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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Stória" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stória"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Stória</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stória-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ls_sistemas_ouperacionales_mais_outelizados_ne_l_Mundo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ls_sistemas_ouperacionales_mais_outelizados_ne_l_Mundo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ls sistemas ouperacionales mais outelizados ne l Mundo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ls_sistemas_ouperacionales_mais_outelizados_ne_l_Mundo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outros_sistemas_ouperacionales_libres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_sistemas_ouperacionales_libres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Outros sistemas ouperacionales libres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_sistemas_ouperacionales_libres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bison_giral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bison_giral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bison giral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bison_giral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistemas_Ouperacionales_Modernos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemas_Ouperacionales_Modernos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sistemas Ouperacionales Modernos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemas_Ouperacionales_Modernos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funcionamiento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcionamiento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Funcionamiento</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funcionamiento-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Funcionamiento</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funcionamiento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gerenciamiento_de_porcessos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerenciamiento_de_porcessos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gerenciamiento de porcessos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerenciamiento_de_porcessos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerenciamiento_de_mimória" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerenciamiento_de_mimória"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Gerenciamiento de mimória</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerenciamiento_de_mimória-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Swapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_d'arquibos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_d'arquibos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sistema d'arquibos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_d'arquibos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipos_de_Sistemas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipos_de_Sistemas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tipos de Sistemas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipos_de_Sistemas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Tipos de Sistemas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipos_de_Sistemas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistemas_multi-processadores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemas_multi-processadores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sistemas multi-processadores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemas_multi-processadores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterface_d'uso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterface_d'uso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Anterface d'uso</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anterface_d'uso-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Anterface d'uso</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anterface_d'uso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anterface_de_treminal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterface_de_treminal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Anterface de treminal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterface_de_treminal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterface_textual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterface_textual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Anterface textual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterface_textual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterface_gráfica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterface_gráfica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Anterface gráfica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterface_gráfica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterface_de_boç" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterface_de_boç"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Anterface de boç</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterface_de_boç-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classeficaçones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classeficaçones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Classeficaçones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classeficaçones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_atibos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_atibos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales atibos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_atibos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales atibos</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_atibos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Para_çktop/serbidores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Para_çktop/serbidores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Para çktop/serbidores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Para_çktop/serbidores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Para_çpositibos_mobles_(tablets_i_smartphones)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Para_çpositibos_mobles_(tablets_i_smartphones)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Para çpositibos mobles (tablets i smartphones)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Para_çpositibos_mobles_(tablets_i_smartphones)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unix_fui_l_purmeiro_sistema_ouperacional_moderno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix_fui_l_purmeiro_sistema_ouperacional_moderno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Unix fui l purmeiro sistema ouperacional moderno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix_fui_l_purmeiro_sistema_ouperacional_moderno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_amportantes_que_fúrun_çcuntinuados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_amportantes_que_fúrun_çcuntinuados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales amportantes que fúrun çcuntinuados</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_amportantes_que_fúrun_çcuntinuados-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales amportantes que fúrun çcuntinuados</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_amportantes_que_fúrun_çcuntinuados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Para_çktops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Para_çktops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Para çktops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Para_çktops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Para_çpositibos_mobles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Para_çpositibos_mobles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Para çpositibos mobles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Para_çpositibos_mobles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refréncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refréncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Refréncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refréncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refréncias_bibliográficas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refréncias_bibliográficas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Refréncias bibliográficas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refréncias_bibliográficas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ber_tamien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ber_tamien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Ber tamien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ber_tamien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sistema ouperatibo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 151 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS" title="OS — Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="OS" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedryfstelsel_(inligtingstegnologie)" title="Bedryfstelsel (inligtingstegnologie) — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedryfstelsel (inligtingstegnologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebssystem" title="Betriebssystem — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Betriebssystem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B0%E1%88%AA" title="የሲስተም አሰሪ — Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሲስተም አሰሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo — Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sistema operativo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weorcendebyrdness" title="Weorcendebyrdness — inglês antigo" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Weorcendebyrdness" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglês antigo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="نظام تشغيل — Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام تشغيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="نظام تشغيل — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نظام تشغيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativu" title="Sistema operativu — Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema operativu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fm%C9%99liyyat_sistemi" title="Əməliyyat sistemi — Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əməliyyat sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ایشلدیم سیستمی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایشلدیم سیستمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операцион система — Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Операцион система" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoperac%C4%97n%C4%97_s%C4%97stema" title="Uoperacėnė sėstema — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uoperacėnė sėstema" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аперацыйная сістэма — Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аперацыйная сістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Апэрацыйная сыстэма — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апэрацыйная сыстэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операционна система — Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Операционна система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="অপারেটিং সিস্টেম — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপারেটিং সিস্টেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reizhiad_korvoi%C3%B1" title="Reizhiad korvoiñ — Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reizhiad korvoiñ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativni_sistem" title="Operativni sistem — Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Operativni sistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Үйлэдэлэй системэ — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үйлэдэлэй системэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operatiu" title="Sistema operatiu — Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema operatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8F%CC%A4-c%C3%A1uk_hi%C3%AA-t%C5%ABng" title="Chŏ̤-cáuk hiê-tūng — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chŏ̤-cáuk hiê-tūng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операционни система — Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Операционни система" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سیستمی بەکارخەری — Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی بەکارخەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Operační systém — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operační systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92peracjow%C3%B4_systema" title="Òperacjowô systema — Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Òperacjowô systema" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Операци системи — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Операци системи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_weithredu" title="System weithredu — Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="System weithredu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styresystem" title="Styresystem — Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Styresystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebssystem" title="Betriebssystem — German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betriebssystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemo_operatif" title="Sistemo operatif — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sistemo operatif" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Λειτουργικό σύστημα — Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λειτουργικό σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistamma_operat%C3%AEv" title="Sistamma operatîv — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sistamma operatîv" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system — English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Operating system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaciumo" title="Operaciumo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Operaciumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo — Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema operativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatsioonis%C3%BCsteem" title="Operatsioonisüsteem — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Operatsioonisüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_eragile" title="Sistema eragile — Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistema eragile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="سیستم‌عامل — Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم‌عامل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Käyttöjärjestelmä — Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käyttöjärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%B5rats%27oonis%C3%BCstem" title="Opõrats'oonisüstem — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Opõrats'oonisüstem" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27exploitation" title="Système d'exploitation — French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système d'exploitation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriifs%C3%BCsteem" title="Bedriifsüsteem — Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bedriifsüsteem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisteme_operat%C3%AEf" title="Sisteme operatîf — Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sisteme operatîf" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_oibri%C3%BAch%C3%A1in" title="Córas oibriúcháin — Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Córas oibriúcháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo — Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema operativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apopyvusu_oku%27%C3%A9va" title="Apopyvusu oku'éva — Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apopyvusu oku'éva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok-ngia%CC%8Dp_h%C3%AC-th%C3%BAng" title="Chok-ngia̍p hì-thúng — Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chok-ngia̍p hì-thúng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מערכת הפעלה — Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת הפעלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रचालन तन्त्र — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रचालन तन्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Operating system" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacijski_sustav" title="Operacijski sustav — Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Operacijski sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BA%C4%9B%C5%82owy_system" title="Dźěłowy system — Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dźěłowy system" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_rendszer" title="Operációs rendszer — Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Operációs rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Օպերացիոն համակարգ — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպերացիոն համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_de_operation" title="Systema de operation — Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Systema de operation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi" title="Sistem operasi — Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem operasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativ_systema" title="Operativ systema — Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Operativ systema" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ti_panangpaandar" title="Sistema ti panangpaandar — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sistema ti panangpaandar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funcionanta_sistemo" title="Funcionanta sistemo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Funcionanta sistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BDrikerfi" title="Stýrikerfi — Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stýrikerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo — Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema operativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="オペレーティングシステム — Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オペレーティングシステム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi_komputer" title="Sistem operasi komputer — Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sistem operasi komputer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ოპერაციული სისტემა — Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერაციული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatsion_sistema" title="Operatsion sistema — Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Operatsion sistema" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagraw_n_wammud" title="Anagraw n wammud — Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anagraw n wammud" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Операциялық жүйелер — Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Операциялық жүйелер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಣ ಸಾಧನ — Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಣ ಸಾಧನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="운영체제 — Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운영체제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%90%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%8E%D9%85" title="آپریٹِنگ سِسٹَم — Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آپریٹِنگ سِسٹَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriefsystem" title="Bedriefsystem — Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bedriefsystem" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_xebitandin%C3%AA" title="Pergala xebitandinê — Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pergala xebitandinê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операционнӧй система — Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Операционнӧй система" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Операциялык тутум — Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Операциялык тутум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_internum" title="Systema internum — Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema internum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betribssystem" title="Betribssystem — Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Betribssystem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_opera" title="Sistem de opera — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sistem de opera" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scistema_%C3%B2perativo" title="Scistema òperativo — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Scistema òperativo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativ" title="Sistema operativ — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sistema operativ" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A1mbwisi-mokonzi" title="Litámbwisi-mokonzi — Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Litámbwisi-mokonzi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ລະບົບປະຕິບັດການ — Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະບົບປະຕິບັດການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacin%C4%97_sistema" title="Operacinė sistema — Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Operacinė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C4%93t%C4%81jsist%C4%93ma" title="Operētājsistēma — Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Operētājsistēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpandrindra_milina" title="Mpandrindra milina — Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpandrindra milina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Операционло системе — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Операционло системе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi" title="Sistem operasi — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sistem operasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Оперативен систем — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оперативен систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്‌ സിസ്റ്റം — Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്‌ സിസ്റ്റം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Үйлдлийн систем — Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үйлдлийн систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="संचालन प्रणाली — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संचालन प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pengendalian" title="Sistem pengendalian — Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem pengendalian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကွန်ပျူတာ စက်လည်ပတ်ရေး စနစ် — Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ပျူတာ စက်လည်ပတ်ရေး စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriefssystem" title="Bedriefssystem — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bedriefssystem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="अपरेटिङ सिस्टम — Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अपरेटिङ सिस्टम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besturingssysteem" title="Besturingssysteem — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Besturingssysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystem" title="Operativsystem — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Operativsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystem" title="Operativsystem — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Operativsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_operatiu" title="Sistèma operatiu — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma operatiu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%AE" title="ଅପରେଟିଙ୍ଗ ସିଷ୍ଟମ — Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅପରେଟିଙ୍ଗ ସିଷ୍ଟମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE" title="ਆਪਰੇਟਿੰਗ ਸਿਸਟਮ — Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਪਰੇਟਿੰਗ ਸਿਸਟਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebssystem" title="Betriebssystem — Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Betriebssystem" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_operacyjny" title="System operacyjny — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System operacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85" title="اوپریٹنگ سسٹم — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوپریٹنگ سسٹم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo — Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema operativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamk%27achiy_llikacha" title="Llamk'achiy llikacha — Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llamk'achiy llikacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_operare" title="Sistem de operare — Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de operare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операционная система — Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операционная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операчна сістема — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Операчна сістема" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операциялыыр система — Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Операциялыыр система" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigos an çtaque"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativu" title="Sistema operativu — Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sistema operativu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatin_seestem" title="Operatin seestem — Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Operatin seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatiivavuog%C3%A1dat" title="Operatiivavuogádat — sami do norte" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Operatiivavuogádat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami do norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativni_sistem" title="Operativni sistem — Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Operativni sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="ပိူင်သၢင်ႈ ၶွမ်းပျူတႃႇ — Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပိူင်သၢင်ႈ ၶွမ်းပျူတႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="පරිගණක මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති — Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිගණක මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Operating system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Operačný systém — Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Operačný systém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85" title="آپریٹنگ سسٹم — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آپریٹنگ سسٹم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacijski_sistem" title="Operacijski sistem — Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Operacijski sistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system — Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Operating system" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_operativ" title="Sistemi operativ — Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi operativ" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Оперативни систем — Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оперативни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_Operasi" title="Sistim Operasi — Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sistim Operasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystem" title="Operativsystem — Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Operativsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfumo_wa_uendeshaji" title="Mfumo wa uendeshaji — Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfumo wa uendeshaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoperacyjno_systyma" title="Uoperacyjno systyma — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uoperacyjno systyma" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயக்கு தளம் — Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயக்கு தளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆపరేటింగ్ సిస్టమ్ — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆపరేటింగ్ సిస్టమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Системомил — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Системомил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ระบบปฏิบัติการ — Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบปฏิบัติการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system — Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Operating system" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fletim_sistemi" title="İşletim sistemi — Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşletim sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операцион система — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Операцион система" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%BA%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مەشغۇلات سىستېمىسى — Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەشغۇلات سىستېمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Операційна система — Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операційна система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85" title="آپریٹنگ سسٹم — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آپریٹنگ سسٹم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishlatuv_tizimi" title="Ishlatuv tizimi — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishlatuv tizimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_oparadivo" title="Sistema oparadivo — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sistema oparadivo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u_h%C3%A0nh" title="Hệ điều hành — Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ điều hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistinme_d%27_operance" title="Sistinme d' operance — Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sistinme d' operance" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operatiba" title="Sistema operatiba — Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sistema operatiba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosteg_doxiin" title="Nosteg doxiin — uólofe" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Nosteg doxiin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ourige: Biquipédia, la anciclopédia lhibre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mwl" dir="ltr"><p>Un <b>sistema ouperatibo</b> ó inda <i>software de sistema</i> ye un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porgrama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porgrama (la páigina nun eisiste)">porgrama</a> ó un cunjunto de porgramas cuja funçon ye gerenciar ls recursos de l sistema (defenir qual porgrama recibe atençon de l processador, gerenciar mimória, criar un sistema d'arquibos, etc.), fornecendo ua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterface (la páigina nun eisiste)">anterface</a> antre l <a href="/wiki/Cumputador" title="Cumputador">cumputador</a> i l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usuairo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usuairo (la páigina nun eisiste)">usuairo</a>. Ambora puoda ser eisecutado eimediatamente passado la máquina ser ligada, la maiorie de ls cumputadores pessonales d'hoije l'eisecuta atrabeç d'outro porgrama armazenado nua mimória nó-bolátil <a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ROM (la páigina nun eisiste)">ROM</a> chamado <a href="/w/index.php?title=BIOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">BIOS</a> nun porcesso chamado "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Botstrapping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botstrapping (la páigina nun eisiste)">botstrapping</a>", cunceito an anglés ousado para chamar porcessos outo-sustentables, ó seia, capazes de prosseguiren sin ajuda sterna. Passado eisecutar testes i ampeçar ls cumponentes de la máquina (monitores, çcos, etc), l <a href="/w/index.php?title=BIOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">BIOS</a> percura pul sistema ouperacional an algua ounidade d'armazenamiento, giralmente l Çco Rígido, i a partir dende, l sistema ouperacional "toma" l cuntrole de la máquina. L sistema ouperacional rebeza sue eisecuçon cula d'outros porgramas, cumo se stubisse bigiando, cuntrolando i orquestrando to l porcesso cumputacional. </p><p>Segundo alguns outores (Silberschatç <i>eit al</i>, 2005; Stallings, 2004; Tanenbaun, 1999), eisisten dous modos çtintos de cunceituar un sistema ouperacional: </p> <ul><li>bison <i>top-down</i> pula perspetiba de l'usuairo ó porgramador: ye ua abstraçon de l <i><a href="/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware">hardware</a></i>, fazendo l papel d'antermediairo antre l software (porgramas) i ls cumponentes físicos de l cumputador, l (<i>hardware</i>); ó</li> <li>nua bison <i>botton-up</i>, de baixo para cima: ye un gerenciador de recursos, i.i., que cuntrola quales aplicaçones (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Porcesso_(anform%C3%A1tica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porcesso (anformática) (la páigina nun eisiste)">porcessos</a>) puoden ser eisecutadas, quando dében ser eisecutadas i quales recursos (mimória, çco, periféricos) puoden ser outelizados.</li></ul> <p>La sigla usual para chamar esta classe de porgramas ye SO (de l pertués, Sistema Ouperacional ó Ouperatibo) ó OS (de l'anglés <i>Ouperating Systen</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stória"><span id="St.C3.B3ria"></span>Stória</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Eiditar cacho: Stória" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Stória"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:Bash_demo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bash_demo.png/220px-Bash_demo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bash_demo.png/330px-Bash_demo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bash_demo.png/440px-Bash_demo.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Sistema ouperacional an linha de comando.</figcaption></figure> <p>Na purmeira geraçon (aprossimadamente 1945-1955), ls cumputadores éran tan grandes qu'acupában salas eimensas. Fúrun basicamente custruídos cun bálbulas i painéis, i ls sistemas ouperacionales "nun eisistian". Ls porgramadores, que tamien éran ls ouperadores, cuntrolában l cumputador por meio de chabes, filos i luzes d'abiso. Nomes cumo Howard Aiken (Harbard), John bon Neumann (Anstituto de Studos Abançados de Princeton), John Adan Presper Eckert Jr i William Mauchley (Ounibersidade de la Pennsylbania) i Konrad Zuse (Almanha) formórun, cun sues cuntribuiçones, la base houmana pa l sucesso na custruçon de ls cumputadores primitibos. Na geraçon seguinte (aprossimadamente 1955-1965), fúrun criados ls sistemas an lote (<i>batch systems</i>), que permitiran melhor uso de ls recursos cumputacionales. La base de l sistema ouperacional era un porgrama monitor, ousado para anfileirar tarefas (<i>jobs</i>). L'usuairo fui afastado de l cumputador; cada porgrama era scrito an cartones perfurados, que por sue beç éran carregados, juntamente cul respetibo cumpilador (normalmente Fortran ó Cobol), por un ouperador, que por sue beç usaba ua lenguaige de cuntrole chamada JCL (<i>job cuntrol language</i>). </p><p>Ne l'ampeço de la cumputaçon ls purmeiros sistemas ouperacionales éran únicos, pus cada <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainframe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainframe (la páigina nun eisiste)">mainframe</a></i> bendido necessitaba dun sistema ouperacional specífico. Esse porblema era resultado d'arquiteturas defrentes i de la lenguaige que cada máquina outelizaba. Passado essa fase, ampeçou-se la pesquisa de sistemas ouperacionales qu'outomatizassen la troca de tarefas (<i>jobs</i>), pus ls sistemas éran monousuairos i tenien cartones perfurados cumo antrada (eliminando, assi, l trabalho de pessonas que éran cuntratadas solo para trocar ls cartones perfurados). </p><p>Diç-se que <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> era un mestre ne ls purmeiros <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Mark_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchester Mark I (la páigina nun eisiste)">Manchester Mark I</a>, i el yá staba deribando la cuncepçon primitiba dun sistema ouperacional a partir de ls percípios de la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_Turing_ounibersal" title="Máquina de Turing ounibersal">máquina de Turing ounibersal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gogle4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gogle4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un de ls purmeiros sistemas ouperacionales de propósito giral fui l <a href="/w/index.php?title=CTSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTSS (la páigina nun eisiste)">CTSS</a>, zambolbido ne l <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT (la páigina nun eisiste)">MIT</a>. Passado l CTSS, l MIT, ls laboratórios Bell de la AT&T i la <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Eiletric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Eiletric (la páigina nun eisiste)">General Eiletric</a> zambolbírun l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multics (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multics</a>, cujo oubjetibo era suportar cientos d'usuairos. Anque de l fracasso comercial, l Multics serbiu cumo base pa l studo i zambolbimiento de sistemas ouperacionales. Un de ls zambolbedores de l Multics, que trabalhaba pa la Bell, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Thompson (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ken Thompson</a>, ampeçou a rescrebir l Multics nun cunceito menos ambicioso, criando l Unics (an 1969), que mais tarde passou a chamar-se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix (la páigina nun eisiste)">Unix</a>. Ls sistemas ouperacionales éran giralmente porgramandos an <i>assembly</i>, até mesmo l Unix an sou ampeço. Anton, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Ritchie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Ritchie (la páigina nun eisiste)">Dennis Ritchie</a> (tamien de la Bell) criou la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenguaige_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenguaige C (la páigina nun eisiste)">lenguaige C</a> a partir de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenguaige_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenguaige B (la páigina nun eisiste)">lenguaige B</a>, qu'habie sido criada por Thompson. Finalmente, Thompson i Ritchie rescrebírun l Unix an C. L Unix criou un <i>ecossistema</i> de bersones, adonde çtacan-se: Systen B i deribados (HP-UX, AIX); família <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Software_%C3%87tribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkeley Software Çtribution (la páigina nun eisiste)">BSD</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=FreBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">FreBSD</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NetBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OupenBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OupenBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">OupenBSD</a>, etc.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux</a> i até l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mac OS X (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mac OS X</a> (que deriba de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mach (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mach</a> i FreBSD). </p><p>Na <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9cada_de_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Década de 1970 (la páigina nun eisiste)">década de 1970</a>, quando ampeçórun a aparecer ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumputador_pessonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumputador pessonal (la páigina nun eisiste)">cumputadores pessonales</a>, houbo la necidade dun sistema ouperacional d'outelizaçon mais fácele. An <a href="/w/index.php?title=1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">William (Bill) Gates</a> i sou colega de faculdade, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Allen (la páigina nun eisiste)">Paul Allen</a>, fundadores de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft (la páigina nun eisiste)">Microsoft</a>, cumpran l sistema <a href="/w/index.php?title=QDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QDOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">QDOS</a> ("Quick and Dirty Ouperating Systen") de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_Paterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin Paterson (la páigina nun eisiste)">Tin Paterson</a> por $50.000, batizan nel de <a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-DOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">DOS</a> (Çk Ouperating Systen) i benden licenças a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM (la páigina nun eisiste)">IBM</a>. L DOS bendiu muitas cópias, cumo l sistema ouperacional padron pa ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM PC (la páigina nun eisiste)">cumputadores pessonales</a> zambolbidos pula <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM (la páigina nun eisiste)">IBM</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM (la páigina nun eisiste)">IBM</a> i Microsoft fazerien, inda, ua parcerie pa l zambolbimiento dun sistema ouperacional multitarefa chamado <a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS/2 (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS/2</a>. Passado la fin de la brebe parcerie la <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM (la páigina nun eisiste)">IBM</a> seguiu solica ne l zambolbimiento de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS/2 (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS/2</a>. </p><p>Ne l'ampeço de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9cada_de_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Década de 1990 (la páigina nun eisiste)">década de 1990</a>, un studante de cumputaçon finlandés postou un comentairo nua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_%C3%A7cusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de çcusson (la páigina nun eisiste)">lista de çcusson</a> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usenet (la páigina nun eisiste)">Usenet</a> dezindo que staba zambolbendo un núcleo de sistema ouperacional i preguntou se alguien gustarie d'auxeliá-lo na tarefa. Este studante chamaba-se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linus_Torbalds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linus Torbalds (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linus Torbalds</a> i l purmeiro passo an direçon al tan coincido <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux</a> fui dado naquel momiento. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ls_sistemas_ouperacionales_mais_outelizados_ne_l_Mundo">Ls sistemas ouperacionales mais outelizados ne l Mundo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Eiditar cacho: Ls sistemas ouperacionales mais outelizados ne l Mundo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ls sistemas ouperacionales mais outelizados ne l Mundo"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nome</th> <th>Fundaçon/Ampresa</th> <th>Anho de lançamiento</th> <th>Berson mais recente</th> <th>Percentaige</th> <th>Outelizadores </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft (la páigina nun eisiste)">Microsoft</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1993</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows Blue (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows Blue</a></td> <td>88.90%<sup id="cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdezmales_.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>400 milhones<sup id="cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdezmales_.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS X (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS X</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Anc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apple Anc. (la páigina nun eisiste)">Apple Anc.</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 (la páigina nun eisiste)">2001</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS_X_b10.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS X b10.8 (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS X b10.8</a> "Mountain Lion"</td> <td>5.54%<sup id="cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdezmales_.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>22,5 milhones<sup id="cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdezmales_.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sistemas baseados an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Foundation (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux Foundation</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1991</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Kernel_3.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Kernel 3.8 (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux Kernel 3.8</a></td> <td>2,13%<sup id="cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdezmales_.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>8,5 milhones<sup id="cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdezmales_.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outros_sistemas_ouperacionales_libres">Outros sistemas ouperacionales libres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Eiditar cacho: Outros sistemas ouperacionales libres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Outros sistemas ouperacionales libres"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nome</th> <th>Eiquipe de zambolbimiento</th> <th>Núcleo</th> <th>Anho de l'ampeço de l zambolbimiento</th> <th>Berson mais recente </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReatOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReatOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">ReatOS</a></td> <td>ReatOS Foundation</td> <td>ReatOS Kernel</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1996</a></td> <td>ReatOS 0.3.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=FreDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreDOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">FreDOS</a></td> <td>FreDOS.org</td> <td>FreDOS Kernel</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1994</a></td> <td>FreDOS 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=FreBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">FreBSD</a></td> <td>FreBSD Tean</td> <td>FreBSD Kernel</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1996</a></td> <td>FreBSD 8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU (la páigina nun eisiste)">GNU</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fre_Software_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fre Software Foundation (la páigina nun eisiste)">Fre Software Foundation</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_Hurd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU Hurd (la páigina nun eisiste)">GNU Hurd</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1984</a></td> <td>GNU 0.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bison_giral">Bison giral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Eiditar cacho: Bison giral" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bison giral"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eesisten bários sistemas ouperatibos; antre eilhes, ls mais outelizados ne l die la die, normalmente outelizados an cumputadores domésticos, son l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mac OS X (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mac OS X</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg/200px-IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg/300px-IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg/400px-IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>L OS/360 fui colocado na strutura percipal de todos ls cumputadores IBM ne l'ampeço de 1964, ancluindo ls cumputadores qu'ajudórun la NASA a poner l'home na luna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un cumputador cul sistema ouperatibo anstalado poderá nun dar acesso a to l sou cuntenido dependendo de l'outelizador. Cun un sistema ouperatibo, podemos stablecer permissones a bários outelizadores que trabalhan cun este. Eesisten dous tipos de cuntas que puoden ser criadas nun sistema ouperatibo, las cuntas de Admenistrador i las cuntas lemitadas. La cunta Admenistrador ye ua cunta qu'ouferece to l'acesso a la máquina, zde la geston de pastas, fexeiros i software de trabalho ó antretenimiento al cuntrole de to l sou Hardware anstalado. La cunta Lemitada ye ua cunta que nun ten permissones para aceder l'alguas pastas ó anstalar software que seia anstalado na raiç de l sistema ó anton que tenga ligaçon cun algun Hardware qu'altare l sou funcionamiento normal ó personalizado pul Admenistrador. Para qu'este tipo de cunta puoda tener acesso a outros cuntenidos de l çco ó de software, l'admenistrador poderá personalizar la cunta ouferecendo permissones l'alguas funçones de l sistema cumo tamien poderá retirar acessos la ciertas árias de l sistema. </p><p>L sistema ouperatibo funciona cula ampeçaçon de porcessos qu'este eirá percisar para funcionar corretamente. Esses porcessos poderán ser fexeiros que necessitan de ser frequentemente atualizados, ó fexeiros que processan dados úteles pa l sistema. Poderemos tener acesso a bários porcessos de l sistema ouperatibo a partir de l gestor de tarefas, adonde se ancontran todos ls porcessos que stan an funcionamiento zde l'arranque de l sistema ouperatibo até la sue outelizaçon atual. Puode-se tamien bisualizar l'outelizaçon de a mimória por cada porcesso, ne l causo de l sistema ouperatibo ampeçar a amostrar erros ó falhas d'acesso la porgramas tornando-se lento, puode-se berificar ne l gestor de tarefas qual de ls porcessos stará bloqueado ó cun eilebado númaro de processamiento que stá a afetar l funcionamiento normal de a mimória. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistemas_Ouperacionales_Modernos">Sistemas Ouperacionales Modernos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Eiditar cacho: Sistemas Ouperacionales Modernos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistemas Ouperacionales Modernos"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un sistema cumputacional moderno cunsiste nun ó mais processadores, mimória percipal, çcos, ampressoras, botoneira, mouse, monitor, anterfaces de rede i outros çpositibos d'antrada i salida. Anfin, ye un sistema cumplexo.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un de ls cunceitos mais fundamentales de ls Sistemas Ouperacionales Modernos ye la çtinçon antre l porgrama i l'atebidade d'eisecutá-lo. L porgrama ye solo un cunjunto stático de diretrizes i sue eisecuçon ye ua atebidade dinámica<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outra de las defrenças que podemos ouserbar antre un sistema ouperacional i aplicaçones cumbencionales ye la forma cun que sues rotinas son processadas an funçon de l tiempo. Un sistema ouperacional nun ye eisecutado de forma struturada. Sues rotinas son eisecutadas cuncorrentemente an funçon d'eibentos assíncronos. An outras palabras, eibentos que puoden ocorrer la qualquiera momiento.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcionamiento">Funcionamiento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Eiditar cacho: Funcionamiento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Funcionamiento"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un sistema ouperacional ten las seguintes funçones: </p> <ol><li>gerenciamiento de porcessos;</li> <li>gerenciamiento de mimória;</li> <li>sistema d'arquibos;</li> <li>antrada i salida de dados.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerenciamiento_de_porcessos">Gerenciamiento de porcessos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Eiditar cacho: Gerenciamiento de porcessos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Gerenciamiento de porcessos"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L sistema ouperacional multitarefa ye preparado para dar al usuairo l'eiluson que l númaro de porcessos an eisecuçon simultánea ne l cumputador ye maior que l númaro de processadores anstalados. Cada porcesso recibe ua fatie de l tiempo i l'altarnáncia antre bários porcessos ye tan rápida que l'usuairo pensa que sue eisecuçon ye simultánea. </p><p>San outelizados <a href="/wiki/Algoritmo" title="Algoritmo">algoritmos</a> para detreminar qual porcesso será eisecutado an detreminado momiento i por quanto tiempo. </p><p>Ls porcessos puoden quemunicar-se, esto ye coincido cumo IPC (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anter-Process_Communication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anter-Process Communication (la páigina nun eisiste)">Anter-Process Communication</a></i>). Ls macanismos giralmente outelizados son: </p> <ul><li>senhales;</li> <li><i>pipes</i>;</li> <li><i>named pipes</i>;</li> <li>mimória cumpartilhada;</li> <li>soquetes (<i>sockets</i>);</li> <li>trocas de mensaiges.</li></ul> <p>L sistema ouperacional, normalmente, debe possibelitar l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiprocessamiento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiprocessamiento (la páigina nun eisiste)">multiprocessamiento</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiprocessamiento_sim%C3%A9trico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiprocessamiento simétrico (la páigina nun eisiste)">SMP</a> ó <a href="/w/index.php?title=NUMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NUMA (la páigina nun eisiste)">NUMA</a>). Neste causo, porcessos defrentes i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thread_(ci%C3%A9ncia_de_la_cumputa%C3%A7on)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thread (ciéncia de la cumputaçon) (la páigina nun eisiste)">threads</a></i> puoden ser eisecutados an defrentes processadores. Para essa tarefa, el debe ser <b>rentrante</b> i <b>anterrompible</b>, l que senefica que puode ser anterrompido ne l meio de l'eisecuçon dua tarefa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerenciamiento_de_mimória"><span id="Gerenciamiento_de_mim.C3.B3ria"></span>Gerenciamiento de mimória</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Eiditar cacho: Gerenciamiento de mimória" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Gerenciamiento de mimória"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ber artigo percipal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerenciamiento_de_mim%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerenciamiento de mimória (la páigina nun eisiste)">Gerenciamiento de mimória</a></div> <p>L sistema ouperacional ten acesso cumpleto a a mimória de l sistema i debe permitir que ls porcessos de ls usuairos téngan acesso siguro a a mimória quando l requesitan. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=mwl&wpDestFile=First_Web_Serber.jpg" class="new" title="Fexeiro:First Web Serber.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="150">Fexeiro:First Web Serber.jpg</span></a><figcaption>L purmeiro serbidor para <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Wide Web (la páigina nun eisiste)">WWW</a> rodou nun NeXTSTEP baseado ne l BSD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bários sistemas ouperacionales úsan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mim%C3%B3ria_birtual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimória birtual (la páigina nun eisiste)">mimória birtual</a>, que ten 3 funçones básicas: </p> <ol><li>assegurar que cada porcesso tenga sou própio spácio d'andereçamiento, ampeçando an zero, para eibitar ó resulber l porblema de relocaçon (Tanenbaun, 1999);</li> <li>prober proteçon de a mimória para ampedir qu'un porcesso outelize un andereço de mimória que nun le pertença;</li> <li>possibelitar qu'ua aplicaçon outelize mais mimória de l que la fesicamente eisistente.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swapping">Swapping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Eiditar cacho: Swapping" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Swapping"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drento de gerenciamiento de mimória, puode nun ser possible manter todos ls porcessos an mimória, muitas bezes por nun eisistir mimória suficiente para alocar aquel porcesso. Para solucionar esse porblema eisiste un macanismo chamado swapping, adonde la geréncia de mimória reserba ua ária de l çco pa l sou uso an detreminadas situaçones, i un porcesso ye cumpletamente copiado de a mimória pa l çco; este porcesso ye retirado de la fila de l processador i mais tarde será outra beç copiado pa a mimória; Anton, l porcesso quedará atibo na fila outra beç. L resultado desse rebezamiento ne l çco ye que l sistema ouperacional cunsegue eisecutar mais porcessos de l que caberie nun mesmo anstante na mimória. Swapping ampone als porgramas un grande custo an tenermos de tiempo d'eisecuçon, pus ye necessairo copiar to l porcesso pa l çco i mais tarde copiar outra beç to l porcesso pa a mimória. An sistemas adonde l'usuairo anterage cul porgrama durante sue eisecuçon, l macanismo de swapping ye outelizado an radadeiro causo, quando nun se ye possible manter todos ls porcessos na mimória, bisto que la queda ne l zampenho de l sistema ye eimediatamente sentida pul usuairo.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_d'arquibos"><span id="Sistema_d.27arquibos"></span>Sistema d'arquibos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Eiditar cacho: Sistema d'arquibos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistema d'arquibos"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La mimória percipal de l cumputador ye bolátil, i sou tamanho ye lemitado pul custo de l <i>hardware</i>. Assi, ls usuairos necessitan d'algun método para armazenar i recuperar anformaçones de modo permanente. </p><p>Un arquibo ye un cunjunto de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bytes (la páigina nun eisiste)">bytes</a></i>, normalmente armazenado nun çpositibo periférico nun bolátil (p.s., çco), que puode ser lido i grabado por un ó mais porcessos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipos_de_Sistemas">Tipos de Sistemas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Eiditar cacho: Tipos de Sistemas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Tipos de Sistemas"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistemas_multi-processadores">Sistemas multi-processadores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Eiditar cacho: Sistemas multi-processadores" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistemas multi-processadores"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ls sistemas multi-processadores – dous ó mais processadores trabalhando juntos – puoden ser debedidos an dues partes: </p> <ul><li>Sistemas fuortemente acoplados;</li> <li>Sistemas fracamente acoplados.</li></ul> <p>Drento de sistemas fuortemente acoplados – mimória única cumpartilhada por dous ó mais processadores, tenendo un mesmo sistema ouperacional gerenciando todos ls processadores –, ancontramos mais dues debisones: </p> <ul><li>Sistemas simétricos – adonde ls processadores ténen la mesma funçon;</li> <li>Sistemas assimétricos – adonde un processador (mestre) puode eisecutar serbícios de l sistema ouperacional.</li></ul> <p>Drento de sistemas fracamente acoplados – mais de dous sistemas ouperacionales que son ligados por canhal de quemunicaçon, tenendo hardware i sistemas ouperacionales andependientes –, eisisten mais dues debisones: </p> <ul><li>Sistemas ouperacionales de rede – cada sistema, tamien chamado host ó nuolo, ten sous própios recursos d'hardware, cumo processadores, mimória i çpositibos d'antrada i salida. Ls nós son totalmente andependientes de ls treminales, sendo anterconetados por ua rede de quemunicaçon de dados, formando ua rede de cumputadores.</li></ul> <p>Ls sistemas ouperacionales de rede son outelizados tanto an redes locales (Local Area Network - LAN), cumo an redes çtribuídas (Wide Area Network - WAN). La ligaçon antre ls dibersos nós ye feita por ua anterface de rede que permite l'acesso als demales cumponentes de la rede. Nun eisiste un lemite mássimo pa l númaro de nós que puoden fazer parte dua rede de cumputadores. Cada nuolo ye totalmente andependiente de ls demales, tenndo sou própio sistema ouperacional i spácio d'andereçamiento. Ls sistemas ouperacionales puoden ser heiterogéneos. Na Anterneta, cada host puode star processando un sistema ouperacional defrente, mas todos stan se quemunicando atrabeç de l mesmo protocolo de rede, ne l causo, ls protocolos de la família TCP/IP (Trasmission Cuntrol Protocol/Anterneta Protocol).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sistemas ouperacionales çtribuídos – cumputadores andependientes que parécen un único cumputador als uolhos de l'usuairo; Trata-se dun cunjunto de porcessos que son eisecutados de forma cuncorrente, cada un de ls quales acessando un subconjunto de recursos de l sistema. I essa quemunicaçon ye feita an forma d'ambio de mensaiges.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anterface_d'uso"><span id="Anterface_d.27uso"></span>Anterface d'uso</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Eiditar cacho: Anterface d'uso" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Anterface d'uso"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ls sistemas ouperacionales fornecen abstraçon de <i>hardware</i> para que sous recursos puodan ser ousados de maneira correta i padronizada, mas para ser possible ouperar un cumputador, ye necessairo fornecer tamien ua anterface para que l'usuairo puoda çfrutar de ls recursos de l sistema. Atualmente las percipales anterfaces d'uso son las seguintes: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterface_de_treminal">Anterface de treminal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Eiditar cacho: Anterface de treminal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Anterface de treminal"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <i>anterface</i> de treminal, tamien chamada "CLI" (Command Line Anterface) funciona sclusibamente cun botoneira i mouse. Ls comandos son digitados a partir dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promt (la páigina nun eisiste)">promt</a> i son anterpretados por un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterpretador_de_comandos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterpretador de comandos (la páigina nun eisiste)">anterpretador de comandos</a>, coincidos tamien por <i>shell</i>s, bastante quemuns an sistemas padron POSIX. Un eisemplo d'anterpretador de comandos serie l <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bash (la páigina nun eisiste)">Bash</a></i>. Ousada giralmente por usuairos abançados i an atebidades specíficas, cumo gerenciamiento remoto, outeliza poucos recursos de <i>hardware</i> an cumparaçon l'anterface gráfica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterface_textual">Anterface textual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Eiditar cacho: Anterface textual" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Anterface textual"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:Fdedit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fdedit.png/220px-Fdedit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fdedit.png/330px-Fdedit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fdedit.png/440px-Fdedit.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Aplicatibo cun anterface textual, rodando ne l sistema ouperacional FreDOS</figcaption></figure> <p>Assi cumo l'anterface de treminal, l'anterface textual tamien ye baseada an testo, mas tamien ten a la çposiçon un ambiente de trabalho cumpuosto por menus, jinelas i botones. Esse tipo d'anterface tenie un uso difundido an aplicaçones baseadas ne l <a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-DOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">MS-DOS</a>, que, anclusibe, nas bersones mais recentes cuntaba cun un gerenciador de porgramas i arquibos baseados nesse tipo d'anterface (l DOS Shell). Atualmente essa anterface ye mui rala, praticamente restrita la sistemas amplementados na <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9cada_de_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Década de 1980 (la páigina nun eisiste)">década de 1980</a> i ampeço de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9cada_de_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Década de 1990 (la páigina nun eisiste)">década de 1990</a>. Esse ambiente inda prescinde de l'uso <i>mouse</i>, ambora seia possible usá-lo atrabeç de l'uso de la biblioteca <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ncurses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ncurses (la páigina nun eisiste)">ncurses</a></i> ne l zambolbimiento de ls <i>softwares</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterface_gráfica"><span id="Anterface_gr.C3.A1fica"></span>Anterface gráfica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Eiditar cacho: Anterface gráfica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Anterface gráfica"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nesse tipo de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterface_de_l%27outelizador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterface de l'outelizador (la páigina nun eisiste)">anterface</a></i>, tamien chamada GUI (Graphic User Anterface) para alhá de menus, jinelas i botones tamien eisisten figuras, tanto betoriales quanto retratos. L'usuairo anterage cun esse tipo de <i>anterface</i> usando l <i>mouse</i>, podendo tamien ousar l botoneira i botones d'atalho, ó anton usando toques i géstios an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchscren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Touchscren (la páigina nun eisiste)">touchscrenes</a>. Ye possible fazer to tipo de tarefa usando <i>anterface</i> gráfica, cumo eidiçon de bídeos i eimaiges, sendo solamente alguns tipos mui specíficos de tarefas que se saen melhor an linha de comando. Acrecentar facelidade d'uso i agelidade ye l'oubjetibo de l'anterface gráfica, tenendo la zbantaige de cunsumir mui mais mimória qu'anterfaces de linha de comando. Al cuntrairo de las anterfaces textuales i de treminal, las anterfaces gráficas dependen dun serbidor gráfico para funcionar i se quemunicar cul sistema, i ne l causo de ls sistemas para çktops i latops, anclui un gerenciador de jinelas an muitos causos, para que seia possible ousar mais dun aplicatibo na mesma tela. An sistemas padron POSIX ye quemun eisistir mais dun ambiente gráfico pa l mesmo sistema, podendo ser scolhido la critério de l'usuairo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterface_de_boç"><span id="Anterface_de_bo.C3.A7"></span>Anterface de boç</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Eiditar cacho: Anterface de boç" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Anterface de boç"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anterfaces de boç, ó BUI (Boice User Anterface), son aqueilhas an que l'usuairo anterage cul sistema por meio de comandos sonoros. Sendo de zambolbimiento relatibamente recente, ten sue aplicaçon an çpositibos adatados para <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cegueira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cegueira (la páigina nun eisiste)">ciegos</a> i ténen aparecido tamien an smartphones i tablets recentemente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classeficaçones"><span id="Classefica.C3.A7ones"></span>Classeficaçones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Eiditar cacho: Classeficaçones" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Classeficaçones"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:Command_line.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Command_line.png/250px-Command_line.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Command_line.png/375px-Command_line.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Command_line.png/500px-Command_line.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Un eisemplo de la linha de comando</figcaption></figure> <p>An relaçon al sou porjeto (arquitetura), segundo Tanenbaun (1999): </p> <ul><li><i>Núcleo</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monol%C3%ADtico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monolítico (la páigina nun eisiste)">monolítico</a> ó monobloco: l <i>núcleo</i> cunsiste nun único porcesso eisecutando nua mimória protegida (spácio de <i>núcleo</i>) eisecutando las percipales funçones. S.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_OS_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAC OS X (la páigina nun eisiste)">MAC OS X</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS/2 (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS/2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=FreBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">FreBSD</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micron%C3%BAcleo_(anform%C3%A1tica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micronúcleo (anformática) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Micronúcleo</a></i> ó modelo cliente-serbidor: l <i>núcleo</i> cunsiste de funçones mínimas (quemunicaçon i gerenciamiento de porcessos), i outras funçones, cumo sistemas d'arquibos i gerenciamiento de mimória, son eisecutadas ne l spácio de l'usuairo cumo serbícios; las aplicaçones (porgramas) son ls clientes. S.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_Hurd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU Hurd (la páigina nun eisiste)">GNU Hurd</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mach_(n%C3%BAcleo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mach (núcleo) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mach</a>.</li> <li>Sistema <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_camadas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An camadas (la páigina nun eisiste)">an camadas</a>: funçones de l <i>núcleo</i> eiran eisecutar an camadas çtintas, d'acuordo cun sou nible de prebilégio. S.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multics (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multics</a>.</li> <li>Monitor de máquinas birtuales: fornece ua abstraçon de l'hardware para bários sistemas ouperacionales. S.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=BM/370&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BM/370 (la páigina nun eisiste)">BM/370</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BMware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMware (la páigina nun eisiste)">BMware</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xen (la páigina nun eisiste)">Xen</a>.</li></ul> <p>Quanto al gerenciamiento de porcessos, puode-se ousar la seguinte classeficaçon: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotarefa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotarefa (la páigina nun eisiste)">Monotarefa</a>: puode-se eisecutar solo un porcesso de cada beç S.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-DOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">MS-DOS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multitarefa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multitarefa (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multitarefa</a>: para alhá de l própio SO, bários porcessos d'outelizador (tarefas) stan carregados an mimória, sendo qu'un puode star acupando l processador i outros quedan anfileirados, aguardando la sue beç. L cumpartilhamiento de tiempo ne l processador ye feito de modo que l'usuairo tenga l'ampresson que bários porcessos stan sendo eisecutados a la par. Cada porcesso recibe un tiempo para ser eisecutado. Al final desse tiempo, outro porcesso ye eisecutado. Essa altarnáncia de porcessos chama-se cuncorréncia.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multitarefa_coperatiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multitarefa coperatiba (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multitarefa coperatiba</a>: Eisecuta dous ó mais porgramas an simultáneo mas l porgrama que stá an purmeiro praino ten cuntrolo subre l processador. Neste causo se este porgrama falhar bloqueia l cumputador i ten que ser reniciado. Eisempo de SO: Windows 3.x i bersones anteriores al Mac OS 8.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premtebidade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premtebidade (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multitarefa prempetiba</a>: Ye l processador que cuntrola l'eisecuçon de ls porgramas, desta forma permite al sistema ouperatibo recuperar l cuntrolo causo un porgrama bloqueie. L'outelizador perde ls trabalhos de l porgrama que falhou mas ls restantes porgramas cuntinan a trabalhar. Eisemplo de SO: Unix; Linux; Windows 95 i superiores; MAC OS 8 i superiores; etc.</li> <li>Eilemiento de lista cun marcas:</li></ul> <p>S: <a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS/2 (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS/2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=FreBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">FreBSD</a> i l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mac OS X (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mac OS X</a>. Cabe çtacar que porcessos solo puoden star eisecutando a la par causo l sistema seia multiprocessado, yá que, an que cada anstante de tiempo, solo un porcesso stá an eisecuçon nun processador ó núcleo de processamiento (<i>core</i>). </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiprocessamiento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiprocessamiento (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multiprocessamiento</a>: l SO çtribui las tarefas antre dous ó mais processadores. Se ls processadores stiben na mesma máquina física, l sistema ye chamado de Sistema Multiprocessado Fuortemente Acoplado. Causo steia an máquinas defrentes, trata-se dun Sistema Multiprocessado Fracamente Acoplado.</li></ul> <p>Quanto a la cantidade d'usuairos que puoden outelizar l sistema cuncorrentemente: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monousu%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monousuário (la páigina nun eisiste)">Monousuário</a>: solo un usuairo por beç (anque poder suportar recursos cumo <b>troca d'usuairo</b>). S.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows</a>. <b>Esse tamien puode ser besitado por treminales i conexon remota</b>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiusu%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiusuário (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multiusuário</a>: bários usuairos úsan l cumputador al mesmo tiempo, seia por dibersos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treminal (la páigina nun eisiste)">treminales</a>, seia por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conexon_remota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conexon remota (la páigina nun eisiste)">conexon remota</a> cumo l <a href="/w/index.php?title=SSH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSH (la páigina nun eisiste)">SSH</a>. S.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unix (la páigina nun eisiste)">Unix</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_atibos">Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales atibos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Eiditar cacho: Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales atibos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales atibos"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para_çktop/serbidores"><span id="Para_.C3.A7ktop.2Fserbidores"></span>Para çktop/serbidores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Eiditar cacho: Para çktop/serbidores" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Para çktop/serbidores"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CentOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CentOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">CentOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debian (la páigina nun eisiste)">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DragonflyBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DragonflyBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">DragonflyBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EComStation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EComStation (la páigina nun eisiste)">eComStation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fedora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fedora (la páigina nun eisiste)">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FreBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">FreBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FreDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreDOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">FreDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gento (la páigina nun eisiste)">Gento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_OS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Chrome OS (la páigina nun eisiste)">Google Chrome OS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haiku (la páigina nun eisiste)">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anfierno_(Sistema_Ouperacional)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anfierno (Sistema Ouperacional) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Anfierno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Mint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linux Mint (la páigina nun eisiste)">Linux Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mageia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mageia (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mageia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandriba_Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandriba Linux (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mandriba Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MenuetOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MenuetOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">MenuetOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MINIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINIX (la páigina nun eisiste)">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NetBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OupenBSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OupenBSD (la páigina nun eisiste)">OupenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OupenSuSE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OupenSuSE (la páigina nun eisiste)">OupenSuSE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS X (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PCLinuxOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PCLinuxOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">PCLinuxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan 9 (la páigina nun eisiste)">Plan 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReatOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReatOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">ReatOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slackware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slackware (la páigina nun eisiste)">Slackware</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solaris (la páigina nun eisiste)">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systen_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systen B (la páigina nun eisiste)">Unix Systen B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubuntu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubuntu (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft Windows (la páigina nun eisiste)">Microsoft Windows</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para_çpositibos_mobles_(tablets_i_smartphones)"><span id="Para_.C3.A7positibos_mobles_.28tablets_i_smartphones.29"></span>Para çpositibos mobles (tablets i smartphones)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Eiditar cacho: Para çpositibos mobles (tablets i smartphones)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Para çpositibos mobles (tablets i smartphones)"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Android (la páigina nun eisiste)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bada_(Sistema_ouperacional)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bada (Sistema ouperacional) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackberry_OS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackberry OS (la páigina nun eisiste)">Blackberry OS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefox_OS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firefox OS (la páigina nun eisiste)">Firefox OS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maemo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maemo (la páigina nun eisiste)">Maemo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tizen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tizen (la páigina nun eisiste)">Tizen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubuntu_Touch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubuntu Touch (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ubuntu Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WebOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WebOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">WebOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Phone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows Phone (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbian_OS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbian OS (la páigina nun eisiste)">Symbian OS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RedHat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RedHat (la páigina nun eisiste)">RedHat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unix_fui_l_purmeiro_sistema_ouperacional_moderno">Unix fui l purmeiro sistema ouperacional moderno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Eiditar cacho: Unix fui l purmeiro sistema ouperacional moderno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Unix fui l purmeiro sistema ouperacional moderno"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bisando l porblema de l'ancumpatibelidade de SOs de máquinas çtintas, un grupo de zambolbedores de la AT&T criórun l Unix an 1969, sendo l purmeiro sistema ouperacional moderno de la cumputaçon. </p><p>Sue purmeira berson fui scrita an lenguaige Assembly, sendo mais tarde rescrita an C ne l'anho de 1973, lenguaige que ye outelizada até ls dies d'hoije. Este sistema antroduziu cunceitos mui amportantes pa la cumputaçon: portabelidade, multi-usuairo, multi-tarefas i cumpartilhamiento de tarefas. </p><p>Durante la <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9cada_de_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Década de 1970 (la páigina nun eisiste)">década de 70</a>, l Unix fui çtribuído gratuitamente (ancluindo sou código fuonte) para ounibersidades i uorgones gobernamentales norte-amaricanos, l que cunferiu muita popularidade l'este sistema. Sue anterface era totalmente an modo testo sin anterface gráfica. </p><p>An 1977 fui lançado l BSD, sistema ouperacional fuortemente baseado ne l Unix, focado percipalmente pa l'eisecuçon an máquinas specíficas d'alto zampenho, cumo l famoso cumputador BAX, l qual fui ua refréncia d'hardware na época. </p><p>Atualmente, la grande maiorie de ls sistemas ouperacionales son baseados ne l Unix, tanto an çktops quanto an serbidores i an çpositibos mobles, sendo l Windows - líder absoluto ne l mercado de çktops - la mais notable sceçon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_amportantes_que_fúrun_çcuntinuados"><span id="Eisemplos_de_sistemas_ouperacionales_amportantes_que_f.C3.BArun_.C3.A7cuntinuados"></span>Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales amportantes que fúrun çcuntinuados</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Eiditar cacho: Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales amportantes que fúrun çcuntinuados" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Eisemplos de sistemas ouperacionales amportantes que fúrun çcuntinuados"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para_çktops"><span id="Para_.C3.A7ktops"></span>Para çktops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Eiditar cacho: Para çktops" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Para çktops"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-DOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">MS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS/2 (la páigina nun eisiste)">OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BeOS (la páigina nun eisiste)">BeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEXTSTEP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEXTSTEP (la páigina nun eisiste)">NeXTStep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP/M (la páigina nun eisiste)">CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mac OS (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mac OS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para_çpositibos_mobles"><span id="Para_.C3.A7positibos_mobles"></span>Para çpositibos mobles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Eiditar cacho: Para çpositibos mobles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Para çpositibos mobles"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeGo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeGo (la páigina nun eisiste)">MeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbian (la páigina nun eisiste)">Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_Mobile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows Mobile (la páigina nun eisiste)">Windows Mobile</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Refréncias" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seçon fui cunfigurada para nun ser eiditable diretamente. Eidite to la páigina ó la seçon anterior an beç desso."><span id="Refr.C3.A9ncias"></span>Refréncias</h2><div class="reflist references-small" style=""><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gogle4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gogle4_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.gogle">.com/?id=-PDPBbIPYBkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#b=onepage&q <i>Classic Ouperating Systems</i></a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Cunsulte valor <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#bad_url" class="extiw" title="pt:Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span>. [S.l.]: Springer. 2001. pp. 4–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (la páigina nun eisiste)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Fontes_de_livros/0-387-95113-X" title="Special:Fontes de livros/0-387-95113-X">0-387-95113-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmwl.wikipedia.org%3ASistema+ouperatibo&rft.btitle=Classic+Ouperating+Systems&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-387-95113-X&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.gogle+.com%2F%3Fid%3D-PDPBbIPYBkC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPP1%23b%3Donepage%26q&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biquip%C3%A9dia:Lhiga%C3%A7on_einatiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biquipédia:Lhigaçon einatiba (la páigina nun eisiste)"><i>[lhigaçon einatiba]</i></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osdezmales_.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-3">2,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-4">2,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osdezmales_.com_2-5">2,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.osdezmales">http://www.osdezmales</a><sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biquip%C3%A9dia:Lhiga%C3%A7on_einatiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biquipédia:Lhigaçon einatiba (la páigina nun eisiste)"><i>[lhigaçon einatiba]</i></a></sup> .com/tecnologie/ls-10-sistemas-ouperacionales-mais-ousados/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew s. tanenbaun,sistemas ouperacionales modernos, Pearson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. GLENN BROOKSHEAR,CIENCIA DA COMPUTAÇAO: UMA BISAO ABRANGENTE, Bookman, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. B. Machado; L. P. Maia, Arquitetura de Sistemas Ouperacionales, LTC, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Sistemas Ouperacionales - Rómulo Silba de Ouliberie, Alexandre Carissimi i Simon Toscani - Série Libros Didáticos - Ne l 11 - Eiditora Sagra Luzzatto - UFRGS)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refréncias_bibliográficas"><span id="Refr.C3.A9ncias_bibliogr.C3.A1ficas"></span>Refréncias bibliográficas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Eiditar cacho: Refréncias bibliográficas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=26" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Refréncias bibliográficas"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>BACH, Maurice J. <b>The zeign of the Unix ouperating systen</b>. Upper Saddle Riber: Prentice Preça de casa. 1990.</li> <li>BOBET Daniel P.; CESATI, Marco. <b>Understanding de Linux kernel</b>. 3.ed. Sebastopol: L'Reilly. 2005.</li> <li>MCKUSICK, Marshall K.; NEBILLE-NEIL, George B. <b>The zeign and amplementation of the FreBSD ouperating systen</b>. Upper Saddle Riber: Addison-Wesley. 2004.</li> <li>RUSSINOBITCH, Mark I.; SOLOMON, David La. <b>Microsoft Windows anternals</b>. 4.ed. Redmond: Microsoft Press. 2005.</li> <li>SILBERSCHATZ, Abi; GALBIN, Peter B.; GAGNE, Grieg. <b>Ouperating systen cuncets</b>. 7.ed. Hobooken: Wiley. 2005.</li> <li>STALLINGS, William. <b>Ouperating systems: anternals and zeign principles</b>. 5.ed. Upper Saddle Riber: Pearson Prentice Preça de casa. 2004.</li> <li>TANENBAUM, Andrew. <b>Sistemas ouperacionales modernos</b>. Riu de Janeiro: LTC. 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ber_tamien">Ber tamien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Eiditar cacho: Ber tamien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperatibo&action=edit&section=27" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ber tamien"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudossistema_ouperacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudossistema ouperacional (la páigina nun eisiste)">Pseudossistema ouperacional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_%C3%A7tribu%C3%ADdo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema çtribuído (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema çtribuído</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_sistemas_ouperatibos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de sistemas ouperatibos (la páigina nun eisiste)">Lista de sistemas ouperatibos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anter-Process_Communication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anter-Process Communication (la páigina nun eisiste)">Anter-Process Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87ktop_online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çktop online (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas ouperacionales on-line</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_ouperacional_an_%C3%A7co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema ouperacional an çco (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema ouperacional an çco</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table class="navbox noprint collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; margin:auto; background:white;background:white;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelo:Sistemas_de_ci%C3%AAncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modelo:Sistemas de ciência (la páigina nun eisiste)"><span class="plainlinks" title="Ber este modelo" style=";border:none;">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:Sistemas_de_ci%C3%AAncia&action=edit"><span title="Eiditar este modelo" style=";border:none;;">e</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema">Sistemas</a></span></th> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Catadorie:Sistemas" title="Catadorie:Sistemas">Categorias de sistemas</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadorie:Teoria_dos_sistemas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catadorie:Teoria dos sistemas (la páigina nun eisiste)">Teoria dos sistemas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadorie:Sistemas_de_ci%C3%AAncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catadorie:Sistemas de ciência (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de ciência</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadorie:Systems_scientists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catadorie:Systems scientists (la páigina nun eisiste)">Systems scientists</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadorie:Sistemas_conceituais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catadorie:Sistemas conceituais (la páigina nun eisiste)">Conceitual</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadorie:Sistemas_f%C3%ADsicos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catadorie:Sistemas físicos (la páigina nun eisiste)">Físicos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadorie:Sistemas_sociais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catadorie:Sistemas sociais (la páigina nun eisiste)">Social</a>) </span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema">Sistemas</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;background:#f7f7f7;"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_biol%C3%B3gico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema biológico (la páigina nun eisiste)">Biológico</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_complexo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema complexo (la páigina nun eisiste)">Complexo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_adaptativo_complexo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema adaptativo complexo (la páigina nun eisiste)">Adaptativo complexo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_conceitual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema conceitual (la páigina nun eisiste)">Conceitual</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_de_gerenciamento_de_banco_de_dados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema de gerenciamento de banco de dados (la páigina nun eisiste)">Gerenciamento de banco de dados</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_din%C3%A2micos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas dinâmicos (la páigina nun eisiste)">Dinâmicos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_econ%C3%B4mico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema econômico (la páigina nun eisiste)">Econômico</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecossistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecossistema (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ecossistema</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_formal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema formal (la páigina nun eisiste)">Formal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_de_Posicionamento_Global&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema de Posicionamento Global (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema de Posicionamento Global</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomia_humana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomia humana (la páigina nun eisiste)">Anatomia humana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas de Informação (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de Informação</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_jur%C3%ADdicos_do_mundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas jurídicos do mundo (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas jurídicos do mundo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_de_medi%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas de medição (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de medição</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_m%C3%A9trico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema métrico (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema métrico</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_multi-agente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema multi-agente (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema multi-agente</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_nervoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema nervoso (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema nervoso</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A3o-linearidade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Não-linearidade (la páigina nun eisiste)">Não-linearidade</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_operacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema operacional (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema operacional</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_f%C3%ADsico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema físico (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema físico</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_pol%C3%ADtico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema político (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema político</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_sensorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema sensorial (la páigina nun eisiste)">sistema sensorial</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrutura_social&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estrutura social (la páigina nun eisiste)">Estrutura social</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_solar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema solar (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema solar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_de_arte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas de arte (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de arte</a> </span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;">Campos teóricos</th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_do_caos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria do caos (la páigina nun eisiste)">Teoria do caos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_complexos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas complexos (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas complexos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_de_controle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria de controle (la páigina nun eisiste)">Teoria de controle</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibern%C3%A9ticos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibernéticos (la páigina nun eisiste)">Cibernéticos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living systems (la páigina nun eisiste)">Living systems</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_dos_sistemas_sociot%C3%A9cnicos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria dos sistemas sociotécnicos (la páigina nun eisiste)">Teoria dos sistemas sociotécnicos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems biology (la páigina nun eisiste)">Systems biology</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System dynamics (la páigina nun eisiste)">System dynamics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_de_ecologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas de ecologia (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de ecologia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_de_engenharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas de engenharia (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de engenharia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_de_psicologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas de psicologia (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de psicologia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemas_de_ci%C3%AAncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemas de ciência (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas de ciência</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_dos_sistemas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria dos sistemas (la páigina nun eisiste)">Teoria dos sistemas</a> </span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;">Cientistas de sistemas</th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;background:#f7f7f7;"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_L._Ackoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell L. Ackoff (la páigina nun eisiste)">Russell L. Ackoff</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ross_Ashby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ross Ashby (la páigina nun eisiste)">William Ross Ashby</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Béla H. Bánáthy (la páigina nun eisiste)">Béla H. Bánáthy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Bateson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Bateson (la páigina nun eisiste)">Gregory Bateson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bellman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Bellman (la páigina nun eisiste)">Richard Bellman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Stafford_Beer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Stafford Beer (la páigina nun eisiste)">Stafford Beer</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bowen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Bowen (la páigina nun eisiste)">Murray Bowen</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth E. Boulding (la páigina nun eisiste)">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_West_Churchman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles West Churchman (la páigina nun eisiste)">Charles West Churchman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Dantzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Dantzig (la páigina nun eisiste)">George Dantzig</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_von_Foerster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz von Foerster (la páigina nun eisiste)">Heinz von Foerster</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_Wright_Forrester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay Wright Forrester (la páigina nun eisiste)">Jay Wright Forrester</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Klir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Klir (la páigina nun eisiste)">George Klir</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Korotayev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Korotayev (la páigina nun eisiste)">Andrey Korotayev</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Lorenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Lorenz (la páigina nun eisiste)">Edward Lorenz</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niklas_Luhmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niklas Luhmann (la páigina nun eisiste)">Niklas Luhmann</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Maturana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humberto Maturana (la páigina nun eisiste)">Humberto Maturana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Mead (la páigina nun eisiste)">Margaret Mead</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donella_Meadows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donella Meadows (la páigina nun eisiste)">Donella Meadows</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Grier_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Grier Miller (la páigina nun eisiste)">James Grier Miller</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_T._Odum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard T. Odum (la páigina nun eisiste)">Howard T. Odum</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talcott_Parsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talcott Parsons (la páigina nun eisiste)">Talcott Parsons</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Prigogine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Prigogine (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ilya Prigogine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatol_Rapoport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatol Rapoport (la páigina nun eisiste)">Anatol Rapoport</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Shannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Shannon (la páigina nun eisiste)">Claude Shannon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Varela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Varela (la páigina nun eisiste)">Francisco Varela</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Warwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Warwick (la páigina nun eisiste)">Kevin Warwick</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Wiener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norbert Wiener (la páigina nun eisiste)">Norbert Wiener</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Wilden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Wilden (la páigina nun eisiste)">Anthony Wilden</a> </span></p> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table class="navbox noprint collapsible collapsed nowraplinks" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; margin:auto; background:white;background:white;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelo:Computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modelo:Computação (la páigina nun eisiste)"><span class="plainlinks" title="Ber este modelo" style=";border:none;">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:Computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit"><span title="Eiditar este modelo" style=";border:none;;">e</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><b>Tópicos sobre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computação (la páigina nun eisiste)">computação</a></b></span></th> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hist%C3%B3ria_da_computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="História da computação (la páigina nun eisiste)">História da computação</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/wiki/Algoritmo" title="Algoritmo">Algoritmos</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_da_computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria da computação (la páigina nun eisiste)">Teoria da computação</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aut%C3%B4mato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autômato (la páigina nun eisiste)">Autômatos</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computador_qu%C3%A2ntico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computador quântico (la páigina nun eisiste)">Computação quântica</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multim%C3%A9dia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multimédia (la páigina nun eisiste)">Multimídia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotecnologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanotecnologia (la páigina nun eisiste)">Nanotecnologia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinform%C3%A1tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioinformática (la páigina nun eisiste)">Bioinformática</a></td><td rowspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle; padding-left:7px; width:0%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif/200px-Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="214" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware">Hardware</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;background:#f7f7f7;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcontrolador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microcontrolador (la páigina nun eisiste)">Microcontrolador</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microprocessador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microprocessador (la páigina nun eisiste)">Microprocessador</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco_r%C3%ADgido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disco rígido (la páigina nun eisiste)">Disco Rígido</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mem%C3%B3ria_(computador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memória (computador) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Memória</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modem (la páigina nun eisiste)">Modem</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placa-m%C3%A3e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placa-mãe (la páigina nun eisiste)">Placa-mãe</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placa_de_rede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placa de rede (la páigina nun eisiste)">Placa de rede</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placa_de_som&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placa de som (la páigina nun eisiste)">Placa de Som</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placa_de_v%C3%ADdeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placa de vídeo (la páigina nun eisiste)">Placa de Vídeo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placa_sintonizadora_de_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placa sintonizadora de TV (la páigina nun eisiste)">Placa sintonizadora de TV</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rato_(inform%C3%A1tica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rato (informática) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Mouse</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teclado_(inform%C3%A1tica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teclado (informática) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Teclado</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Impressora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impressora (la páigina nun eisiste)">Impressora</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitalizador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalizador (la páigina nun eisiste)">Digitalizador</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_computadores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programação de computadores (la páigina nun eisiste)">Programação de computadores</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilit%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilitário (la páigina nun eisiste)">Utilitários</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_operativo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema operativo (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistemas Operacionais</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet">Internet</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;background:#f7f7f7;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Wide Web (la páigina nun eisiste)">World Wide Web</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=E-mail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-mail (la páigina nun eisiste)">E-mail</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Transfer_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File Transfer Protocol (la páigina nun eisiste)">FTP</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Relay_Chat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Relay Chat (la páigina nun eisiste)">IRC</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P2P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P2P (la páigina nun eisiste)">P2P</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cientista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cientista (la páigina nun eisiste)">Cientistas</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style="text-align:left;width:100%;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Kay (la páigina nun eisiste)">Alan Kay</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_Lovelace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ada Lovelace (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ada Lovelace</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Babbage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Babbage (la páigina nun eisiste)">Charles Babbage</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Knuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Knuth (la páigina nun eisiste)">Donald E. 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Raymond</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Wall (la páigina nun eisiste)">Larry Wall</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Minsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marvin Minsky (la páigina nun eisiste)">Marvin Minsky</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noam_Chomsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noam Chomsky (la páigina nun eisiste)">Noam Chomski</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Matthew_Stallman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Matthew Stallman (la páigina nun eisiste)">Richard M. 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