which first term representatives see an increase in votes after their first election. This phenomenon is said to bring an advantage of up to 10% for first-term representatives, which increases the incumbency advantage. However, the extent of the surge is a biased estimate of the electoral advantage of incumbency.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Anti-incumbency">Anti-incumbency</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-incumbency" title="Anti-incumbency">Anti-incumbency</a></div> <p>However, there exist scenarios in which the incumbency factor itself leads to the downfall of the incumbent. Popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-incumbency" title="Anti-incumbency">anti-incumbency factor</a>, situations of this kind occur when the incumbent has proven themself not worthy of office during their tenure and the challengers demonstrate this to the voters. An anti-incumbency factor can also be responsible for bringing down incumbents who have been in office for many successive terms despite performance indicators, simply because the voters are convinced by the challengers of a need for change. It is also argued that the holders of extensively powerful offices are subject to immense pressure which leaves them politically impotent and unable to command enough public confidence for re-election; such is the case, for example, with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">Presidency of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters who experience the negative <a href="/wiki/Shock_(economics)" title="Shock (economics)">economic shock</a> of a loss of income are less likely to vote for an incumbent candidate than those who have not experienced such a shock.<sup id="cite_ref-Margalit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margalit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nick Panagakis, a pollster, coined what he dubbed the <i>incumbent rule</i> in 1989—that any voter who claims to be undecided towards the end of the election will probably end up voting for a challenger.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the phenomenon is known by the catchphrase <i>Sortez les sortants</i> ("Get out the outgoing [representatives]!"), which was the slogan of the <a href="/wiki/Poujadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Poujadist">Poujadist</a> movement in the <a href="/wiki/1956_French_legislative_election" title="1956 French legislative election">1956 French legislative election</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-volVII-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-volVII_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OED</i> (1989), p. 834</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OED</i> (1989), p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OED</i> (1989), p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGelmanKing1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gelman, Andrew; King, Gary (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a0e2/322b6755bfde6435727f96f3f2a16f61a38e.pdf">"Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 1142–1164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2111475">10.2307/2111475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-5853">0092-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2111475">2111475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3752645">3752645</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121022423/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a0e2/322b6755bfde6435727f96f3f2a16f61a38e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on Jan 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Estimating+Incumbency+Advantage+without+Bias&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1142-1164&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0092-5853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3752645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2111475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2111475&rft.aulast=Gelman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=King%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fa0e2%2F322b6755bfde6435727f96f3f2a16f61a38e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncumbent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbanksKatzKing2023" class="citation web cs1">Ebanks, Danny; Katz, Jonathan N.; King, Gary (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gking.harvard.edu/10k">"If a Statistical Model Predicts That Common Events Should Occur Only Once in 10,000 Elections, Maybe it's the Wrong Model"</a>. <i>Gary King - Harvard University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gary+King+-+Harvard+University&rft.atitle=If+a+Statistical+Model+Predicts+That+Common+Events+Should+Occur+Only+Once+in+10%2C000+Elections%2C+Maybe+it%27s+the+Wrong+Model&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Ebanks&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Katz%2C+Jonathan+N.&rft.au=King%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgking.harvard.edu%2F10k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncumbent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Molyneux, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/article/big-five-oh/">The Big Five-Oh</a>", <i>The American Prospect</i>, 1 October 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskowitz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Peskowitz, Zachary (2017-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503074546/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1598F3657E22CD138EAAC246432DFA72/S0007123416000557a.pdf/div-class-title-ideological-signaling-and-incumbency-advantage-div.pdf">"Ideological Signaling and Incumbency Advantage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 467–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123416000557">10.1017/S0007123416000557</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157292602">157292602</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1598F3657E22CD138EAAC246432DFA72/S0007123416000557a.pdf/div-class-title-ideological-signaling-and-incumbency-advantage-div.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Ideological+Signaling+and+Incumbency+Advantage&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=467-490&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157292602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123416000557&rft.aulast=Peskowitz&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F1598F3657E22CD138EAAC246432DFA72%2FS0007123416000557a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-ideological-signaling-and-incumbency-advantage-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncumbent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Benedictis-Kessner2017" class="citation journal cs1">de Benedictis-Kessner, Justin (2017-12-07). "Off-Cycle and Out of Office: Election Timing and the Incumbency Advantage". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>80</b>: 119–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F694396">10.1086/694396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222440248">222440248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Off-Cycle+and+Out+of+Office%3A+Election+Timing+and+the+Incumbency+Advantage&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=119-132&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222440248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F694396&rft.aulast=de+Benedictis-Kessner&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncumbent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/incumbent.asp">Incumbent</a>, <i>Investopedia</i>, updated 27 January 2021, Retrieved 20 March 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Tombs2017" class="citation web cs1">Robert Tombs (May 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/02/francs-presidency-is-too-powerful-to-work-emmanuel-macron-elections/">"France's Presidency Is Too Powerful to Work"</a>. Polling Report<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%27s+Presidency+Is+Too+Powerful+to+Work&rft.pub=Polling+Report&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft.au=Robert+Tombs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2F2017%2F05%2F02%2Ffrancs-presidency-is-too-powerful-to-work-emmanuel-macron-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncumbent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margalit-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Margalit_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargalit2019" class="citation journal cs1">Margalit, Yotam (2019-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050517-110713">"Political Responses to Economic Shocks"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 277–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050517-110713">10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-110713</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Political+Responses+to+Economic+Shocks&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=277-295&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050517-110713&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Margalit&rft.aufirst=Yotam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-050517-110713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncumbent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Panagakis1989" class="citation web cs1">Nick Panagakis (February 27, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pollingreport.com/incumbent.htm">"Incumbent Rule"</a>. Polling Report<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incumbent+Rule&rft.pub=Polling+Report&rft.date=1989-02-27&rft.au=Nick+Panagakis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pollingreport.com%2Fincumbent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncumbent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/incumbent" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/incumbent">incumbent</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>De Magalhaes, L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401053448/http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/113.short">Incumbency effects in a comparative perspective: Evidence from Brazilian mayoral elections</a>. <i>Political Analysis</i>, <i>23</i>(1), 113–126.</li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incumbent&oldid=1257525663">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incumbent&oldid=1257525663</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Incumbent&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Charcoal Game" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1731668310"> <span>Last edited on 15 November 2024, at 10:58</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8" title="شاغل المنصب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاغل المنصب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदस्थ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पदस्थ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcion%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Funkcionář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Funkcionář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udindo_wasono" title="Udindo wasono – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Udindo wasono" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiliad_(gwleidyddiaeth)" title="Deiliad (gwleidyddiaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deiliad (gwleidyddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Incumbent" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsinhaber" title="Amtsinhaber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amtsinhaber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%A4%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8" title="އަދިވެސް މަޤާމުގައި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަދިވެސް މަޤާމުގައި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Titular (política) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titular (política)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="متصدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متصدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padasth" title="Padasth – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Padasth" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EC%9E%84%EC%9E%90" title="재임자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재임자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदस्थ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पदस्थ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1itelj_du%C5%BEnosti" title="Vršitelj dužnosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vršitelj dužnosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Incumbent" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petahana" title="Petahana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Petahana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinggih" title="Palinggih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Palinggih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wez%C3%AEfedar" title="Wezîfedar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wezîfedar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदस्थ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पदस्थ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्यमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विद्यमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87" title="شاغل الوظيفه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاغل الوظيفه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyandang" title="Penyandang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyandang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="बहालवाला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बहालवाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%81%B7" title="現職 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現職" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Incumbent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਹੁਦੇਦਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਹੁਦੇਦਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbente" title="Incumbente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Incumbente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Инкумбент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инкумбент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Incumbent" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Incumbent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8" title="برسر منصب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برسر منصب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="لەپۆستدابوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەپۆستدابوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkumbent" title="Inkumbent – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Inkumbent" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkumbent" title="Inkumbent – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inkumbent" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="అధికారంలో ఉన్న వ్యక్తి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అధికారంలో ఉన్న వ్యక్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ผู้ดำรงตำแหน่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผู้ดำรงตำแหน่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6revdeki_ki%C5%9Fi" title="Görevdeki kişi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Görevdeki kişi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Інкумбент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інкумбент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8" title="برسر منصب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برسر منصب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_nhi%E1%BB%87m" title="Đương nhiệm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đương nhiệm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%BB" title="现任 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="现任" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 10:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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