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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_carbonates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_carbonates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organic carbonates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_carbonates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buffer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buffer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Buffer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buffer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbonate_salts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbonate_salts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Carbonate salts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbonate_salts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_outside_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_outside_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presence outside Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_outside_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbonate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonaat" title="Karbonaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karbonaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كربونات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربونات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatu" title="Carbonatu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbonatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonatlar" title="Karbonatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbonatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کربونات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربونات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-sng-i%C3%A2m" title="Thòaⁿ-sng-iâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thòaⁿ-sng-iâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Карбонат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карбонат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonat" title="Carbonat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbonat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Карбонат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карбонат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhli%C4%8Ditany" title="Uhličitany – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhličitany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonat" title="Carbonat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carbonat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carbonate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonaadid" title="Karbonaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karbonaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ανθρακικό άλας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρακικό άλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonato" title="Carbonato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbonato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonato" title="Karbonato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbonato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonato" title="Karbonato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbonato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کربنات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربنات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbonate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n%C3%A1it" title="Carbónáit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbónáit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonato" title="Carbonato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbonato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC" title="탄산염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄산염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարբոնատներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարբոնատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोनेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बोनेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonati" title="Carbonati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98" title="קרבונט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרבונט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋನೇಟುಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋನೇಟುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Карбонат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карбонат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabonati" title="Kabonati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kabonati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Карбонаттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карбонаттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon%C4%81ti" title="Karbonāti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karbonāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon%C3%A1t" title="Karbonát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karbonát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Карбонат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карбонат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonaat" title="Carbonaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carbonaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E9%85%B8%E5%A1%A9" title="炭酸塩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭酸塩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonaat" title="Karbonaat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karbonaat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕਾਰਬੋਨੇਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬੋਨੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99glany" title="Węglany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węglany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonato" title="Carbonato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbonato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonat" title="Carbonat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbonat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Карбонаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карбонаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbonate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhli%C4%8Ditan" title="Uhličitan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhličitan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Карбонат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карбонат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonaatti" title="Karbonaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karbonaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karbonat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கார்பனேட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பனேட்டு" 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Salt or ester of carbonic acid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For organic carbonates, see <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">Carbonate ester</a>. For the town in Colorado, see <a href="/wiki/Carbonate,_Colorado" title="Carbonate, Colorado">Carbonate, Colorado</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">Carbon trioxide</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Carbonate </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png/220px-Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png/330px-Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png/440px-Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="776" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">Carbonate anion</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png/220px-Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png/330px-Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png/440px-Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="733" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">Resonant</a> structure of the carbonate <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of the carbonate anion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Carbonate-3D-balls.png/220px-Carbonate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Carbonate-3D-balls.png/330px-Carbonate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Carbonate-3D-balls.png/440px-Carbonate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="982" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">Carbonate anion<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(64, 64, 64); color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a>, C</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a>, O</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Carbonate</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Trioxidocarbonate<sup id="cite_ref-redbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3812-32-6">3812-32-6</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%28%3DO%29%28%5BO-%5D%29%5BO-%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.18519.html">18519</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/19660">19660</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/7UJQ5OPE7D">7UJQ5OPE7D</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)/p-2</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)/p-2</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-NUQVWONBAE</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C(=O)([O-])[O-]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001600080000000000♠"></span>60.008</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p>A <b>carbonate</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> characterized by the presence of the <b>carbonate ion</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ion</a> with the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span>. The word "carbonate" may also refer to a <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">carbonate ester</a>, an organic compound containing the <b>carbonate group</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O=C(−O−)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. </p><p>The term is also used as a verb, to describe <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>: the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> ions in water to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">carbonated water</a> and other carbonated beverages – either by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> gas under pressure or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, the term "carbonate" can refer both to <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate minerals">carbonate minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rock</a> (which is made of chiefly carbonate minerals), and both are dominated by the carbonate ion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span>. Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically precipitated <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>. The most common are <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, the chief constituent of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (as well as the main component of <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> shells and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> skeletons); <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, a calcium-magnesium carbonate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaMg(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>; and <a href="/wiki/Siderite" title="Siderite">siderite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_carbonate" title="Iron(II) carbonate">iron(II) carbonate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">FeCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, an important <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Sodium carbonate</a> ("soda" or "natron"), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> ("potash"), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, have been used since antiquity for cleaning and preservation, as well as for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>. Carbonates are widely used in industry, such as in iron smelting, as a raw material for <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> manufacture, in the composition of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">ceramic glazes</a>, and more. New applications of alkali metal carbonates include: thermal energy storage,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> catalysis<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and electrolyte both in fuel cell technology<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in electrosynthesis of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> in aqueous media.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_bonding">Structure and bonding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The carbonate ion is the simplest <a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon_anion" title="Oxocarbon anion">oxocarbon anion</a>. It consists of one <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atom surrounded by three <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atoms, in a <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_planar" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal planar">trigonal planar</a> arrangement, with <i>D</i><sub>3h</sub> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry#Point_Group" title="Molecular symmetry">molecular symmetry</a>. It has a molecular mass of 60.01 <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">g/mol</a> and carries a total <a href="/wiki/Formal_charge" title="Formal charge">formal charge</a> of −2. It is the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">conjugate base</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>, which is the conjugate base of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_structure" title="Lewis structure">Lewis structure</a> of the carbonate ion has two (long) single bonds to negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond to a neutral oxygen atom. </p> <dl><dd><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple, localised Lewis structure of the carbonate ion"><img alt="Simple, localised Lewis structure of the carbonate ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png/100px-Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png/150px-Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png/200px-Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>This structure is incompatible with the observed symmetry of the ion, which implies that the three bonds are the same length and that the three oxygen atoms are equivalent. As in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Isoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoelectronic">isoelectronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> ion, the symmetry can be achieved by a <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">resonance</a> among three structures: </p> <dl><dd><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resonance structures of the carbonate ion"><img alt="Resonance structures of the carbonate ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D.png/400px-Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D.png/600px-Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D.png/800px-Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>This resonance can be summarized by a model with fractional bonds and <a href="/wiki/Delocalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Delocalization">delocalized</a> charges: </p> <dl><dd><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Delocalisation and partial charges on the carbonate ion"><img alt="Delocalisation and partial charges on the carbonate ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png/120px-Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png/180px-Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png/240px-Carbonate-ion-delocalised-partial-charges-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="733" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Space-filling model of the carbonate ion"><img alt="Space-filling model of the carbonate ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carbonate-3D-vdW.png/80px-Carbonate-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carbonate-3D-vdW.png/120px-Carbonate-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carbonate-3D-vdW.png/160px-Carbonate-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labeled_speleothems_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Labeled_speleothems_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Labeled_speleothems_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Labeled_speleothems_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Labeled_speleothems_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Labeled_speleothems_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Stalactites and stalagmites are carbonate minerals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Metal carbonates generally decompose on heating, liberating carbon dioxide leaving behind an oxide of the metal.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is called <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcination</a>, after <i>calx</i>, the Latin name of quicklime or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>, CaO, which is obtained by roasting limestone in a <a href="/wiki/Lime_kiln" title="Lime kiln">lime kiln</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → CaO + CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>As illustrated by its affinity for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span>, carbonate is a ligand for many metal cations. <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbonate_and_bicarbonate_complexes" title="Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes">Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes</a> feature metal ions covalently bonded to carbonate in a variety of bonding modes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium_carbonate" title="Rubidium carbonate">rubidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium_carbonate" title="Caesium carbonate">caesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium</a> carbonates are water-soluble salts, but carbonates of 2+ and 3+ ions are often poorly soluble in water. Of the insoluble metal carbonates, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> is important because, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Limescale" title="Limescale">scale</a>, it accumulates in and impedes flow through pipes. <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">Hard water</a> is rich in this material, giving rise to the need for infrastructural <a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">water softening</a>. </p><p>Acidification of carbonates generally liberates <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 2 HCl → CaCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Thus, scale can be removed with acid. </p><p>In solution the equilibrium between carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is sensitive to pH, temperature, and pressure. Although di- and trivalent carbonates have low solubility, bicarbonate salts are far more soluble. This difference is related to the disparate <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energies</a> of solids composed of mono- vs dianions, as well as mono- vs dications. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid participate in a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">dynamic equilibrium</a>. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, while in weakly basic conditions, the <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> ion is prevalent. In more acid conditions, aqueous <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(aq)</span>, is the main form, which, with water, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid – the equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Thus <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> is basic, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organic_carbonates">Organic carbonates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organic carbonates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">Carbonate ester</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> a carbonate can also refer to a <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional group</a> within a larger molecule that contains a carbon atom bound to three oxygen atoms, one of which is double bonded. These compounds are also known as organocarbonates or carbonate esters, and have the general formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">R−O−C(=O)−O−R′</span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">RR′CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. Important organocarbonates include <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_carbonate" title="Dimethyl carbonate">dimethyl carbonate</a>, the cyclic compounds <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_carbonate" title="Ethylene carbonate">ethylene carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propylene_carbonate" title="Propylene carbonate">propylene carbonate</a>, and the phosgene replacement, <a href="/wiki/Triphosgene" title="Triphosgene">triphosgene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buffer">Buffer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buffer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three reversible reactions control the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> balance of blood and act as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffer</a> to stabilise it in the range 7.37–7.43:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span> ⇌ H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> ⇌ CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(aq) + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(aq) ⇌ CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(g)</span></li></ol> <p>Exhaled <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(g)</span> depletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(aq)</span>, which in turn consumes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, causing the equilibrium of the first reaction to try to restore the level of carbonic acid by reacting bicarbonate with a hydrogen ion, an example of <a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2telier%27s_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Châtelier's principle">Le Châtelier's principle</a>. The result is to make the blood more alkaline (raise pH). By the same principle, when the pH is too high, the kidneys excrete bicarbonate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>) into urine as urea via the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a> (or Krebs–Henseleit ornithine cycle). By removing the bicarbonate, more <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> is generated from carbonic acid (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>), which comes from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(g)</span> produced by <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crucially, a similar buffer operates in the oceans. It is a major factor in climate change and the long-term carbon cycle, due to the large number of marine organisms (especially coral) which are made of calcium carbonate. Increased solubility of carbonate through increased temperatures results in lower production of marine <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> and increased concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This, in turn, increases Earth temperature. The amount of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span> available is on a geological scale and substantial quantities may eventually be redissolved into the sea and released to the atmosphere, increasing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> levels even more.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbonate_salts">Carbonate salts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Carbonate salts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbonates" title="Category:Carbonates">Category:Carbonates</a></div> <ul><li>Carbonate overview:</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Compounds_containing_the_carbonate_group" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbonates" title="Template:Carbonates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbonates" title="Template talk:Carbonates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbonates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbonates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compounds_containing_the_carbonate_group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Compounds containing the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">carbonate</a> group</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bicarbonate" title="Lithium bicarbonate">LiHCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_carbonate" title="Beryllium carbonate">BeCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borate_carbonate" title="Borate carbonate">+BO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">(RO)(R'O)CO</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_oxalate" title="Carbonate oxalate">+C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_nitrate" title="Carbonate nitrate">+NO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>O </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate fluoride">+F</a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sesquicarbonate" title="Sodium sesquicarbonate">Na<sub>3</sub>H(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">MgCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_bicarbonate" title="Magnesium bicarbonate">Mg(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_carbonate" title="Aluminium carbonate">Al<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbonate" title="Silicon carbonate">SiCO<sub>4</sub></a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Silicate_carbonate" title="Silicate carbonate">+SiO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_carbonate" title="Sulfate carbonate">+SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_chloride" title="Carbonate chloride">+Cl</a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate" title="Potassium bicarbonate">KHCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">CaCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_bicarbonate" title="Calcium bicarbonate">Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td>Sc </td> <td>Ti </td> <td>V </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">CrCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Cr<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_carbonate" title="Manganese(II) carbonate">MnCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_carbonate" title="Iron(II) carbonate">FeCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_carbonate" title="Cobalt(II) carbonate">CoCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Co<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_carbonate" title="Nickel(II) carbonate">NiCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(I)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(I) carbonate (page does not exist)">Cu<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_carbonate" title="Copper(II) carbonate">CuCO<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_copper_carbonate" title="Basic copper carbonate">Cu<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">ZnCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Ga </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>As </td> <td>Se </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_carbonate" title="Rubidium carbonate">Rb<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_carbonate" title="Strontium carbonate">SrCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td>Y </td> <td>Zr </td> <td>Nb </td> <td>Mo </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palladium(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">PdCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_carbonate" title="Silver carbonate">Ag<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_carbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium carbonate">CdCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>In </td> <td>Sn </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>Te </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_carbonate" title="Caesium carbonate">Cs<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_bicarbonate" title="Caesium bicarbonate">CsHCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_carbonate" title="Barium carbonate">BaCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Lu<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>Ta </td> <td>W </td> <td>Re </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td>Au </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">HgCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_carbonate" title="Thallium(I) carbonate">Tl<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_carbonate" title="Lead carbonate">PbCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcarbonate" title="Bismuth subcarbonate">(BiO)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(IV)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(IV) carbonate (page does not exist)">Po(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_carbonate" title="Radium carbonate">RaCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_carbonate" title="Lanthanum carbonate">La<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_carbonate" title="Cerium(III) carbonate">Ce<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_carbonate" title="Praseodymium(III) carbonate">Pr<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_carbonate" title="Neodymium(III) carbonate">Nd<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Sm<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">EuCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_carbonate" title="Europium(III) carbonate">Eu<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Gd<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Tb<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Dy<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Ho<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Er<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Tm<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Yb<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) carbonate (page does not exist)">Th(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_carbonate" title="Uranyl carbonate">UO<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presence_outside_Earth">Presence outside Earth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presence outside Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally thought that the presence of carbonates in <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> is strong evidence for the presence of liquid water. Recent observations of the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a> <a href="/wiki/NGC_6302" title="NGC 6302">NGC 6302</a> show evidence for carbonates in space,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where aqueous alteration similar to that on Earth is unlikely. Other minerals have been proposed which would fit the observations. </p><p>Small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">carbonate deposits</a> have been found on Mars via spectral imaging <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Martian meteorites also contain small amounts. Groundwater may have existed at <a href="/wiki/Gusev_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusev crater">Gusev</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cap_carbonate" title="Cap carbonate">Cap carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocarbonic_acid" title="Orthocarbonic acid">Orthocarbonic acid</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>, a hypothetic unstable molecule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">Oxalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxocarbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxocarbonate">Peroxocarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_percarbonate" title="Sodium percarbonate">Sodium percarbonate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-redbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-redbook_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</a></i> (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a>–<a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8">0-85404-438-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Electronic version.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carbonates"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carbonates">"Carbonates" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/36849/7/Squyres.SOM.pdf">"Pyroclastic Activity at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>316</b> (5825): 738–742. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...316..738S">2007Sci...316..738S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1139045">10.1126/science.1139045</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20070016011">2060/20070016011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17478719">17478719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9687521">9687521</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922134035/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/36849/7/Squyres.SOM.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-09-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pyroclastic+Activity+at+Home+Plate+in+Gusev+Crater%2C+Mars&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=5825&rft.pages=738-742&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20070016011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9687521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...316..738S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17478719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1139045&rft.aulast=Squyres&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.au=Aharonson%2C+O.&rft.au=Clark%2C+B.C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+B.+A.&rft.au=Crumpler%2C+L.&rft.au=De+Souza%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Farrand%2C+W.+H.&rft.au=Gellert%2C+R.&rft.au=Grant%2C+J.&rft.au=Grotzinger%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Haldemann%2C+A.+F.+C.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Klingelhofer%2C+G.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+K.+W.&rft.au=Li%2C+R.&rft.au=McCoy%2C+T.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=McSween%2C+H.+Y.&rft.au=Ming%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Moore%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Morris%2C+R.+V.&rft.au=Parker%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Rice%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Ruff%2C+S.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+M.&rft.au=Schroder%2C+C.&rft.au=Soderblom%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Yen%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F36849%2F7%2FSquyres.SOM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquyresArvidsonBollenBell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Squyres, S. W.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/17165/1/Squyres2006_Overview_of_the_Opportunity_Mars_Exploration_Rover_Mission_to_Meridiani_Planum-Eagle_Crater_to_Purgatory_Ripple.pdf">"Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum: Eagle Crater to Purgatory Ripple"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>111</b> (E12): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRE..11112S12S">2006JGRE..11112S12S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JE002771">10.1029/2006JE002771</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F17165">1893/17165</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808163157/http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/17165/1/Squyres2006_Overview_of_the_Opportunity_Mars_Exploration_Rover_Mission_to_Meridiani_Planum-Eagle_Crater_to_Purgatory_Ripple.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+Opportunity+Mars+Exploration+Rover+Mission+to+Meridiani+Planum%3A+Eagle+Crater+to+Purgatory+Ripple&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1893%2F17165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006JE002771&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JGRE..11112S12S&rft.aulast=Squyres&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.au=Arvidson%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Bollen%2C+D.&rft.au=Bell%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Br%C3%BCckner%2C+J.&rft.au=Cabrol%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Calvin%2C+W.+M.&rft.au=Carr%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Clark%2C+B.+C.&rft.au=Crumpler%2C+L.&rft.au=Des+Marais%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=d%27Uston%2C+C.&rft.au=Economou%2C+T.&rft.au=Farmer%2C+J.&rft.au=Farrand%2C+W.+H.&rft.au=Folkner%2C+W.&rft.au=Gellert%2C+R.&rft.au=Glotch%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Golombek%2C+M.&rft.au=Gorevan%2C+S.&rft.au=Grant%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Greeley%2C+R.&rft.au=Grotzinger%2C+J.&rft.au=Herkenhoff%2C+K.+E.&rft.au=Hviid%2C+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Klingelh%C3%B6fer%2C+G.&rft.au=Knoll%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Landis%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.stir.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F1893%2F17165%2F1%2FSquyres2006_Overview_of_the_Opportunity_Mars_Exploration_Rover_Mission_to_Meridiani_Planum-Eagle_Crater_to_Purgatory_Ripple.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxocarbons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Template:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxocarbons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exotic oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_dione" title="Ethylene dione"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalic_anhydride" title="Oxalic anhydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/1,2-Dioxetanedione" title="1,2-Dioxetanedione">1,2-Dioxetanedione</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,3-Dioxetanedione" title="1,3-Dioxetanedione">1,3-Dioxetanedione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropanetrione" title="Cyclopropanetrione"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3,5-Trioxanetrione" title="1,3,5-Trioxanetrione"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarbon_dioxide" title="Tetracarbon dioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobutanetetrone" title="Cyclobutanetetrone"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxane_tetraketone" title="Dioxane tetraketone"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacarbon_dioxide" title="Pentacarbon dioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentanepentone" title="Cyclopentanepentone"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanehexone" title="Cyclohexanehexone">Cyclohexanehexone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethylenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride">Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone_biscarbonate" title="Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone biscarbonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexahydroxybenzene_triscarbonate" title="Hexahydroxybenzene triscarbonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone_bisoxalate" title="Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone bisoxalate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxotricyclobutabenzene" title="Hexaoxotricyclobutabenzene"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexahydroxybenzene_trisoxalate" title="Hexahydroxybenzene trisoxalate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polymers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_oxide" title="Graphite oxide">Graphite oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymeric_carbon_suboxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymeric carbon suboxide (page does not exist)">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonyl" title="Polycarbonyl">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymeric_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymeric carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds derived from oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">Metal carbonyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate_(functional_group)" title="Polycarbonate (functional group)">Polycarbonates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dicarbonate" title="Dicarbonate">Dicarbonates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tricarbonate" title="Tricarbonate">Tricarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxydicarbonate" title="Peroxydicarbonate">Peroxydicarbonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">Inorganic compounds of</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and related ions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monofluoride" title="Carbon monofluoride">CF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide">CO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide">CO<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide">CO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenedithione" title="Ethenedithione">C<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_diselenide" title="Carbon diselenide">CSe<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_subsulfide" title="Carbon subsulfide">C<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">SiC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon ions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">Carbides</a> [:C≡C:]<sup>2−</sup>, [::C::]<sup>4−</sup>, [:C=C=C:]<sup>4−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a> [:C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">Cyanate</a> [:O−C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanate</a> [:S−C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminate" title="Fulminate">Fulminate</a> [:C≡N−O:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27110079" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27110079">Thiofulminate</a> [:C≡N−S:]<sup>−</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nanostructures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_intercalation_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite intercalation compounds">Graphite intercalation compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulleride" title="Fulleride">Fullerides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxides and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nitride" title="Carbon nitride">Nitrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">Metal carbonyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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