CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91351fab49969d18',cH: 'KZ8_mdzXhOwa63.58tyKsq1VcLJTE88w8eZhctdJfdE-1739788453-1.2.1.1-exkp5_PPof0jtWwfK6c2rErbXK_bJTNGNK40VmKB2IISIZ.1olSIeQwm21obciVf',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Shona&__cf_chl_tk=mxwQgP7fOdWh3CC0DjRM7CAHn5hhjRc6gkEFoMZWiQo-1739788453-1.0.1.1-qNww9xzKp_EmrlgN3D9NDZM4OaOhhwQDC940WpUlAOU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788453',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Shona&__cf_chl_f_tk=mxwQgP7fOdWh3CC0DjRM7CAHn5hhjRc6gkEFoMZWiQo-1739788453-1.0.1.1-qNww9xzKp_EmrlgN3D9NDZM4OaOhhwQDC940WpUlAOU",md: "4EpoxZgvDbP05qiMGA46JruWm8ZZaiZPwX2HvNQXKlE-1739788453-1.2.1.1-ssrBo6CLSY0wssHTDmOhFIcht.v.c9IY0orCv80pAB9Ro.uY5XpxRSvTQKVa_Ljvoc3wg7mum6DRS.AG7k56nweBLsT.ZOnObtuRi754IGpAu.c1yoUqIZMLO63On_oHZD.aF96cI2SZpiKGodwZpEWUbeSiv1p8n_tw4TDPjqy3V2FE_30WYggBceiiehRXXxPo4UpU_pJtFibvpL4hsoJ5fw1CABrFaMKAc6Ftvk5g9t4KI31W4AblkvWZXZUt9pgYBvfRObN7GvqLJNVbhRSQ.mdrLId66Yw1j0g_NkuYsdGLuCok7KDtbeaxLSZWhWUYtvj_gCTr_OqQn93sje9mfpWA9YVfn4G.Nf3RnqOnE38f1_lvkYv29w.GXmj4FMUrMUXgkHM9UgdXdhPD2ijHVN3l.gpFM1UCCUBePb3OVMot2sA04nSd3N6qteDs3yvGbSBYZCdg6n.zfwEU8EKwOrwC0gyqR9QX6P3Hn_3QKOPbg_DDE53aMfRsHS0Qmb1R6O5lOdO2pzONF.nm8dQqqOt_.4iHxPvr25.nCheM6eyPJe8omBkbUHMXmkkSg9fkASvIw3IsVa_sw9v4fZD1syb3clLn2PftGVVmAit5c7bYdn.oaIAsU4QxgnrxSVzwhgU8BiDWsjfzOMM8nyXNWwN0v24jWJln6njMh7QdxGy1XF0h3B3Fj9Ha0m.glRJOjU9gIum_MQLHf7glZBbTolgpwh_rdipm8KgMTbqydhngW0alYtl0569Fe0yoVj86RkOTAegE8t4mbwSKvx_LBRIxkuhiVBKHNgpe.nu6LGxBZ6MOZ5gH5ahVYklSfVPtNTDexu2svmfHJcQz7knhluZMaw5okbEAllldsPDJ55JOWTCo11My6P8wWTdTv_e72cza3zxblXxuwrdfFC8tuouaBXXijhpBcPClZd1LyynwYvnnSTG8oQgSDKJ4Zfl1S33K6PWFyAmxqeXokD_PzSaRpxQOMZipbjGGth0g_OajRTleZsM749_mJLWODYEjLSiYQonSuChegO3DXOI4WWyT2wQPaXaQvUf4aUgEbXTAmUIKI5l8RXH6eW5XPlMuT06ttduxw4C5gfD2o7ROzK1tU9ZeWwk.njXdLL6JhXlMj.5HUGZ1aiu.IlyKUNnLMuLR3PklAk9k9mxMKvZynK5TK0.3jdBCxaEkrvN6..wuXoFhWNi9.3byu1EFlk_o54PLIYgsCWIw.k7dVOLhx.EvAZJP4t7vD8j6QrHNqk70l1Mg6y9idMrKj6GIwslkR5krK4LbGDIuOs801I.HRXBodRsYN3VfA2UUoVc4VKd46ACuz3SHsA.brqACPBBd_O44ZfCwYtcdjY8EcLk5KxoLWdyzi1enSaKx53uGBgfxBxHNLZCtovWZYD3PSuUE3DcIhXyDHWXizAT74kcNWJ2cdvF6BkYU72thpHECXcyKjNIDw0b8hgWQyrhtbDbKp8p0rmOzLycYaGVC93lDHeRynGdGj1qSt4iMzJqOekDv5PgdQNEceZivgaLdr5dmnHrK32_pQcXkd9eXSHJSlGBmF4yQ7BJ3rJTs4gQJ0gANmPLcYQo1U3a66XTkwlhNPYjv4_s1DFq2xW1CMZttMUmVDiFzrHfzrCpohbK8zNqkz5urwwFNsC8tvQcF1NoTzk3dkOonHz7iP7oiPpEWVJcs9bD1rJ0ixX8DP6QIgfWt9eNBxOinMW_sbqHBapnlnzy9774sZXrv1YhJyq65EmLtTXUZbYN5EjL1LIDaofc_ILYcODwoTo0TxXKj3rFNM4wd3mZpyic3hgTB5upakm_SQgcgK9Kg_2VM1Lj9go4ifJHW_9CCPal5EKXkXVOEXN0s1JK55ruGnkAFavJJ4KW6mRo9XXwqjf0u4PpbG9.wf5TDpRJUfeZSlLUP",mdrd: "fh2WeMCbGlj0NvDB5EARjeluBHuxaJC2_bhNjK8m21Y-1739788453-1.2.1.1-KecqtluqZ7a2ibJ4i.si91qi0SItVxRkYwLVa25TDOGfLiDh_xz10ovA3NOhbZyX4oCyOZtQLj4dWpA_vY19RJoxNu8mbBsHvMRxwj_Nu_Oql6hDWuR_P9SBOKPINFuV4s7jqEgEGfGsMq5m3gkjQItdp5ekZplqFw68lmNa69n2cMeXsk0ba0LxeWD72CLPUySlGQDzxyrbmAonHkOFKNhSFG9HkkpYy0Dtm_Na2tvNh26DGtce6McmJatOEunpcIinR.eAvrVKZhQslELjPd6u4IK.qhETU1CQKWupXjkwAc0yYsGRscSRwXcG9DVggyuxuYO7zqTsFCS1SRge2FBdwOgT75nqMQY9n6yNDWUo94Wu3P.qcjzABwprQ7j3cakpu2KX2Etm3Z7Bl_v76O_sBGTQ5Q7BOBAzvvqmP.herpcaitiRxNG_djCeWeSXe.Q1vRqejGm6rwIX4xJgJBtXX8iKr3aicxJumX1Tdotfiu7tP0jbc0gmwWQfOGYuGUAKLdcWgfm6QQFdoliZ_x3ISCDJbCSZqoE4Y0M4LrbKGf7G21J5LBRGp4AehuQl4h.Bh9HZ9V5ZdbUE2QsbaphAULd_Iey55Tz2Jelpikkt6HbTwxbkhpflnRcwMPyo9PRzX9YFl94U2IidAMrb2N5GiV43.lizYFFULTUR.VYMqbl8wObtWx9SRfMQQ9FEvC.eezMYfFhSCYqlHIG8V_MNach9zjtFTUPNSvV26P9t.Zqc5frYb0mxd_WG3JE9ZkxuVaBkUcVH_nhWICTCNhexQE64w3LqhXBij3JUNAZAZzHqCgTRORcQS4XWQjFo2ehly7AJv8OMyvCNAgywZfE.H38_FuFYSi_8ezH6KWrwOqzh7dB4S6iLXnwFf1wRM45tNGk4D6FMYUGG7J4fYGfcuKT04odU8mtcyiFedJIF_7xekMHvsCqaziFewU0U8oJLE4km96jOnZgGKQYEEnBcu7UNjOeMy6daS.U8zQ8rgxS9keGjfc_hq_3y8tPtRx9iDTM.8F5oSEWqZBKxJgDWqGQt4_DsC36jCqrjyIC_ZSSwoN685FVyGMdjLHKcRdM5jdwA8ncJdL3xqfdrUWGj5BBr2UliFa4FMxVhl0zUUt8xXT2cTT2t1XY1hqHQP9JHUcY.B9w9yO3KdUkfT0NIJ2sFuFOhI2UVTIFAUKutOeZ0XcwsQZDoBNdfV8OxQ7jiKwCofMkNHBCo_PhAIW4jxxFAGmgMszj1b3MHs9P7XT3BR6jYomzFYp7swYHmylDql58Q_4p77ZRzr29DlEqyLgdA0rKu22D4CzXrRA5fGa0eHPZWxzS5sncbazJUjwlFYS.ZzxwEQvBg1S66AxRSlJC9Ki_I3quT.YNDLhzJDNJp1TnndF24V3jFOTKFcVu8D8C8..vrdXn_APFxiX.Oo7LkHjtM_ZQZJaC2nc0ezpPMzVwfY3RG2yOAeysQvP2PprRDzEe8IouTWE50jaunOH90dn0PrycVzpS574unoYJB9NhLa4LlLvSfkyfMNuD5x1Ff.s1tSy09gq3PL3RpdDAuMoRcZjPfFjQFDW4UTN1Jz_E0jrPuxTaw6UQwpiwGPK8vn2MydzVNjMMIoXIBfhe0DZ0lRi0qQXKuWmTtcXXhVLHqzsSU8S5RNY._bm.RZa6efjkMiIrE_3g4Aqd3mG.yiK2k1f8KrImI8EucwqOw3SHBEbZlHYK4Lc43EALv2OnjRqwEjRW..KZQYIbPPPwTVCtMDe2TbiVWp5b.T.F4Rv7FJIytbqH1LSIs2AC465qKRWKIRKe_oT5Ct.TbA10ISJtHAtal_AgyJ_vvD3FqauVTQr4huBkNl5YKKvf4HJ7zJSpJYEKHYxEDwNxohbIMS1RFz8BUOXd5GvnbSDjRe2IVnNinbSTCbc4wnfWfvJyEJ4gA1omuPYSFzn43jdMeM_cIUGNnxM_AM2SNiGllxAU_fcYuxDxrzxM9lLvNV5d5WvZfWqaXrJXG.g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91351fab49969d18';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Shona&__cf_chl_rt_tk=mxwQgP7fOdWh3CC0DjRM7CAHn5hhjRc6gkEFoMZWiQo-1739788453-1.0.1.1-qNww9xzKp_EmrlgN3D9NDZM4OaOhhwQDC940WpUlAOU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>