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skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Уикипедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-bg.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Свободната енциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-bg.svg" width="120" height="12" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Търсене</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Биография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Биография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Биография</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Биография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Библиография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Библиография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Библиография</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Библиография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бележки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бележки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Бележки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бележки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Майкъл Кремър</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 46 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مايكل كريمر – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل كريمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89)" title="مايكل كريمر (اقتصادى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل كريمر (اقتصادى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মাইকেল ক্ৰেমাৰ – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাইকেল ক্ৰেমাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Майкл Крэмер – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майкл Крэмер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মাইকেল ক্রেমার – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইকেল ক্রেমার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μάικλ Κρέμερ – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάικλ Κρέμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مایکل کرمر – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل کرمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="מייקל קרמר – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל קרמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="माइकल क्रेमर – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइकल क्रेमर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AC_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մայքլ Կրեմեր – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայքլ Կրեմեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="マイケル・クレーマー – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・クレーマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%B8" title="마이클 크레이머 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 크레이머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мајкл Кремер – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мајкл Кремер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Robert_Kremer" title="Michael Robert Kremer – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Michael Robert Kremer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਈਕਲ ਕਰੇਮਰ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਈਕਲ ਕਰੇਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Кремер, Майкл – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кремер, Майкл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мајкл Кремер – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мајкл Кремер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மைக்கேல் கிரேமர் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மைக்கேல் கிரேமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Майкл Кремер – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Кремер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Michael Kremer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E9%BB%98" title="迈克尔·克雷默 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="迈克尔·克雷默" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E9%BB%98" title="麥可·克雷默 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麥可·克雷默" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1635006#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" 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class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%258A%25D1%2580"><span>Изтегляне на QR код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Отпечатване/изнасяне </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80"><span>Създаване на книга</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=show-download-screen"><span>Изтегляне като PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&printable=yes" title="Версия за печат на страницата [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Версия за печат</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> В други проекти </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Kremer" hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1635006" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title book" style="background-color:#EEDD82; border:1px solid #aaa;">Майкъл Кремър<div style="font-size: 76%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-size:110%; border:1px solid #aaa;">американски икономист</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Kremer_bio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kremer_bio.jpg/250px-Kremer_bio.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kremer_bio.jpg/375px-Kremer_bio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kremer_bio.jpg/500px-Kremer_bio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Роден</th><td class="infobox-data"><div></div> <div><span class="oneline"><a href="/wiki/12_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8" title="12 ноември">12 ноември</a> <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> г.<span class="noprint"> <small>(60 г.)</small></span></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ню Йорк">Ню Йорк</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Съединени американски щати">САЩ</a></div></td></tr><tr class="nomobile" style="height:1px;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Религия</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Юдаизъм">юдаизъм</a><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-a9d233eee12e92e0b764fdbcaf810f4b281f067f-v6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-a9d233eee12e92e0b764fdbcaf810f4b281f067f-v6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Учил в</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Харвардски университет">Харвардски университет</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Харвардски университет">Харвардски университет</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Работил в</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Харвардски университет">Харвардски университет</a> <span style="font-size:85%">(септември 1999 – 2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-28b664fc04bf387c03324e8c586df9faee787c1d-v6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-28b664fc04bf387c03324e8c586df9faee787c1d-v6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Масачузетски технологичен институт">Масачузетски технологичен институт</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Чикагски университет">Чикагски университет</a> <span style="font-size:85%">(август 2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-cd523d12299cc46a22ae67917c29196496adf81d-v6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-cd523d12299cc46a22ae67917c29196496adf81d-v6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Награди</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за икономика">Нобелова награда за икономика</a> <span style="font-size:85%">(2019)</span><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6e12da2b4e68c5a2aa578f32ed89efbaac58db07-v6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6e12da2b4e68c5a2aa578f32ed89efbaac58db07-v6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="nomobile" style="height:1px;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Уебсайт</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/kremer">scholar.harvard.edu/kremer</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#EEDD82; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Kremer?uselang=bg">Майкъл Кремър</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Майкъл Робърт Кремър</b> (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Английски език">английски</a>: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">Michael Robert Kremer</span>) е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Съединени американски щати">американски</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Икономист">икономист</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Биография"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Биография</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Биография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Биография"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Роден е на 12 ноември 1964 година в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ню Йорк">Ню Йорк</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи">еврейско</a> семейство. През 1985 година завършва обществени науки в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Харвардския университет">Харвардски университет</a>, след което е сред основателите и ръководител на неправителствената организация „<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="УърлдТийч (страницата не съществува)">УърлдТийч</a>“, която изпраща доброволци като учители в развиващите се страни. През 1992 година защитава докторат по икономика в Харвардския университет и става преподавател по икономика в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Масачузетски технологичен институт">Масачузетския технически институт</a> (1993 – 1999) и в Харвардския университет (от 1999 година). Работи главно в областта на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Икономика на развитието">икономиката на развитието</a>. </p><p>През 2019 година Майкъл Кремър, заедно със съпрузите <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Естер Дюфло">Естер Дюфло</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Абхиджит Банерджи">Абхиджит Банерджи</a>, получава <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за икономика">Нобелова награда за икономика</a> „за техния експериментален подход към облекчаването на глобалната бедност“.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Библиография"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.B1.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Библиография</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Библиография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Библиография"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation reference" id="CITEREFKremerGlennerster2004">Kremer, Michael; Glennerster, Rachel (2004). Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases. Princeton: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0-691-12113-3" title="Специални:Източници на книги/0-691-12113-3">0-691-12113-3</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong+Medicine%3A+Creating+Incentives+for+Pharmaceutical+Research+on+Neglected+Diseases&rft.aulast=Kremer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kremer%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Glennerster%2C%26%2332%3BRachel&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-691-12113-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation reference"> Making Markets for Vaccines: Ideas to Action. Center for Global Development, 2005</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Markets+for+Vaccines%3A+Ideas+to+Action&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Center+for+Global+Development&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бележки"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Бележки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бележки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Бележки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-a9d233eee12e92e0b764fdbcaf810f4b281f067f-v6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-a9d233eee12e92e0b764fdbcaf810f4b281f067f-v6_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.co.il/nobel-prizes/Economics.php">www.science.co.il</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-28b664fc04bf387c03324e8c586df9faee787c1d-v6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-28b664fc04bf387c03324e8c586df9faee787c1d-v6_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.orcid.org/v3.0/0000-0001-7914-5269/employment/1982229">pub.orcid.org</a> //   Посетен на 10 ноември 2023 г.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-cd523d12299cc46a22ae67917c29196496adf81d-v6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-cd523d12299cc46a22ae67917c29196496adf81d-v6_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.orcid.org/v3.0/0000-0001-7914-5269/employment/17054592">pub.orcid.org</a> //   Посетен на 10 ноември 2023 г.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-6e12da2b4e68c5a2aa578f32ed89efbaac58db07-v6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-6e12da2b4e68c5a2aa578f32ed89efbaac58db07-v6_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masterdataapi.nobelprize.org/2.0/laureate/984">masterdataapi.nobelprize.org</a> //   Посетен на 14 октомври 2019 г.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/summary/">nobelprize.org</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="plainlinks" style="margin-top:1em;display:table"><div style="float:left;width:32px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Einstein_template.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Einstein_template.png/30px-Einstein_template.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Einstein_template.png/45px-Einstein_template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Einstein_template.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div><div style="margin-left:37px"><i>Тази статия за <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Учен">учен</a> все още е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Уикипедия:Мъниче">мъниче</a>. Помогнете на Уикипедия, като я <a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit">редактирате</a> и разширите.</i></div></div><div class="plainlinks" style="margin-top:1em;display:table"><div style="float:left;width:32px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:USA-people-stub-icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/USA-people-stub-icon.png/30px-USA-people-stub-icon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/USA-people-stub-icon.png/45px-USA-people-stub-icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/USA-people-stub-icon.png/60px-USA-people-stub-icon.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div><div style="margin-left:37px"><i>Тази статия за <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Американец">американец</a> все още е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Уикипедия:Мъниче">мъниче</a>. Помогнете на Уикипедия, като я <a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit">редактирате</a> и разширите.</i></div></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;border: 1px solid lightsteelblue;;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccccff;;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шаблон:Нобелова награда за икономика"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";background-color:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;background-color:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";background-color:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за икономика">Паметна Нобелова награда за икономика</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ccccff; padding: 12px;;">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: #f2f2f2;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Рагнар Фриш">Рагнар Фриш</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ян Тинберген">Ян Тинберген</a> (1969) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Пол Самюелсън">Пол Самюелсън</a> (1970) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Саймън Кузнец">Саймън Кузнец</a> (1971) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Джон Хикс">Джон Хикс</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Кенет Ароу">Кенет Ароу</a> (1972) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Василий Леонтиев">Василий Леонтиев</a> (1973) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гунар Мюрдал">Гунар Мюрдал</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фридрих Хайек">Фридрих Хайек</a> (1974) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Леонид Канторович">Леонид Канторович</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Тялинг Купманс">Тялинг Купманс</a> (1975)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ccccff; padding: 12px;;">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: #f2f2f2;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Милтън Фридман">Милтън Фридман</a> (1976) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бертил Олин">Бертил Олин</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Джеймс Мийд">Джеймс Мийд</a> (1977) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Хърбърт Саймън">Хърбърт Саймън</a> (1978) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Теодор Шулц">Теодор Шулц</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Артър Луис">Артър Луис</a> (1979) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Лорънс Клайн">Лорънс Клайн</a> (1980) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Тоубин">Джеймс Тоубин</a> (1981) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джордж Стиглър">Джордж Стиглър</a> (1982) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Джерард Дебрю">Джерард Дебрю</a> (1983) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ричард Стоун">Ричард Стоун</a> (1984) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Франко Модиляни">Франко Модиляни</a> (1985) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BD_(%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Джеймс Бюканън (икономист)">Джеймс Бюканън</a> (1986) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Робърт Солоу">Робърт Солоу</a> (1987) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Морис Але">Морис Але</a> (1988) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Тригве Ховелму">Тригве Ховелму</a> (1989) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Хари Марковиц">Хари Марковиц</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Мъртън Милър">Мъртън Милър</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF" title="Уилям Форсайт Шарп">Уилям Форсайт Шарп</a> (1990) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роналд Коуз">Роналд Коуз</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Гери Бекър">Гери Бекър</a> (1992) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Робърт Фогел">Робърт Фогел</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Дъглас Норт">Дъглас Норт</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Джон Харшани">Джон Харшани</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Джон Наш">Джон Наш</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Райнхард Зелтен">Райнхард Зелтен</a> (1994) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Робърт Лукас">Робърт Лукас</a> (1995) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Мирлийс">Джеймс Мирлийс</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Уилям Викри">Уилям Викри</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Робърт Мъртън">Робърт Мъртън</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Майрън Шолс">Майрън Шолс</a> (1997) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Амартя Сен">Амартя Сен</a> (1998) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Робърт Мъндел">Робърт Мъндел</a> (1999) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Хекман">Джеймс Хекман</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Даниъл Макфадън">Даниъл Макфадън</a> (2000)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ccccff; padding: 12px;;">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: #f2f2f2;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Джордж Акерлоф">Джордж Акерлоф</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Майкъл Спенс">Майкъл Спенс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Джоузеф Стиглиц">Джоузеф Стиглиц</a> (2001) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Даниел Канеман">Даниел Канеман</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Върнън Смит">Върнън Смит</a> (2002) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Робърт Енгъл">Робърт Енгъл</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Клайв Грейнджър">Клайв Грейнджър</a> (2003) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фин Ерланд Кюдланд (страницата не съществува)">Фин Ерланд Кюдланд</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Едуард Прескът">Едуард Прескът</a> (2004) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Робърт Ауман (страницата не съществува)">Робърт Ауман</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Томас Шелинг (страницата не съществува)">Томас Шелинг</a> (2005) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Едмънд Фелпс">Едмънд Фелпс</a> (2006) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Леонид Хурвич (страницата не съществува)">Леонид Хурвич</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ерик Маскин (страницата не съществува)">Ерик Маскин</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Роджър Майърсън">Роджър Майърсън</a> (2007) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман">Пол Кругман</a> (2008) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Елинор Остром">Елинор Остром</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Оливър Уилямсън">Оливър Уилямсън</a> (2009) • <a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09833038">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/329/3289">DBLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128650532">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2005301722">NKC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7914-5269">ORCID</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569397105606">PLWABN</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092168531">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/33055813/">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcCjpWkM3YpTCrBtbfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:kremer.michael.1">ZBMATH</a></span></li></ul> 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