CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136af3a49915ff9',cH: 'Zccd0.VRi.iHhuyvMc7NQJJ7Iq7SzIVzZDHOEdhQC4Q-1739804819-1.2.1.1-bB2Ut6kJ9cGTyqCorh6.ljHzjORS6qipNZLAUP18KbOZ0D.KLUoh4VBCtY3O.YxJ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dilated%20pipe&__cf_chl_tk=qTgWV9UirhkJ9SbUDl8XYheIl4ScpT12DYUVk9bOj74-1739804819-1.0.1.1-ie0tVs43pb3.AhyrAsjjJ0.haGrGWBlHxmL67GChcW0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739804819',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dilated%20pipe&__cf_chl_f_tk=qTgWV9UirhkJ9SbUDl8XYheIl4ScpT12DYUVk9bOj74-1739804819-1.0.1.1-ie0tVs43pb3.AhyrAsjjJ0.haGrGWBlHxmL67GChcW0",md: "FIP_9xw7NYJtSxaRisUlNxRFQy82UQPl9cUXL4Mu6Gw-1739804819-1.2.1.1-y4Bl6r2HnUfS.bK5MctmvEOMSz5SKVDKkihAdWFNoUNXCrkkVDYZbQo1n64OT0syDwcsKr_jSfAMciTcnGBJjrfqP19c80uoa7py_fPOL8CkShmj.._fv9kJ1_mKaM7ZC1vZ4cmAdiDc.0uwS4PTEg9Qce7V2sKNGwFV0vnpJb.nJbIv5v2kGQI3R9rH468lDxE25jwASRfMR5afa.dxwh3upIWJEU59ie33_p9QF9z2dsHlxun0XoJ7LhceZ3Lkjr2JNa6rTNwDXUW1Oob4qU0RonV21i53wDpdwvGMWEmaxlnSxbvI2U4Smo.kBd9eUY3q76JBLnmTHCP_dsZFRyDTweOfIW_RttU.AFWp3nQB.A17bduwIeUi2hEx2jWocz7aoGkio0xvZnRRSvHhp96y.pI5f.x0TghI.OQ17JEjrWlnl1.7jEjNoxdJ3Iw3r5FH_WXZTqodL0mKsgkH3edfTw0hNCqY5NO049qnVkT3Ge6kQNdYTv6oVWA943jdKbXcKX2_dqQs7.xilsJrQoT9rjhqG7Mwvrc0kS6E1JoFBw4X_0kUM9AiLeaV7umxpyly_byRtXFVL694FtZK2z7oijyPIPjCY110lmqDWJbSS8k4I._zXl2_I8Kl.Wjkqa0iIlUqk2CDldLpyes.YoIACfe9ZuDsTHYS2LYMtHq4.gmc0H12XkwhqCkBf7cZgTOOdCRHJOjRrRdDSXZlx8gMseidWZjNpph.EAGRMozcqdNIWLwF.gwRXh5Bj1WxIUrjQ1449istMou0JOTOdaOaa8IA__w3UZ9PB1TLORIZqI6vboWOaFTbVOn6DsSu1LmJuJIs1tr_LAw2Krcm5hKKRijdk5YDcpn7TOl02AINLgaLsJHUpaYc7LteF_0ZYfNUDDHBKzGyJKhKmOosntC81t7OQYexfQhZkuYwb08ToSUKIjdOLkUTsS8R2HE3azVjRKYT1NUGHKDaTMJuDqFU_WhLgcq1pQr784bt4Iwmm6CL.578BIDxicHdsGHu_fG6u1OmKSGTT8iuLHufK9LHrYd6IW2pSUfV0HGV4_HkR_HDtrklUWXyJmpvWTeZqoqX4bEKskje3t9bJHZ5bu4IOaZFhkYnn32xtM6N.FBsFNNInAr3MHWwVVkMzJCYOTh4ZnLc0kz2pN9WSVO8HjfcAahb5G6h.1bthxjdt08H8hkM5J8Sm.ONp16uTCjS5roMhcMEYU5FwbijmULYZxHOv7hR2O2oDrkFgnxlBP55GB4uDhfV6cczh1Kjf5ddL8f5WZQuDojwqY_yL6sEUipBrhgxZ_..i2HG_VjSjn0L58FJv_l70FjY6PBgMaDOk958NT6mdtyaydhhxNjcbt6FioezbdJ2jt3kB6k70BgUBcGpvRUu3avCtC0F7Q.szfT_yHtKlXP6mDMhHOn2k2HGbI7tIkP_HxTGXbBdUWR3DvRmnE3Z_F15fJzDCmGTDRLhVdzLD1k6p1ybmn.4f4lQE0J_tbSAJZf3KicvonXXhbQL1ArSe91rW.ECc7lqW6ACqzEWHklJJoHb8y_qZquJ37QRUxMFlUm6hD4M5.ebi1hImhaNu46KV4hdxPN1LxDKvB4loyzcemQeyeB6HXrRrGs2VP22HPUFviQTO9yviMa9lwpaxsEU.DL0DXHdEXCZ2qMj8HJbcDGs6AT2OaPigXaOJvUDYukKykSviGNYucSrrQWXWPoHE3pw5tviQiqOngtuO.b91CMTTTomiCM9_KR6GDNJfH2OPF4ZlC3j1iSrMIVer5CLKowF1P3wWHPU3VzYJ_f7ZoUUOptoNEGn9zTZ.LU_zRVW2YS..vSm0J9Xzpll6DnvGrIuy.i9fBISozY0ldRaaOTtxViS0dmG7bNrUmMiDMkh7ZREVgt3UmyGgysazfjZKm1nALyL.UXQJ4sL5hv6Yu6SGVdJefIP9LjY80Xrsi8admwUbSs",mdrd: "GQQLQ_lrLEMBX0rornxRb2u5Co4qoxZLWoaci58ReLk-1739804819-1.2.1.1-G7ZuEwHmclM4L.fMUUbLy9RTo.OTcffpgmb25UvZW9_U1xreTQkQG7Me2DjgGaddP2Av__09BVNWVgydWPcLGQGbBWegmQANUqzFqulFzs2zK0aHYmBtM4zOU9kxWH9SV1PUBQpqCE.u6AratQ6BXzqG_90a4VpGDCK2In4L2s_mX9nZygP75OBjX0_TcRqYWI.VykBPU4zsX2U07W8mOSlk3kTsiAW4_YtGKG.z0w9aemfq0FDEeHNUbhyYqqONnKT8E7SZVf.0uemkNLd0vUfQGyngavyXRrlZ49Flp1zAcy57mhAjzBxxh6aI6opfyykEt1fMaMJLSvY7klt3MJnYOwnr9K78CGstvOF22S3TzFQNLGfZqcSwERarcjwSvWED7hdEsNM1ymC1BxFQX8mZMKun_SlyGZDzLaJzX7HP8ofLw_IeeyYDTC_IJjAegko_AcmmbQna2bn9Ixj6wI4CFY8h0L4dWdShIQ9KtZ85EcvLoO1bzIpIpZVLUn7LpQpHDxIUEuUbyrEBj6GkSPtL_W9u_77RjKQdz37ktNfhUxe27CPV1OOAunwIVc9CX9vF69EYJz797f6qp4GmQCHamLBBUBFywyp1OQB8P0cGHaqjH7SjczE6.2j0hpWqPL4A9lXSE1.b2i2TYpzXoh_qtCar4L5agVIM7DFShLhslMACkw9YTKQdSY.VfnBRwM0M6jhMCkPf3HqxG9lupFFGAhHy2v2Vj69qDctgcFLr9EAHv9jkwI3C0dwCBdkWcwZOKhGD0nc9MeLseNDWms1bbMuvx.xY9q0oPt1KfHVBfLU0PkDIR1RRJt00HljfVSaGD7J9kbJ2XlRCpUgigw.0reA5XUJkD_a4Q060DHUgT11m.fAYcgXwjnHEZe6HCsO21ldMmrPbjOCd_rpq8S83A046_1XpppqcNiUef0QfTQ6H8ENxH1V2VWzkZeUjXKpSmfdLrWs.YsWExlSTCZCpdkMVbVq_syov4GUBtQwSrFjjELNcAcJPFxVSIWVyAdLsLD6H.5QyJFNl.9s8nyCYLa5cVOhF_L0DkADrG5yxdSI_gn7_UyK0i09iE1TbIKVYEJw.E3zC2h61NjTXo2B1XWTxVBKJYXv5Gg8P.RoNKCX.wDqPItLF78p96RaG8RX9q8mhSc0BpM23mTXF1TCzxh0.Krhq7aPBVQ_dxeoNgXEkt5QR3WhBEDnagKGNtj9qBt_mVnsgoXxEvGoi2aPjezyzBiCgotYVtH9aIn1PqsKwHhHajFg0qa326sieTqo_GM6UTQMxgCppYBoAlvFRfesxLOhEw5Th7NizZzLiqhAg509NTMp3F06_DEnyIhbJRVr0LYrpBvywP4ju4vk2EsqlHLVilwyCGfAwnz6zFS7zkNuW6primzGfnGmMausKs5YrYdD.lWccd2TFz_WPJDt1Amp20rU_iUUuvvTfW6zeJ6RCebIha1_Kca81NxKspCn8tpXLfCWwaO87xSI1qrFztI0ZR0QLA4TfG50z_AaQwQAGGqaQona.nBCAYLoYh9lZQ9uiGtRu6_jKUACTuA8MEVEUID38HmvfMX7eB0YmxACp1GptJnDyYCvFyfZl.MICPm.L5ZmsxVkHZFy.sXw8tr9mkADdcmEAAm7ZNyGkqpIqCUSBiTL5OkkhNOLw3Q4vUSIeb0pDGutselYMEkoq4pDIvsU56PzzNkC7xn9sn_VV8fcluH97vaZp3bvxQwRmHywghJyEHrfGGlFNY60j7RZmpzfaskuSxdbhlB5QSf8e6hn9K9Tbfbt9aiSVH9BumQTGaEy6J_BaeLstPt3LhlMHPtwCBG9K_1tBYhlZCZJ1VHvYFB8n5STvkZ.5A1zjCH_FLj0haROpDpGSuHH_nhJWLm9aZRfowqJ_fDq7OOq9qtjdZVS0P1d_IGCs4077aqKA81AH5TnbCQg3cibStJ00r1u5BjfzMEShxKPInFJOwlnsjd2RkNAZ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136af3a49915ff9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=dilated%20pipe&__cf_chl_rt_tk=qTgWV9UirhkJ9SbUDl8XYheIl4ScpT12DYUVk9bOj74-1739804819-1.0.1.1-ie0tVs43pb3.AhyrAsjjJ0.haGrGWBlHxmL67GChcW0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>