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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raman_spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Raman spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raman_spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yttrium_oxysulfide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yttrium_oxysulfide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Yttrium oxysulfide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yttrium_oxysulfide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photon_upconversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photon_upconversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Photon upconversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photon_upconversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optoelectronic_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optoelectronic_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Optoelectronic devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optoelectronic_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stokes shift</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="انزياح ستوكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انزياح ستوكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despla%C3%A7ament_d%27Stokes" title="Desplaçament d'Stokes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desplaçament d'Stokes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%C5%AFv_posuv" title="Stokesův posuv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stokesův posuv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes-Verschiebung" title="Stokes-Verschiebung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stokes-Verschiebung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokesi_nihe" title="Stokesi nihe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stokesi nihe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9placement_de_Stokes" title="Déplacement de Stokes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déplacement de Stokes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ստոքսի կանոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստոքսի կանոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokesov_pomak" title="Stokesov pomak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stokesov pomak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spostamento_di_Stokes" title="Spostamento di Stokes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spostamento di Stokes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="היסט סטוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסט סטוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Стокс ережесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стокс ережесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="ストークスシフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストークスシフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przesuni%C4%99cie_Stokesa" title="Przesunięcie Stokesa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przesunięcie Stokesa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Стоксов сдвиг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стоксов сдвиг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokesov_premik" title="Stokesov premik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stokesov premik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_line&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes line">Stokes line</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Difference between absorption and emission peak maxima</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Stark_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Stark shift">Stark shift</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes_shift_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stokes_shift_diagram.svg/330px-Stokes_shift_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stokes_shift_diagram.svg/495px-Stokes_shift_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stokes_shift_diagram.svg/660px-Stokes_shift_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the Stokes shift between absorption and emission light spectra</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stokes shift</b> is the difference (in <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wavenumber" title="Wavenumber">wavenumber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> units) between positions of the band maxima of the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption (optics)">absorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission (electromagnetic radiation)">emission</a> <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a> being two examples) of the same electronic transition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after Irish physicist <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jablonski_diagram_drawn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jablonski_diagram_drawn.png/220px-Jablonski_diagram_drawn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jablonski_diagram_drawn.png/330px-Jablonski_diagram_drawn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jablonski_diagram_drawn.png/440px-Jablonski_diagram_drawn.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>For Stokes (left), the molecule is excited from a vibrational energy level (v=0) to a virtual state (j). The Stokes scattering shows that the emitted energy is less than the absorbed. The anti-Stokes (right) shows that emitted energy is more than the absorbed.</figcaption></figure> <p>When a system (be it a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>) absorbs a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>, it gains energy and enters an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a>. The system can relax by emitting a photon. The Stokes shift occurs when the energy of the emitted photon is lower than that of the absorbed photon, representing the difference in energy of the two photons. </p><p>The Stokes shift is primarily the result of two phenomena: <a href="/wiki/Vibrational_energy_relaxation" title="Vibrational energy relaxation">vibrational relaxation</a> or dissipation and solvent reorganization. A <a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">fluorophore</a> is a part of a molecule with a dipole moment that exhibits fluorescence. When a fluorophore enters an excited state, its dipole moment changes, but surrounding solvent molecules cannot adjust so quickly. Only after vibrational relaxation do their dipole moments realign.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stokes shifts are given in wavelength units, but this is less meaningful than energy, wavenumber or frequency units because it depends on the absorption wavelength. For instance, a 50 nm Stokes shift from absorption at 300 nm is larger in terms of energy than a 50 nm Stokes shift from absorption at 600 nm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stokes_fluorescence">Stokes fluorescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stokes fluorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png/220px-Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png/330px-Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png/440px-Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>Absorption and emission spectra of <a href="/wiki/Rhodamine_6G" title="Rhodamine 6G">rhodamine 6G</a> with ~25 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> Stokes shift</figcaption></figure> <p>Stokes fluorescence is the emission of a longer-wavelength photon (lower frequency or energy) by a molecule that has absorbed a photon of shorter wavelength (higher frequency or energy).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both absorption and radiation (emission) of energy are distinctive for a particular molecular structure. If a material has a direct bandgap in the range of visible light, the light shining on it is absorbed, which excites electrons to a higher-energy state. The electrons remain in the excited state for about 10<sup>−8</sup> seconds. This number varies over several orders of magnitude, depending on the sample, and is known as the <i>fluorescence lifetime</i> of the sample. After losing a small amount of energy through vibrational relaxation, the molecule returns to the ground state, and energy is emitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Stokes_shift">Anti-Stokes shift</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anti-Stokes shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the emitted photon has more energy than the absorbed photon, the energy difference is called an <b>anti-Stokes shift</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this extra energy comes from dissipation of thermal <a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">phonons</a> in a crystal lattice, cooling the crystal in the process. Anti-Stokes shifts may also be due to triplet-triplet annihilation processes, resulting in the formation of higher singlet states that emit at higher energies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_of_Stokes_and_anti-Stokes_shifts">Applications of Stokes and anti-Stokes shifts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications of Stokes and anti-Stokes shifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raman_spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Raman spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a>, when a molecule is excited by incident radiation, it undergoes a Stokes shift as it emits radiation at a lower energy level than the incident radiation. Analyzing the intensity and frequency of the spectral shift provides valuable information about the vibrational modes of molecules, enabling the identification of chemical bonds, functional groups, and molecular conformations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yttrium_oxysulfide">Yttrium oxysulfide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yttrium oxysulfide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> oxysulfide (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Y<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span>) doped with <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_oxysulfide" title="Gadolinium oxysulfide">gadolinium oxysulfide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Gd<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span>) is a common industrial anti-Stokes <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>, absorbing in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions_within_the_infrared" title="Infrared">near-infrared</a> and emitting in the visible region of the spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This composite material is often utilized in luminescent applications, where it absorbs lower-energy photons and emits higher-energy photons. This unique property makes it particularly valuable in various technological fields, including security printing, anti-counterfeiting measures, and luminescent displays. By harnessing anti-Stokes fluorescence, this pigment enables the creation of vibrant and durable inks, coatings, and materials with enhanced visibility and authentication capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photon_upconversion">Photon upconversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Photon upconversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Photon_upconversion" title="Photon upconversion">Photon upconversion</a> is an anti-Stokes process where lower-energy photons are converted into higher-energy photons. An example of this later process is demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Upconverting_nanoparticles" title="Upconverting nanoparticles">upconverting nanoparticles</a>. It is more commonly observed in <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a>, where it can be used to determine the temperature of a material.<sup id="cite_ref-Keresztury2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keresztury2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optoelectronic_devices">Optoelectronic devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Optoelectronic devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In direct-bandgap thin-film semiconducting layers Stokes shifted emission can originate from three main sources: doping, strain, and disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these factors can introduce variations in the energy levels of the semiconductor material, leading to a shift in the emitted light towards longer wavelengths compared to the incident light. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in optoelectronic devices where controlling these factors can be crucial for optimizing device performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jablonski_diagram" title="Jablonski diagram">Jablonski diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasha%27s_rule" title="Kasha's rule">Kasha's rule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_shift&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGispert2008" class="citation book cs1">Gispert, J. 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Practical Fluorescence, Second Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-8350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-8350-6">0-8247-8350-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/techniques/fluorescence/fluorescenceintro/">"Fluorescence Microscopy - Basic Concepts in Fluorescence | Olympus LS"</a>. <i>www.olympus-lifescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.olympus-lifescience.com&rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Microscopy+-+Basic+Concepts+in+Fluorescence+%7C+Olympus+LS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympus-lifescience.com%2Fen%2Fmicroscope-resource%2Fprimer%2Ftechniques%2Ffluorescence%2Ffluorescenceintro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStokes+shift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banwell C.N. and McCash E.M. <i>Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy</i> (4th ed., McGraw-Hill 1994) p.101 and p.113 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-707976-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-707976-0">0-07-707976-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Atkins" title="Peter Atkins">Atkins P.</a> and de Paula J. <i>Physical Chemistry</i> (8th ed., W.H. Freeman 2006) p.431 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-8759-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-8759-8">0-7167-8759-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRost1992" class="citation book cs1">Rost, F. W. D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113051227/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RU_6doL1q0IC"><i>Fluorescence Microscopy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23641-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23641-X"><bdi>0-521-23641-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RU_6doL1q0IC">the original</a> on November 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluorescence+Microscopy&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-23641-X&rft.aulast=Rost&rft.aufirst=F.+W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRU_6doL1q0IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStokes+shift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitai2008" class="citation book cs1">Kitai, A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLy07tnBZ90C"><i>Luminescent Materials and Applications</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-05818-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-05818-3"><bdi>978-0-470-05818-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luminescent+Materials+and+Applications&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-05818-3&rft.aulast=Kitai&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLy07tnBZ90C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStokes+shift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgobianiBogatyrevaIshchenkoManashirov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Georgobiani, A. N.; Bogatyreva, A. A.; Ishchenko, V. M.; Manashirov, O. Ya.; Gutan, V. B.; Semendyaev, S. V. (2007-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168507100093">"A new multifunctional phosphor based on yttrium oxysulfide"</a></span>. <i>Inorganic Materials</i>. <b>43</b> (10): 1073–1079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0020168507100093">10.1134/S0020168507100093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1608-3172">1608-3172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Materials&rft.atitle=A+new+multifunctional+phosphor+based+on+yttrium+oxysulfide&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1073-1079&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0020168507100093&rft.issn=1608-3172&rft.aulast=Georgobiani&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rft.au=Bogatyreva%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Ishchenko%2C+V.+M.&rft.au=Manashirov%2C+O.+Ya.&rft.au=Gutan%2C+V.+B.&rft.au=Semendyaev%2C+S.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1134%2FS0020168507100093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStokes+shift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keresztury2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keresztury2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeresztury2002" class="citation book cs1">Keresztury, Gábor (2002). "Raman Spectroscopy: Theory". <i>Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy</i>. Vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471988472" title="Special:BookSources/0471988472"><bdi>0471988472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raman+Spectroscopy%3A+Theory&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vibrational+Spectroscopy&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0471988472&rft.aulast=Keresztury&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStokes+shift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel_V._KolesnichenkoQianhui_ZhangTinghe_YunChangxi_Zheng2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pavel V. Kolesnichenko; Qianhui Zhang; Tinghe Yun; Changxi Zheng; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fuhrer" title="Michael Fuhrer">Michael S. Fuhrer</a>; Jeffrey A. Davis (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1583/ab626a">"Disentangling the effects of doping, strain and disorder in monolayer WS2 by optical spectroscopy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/2D_Materials_(journal)" title="2D Materials (journal)">2D Materials</a></i>. <b>7</b> (2): 025008. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.08214">1909.08214</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2053-1583%2Fab626a">10.1088/2053-1583/ab626a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202661069">202661069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2D+Materials&rft.atitle=Disentangling+the+effects+of+doping%2C+strain+and+disorder+in+monolayer+WS2+by+optical+spectroscopy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=025008&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1909.08214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202661069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2053-1583%2Fab626a&rft.au=Pavel+V.+Kolesnichenko&rft.au=Qianhui+Zhang&rft.au=Tinghe+Yun&rft.au=Changxi+Zheng&rft.au=Michael+S.+Fuhrer&rft.au=Jeffrey+A.+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F2053-1583%2Fab626a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStokes+shift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy">Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_optical_activity" title="Raman optical activity">Raman optical activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonance_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Resonance Raman spectroscopy">Resonance Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating-polarization_coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy">Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatially_offset_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy">Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulated_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Stimulated Raman spectroscopy">Stimulated Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy">Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy">Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Transmission Raman spectroscopy">Transmission Raman spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raman_amplification" title="Raman amplification">Raman amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_cooling" title="Raman cooling">Raman cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_microscope" title="Raman microscope">Raman microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHERLOC" class="mw-redirect" title="SHERLOC">SHERLOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulated_Raman_adiabatic_passage" title="Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage">Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depolarization_ratio" title="Depolarization ratio">Depolarization ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wave_mixing" title="Four-wave mixing">Four-wave mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">Nonlinear optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_mutual_exclusion" title="Rule of mutual exclusion">Rule of mutual exclusion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stokes shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Raman_Spectroscopy" title="Journal of Raman Spectroscopy">Journal of Raman Spectroscopy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrational_Spectroscopy" title="Vibrational Spectroscopy">Vibrational Spectroscopy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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