CINXE.COM

Exploring Radiation-Induced Vulnerabilities in RFICs Through Traditional RF Metrics - CERN Document Server

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!--[if IEMobile 7]><html class="iem7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if lte IE 6]><html class="ie6 ie6-7 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (IE 7)&(!IEMobile)]><html class="ie7 ie6-7 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="ie8 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|(gt IEMobile 7)]><!--><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><!--<![endif]--> <head> <title>Exploring Radiation-Induced Vulnerabilities in RFICs Through Traditional RF Metrics - CERN Document Server</title> <link href='https://framework.web.cern.ch/framework/2.0/fonts/PTSansWeb/PTSansWeb.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/css/cern_theme.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet"href="/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar.css" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar-ie.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio-ie7.css" /> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]> <style type="text/css">div.restrictedflag {filter:none;}</style> <![endif]--> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="el" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=el" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=fr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bg" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=bg" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-TW" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=zh_TW" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=pt" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="no" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=no" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=hr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ca" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=ca" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=it" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=zh_CN" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=sv" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sk" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=sk" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=pl" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=ru" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ka" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=ka" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=ja" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196?ln=es" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CERN Document Server RSS" href="/rss?ln=en" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cds.cern.ch/opensearchdescription" title="CERN Document Server" /> <link rel="unapi-server" type="application/xml" title="unAPI" href="https://cds.cern.ch/unapi" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en" /> <meta name="description" content="This article describes how to analyze radiation-induced effects using traditional radio-frequency (RF) metrics in RF integrated circuits (RFICs) to be used in the implementation of software-defined radios (SDRs). The impacts of total ionizing dose (TID) and single-event effects (SEEs) on the device characteristics are shown and their consequences for an SDR are discussed. The analysis is based on the error vector magnitude (EVM), carrier frequency offset (CFO), and SEE in the device configuration. It has been applied to the AD9361 RF Agile transceiver. Experimental results are obtained using the high-energy proton beam of 200 MeV at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two different applications are analyzed to emphasize the impact that radiation effects can have on different communication schemes: quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM). Results show that single-event transients (SETs) on the analog circuitry of the RF transceiver or single-event upsets (SEUs) inside the configuration registers can lead to EVM degradation. In addition, TID effects lead to frequency drift of the RF carrier, generating an offset between the transmitter and receiver nodes that needs to be taken into account when selecting the recovery algorithms in the receiver. Scialdone, Antonio; Ferraro, Rudy; Dilillo, Luigi; Saigne, Frederic; Boch, Jérôme; Masi, Alessandro; Danzeca, Salvatore" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Radio frequency, Symbols, Radiation effects, Receivers, Frequency modulation, Radiofrequency integrated circuits, Degradation, quadrature amplitude modulation, quadrature phase shift keying, radiation hardening (electronics), radio transceivers, radiofrequency integrated circuits, software radio, 64-QAM, AD9361 RF Agile transceiver, analog circuitry, carrier frequency, carrier frequency offset, CFO, communication schemes, configuration registers, device characteristics, device configuration, electron volt energy 200.0 MeV, error vector magnitude, EVM, EVM degradation, frequency drift, high-energy proton beam, QPSK, quadrature phase shift, radiation-induced effects, radiation-induced vulnerabilities, receiver nodes, recovery algorithms, RF carrier, RF integrated circuits, RF transceiver, RFICs, SDR, SEEs, SETs, SEUs, single-event effects, single-event transients, single-event upsets, software-defined radios, TID effects, total ionizing dose, traditional radio-frequency metrics, traditional RF metrics, transmitter nodes, Error vector magnitude (EVM), frequency offset, radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), single-event effects (SEE), software-defined radio (SDR), total ionizing dose (TID)" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script> <!-- WebNews CSS library --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" /> <!-- WebNews JS library --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script src="/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML" type="text/javascript"> </script> <!-- GoogleScholar --> <meta content="IEEE : Exploring Radiation-Induced Vulnerabilities in RFICs Through Traditional RF Metrics" name="citation_title" /> <meta content="Scialdone, Antonio" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Masi, Alessandro" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Ferraro, Rudy" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Boch, Jérôme" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Danzeca, Salvatore" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Saigne, Frederic" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Dilillo, Luigi" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="10.1109/TNS.2023.3270206" name="citation_doi" /> <meta content="IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci." name="citation_journal_title" /> <meta content="70" name="citation_volume" /> <meta content="2068-2075" name="citation_firstpage" /> <meta content="2023" name="citation_publication_date" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/10/10"> <meta content="10.1109/TNS.2023.3270206" name="citation_doi" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196/files/Exploring_Radiation-Induced_Vulnerabilities_in_RFICs_Through_Traditional_RF_Metrics.pdf" /> <!-- OpenGraph --> <meta content="IEEE" property="og:title" /> <meta content="Exploring Radiation-Induced Vulnerabilities in RFICs Through Traditional RF Metrics" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196" property="og:url" /> <meta content="CERN Document Server" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="This article describes how to analyze radiation-induced effects using traditional radio-frequency (RF) metrics in RF integrated circuits (RFICs) to be used in the implementation of software-defined radios (SDRs). The impacts of total ionizing dose (TID) and single-event effects (SEEs) on the device characteristics are shown and their consequences for an SDR are discussed. The analysis is based on the error vector magnitude (EVM), carrier frequency offset (CFO), and SEE in the device configuration. It has been applied to the AD9361 RF Agile transceiver. Experimental results are obtained using the high-energy proton beam of 200 MeV at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two different applications are analyzed to emphasize the impact that radiation effects can have on different communication schemes: quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM). Results show that single-event transients (SETs) on the analog circuitry of the RF transceiver or single-event upsets (SEUs) inside the configuration registers can lead to EVM degradation. In addition, TID effects lead to frequency drift of the RF carrier, generating an offset between the transmitter and receiver nodes that needs to be taken into account when selecting the recovery algorithms in the receiver." property="og:description" /> <meta content="IEEE" property="og:description" /> <!-- Twitter Card --> <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="CERN32Document32Server search" lang="en"> <!-- toolbar starts --> <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=en&amp;referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2875196" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- toolbar ends --> <!-- Nav header starts--> <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup><!-- /#name-and-slogan --> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=en">Your alerts</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=en">Your baskets</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=en">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=en">Your searches</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Nav header ends--> <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=en" class="navtrail">Home</a> &gt; Exploring Radiation-Induced Vulnerabilities in RFICs Through Traditional RF Metrics </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2875196/?ln=en">Information </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2875196/files?ln=en">Files </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px">&nbsp;</div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside"> <!--<div style="height:0.1em;">&nbsp;</div> <p class="notopgap">&nbsp;</p>--> <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2875196"></abbr> <style type="text/css"> <!-- ul.detailedrecordtabs li.on a{background-color:#4D94CC;color:#fff !important;border-bottom:1px solid #4D94CC!important;} div.detailedrecordboxcontent {padding-top:0px !important;} --> </style> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth" > <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" style="background-image: url('https://cds.cern.ch/img/journals.jpg');" colspan="2"> <!--YTD: record may have more than one 690C.a tag--> Article </td> </tr> <script type="text/javascript"> $( document ).ready(function() { $('.showAuthor').on('click', function() { var author = '<p>' + $(this).data('name') + '</p>'; var affiliation = $(this).data('affiliation') + '</br>'; var contribution = $(this).data('contribution') + '</br>'; $.magnificPopup.open({ items: { src: '<div id="ovelary-mathjax" class="overlay-white oc-content overlay-white-500">' + author + affiliation + contribution + '</div>', type: 'inline' }, callbacks: { open: function() { var div = document.getElementById("overlay-mathjax") MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub, div]); }, } }) }) }); </script> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Exploring Radiation-Induced Vulnerabilities in RFICs Through Traditional RF Metrics</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> Author(s) </span> </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&amp;p=Scialdone%2C%20Antonio&amp;ln=en">Scialdone, Antonio</a> (CERN ; LIRMM, Montpellier ; Montpellier U. ; CNRS, France) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&amp;p=Ferraro%2C%20Rudy&amp;ln=en">Ferraro, Rudy</a> (cern) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&amp;p=Dilillo%2C%20Luigi&amp;ln=en">Dilillo, Luigi</a> (LIRMM, Montpellier ; Montpellier U. ; CNRS, France) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&amp;p=Saigne%2C%20Frederic&amp;ln=en">Saigne, Frederic</a> (Montpellier U. ; CNRS, France) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&amp;p=Boch%2C%20J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&amp;ln=en">Boch, Jérôme</a> (CNRS, France ; Montpellier U.) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&amp;p=Masi%2C%20Alessandro&amp;ln=en">Masi, Alessandro</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&amp;p=Danzeca%2C%20Salvatore&amp;ln=en">Danzeca, Salvatore</a> (CERN)</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Publication </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">2023</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Number of pages </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">8</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><i>IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.</i> 70, 8 (2023) pp.2068-2075</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2806405">Conference on Radiation and its Effects on Components and Systems (RADECS 2023)</a>, Toulouse, France, 25 - 29 Sep 2023, pp.2068-2075</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> DOI </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2023.3270206" title="DOI" target="_blank">10.1109/TNS.2023.3270206</a> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Subject category </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Detectors and Experimental Techniques</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Abstract </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">This article describes how to analyze radiation-induced effects using traditional radio-frequency (RF) metrics in RF integrated circuits (RFICs) to be used in the implementation of software-defined radios (SDRs). The impacts of total ionizing dose (TID) and single-event effects (SEEs) on the device characteristics are shown and their consequences for an SDR are discussed. The analysis is based on the error vector magnitude (EVM), carrier frequency offset (CFO), and SEE in the device configuration. It has been applied to the AD9361 RF Agile transceiver. Experimental results are obtained using the high-energy proton beam of 200 MeV at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two different applications are analyzed to emphasize the impact that radiation effects can have on different communication schemes: quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM). Results show that single-event transients (SETs) on the analog circuitry of the RF transceiver or single-event upsets (SEUs) inside the configuration registers can lead to EVM degradation. In addition, TID effects lead to frequency drift of the RF carrier, generating an offset between the transmitter and receiver nodes that needs to be taken into account when selecting the recovery algorithms in the receiver.</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Copyright/License </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">publication: (License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a>)</td></tr> </table> <br/>Corresponding record in: <a href="http://inspirehep.net/record/2700571">Inspire</a> <small> </small> <br/> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Back to search</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px">&nbsp;Record created 2023-10-10, last modified 2023-10-18</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=en&amp;p=recid%3A2875196&amp;rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">Similar records</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <div><small class="detailedRecordActions">Fulltext:</small> <br /><a href="/record/2875196/files/Exploring_Radiation-Induced_Vulnerabilities_in_RFICs_Through_Traditional_RF_Metrics.pdf"><img style="border:none" src="/img/file-icon-text-34x48.gif" alt="Download fulltext" /><br />PDF</a><br /></div> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=en&amp;recid=2875196">Add to personal basket</a></li> <li>Export as <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/hx?ln=en">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/hm?ln=en">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/xm?ln=en">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/xd?ln=en">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/xe?ln=en">EndNote</a>, <!-- <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/xe8x?ln=en">EndNote (8-X)</a>,--> <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/xn?ln=en">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2875196/export/xw?ln=en">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'> <!-- JQuery Bookmark Button BEGIN --> <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2875196/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2875196', addEmail: true, title: "Exploring Radiation-Induced Vulnerabilities in RFICs Through Traditional RF Metrics", description: "This article describes how to analyze radiation-induced effects using traditional radio-frequency (RF) metrics in RF integrated circuits (RFICs) to be used in the implementation of software-defined radios (SDRs). The impacts of total ionizing dose (TID) and single-event effects (SEEs) on the device characteristics are shown and their consequences for an SDR are discussed. The analysis is based on the error vector magnitude (EVM), carrier frequency offset (CFO), and SEE in the device configuration. It has been applied to the AD9361 RF Agile transceiver. Experimental results are obtained using the high-energy proton beam of 200 MeV at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Two different applications are analyzed to emphasize the impact that radiation effects can have on different communication schemes: quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM). Results show that single-event transients (SETs) on the analog circuitry of the RF transceiver or single-event upsets (SEUs) inside the configuration registers can lead to EVM degradation. In addition, TID effects lead to frequency drift of the RF carrier, generating an offset between the transmitter and receiver nodes that needs to be taken into account when selecting the recovery algorithms in the receiver." }); // ]]> </script> <!-- JQuery Bookmark Button END --> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix"> <!-- replaced page footer --> <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://repository.cern/content-policy" target="_blank">Content Policy</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://repository.cern/terms" target="_blank">Terms and Conditions</a> <br /> Powered by <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Maintained by <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? Contact <a href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Support</a>. <br /> </div> <div class="pagefooterstriperight"> <div class="cern-logo"> <a id="logo" href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN" rel="CERN" ><img src="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/img/cern-logo-large.png" alt="CERN" /></a> </div> <div class="cern-languagebox"> This site is also available in the following languages:<br /><a href="/record/2875196?ln=bg" class="langinfo">Български</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=ca" class="langinfo">Català</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=de" class="langinfo">Deutsch</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=el" class="langinfo">Ελληνικά</a> &nbsp;<span class="langinfo">English</span> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=es" class="langinfo">Español</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=fr" class="langinfo">Français</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=hr" class="langinfo">Hrvatski</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=it" class="langinfo">Italiano</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=ja" class="langinfo">日本語</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=ka" class="langinfo">ქართული</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=no" class="langinfo">Norsk/Bokmål</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=pl" class="langinfo">Polski</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=pt" class="langinfo">Português</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=ru" class="langinfo">Русский</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=sk" class="langinfo">Slovensky</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=sv" class="langinfo">Svenska</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=zh_CN" class="langinfo">中文(简)</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2875196?ln=zh_TW" class="langinfo">中文(繁)</a> </div> </div> <!-- replaced page footer --> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var SyndeticsBookCovers = (function() { var SMALL_SIZE = "sc.gif", MEDIUM_SIZE = "mc.gif", RAW_URL = "https://secure.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=THEISBN/THESIZE&client=cernlibrary"; replaceCover = function(imgElement, isbns, hdFormat) { var img = new Image(), size = hdFormat ? MEDIUM_SIZE : SMALL_SIZE; var _isbns = isbns.sort(function(a, b) { // sort from shortest to longest ISBN (more modern) return a.length > b.length ? 1 : -1; }); function next() { var isbn = _isbns.pop(); if (isbn) { var url = RAW_URL.replace("THEISBN", isbn).replace("THESIZE", size); img.src = url; } } function done() { imgElement.src = img.src; } img.onload = function() { if (this.width > 1) { done(); } else { next(); } }; next(); }; return { replaceCover: replaceCover }; })(); $(document).ready(function() { // get book covers $("img.book-cover").each(function() { var $this = $(this), strIsbns = $this.data("isbns") || "", isbnsArray = String(strIsbns).split(","), hdFormat = $this.hasClass("hd"); SyndeticsBookCovers.replaceCover(this, isbnsArray, hdFormat); }); // WebNews tooltips $.ajax({ url: "/news/tooltips", success: function(data) { create_tooltips(data); }, dataType: "json", cache: false }); }); </script> <!-- Feedback script --> <script src="//cds.cern.ch/js/feedback.js"></script> <!-- Feedback script --> <!-- Matomo --> <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '756']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <!-- End Matomo Code --> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10