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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Colombian_cumbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Colombian_cumbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of Colombian cumbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Colombian_cumbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_into_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_into_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Expansion into Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_into_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_adaptations_of_Colombian_cumbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_adaptations_of_Colombian_cumbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regional adaptations of Colombian cumbia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_adaptations_of_Colombian_cumbia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional adaptations of Colombian cumbia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_adaptations_of_Colombian_cumbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical rhythms and folk dance traditions of Latin America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>.</div> <p><b>Cumbia</b> refers to a number of musical rhythms and folk dance traditions of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, generally involving musical and cultural elements from American Indigenous peoples, Europeans and Africans during colonial times.<sup id="cite_ref-Colombia_Official_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colombia_Official_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumbia is said to have come from funeral traditions in the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Colombian">Afro-Colombian</a> community. </p><p>Cumbia traditionally uses three drums (<i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_(drum)" title="Tambora (drum)">tambora</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambor_alegre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambor alegre (page does not exist)">tambor alegre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/tambor_alegre" class="extiw" title="es:tambor alegre">es</a>]</span></i> and <i>llamador</i>), three flutes (<i>gaita hembra</i> and <i>gaito macho</i>, both forms of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colombian_flute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colombian flute (page does not exist)">Colombian flute</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaita_colombiana" class="extiw" title="es:Gaita colombiana">es</a>]</span>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1a_de_millo" title="Caña de millo">flauta de millo</a></i>) and has a <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span> or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> meter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound of cumbia can be characterized as having a simple "chu-chucu-chu" rhythm created by the <a href="/wiki/Guacharaca" title="Guacharaca">guacharaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre frequently incorporates <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. In order to properly understand the interlocking relationship between cumbia's roots, its Pan-American (and then global) routes, and its subgenres, Colombia's geocultural complexities must be taken into account. </p><p>Most Hispanic American countries have made their own regional version of Cumbia, some of them with their own particularity. </p><p>Examples of cumbia include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">Colombian cumbia</a>, is a musical rhythm and traditional folk dance from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Drummer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Drummer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has elements of three different cultures, American Indigenous, African, and Spanish, being the result of the long and intense meeting of these cultures during the <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colombia_Official_2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colombia_Official_2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Colombian cumbia is the origin of all the other variations,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the tradition of dancing it with candles in the dancers' hands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Panama)" title="Cumbia (Panama)">Panamanian cumbia</a>, Panamanian folk dance and musical genre, developed by enslaved people of African descent during colonial times and later syncretized with American Indigenous and European cultural elements.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Colombian_cumbia">History of Colombian cumbia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Colombian cumbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cumbia's background came from the coastal region of Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be more specific, its dance came from a coastal traditional culture, as cumbia had multiple ethnic influences that originated from this region. One of the biggest factors of its heritage is the African influences that was brought over by the African slaves imported from the colonization of the Spaniards. The influence came from the <i>costeño</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dance. Another influence was the integration of Spanish people. The Spanish folksongs with influences from the indigenous caused the fusion of races and <i>the elements of their cultures were likewise fused.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of cumbia has evolved throughout the years, known as a street dance but had a period of transiting into a ballroom dance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumbia is commonly known for having many subgenres from different countries which contributes to the different dance styles known. Cumbia can be referred to as a folk dance while also being known globally as a street dance. To better understand what the dances of cumbia resemble it's better to know the basics of the dance. Cumbia is danced in pairs, consisting the amorous conquest of a woman by a man. This is crucial since the dance from the Atlantic coast<sup id="cite_ref-Olivella_1967_91–96_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olivella_1967_91–96-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has the woman holding a candle in her right hand. This serves as two narrative functions; one to light the way for the dancing woman and the latter for a more serious motif. The latter can be portrayed in an imaginative sentence <i>as a weapon by which the woman defends herself against the advances of her partner.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Olivella_1967_91–96_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olivella_1967_91–96-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1950s, cumbia has been an art form that is stylized, orchestrated and lyricized, contrary to the traditional form. This has diverged through the years and the world-known genre even had a brief period in the 1970s where it lost its popularity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_into_Latin_America">Expansion into Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion into Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the genre evolved, it expanded throughout Latin America. The expansion has led to the creation of new variations on the form, and international recognition of the genre changed public perceptions. Cumbia almost disappeared in Colombia in the 1970s after the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa (music)">salsa</a>. Although that was detrimental it could be argued that cumbia found stability in Central America, Mexico, and Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transformation of cumbia in other countries to better align with the taste of populations with very different aesthetic traditions from the strongly African-derived coastal culture<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which it originally emerged. </p><p>Representing cumbia being perceived as expressing the harmonious outcome of racial and cultural blending, this socially affected the public views on the region's highly discriminated <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>. Socially and economically some changed their views on mestizos due to cumbia being a large factor in shaping their perspective - except in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, where it's still largely seen as vulgar and offensive by much of the middle class and has thus mostly helped reinforce lower class stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_adaptations_of_Colombian_cumbia">Regional adaptations of Colombian cumbia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional adaptations of Colombian cumbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cumbia" title="Argentine cumbia">Argentine cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_villera" title="Cumbia villera">Cumbia villera</a>, a subgenre of Argentine cumbia born in the slums</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_santafesina" title="Cumbia santafesina">Cumbia santafesina</a>, a musical genre that emerged in Santa Fe, Argentina</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivian_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolivian cumbia (page does not exist)">Bolivian cumbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean cumbia (page does not exist)">Chilean cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chilean_cumbia" title="New Chilean cumbia">New Chilean cumbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">Colombian cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullerengue" title="Bullerengue">Bullerengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porro" title="Porro">Porro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_vallenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia vallenata (page does not exist)">Cumbia vallenata</a>, a fusion genre that mixes elements of cumbia and vallenato, both of Colombian origin</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merecumb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merecumbé (page does not exist)">Merecumbé</a>, a fusion genre that mixes Colombian cumbia and Dominican merengue</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Rican cumbia (page does not exist)">Costa Rican cumbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuadorian_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuadorian cumbia (page does not exist)">Ecuadorian cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbocumbia (page does not exist)">Turbocumbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvadoran_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvadoran cumbia (page does not exist)">Salvadoran cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_marimbera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia marimbera (page does not exist)">Cumbia marimbera</a>, a subgenre of Cumbia that is widely popular in Southern Mexico and Central America</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatemalan_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemalan cumbia (page does not exist)">Guatemalan cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_marimbera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia marimbera (page does not exist)">Cumbia marimbera</a>, a subgenre of Cumbia that is widely popular in Southern Mexico and Central America</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honduras">Honduras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honduras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honduran_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honduran cumbia (page does not exist)">Honduran cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_marimbera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia marimbera (page does not exist)">Cumbia marimbera</a>, a subgenre of Cumbia that is widely popular in Southern Mexico and Central America</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cumbia" title="Mexican cumbia">Mexican cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast cumbia (page does not exist)">Southeast cumbia</a> or chunchaca, a variant of Mexican cumbia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Mexican_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Mexican cumbia (page does not exist)">Northern Mexican cumbia</a> or cumbia norteña, a variant of Mexican cumbia, developed in northeastern Mexico and some parts of Texas (former Mexican territory)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_sonidera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia sonidera (page does not exist)">Cumbia sonidera</a>, a variant of Mexican cumbia, popular in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and central Mexico</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_marimbera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia marimbera (page does not exist)">Cumbia marimbera</a>, a subgenre of Cumbia that is widely popular in Southern Mexico and Central America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_pegassera" title="Cumbia pegassera">Cumbia pegassera</a>, a variant of Mexican cumbia that is primarily popular in Northern Mexico and the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a>, a subgenre of cumbia that combines elements of cumbia and electronic music.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicaraguan cumbia (page does not exist)">Nicaraguan cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_chinandegana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia chinandegana (page does not exist)">Cumbia chinandegana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_marimbera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia marimbera (page does not exist)">Cumbia marimbera</a>, a subgenre of Cumbia that is widely popular in Southern Mexico and Central America</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Panama)" title="Cumbia (Panama)">Panamanian cumbia</a>; A subgenre that involves Panamanian folk dance and the cumbia musical genre, developed by enslaved people of African descent during the expansion of Spanish rule in Panama and later syncretized with American Indigenous and European cultural elements.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paraguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cachaca_(musical_genre)" title="Cachaca (musical genre)">Cachaca</a>, a fusion of cumbia sonidera, norteña, vallenato and cumbia villera</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cumbia" title="Peruvian cumbia">Peruvian cumbia</a> also known as <i>chicha</i> or psychedelic cumbia<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicha_(music)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicha (music) (page does not exist)">Chicha</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicha_(m%C3%BAsica)" class="extiw" title="es:Chicha (música)">es</a>]</sup> also known as Andean cumbia or Andean tropical music</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amazonian_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amazonian cumbia (page does not exist)">Amazonian cumbia</a> or jungle cumbia, a popular subgenre of Peruvian cumbia, created in the Peruvian Amazon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_piurana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia piurana (page does not exist)">Cumbia piurana</a>, a set of styles and sub-genres linked to cumbia that have been produced in Piura, a region on the north Peruvian coast, since the mid-1960s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_sanjuanera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia sanjuanera (page does not exist)">Cumbia sanjuanera</a>, a subgenre of cumbia piurana</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia_sure%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumbia sureña (page does not exist)">Cumbia sureña</a>, a subgenre of Peruvian cumbia, a fusion of Andean cumbia and techno</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American cumbia (page does not exist)">American cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tex-Mex_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tex-Mex cumbia (page does not exist)">Tex-Mex cumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a> or Tex-Mex music, a popular music style that fuses elements of cumbia with other genres of Mexican and American origin that developed in Texas and Mexico in the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Cumbia rap</a>, a variant of cumbia that is popular in the United States and Latin America that includes elements of hip-hop and rap</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruguayan cumbia (page does not exist)">Uruguayan cumbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_cumbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venezuelan cumbia (page does not exist)">Venezuelan cumbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Colombia_Official_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colombia_Official_1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-culture/everything-need-know-cumbia/">"Everything you need to know about Cumbia"</a>. <i>colombia.co</i>. 27 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923143516/https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-culture/everything-need-know-cumbia/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colombia.co&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Cumbia&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombia.co%2Fen%2Fcolombia-culture%2Feverything-need-know-cumbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurco2014" class="citation web cs1">Yurco, Cherie (2014-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109050905/https://makingmusicmag.com/cumbia-sound-colombia/">"Cumbia: The Sound of Colombia"</a>. <i>Making Music Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makingmusicmag.com/cumbia-sound-colombia/">the original</a> on 2022-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+Music+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cumbia%3A+The+Sound+of+Colombia&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Yurco&rft.aufirst=Cherie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmakingmusicmag.com%2Fcumbia-sound-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225014552/https://www.marfapublicradio.org/2017-08-31/cumbia-the-danceable-musical-tradition-that-defies-borders">"Cumbia: the Danceable Musical Tradition that Defies Borders"</a>. <i>Marfa Public Radio</i>. 2017-08-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marfapublicradio.org/2017-08-31/cumbia-the-danceable-musical-tradition-that-defies-borders">the original</a> on 2023-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marfa+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Cumbia%3A+the+Danceable+Musical+Tradition+that+Defies+Borders&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marfapublicradio.org%2F2017-08-31%2Fcumbia-the-danceable-musical-tradition-that-defies-borders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Drummer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Drummer_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moderndrummer.com/article/september-2015-cumbia-drumset-adaptations-traditional-colombianpanamanian-rhythm/">"The Cumbia – Drumset Adaptations of a Traditional Colombian/Panamanian Rhythm"</a>. <i>moderndrummer.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511194933/https://www.moderndrummer.com/article/september-2015-cumbia-drumset-adaptations-traditional-colombianpanamanian-rhythm/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moderndrummer.com&rft.atitle=The+Cumbia+%E2%80%93+Drumset+Adaptations+of+a+Traditional+Colombian%2FPanamanian+Rhythm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moderndrummer.com%2Farticle%2Fseptember-2015-cumbia-drumset-adaptations-traditional-colombianpanamanian-rhythm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colombia_Official_2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colombia_Official_2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-country/colombia-land-thousand-rhythms/">"Colombia: Land of a Thousand Rhythms"</a>. <i>colombia.co</i>. 16 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923143514/https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-country/colombia-land-thousand-rhythms/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colombia.co&rft.atitle=Colombia%3A+Land+of+a+Thousand+Rhythms&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombia.co%2Fen%2Fcolombia-country%2Fcolombia-land-thousand-rhythms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParra_Valencia2019" class="citation book cs1">Parra Valencia, Diego (2019). <i>El libro de la cumbia: Resonancias, transferencias y transplantes de las cumbias latinoamericanas</i>. Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano / Discos Fuentes Edimusica S.A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+libro+de+la+cumbia%3A+Resonancias%2C+transferencias+y+transplantes+de+las+cumbias+latinoamericanas&rft.pub=Instituto+Tecnol%C3%B3gico+Metropolitano+%2F+Discos+Fuentes+Edimusica+S.A.&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Parra+Valencia&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11314nd"><i>Cumbia!: Scenes of a Migrant Latin American Music Genre</i></a>. Duke University Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5414-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-5414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumbia%21%3A+Scenes+of+a+Migrant+Latin+American+Music+Genre&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5414-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11314nd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25433805">"African Diaspora and Colombian Popular Music in the Twentieth Century"</a>. <i>Black Music Research Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 41–56. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-3605">0276-3605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=African+Diaspora+and+Colombian+Popular+Music+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-56&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0276-3605&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25433805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos1944" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, Mary (September 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2307/3386695">"Music in Colombia"</a>. <i>Music Educators Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 24–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3386695">10.2307/3386695</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4321">0027-4321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Educators+Journal&rft.atitle=Music+in+Colombia&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=1944-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3386695&rft.issn=0027-4321&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F3386695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmona, Antonio Brugés. <i>“Música Costeña/Realism Mágico,”</i> (2014): 5-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olivella_1967_91–96-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olivella_1967_91–96_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivella_1967_91–96_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivella1967" class="citation journal cs1">Olivella, Delia Zapata (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/850500">"An Introduction to the Folk Dances of Colombia"</a>. <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 91–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F850500">10.2307/850500</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1836">0014-1836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Folk+Dances+of+Colombia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-96&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F850500&rft.issn=0014-1836&rft.aulast=Olivella&rft.aufirst=Delia+Zapata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F850500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/421830523/Joe-Diomedez-Pacini">"Joe, Diomedez... 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