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Delimitation agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delimitation_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_migrant_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_migrant_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 European migrant crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_migrant_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Crossing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحدود النرويجية الروسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحدود النرويجية الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontera_entre_R%C3%BAssia_i_Noruega" title="Frontera entre Rússia i Noruega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frontera entre Rússia i Noruega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsko-rusk%C3%A1_st%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_hranice" title="Norsko-ruská státní hranice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norsko-ruská státní hranice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nsen_mellem_Norge_og_Rusland" title="Grænsen mellem Norge og Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grænsen mellem Norge og Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenze_zwischen_Norwegen_und_Russland" title="Grenze zwischen Norwegen und Russland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grenze zwischen Norwegen und Russland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_ja_Venemaa_piir" title="Norra ja Venemaa piir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Norra ja Venemaa piir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontera_entre_Noruega_y_Rusia" title="Frontera entre Noruega y Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frontera entre Noruega y Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronti%C3%A8re_entre_la_Norv%C3%A8ge_et_la_Russie" title="Frontière entre la Norvège et la Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frontière entre la Norvège et la Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbatasan_Norwegia-Rusia" title="Perbatasan Norwegia-Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbatasan Norwegia-Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confine_tra_la_Norvegia_e_la_Russia" title="Confine tra la Norvegia e la Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confine tra la Norvegia e la Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_norsk-russiske_grense" title="Den norsk-russiske grense – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den norsk-russiske grense" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_norsk-russiske_grensa" title="Den norsk-russiske grensa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den norsk-russiske grensa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granica_norwesko-rosyjska" title="Granica norwesko-rosyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Granica norwesko-rosyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronteira_Noruega%E2%80%93R%C3%BAssia" title="Fronteira Noruega–Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fronteira Noruega–Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Российско-норвежская граница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российско-норвежская граница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98-%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سنووری نەرویژ-ڕووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سنووری نەرویژ-ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norjan_ja_Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_raja" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&params=69.6644_N_30.1167_E_region:NO-54">69°39′52″N 30°07′00″E / 69.6644°N 30.1167°E / 69.6644; 30.1167</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International border</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Norway–Russia border</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG/230px-Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG/345px-Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG/460px-Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Border mark number 299 at the Norwegian-Russian border</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entities</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">195.7 km (121.6 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1826 (official) Border treaty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current shape</th><td class="infobox-data">1826</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treaties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1326)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1326)">Treaty of Novgorod</a> (1326) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1826)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1826) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a> (1826) <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Finnish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)">Treaty of Tartu</a> (1920) <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> (1947)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:32px;max-width:32px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundary_marker_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Boundary_marker_of_Norway.svg/30px-Boundary_marker_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Boundary_marker_of_Norway.svg/45px-Boundary_marker_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Boundary_marker_of_Norway.svg/60px-Boundary_marker_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="1551" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:32px;max-width:32px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundary_marker_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Boundary_marker_of_Russia.svg/30px-Boundary_marker_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Boundary_marker_of_Russia.svg/45px-Boundary_marker_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Boundary_marker_of_Russia.svg/60px-Boundary_marker_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="770" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Norwegian and Russian boundary markers</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_and_Russia_border_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Norway_and_Russia_border_map.svg/220px-Norway_and_Russia_border_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Norway_and_Russia_border_map.svg/330px-Norway_and_Russia_border_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Norway_and_Russia_border_map.svg/440px-Norway_and_Russia_border_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>The border</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_Borders.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Norway_Borders.png/220px-Norway_Borders.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Norway_Borders.png/330px-Norway_Borders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Norway_Borders.png/440px-Norway_Borders.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Norway–Sweden border</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Norway–Finland border</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Norway–Russia border</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a> between <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> consists of a 195.7-kilometer (121.6 mi) land border between <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Varanger_Municipality" title="Sør-Varanger Municipality">Sør-Varanger Municipality</a>, Norway, and <a href="/wiki/Pechengsky_District" title="Pechengsky District">Pechengsky District</a>, Russia, and a 23.2-kilometer (14.4 mi) marine border in the <a href="/wiki/Varangerfjord" title="Varangerfjord">Varangerfjord</a>. It further consists of a border between the two countries' <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a> (EEZ) in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. Between 1944 and 1991 the border was between Norway and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. There is a single <a href="/wiki/Border_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Border crossing">border crossing</a>, on <a href="/wiki/European_route_E105" title="European route E105">E105</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Storskog" title="Storskog">Storskog</a> in Norway and <a href="/wiki/Borisoglebsky,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Borisoglebsky, Murmansk Oblast">Borisoglebsky</a> in Russia. The Norwegian side is patrolled by the <a href="/wiki/Garrison_of_S%C3%B8r-Varanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison of Sør-Varanger">Garrison of Sør-Varanger</a> and is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Border_Commissioner" title="Norwegian Border Commissioner">Norwegian Border Commissioner</a>, while the Russian side is patrolled by the <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service of Russia</a>. Two-thirds of the border follows two rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Pasvikelva" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasvikelva">Pasvikelva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakobselva_(S%C3%B8r-Varanger)" title="Jakobselva (Sør-Varanger)">Jakobselva</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG/220px-Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG/330px-Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG/440px-Grensemerke_299_NoRu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker" title="Boundary marker">Boundary markers</a> for Norway (yellow) and Russia (red and green) are located 4 m (13 ft) apart. The border runs halfway between the markers.</figcaption></figure> The border was defined as a <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">march</a> in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1326)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1326)">a treaty in 1326</a> and separated which parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> could be taxed by Norway and Russia. The border line was defined by a treaty in 1826 and essentially remains the same border today. In 1920 <a href="/wiki/Petsamo_Province" title="Petsamo Province">Petsamo</a> was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the border became part of the <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Norway_border" title="Finland–Norway border">Finland–Norway border</a>. Petsamo was ceded to the Soviet Union in 1944 and the Norway–Soviet Union border was established. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the border was one of two between the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) and the Soviet Union, the other being the Soviet Union's border with Turkey. From 1991 to 1999 it was the only border between Russia and NATO. It is Norway's youngest unchanged border. Since the 1960s there has been disagreement as to the border between the two countries' EEZs, but this was resolved by a <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> agreement in 2010. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misty_Grense_Jakobselv_2009-09-29.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Misty_Grense_Jakobselv_2009-09-29.JPG/220px-Misty_Grense_Jakobselv_2009-09-29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Misty_Grense_Jakobselv_2009-09-29.JPG/330px-Misty_Grense_Jakobselv_2009-09-29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Misty_Grense_Jakobselv_2009-09-29.JPG/440px-Misty_Grense_Jakobselv_2009-09-29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grense_Jakobselv" title="Grense Jakobselv">Grense Jakobselv</a> is located immediately on the Norwegian side of the border</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_border">Open border</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Open border">edit</a>]</div> From the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III of Norway</a> regarded the borders of Norway as reaching to the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>. The first Norwegians started moving to Finnmark in the 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8hus_Fortress" title="Vardøhus Fortress">Vardøhus Fortress</a> was erected by Norway in 1300 further east than today's land border, supporting Norwegian land ownership on the <a href="/wiki/Varanger_Peninsula" title="Varanger Peninsula">Varanger Peninsula</a>. There were no permanent Norwegian settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>. In 1326 Norway and the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> signed an agreement regarding taxation of the Kola Peninsula and Finnmark.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> No border line was drawn, creating a <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">marchland</a> where both countries held the right to taxation of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j15-2">[2]</a> Religiously motivated Russian colonization of the jointly taxed areas started in the 16th century, and Russian-Orthodox chapels were built at <a href="/wiki/Neiden,_Finnmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Neiden, Finnmark">Neiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenga_(urban-type_settlement),_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast">Pechenga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borisoglebsky,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Borisoglebsky, Murmansk Oblast">Boris Gleb</a>. This accelerated the need for a specific border line. In 1582 Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Bay" title="Kola Bay">Kola Bay</a> part of Russia, later specifying that Russia claimed all of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sápmi (area)">Lapland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j15-2">[2]</a> He further proposed that a new border line be drawn up. <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>'s King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a> responded by renewing the Norwegian claim to all land to the White Sea. His successor <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian IV">Christian IV</a> traveled along the Finnmark coast in 1599 to increase the weight of the claims. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kn%C3%A4red" title="Treaty of Knäred">Treaty of Knäred</a> in 1613, Sweden abandoned all claims in Finnmark.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway%E2%80%93Russia_1826_border_agreement_(EN).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_1826_border_agreement_%28EN%29.svg/220px-Norway%E2%80%93Russia_1826_border_agreement_%28EN%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_1826_border_agreement_%28EN%29.svg/330px-Norway%E2%80%93Russia_1826_border_agreement_%28EN%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_1826_border_agreement_%28EN%29.svg/440px-Norway%E2%80%93Russia_1826_border_agreement_%28EN%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Territory (pink) ceded by Russia to Norway in 1826</figcaption></figure> The Dano-Norwegian government took the initiative to establish a border line in 1789. Russian authorities agreed, but because of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War</a> no work was undertaken. New Dano-Norwegian requests were raised in 1793, 1797, and 1809, without action from their Russian counterpart. Norway <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">joined a union with Sweden</a> in 1814 and two years later King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Carl John</a> again tried to start negotiations, without success. In 1825, however, a common Norwegian and Russian commission was established to draw a border line, resulting in a report and a map which was approved by both countries' authorities. The treaty was signed in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> on 14 May 1826, and the following summer border poles were laid along the border. The <a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">thalweg</a> principle was followed in the Jakobselva and Pasvikelva Rivers. Along the land borders the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker" title="Boundary marker">boundary markers</a> were laid at a distance of 6 <a href="/wiki/Alen_(unit_of_length)" title="Alen (unit of length)">alen</a> or 5 <a href="/wiki/Vershok" class="mw-redirect" title="Vershok">arshin</a> (3.765 m or 12.35 ft).<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> The border remains Norway's youngest unchanged border and Russia's oldest.<a href="#cite_note-rafaelsen-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C3%B8nderbataljonen_at_Skafferhullet_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tr%C3%B8nderbataljonen_at_Skafferhullet_1940.jpg/220px-Tr%C3%B8nderbataljonen_at_Skafferhullet_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tr%C3%B8nderbataljonen_at_Skafferhullet_1940.jpg/330px-Tr%C3%B8nderbataljonen_at_Skafferhullet_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tr%C3%B8nderbataljonen_at_Skafferhullet_1940.jpg/440px-Tr%C3%B8nderbataljonen_at_Skafferhullet_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3905" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>Norwegians guarding the Finland–Norway border at <a href="/wiki/Skafferhullet" title="Skafferhullet">Skafferhullet</a> in 1940 after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></figcaption></figure> The border was reviewed in 1846; a <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> was constructed at <a href="/wiki/Krokfjellet" class="mw-redirect" title="Krokfjellet">Krokfjellet</a>, and the land border from the sea to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmme%C5%A1oaivi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmmešoaivi (page does not exist)">Golmmešoaivi</a> was cleared. The marker at the mouth of the Jakobselva was gone and had to be rebuilt, while several others had to be repaired. It was agreed that there would be a review every twenty-five years, which was formalized through a declaration the following year. Some markers were repaired in 1857, and new reviews were carried out in 1871 and 1896. In the latter year the width of the cleared area increased to 8 meters (26 ft). Maps were created for the entire border line in 1:42,000 scale, and in 1:8400 scale for the area immediately surrounding each marker. A partial review was carried out between Neiden and the <a href="/wiki/Tana_River_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tana River (Norway)">Tana River</a> in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> Up until the 1940s the border had been open, without border controls; farmers at <a href="/wiki/Grense_Jakobselv" title="Grense Jakobselv">Grense Jakobselv</a>, for instance, did not need to worry about whether or not their cattle were on the correct side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-j17-4">[4]</a> During the late 19th century customs checkpoints were established at <a href="/wiki/Elvenes,_Finnmark" title="Elvenes, Finnmark">Elvenes</a> and Grense Jakobselv. Norwegian authorities gave permission for <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a>-free transit of wares along Pasvikelva.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> There was a limited amount of trans-border trade, and import for personal use under certain volumes was customs-free. This was accelerated by significantly lower prices in Russia compared to Norway.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> From 1902 to 1917 the border crossing was used to <a href="/wiki/Smuggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggle">smuggle</a> revolutionary Russian literature into Russia. The material was printed at <a href="/wiki/Finnmarken_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnmarken (newspaper)">Finnmarken</a>'s printing press in <a href="/wiki/Vads%C3%B8_(town)" title="Vadsø (town)">Vadsø</a> and smuggled over the border by boat.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> six soldiers were stationed at Nyborgmoen in <a href="/wiki/Nesseby_Municipality" title="Nesseby Municipality">Nesseby Municipality</a> as "neutrality guards". This was gradually increased so that by 1918 there were 93 soldiers stationed in Sør-Varanger to guard the border.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petsamo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Petsamo.png/170px-Petsamo.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Petsamo.png/255px-Petsamo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Petsamo.png/340px-Petsamo.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Petsamo was first ceded from Russia to Finland in 1920, and then reversed to the Soviet Union due to the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> of 1944 and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a></figcaption></figure> Finland declared its independence from Russia following the October Revolution, which was followed up with the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Finnish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)">Treaty of Tartu</a>, which ceded Petsamo to Finland, thus giving Finland access to the Barents Sea. This resulted in Norway and the Soviet Union no longer having a common border. The planned 1921 review was not carried out. A treaty regarding the border was signed between Finland and Norway on 28 April 1924, replacing the 1826 treaty, but not changing the border line. A review was carried out in 1925. The border line at the mouth of the Jakobselva was revised on 12 September 1931, and new markers were placed in June 1939.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> When Finland owned the Petsamo area there was a car ferry over the river between <a href="/wiki/Svanvik" title="Svanvik">Svanvik</a>–<a href="/wiki/Salmiyarvi" title="Salmiyarvi">Salmijärvi</a> which was the main border crossing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closing_the_border_(1940s)">Closing the border (1940s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Closing the border (1940s)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> of 1944 and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a> ceded Petsamo and other Finnish areas to the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the Axis invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, northern Norway served as the staging area for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">German attack on Murmansk</a>. The Soviet Union made an excursion over the border in 1944 in the <a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive</a> which aimed to extinguish the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">German military forces in the area</a>. Soviet forces took the town of <a href="/wiki/Kirkenes" title="Kirkenes">Kirkenes</a>, which had been evacuated by the Germans who used <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics, on 24 October 1944. Soviet troops continued west to <a href="/wiki/Tana_Municipality" title="Tana Municipality">Tana Municipality</a>, but withdrew in September 1945.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The ceding of Petsamo from Finland to the Soviet Union had no effect on the border, as the Soviet Union by default inherits the old border line.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> A common commission was created to the review the border, with negotiations taking place from 1 to 16 August 1946. The field review took place between 1 July and 4 September 1947.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> Norway initially proposed using cairns to mark the border, but the Soviet Union wanted to use the same method as along its other borders, with wooden markers, each 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) from the border line. There was to be a free line of sight from each pair of markers to the next. The idea initially met resistance from Norwegian authorities of cost reasons, but they soon agreed on the principle to reduce unintentional border crossings.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Markers in soil were dug down 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) and markers on bedrock were fastened with four bolts. Border checkpoints were established at <a href="/wiki/Skafferhullet" title="Skafferhullet">Skafferhullet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Gleb" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Gleb">Boris Gleb</a>. Geodesic measurements were undertaken to establish the border in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Bessel_ellipsoid" title="Bessel ellipsoid">Bessel ellipsoid</a>. The entire border area was mapped in 1:20,000.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_outpost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_outpost.jpg/220px-Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_outpost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_outpost.jpg/330px-Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_outpost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_outpost.jpg/440px-Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_outpost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">border outpost</a> in March</figcaption></figure> The Soviet authorities made proposals to change the border. The first was an equal exchange of land at Skoltefoss, but this was rejected by the Norwegian authorities as the proposed ceding was valuable for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>. At Grensefoss Norway owned land on both sides of the border, but there was no interest by the Norwegian authorities to change the border as they wanted it to remain the same as from 1826. The border along Klistervatn and Fossevatn was set based on the maps from 1896.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> At the mouth of Jakobselva the maps from 1896 were of poor quality in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">thalweg</a> having shifted since 1896. The thalweg line would create problems for the settlement at Grense Jakobselv, as they no longer would be able to use their harbor or have free access to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Johanson_22-12">[12]</a> The countries therefore agreed on a new line based on a Norwegian proposal, in exchange for the Soviet Union receiving three islets, including Kistholmen and Brennholmen, in the Pasvik River.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> The marine border within the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a> was established by a protocol signed on 15 February 1957. It was marked with two lead markers and originally stretched 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi).<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grense_Jakobselv_Grenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Grense_Jakobselv_Grenze.jpg/220px-Grense_Jakobselv_Grenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Grense_Jakobselv_Grenze.jpg/330px-Grense_Jakobselv_Grenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Grense_Jakobselv_Grenze.jpg/440px-Grense_Jakobselv_Grenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakobselva_(S%C3%B8r-Varanger)" title="Jakobselva (Sør-Varanger)">Jakobselva</a></figcaption></figure> During the Soviet era the border was guarded by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet border troops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The border was one of the two land borders between NATO and the Soviet Union, the other being the Soviet Union–Turkey border. This ensured that Russia–Norway border relations were a relevant matter for other NATO allies.<a href="#cite_note-nyhamar-14">[14]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Soviet Union was considered Norway's main enemy and Norway maintained a large military presence on the border.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Norwegian government plans for the defense of <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> against the Soviet Union during the Cold War were based on using <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics in the event of the Soviets crossing the border.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The whole county of Finnmark was regarded by NATO as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nrk.no-16">[16]</a> Norwegian military leaders regarded the population in the county as potentially unreliable, and did not trust that they would be willing to defend their country against intruders, on account of the county's special ethnic and political composition, specifically Sami people and a higher number of communist sympathizers than elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> On the Norwegian side the border was from 1948 to 1950 patrolled by the <a href="/wiki/National_Mobile_Police_Service_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Mobile Police Service (Norway)">National Mobile Police Service</a>. From 1950 the responsibility was transferred to Sør-Varanger Police District, who received 25 officers from around the country. From 15 July 1955 the responsibility was taken over by the Norwegian Border Commission, who had nine outpost sergeants and 42 officers. This was terminated on 29 December 1958, when the responsibility was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegian Army</a>, who created the <a href="/wiki/Garrison_of_S%C3%B8r-Varanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison of Sør-Varanger">Garrison of Sør-Varanger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gsvhist-18">[18]</a> Initially all meetings between the Norwegian and Soviet commissioners and their staff was held at the Storskog–Boris Gleb crossing. The Soviets quickly bought a small cabin to host meetings. If the meeting was initiated by the Soviets, it was held in the premises, while it was held outdoors if initiated by the Norwegians, unless circumstances dictated that it had to be held indoors. This caused the Norwegian authorities to build a conference room on their side of the border, which opened in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Initially meetings between the two commissioners would be called by hoisting a flag or red lamp at the border, and the other country's soldiers would alert the commissioner, who would meet within two hours. Later a telephone connection was installed and the parties agreed on two hours each week day that they were to be available along with an interpreter.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Initially the Soviet commissioner was based in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmij%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmijärvi (page does not exist)">Salmijärvi</a>, but later moved to <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j44-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvenes,_Norway2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elvenes%2C_Norway2.jpg/220px-Elvenes%2C_Norway2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elvenes%2C_Norway2.jpg/330px-Elvenes%2C_Norway2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elvenes%2C_Norway2.jpg/440px-Elvenes%2C_Norway2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Looking upstream from <a href="/wiki/Elvenes,_Finnmark" title="Elvenes, Finnmark">Elvenes</a>; the bridge and community is in Norway while the river further up is in Russia</figcaption></figure> The area on both sides of the river saw an increased industrialization, especially <a href="/wiki/Sydvaranger" title="Sydvaranger">Sydvaranger</a> in Norway and Pechenganikel (now, part of <a href="/wiki/MMC_Norilsk_Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="MMC Norilsk Nickel">MMC Norilsk Nickel</a>) in Russia. This raised the question of utilizing Pasvikelven for hydroelectricity. An agreement was signed in 1957 which would result in the construction of four power stations, the <a href="/wiki/Paatsjoki_River_Hydroelectric_Plants" title="Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants">Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants</a>, of which two were owned by each of the countries. All four were built by Norwegian contractors and as the sites were all built on both sides of the border, they required increased flexibility of border crossing procedures. This was further complicated by the workers not having a sense of the border being closed and frequent, innocent transgressions of the border protocols. The power plants opened between 1963 and 1978.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Up until the power plants opened the river had been used for <a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">log driving</a> from Finland to the sawmill at <a href="/wiki/Elvenes,_Finnmark" title="Elvenes, Finnmark">Elvenes</a>, which was permitted according to the border treaty.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> There have been a limited number of illegal crossings of the border. For instance an American in 1947 and a West German in 1964 both received a few weeks in detention and smaller fines. During the summer of 1965 a trial was made whereby Norwegians could visit Boris Gleb without a <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rafaelsen-3">[3]</a> This was organized by the creation of a separate border checkpoint at <a href="/wiki/Skafferhullet" title="Skafferhullet">Skafferhullet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j24-24">[24]</a> Although this was intended only for the local population, the 27-year-old American tourist Newcomb Mott chose to cross the border illegally and when he arrived at the border control, he was apprehended. He was tried and sentenced to one and a half years in a labor camp, but was later found dead on a train. This, combined with "<a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> traffic" the visa-free crossing created and concerns of recruitment of Soviet spies, made Norwegian authorities terminate the Skafferhullet crossing and the visa-free project later that year.<a href="#cite_note-rafaelsen-3">[3]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Borisoglebsky,_Murmansk_Oblast#1968_border_provocation" title="Borisoglebsky, Murmansk Oblast">Soviet border provocation on 7 June 1968</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> that year and a general increase in Soviet military activity on the Norwegian border, contributed to a large increase in the funding for the Norwegian military presence on the border.<a href="#cite_note-nrk.no-16">[16]</a> Yet the Russia–Norway border is the only one of Russia's borders where an open war between the two bordering countries has not taken place.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> (there was a war between the Soviet Union and German controlled Norway which much affected this area) Proposals for conservation of the Norwegian part of Pasvikdalen was first launched by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sch%C3%B8yen" title="Carl Schøyen">Carl Schøyen</a> in 1936. An area of 51 square kilometers (20 sq mi) was preserved in 1951 and <a href="/wiki/%C3%98vre_Pasvik_National_Park" title="Øvre Pasvik National Park">Øvre Pasvik National Park</a> was created in 1970, with a slightly smaller area.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The park was expanded to 119 square kilometers (46 sq mi) in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On 7 December 1971 the two countries signed a protocol regarding protection of the fisheries in Jakobselven and Pasvikelven.<a href="#cite_note-j27-28">[28]</a> In the late 1970s Norway, inspired by Finland, considered replacing the wooden poles with <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a> as this would make them more durable and reduce maintenance. Two poles were replaced in 1979 and remained at the turn of the millennium. However, the authorities concluded that wooden poles were more suitable and more durable in relation to human contact, as Norway, unlike Russia and Finland, allows people to travel up to the border.<a href="#cite_note-j25-29">[29]</a> In 1989 there were 2,000 border crossings.<a href="#cite_note-j50-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_guards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_guards.jpg/170px-Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_guards.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_guards.jpg/255px-Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_guards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_guards.jpg/340px-Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_guards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Conscripts from Norway's <a href="/wiki/Garrison_of_S%C3%B8r-Varanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison of Sør-Varanger">Garrison of Sør-Varanger</a> patrol the border from a <a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">border outpost</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_traffic">Increased traffic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Increased traffic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 caused the Norway–Soviet Union border to become the Norway–Russia border. This resulted in a more liberal border crossing policy, which saw the number of crossings increase to 80,000 by 1992. For Norwegian authorities this meant that police and customs authorities would have to be regularly stationed at the border.<a href="#cite_note-j50-30">[30]</a> A large amount of the initial traffic was from Russians who sold crafts and souvenirs at markets and fairs throughout Finnmark. From 1992 Norwegian authorities introduced limitations on the activity, resulting in a reduction in trans-border traffic. However, by 1998 the traffic had nearly hit 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> From 1991 to 1999 (Poland joining NATO), Norway was the only NATO country to share a land border with Russia. This caused a decrease in allied interest in Norway's border issue, leaving Norway more to itself in managing the relationship.<a href="#cite_note-nyhamar-14">[14]</a> Cooperation concerning conservation of nature started in 1990. It was initially a Norwegian proposal to protect the important bird area and lake of <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A6rvann" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjærvann">Fjærvann</a>, and resulted in a joint Norwegian and Russian <a href="/wiki/Pasvik_Nature_Reserve" title="Pasvik Nature Reserve">Pasvik Nature Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Russian part was formally established in 1992 and the Norwegian part the following year.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 2003 a new border station was opened at Borisoglebsk, financed by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Norway and Russia signed a protocol on 11 July 2007 which established the border through the Varangerfjord out 73 kilometres (45 mi) from land. In 2011 the two countries agreed to replace the wooden markers with poles made of composite materials. This was to reduce the need for maintenance, as the new markers are expected to have a life span up to fifty years, compared to five to ten years for wooden poles. This took place at the same time as a review of the border and creation of new maps along a 2 to 3 kilometres (1.2 to 1.9 mi) wide corridor on both sides of the border line. New maps were completed in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> Work started in 2011 on the Russian side and 2014 on the Norwegian side<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> of the border to upgrade the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E105" title="European route E105">E105</a> highway. It was completed in 2017 with a new tunnel and bridge on the Norway side of the border. The driving time between Kirkenes and Murmansk, the regional capital on the Russian side, is now about three hours unless there are delays at the border. The border station at Storskog was upgraded for increased capacity with completion in April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-morecapacity-36">[36]</a> Residents of Sør-Varanger and parts of Pechengsky District can from 29 May 2012 visit the other country without a visa (but they need a permit, a kind of multi-travel visa), on the condition that they do not travel outside a zone 30 to 50 kilometres (19 to 31 mi) from the border.<a href="#cite_note-visafree-37">[37]</a> On 29 April 2022, due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Norway closed its border to Russian freight.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> However, Russian fishing vessels are exempt from the sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delimitation_agreement">Delimitation agreement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delimitation agreement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_borderline_at_sea_Norway_Russia.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_borderline_at_sea_Norway_Russia.gif/220px-Map_borderline_at_sea_Norway_Russia.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_borderline_at_sea_Norway_Russia.gif/330px-Map_borderline_at_sea_Norway_Russia.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_borderline_at_sea_Norway_Russia.gif/440px-Map_borderline_at_sea_Norway_Russia.gif 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>The delimitation border</figcaption></figure> Negotiations on the outside marine border were initiated in 1970. Norway claimed, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> Article 15 and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas" title="Convention on the High Seas">Convention on the High Seas</a>, that the border should follow the <a href="/wiki/Equidistance_principle" title="Equidistance principle">equidistance principle</a>, the border being defined by midpoints between the nearest land area or islands, as is normal practice internationally. The Soviet Union claimed, based on a decision by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> from 1926, which was not recognized by any other country than the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> that a "<a href="/wiki/Sector_principle" title="Sector principle">sector principle</a>" should apply, such that the border should follow <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian lines</a>. Most of the disputed area was within what would normally be considered Norwegian according to the relevant international treaties. In 1975 the two countries agreed upon a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> prohibiting exploration for oil and gas in the disputed area. In 1978 a temporary agreement regulating <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> in a 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) zone, named The Grey Zone in some documents from the same period, was signed, which has since been renewed annually.<a href="#cite_note-dn-28april2010-41">[41]</a> From the Norwegian side, the agreement was negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Jens_Evensen" title="Jens Evensen">Jens Evensen</a> and his protégé <a href="/wiki/Arne_Treholt" title="Arne Treholt">Arne Treholt</a>, who was later exposed as a Soviet spy and convicted of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>. The agreement was highly controversial in Norway. Many Norwegians believed that Evensen and Treholt gave too many concessions to the Soviet Union, and that they were motivated by Soviet sympathies. The agreement caused consternation in parliament and government, and Evensen had difficulty receiving acceptance from <a href="/wiki/Nordli%27s_Cabinet" title="Nordli's Cabinet">his own government</a>, where many held the opinion that he had exceeded his authority.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The opposition criticized him for having accepted less than Norway's rightful claim.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Treholt, who was then serving a twenty-year sentence, admitted in 1990 that he had acted as an informer for the Soviet negotiators.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The arrest and conviction of Treholt in 1984 and 1985 had a devastating effect on Evensen, who withdrew completely from public life in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1989, Evensen compared Treholt to <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_of_the_Russian-Norwegian_Treaty_on_Maritime_Delimitation_and_Cooperation_in_the_Barents_Sea_and_the_Arctic_Ocean..jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Signing_of_the_Russian-Norwegian_Treaty_on_Maritime_Delimitation_and_Cooperation_in_the_Barents_Sea_and_the_Arctic_Ocean..jpeg/220px-Signing_of_the_Russian-Norwegian_Treaty_on_Maritime_Delimitation_and_Cooperation_in_the_Barents_Sea_and_the_Arctic_Ocean..jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Signing_of_the_Russian-Norwegian_Treaty_on_Maritime_Delimitation_and_Cooperation_in_the_Barents_Sea_and_the_Arctic_Ocean..jpeg/330px-Signing_of_the_Russian-Norwegian_Treaty_on_Maritime_Delimitation_and_Cooperation_in_the_Barents_Sea_and_the_Arctic_Ocean..jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Signing_of_the_Russian-Norwegian_Treaty_on_Maritime_Delimitation_and_Cooperation_in_the_Barents_Sea_and_the_Arctic_Ocean..jpeg/440px-Signing_of_the_Russian-Norwegian_Treaty_on_Maritime_Delimitation_and_Cooperation_in_the_Barents_Sea_and_the_Arctic_Ocean..jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the Russian-Norwegian Treaty on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> on 15 September 2010</figcaption></figure> During a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> on 27 April 2010, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> announced that the territorial dispute in the Barents Sea was settled.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The agreement is a compromise which divides a disputed area of around 175,000 square kilometers (68,000 sq mi) into two approximately equally sized parts.<a href="#cite_note-dn-28april2010-41">[41]</a> The agreement was signed on 15 September 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> by Medvedev and Stoltenberg.<a href="#cite_note-medvedev_ratifies-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Parliament of Norway</a> unanimously approved the treaty on 8 February 2011. The debate lasted only an hour, and all representatives of Norwegian political parties praised the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 30 March, Russia's <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> also voted in support of ratification, despite strong opposition from <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party</a> representatives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Medvedev signed a law ratifying the treaty on 8 April 2011. The law was titled Federal Law on Ratification of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-medvedev_ratifies-49">[49]</a> After ratification by both countries, there was a 30-day waiting period before it came into force.<a href="#cite_note-treaty_text-52">[52]</a> The treaty entered force on 7 July 2011, ending the 44-year-old border dispute.<a href="#cite_note-mt20110707-53">[53]</a> The treaty stipulates conditions for fishing cooperation, providing for the retention of the mechanism to jointly regulate fishing in the Barents Sea. The treaty also defines the principles of cooperation in hydrocarbons deposits exploration. A deposit which is crossed by the maritime border may only be exploited as a whole subject to a bilateral agreement.<a href="#cite_note-medvedev_ratifies-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-treaty_text-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The border treaty is economically significant, as it makes possible to conduct geological surveys and hydrocarbons drilling in the formerly disputed area, which is estimated to contain up to 6.8 billion tons of oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-mt20110707-53">[53]</a> The area is located west of <a href="/wiki/Shtokman_field" title="Shtokman field">Shtokman</a>, one of the world's largest natural gas fields. According to <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Zolotukhin" title="Anatoly Zolotukhin">Anatoly Zolotukhin</a>, vice president of <a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a>, it is "a very prolific area—maybe even more prolific than Shtokman".<a href="#cite_note-mt20110707-53">[53]</a> The Norwegian company <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Geo-Services" title="Petroleum Geo-Services">Petroleum Geo-Services</a> has been contracted to begin surveying the Norwegian part of the area in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-mt20110707-53">[53]</a> Seismic acquisition in Norway's new maritime zone started on 8 July 2011, and is scheduled to be completed in summer 2012.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a>, the leader of the Russian State Duma, stated that Russia should reconsider the agreement due to Norway hindering food supplies to Russian settlements in <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_migrant_crisis">European migrant crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European migrant crisis">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border_barrier" title="Norway–Russia border barrier">Norway–Russia border barrier</a></div> In 2015 an Arctic route through the <a href="/wiki/Storskog" title="Storskog">Storskog</a> <a href="/wiki/Border_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Border crossing">border crossing</a> was established by migrants to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>. The Arctic route involves fewer border crossings and avoids any dangerous sea crossings. Migrants began to cross the border riding bicycles, as pedestrians are not allowed in the Russian border area, and public transport operators and private car drivers are heavily penalised for transporting passengers who lack official documentation. Between August and October 2015 the number of migrants transiting through Storskog doubled every week.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The loophole was closed in January 2016, when <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposed_controls" title="Juxtaposed controls">juxtaposed controls</a> were introduced, and a border barrier was erected.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> An estimated 5,500<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> to 10,800<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> migrants, mostly from Syria, crossed the border riding bicycles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harefossen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Harefossen2.jpg/220px-Harefossen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Harefossen2.jpg/330px-Harefossen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Harefossen2.jpg/440px-Harefossen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Harefossen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-2,_13th_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-2%2C_13th_edition.jpg/220px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-2%2C_13th_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-2%2C_13th_edition.jpg/330px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-2%2C_13th_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-2%2C_13th_edition.jpg/440px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-2%2C_13th_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9040" data-file-height="6591" /></a><figcaption>Map including the Norway–USSR border</figcaption></figure> The river of Pasvikelva is 128 kilometers (80 mi) long and runs through the valley of <a href="/wiki/Pasvikdalen" title="Pasvikdalen">Pasvikdalen</a>. The river drains Finland's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Inari" title="Lake Inari">Lake Inari</a> and empties into Varangerfjord at <a href="/wiki/Elvenes,_Finnmark" title="Elvenes, Finnmark">Elvenes</a>. After a very short section in Finland, the river runs 22 kilometers (14 mi) through Russia before reaching the Norway–Russia border, after which is acts as a border river for 106 kilometers (66 mi). Prior to being dammed the river consisted of nine lakes and fifteen waterfalls. It was originally possible to travel the entire length of the river by boat, but the current seven dams make it difficult as boats must be carried past the dams.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The river falls 114 meters (374 ft) and the entire high difference is regulated and used for hydroelectricity. Finland receives compensation for the impact on Lake Inari, which is regulated for level difference of 1.75 meters (5 ft 9 in).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control">Control</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Control">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_meets_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Norway_meets_Russia.jpg/220px-Norway_meets_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Norway_meets_Russia.jpg/330px-Norway_meets_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Norway_meets_Russia.jpg/440px-Norway_meets_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker" title="Boundary marker">Boundary markers</a> near Elvenes; the Norwegian markers are yellow with black tops and the Russian red and green, note coat of arms on Russian border marker</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skafferhullet-IMAG1034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Skafferhullet-IMAG1034.jpg/220px-Skafferhullet-IMAG1034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Skafferhullet-IMAG1034.jpg/330px-Skafferhullet-IMAG1034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Skafferhullet-IMAG1034.jpg/440px-Skafferhullet-IMAG1034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Norway–Russia border, seen from Skafferhullet, Norway, with a Norwegian fence.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_opona_na_norsko-rusk%C3%A9_hranici_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_opona_na_norsko-rusk%C3%A9_hranici_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_opona_na_norsko-rusk%C3%A9_hranici_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_opona_na_norsko-rusk%C3%A9_hranici_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_opona_na_norsko-rusk%C3%A9_hranici_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_opona_na_norsko-rusk%C3%A9_hranici_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_opona_na_norsko-rusk%C3%A9_hranici_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Russian fence near the border to Norway</figcaption></figure> Both countries have appointed a border commissioner to uphold the border treaty and its protocols. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Border_Commissioner" title="Norwegian Border Commissioner">Norwegian Border Commissioner</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/Kirkenes" title="Kirkenes">Kirkenes</a> and is subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Directorate">National Police Directorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Russian commissioner is based in <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j44-21">[21]</a> Norwegian border patrolling is undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Garrison_of_S%C3%B8r-Varanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison of Sør-Varanger">Garrison of Sør-Varanger</a>, which largely bases itself on use of <a href="/wiki/Conscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscripts">conscripts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gsvhist-18">[18]</a> In Russia border patrolling is carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">Federal Security Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yetanother-66">[66]</a> The EEZs are patrolled by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Coast_Guard" title="Norwegian Coast Guard">Norwegian Coast Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_FSB_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian FSB Coast Guard">Russian FSB Coast Guard</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-police2009-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The border is marked with 415 border markers, consisting of 387 pairs of poles, 25 cairns, two lead markers and one stake. <a href="/wiki/Treriksr%C3%B8ysa" title="Treriksrøysa">The three-country cairn</a> is unnumbered, while the remaining markers are numbered from 1 through 415 starting at the Finnish border. Each of the pairs of poles are both located 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) from the border, unless the border runs through water. The Norwegian markers are yellow with a 18 centimeters (7.1 in) tall black top—this was chosen because it would be most visible in all types of weather and lighting. The Russian markers have a pattern of alternating red and green, each 18 centimeters (7.1 in) tall. The red was chosen to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag of the Soviet Union</a>, while the green symbolized the color of the border guards' uniforms. Both poles have the respective country's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> on the side facing the border.<a href="#cite_note-Johanson_22-12">[12]</a> While originally made of wood, the border markers are now made of composite materials.<a href="#cite_note-statkart-1">[1]</a> Each country has the responsibility for maintenance of its boundary markers and keeping the clear-cut zone. Most of the maintenance is undertaken during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-j24-24">[24]</a> In August each year there is a common inspection of the entire border. The practical responsibility alternates between the two countries each year. It is carried out by three groups, each which cover a third of the border. Each group consists of two Norwegians and two Russians and the inspection takes two to three days. Afterwards there is a common debriefing.<a href="#cite_note-j25-29">[29]</a> On the Norwegian side there are no physical hindrances on the border and it is permitted to move all the way to the border itself, except for Storskog, Skafferhullet, and some hydro power stations, where there are fences where roads reach the border. On the Russian side there is a fence located anywhere between 0 and 5 kilometers (0 and 3 mi) from the border. Although not electrified, it has sensors which will notify the border controllers if touched.<a href="#cite_note-j24-24">[24]</a> The fence stretches the entire distance between the Barents Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> and was built during the Cold War to keep in the population of the Soviet Union. It remains the only barbed-wire fence along a Russian border in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Within lies the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Zone_of_Russia" title="Border Security Zone of Russia">Border Security Zone</a> which civilians are not permitted access to.<a href="#cite_note-j24-24">[24]</a> Photography from one country into the other is only permitted if the pictures do not include military personnel and installations, that <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripods</a> are not used and not using longer than 200 mm <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">lenses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j37-70">[70]</a> Norwegian border police issued an announcement in 2016 that it is forbidden to cross the border on land, water and in air, including at border markers (except with permission or at the border station), or to have contact with people across the border or throw things over the border.<a href="#cite_note-politi-71">[71]</a> This is already written in the law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crossing">Crossing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crossing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storskog_Grenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Storskog_Grenze.jpg/220px-Storskog_Grenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Storskog_Grenze.jpg/330px-Storskog_Grenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Storskog_Grenze.jpg/440px-Storskog_Grenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption>The Norwegian border crossing station at <a href="/wiki/Storskog" title="Storskog">Storskog</a>. The exact border is between the two pillars behind the black van. There is a Russian station further away.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian-Border-Checkpoint-to-Norway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Russian-Border-Checkpoint-to-Norway.JPG/220px-Russian-Border-Checkpoint-to-Norway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Russian-Border-Checkpoint-to-Norway.JPG/330px-Russian-Border-Checkpoint-to-Norway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Russian-Border-Checkpoint-to-Norway.JPG/440px-Russian-Border-Checkpoint-to-Norway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The Russian border checkpoint, as seen from Storskog, Norway</figcaption></figure> There is one legal border crossing point, with stations on both sides, at <a href="/wiki/Storskog" title="Storskog">Storskog</a> in Norway and <a href="/wiki/Borisoglebsky,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Borisoglebsky, Murmansk Oblast">Borisoglebsky</a> in Russia, located on the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E105" title="European route E105">E105</a> highway some 15 km east of Kirkenes.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Crossing time at both stations is unpredictable and depends on the amount of traffic.<a href="#cite_note-yetanother-66">[66]</a> Immigration control at Storskog is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finnmark_Police_District" title="Eastern Finnmark Police District">Eastern Finnmark Police District</a>,<a href="#cite_note-police-73">[73]</a> while customs are carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Customs_and_Excise_Authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities">Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toll-74">[74]</a> The Norwegian Border Commissioner also has representatives at the checkpoint.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It is the only one of Norway's land border crossings which does not border the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> and thus the only one manned by the police.<a href="#cite_note-police-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service of Russia</a> operates the border crossing at Borisoglebsky. It consists of a customs area and a border control area, both with independent checks. Once past Borisoglebsky travelers enter the Border Security Zone, a twenty-minute transit-only area. The road is located outside the barbed-wire fence which stretches along Russia's entire Norway and Finland border. Upon reaching the end of the transit zone there is another checkpoint at which there is performed a check of passports. Previously there was also another checkpoint located at <a href="/wiki/Titovka,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Titovka, Murmansk Oblast">Titovka</a>, between Nikel and Murmansk. There are more border checkpoints today than during the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-yetanother-66">[66]</a> Since 29 September 2017, a new bridge has been opened passing the Pasvik river, with the Storskog-Borisoglebsk customs stations still handling the travels between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> As of 2010 there were 140,855 border crossings,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> of which 19,000 were by Norwegians and the rest by Russians. There are five main motivations for trans-border traffic: shopping in border towns, business, vacation and leisure, visiting friends and relatives, and transfer to other destinations via <a href="/wiki/Kirkenes_Airport,_H%C3%B8ybuktmoen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkenes Airport, Høybuktmoen">Kirkenes Airport, Høybuktmoen</a>. Russian residents of Murmansk Oblast, <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> can obtain Pomor visas, a multi-entry Schengen visa, without an invitation.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 2010, the Russian Consulate General in Kirkenes issued 8,000 visas to Norwegians.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> There is a special (almost) visa-free arrangement for a designated area of between 30 and 50 kilometres (19 and 31 mi) surrounding the border, based on a clause in the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Local_border_traffic_at_external_borders" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Agreement</a>. It is only available for residents of the zone for the past three years and requires that a special ID-card be acquired from the consulate of the country to visit (a kind of multiple-journey visa). Stay is limited to 15 days.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Towns within the area include <a href="/wiki/Kirkenes" title="Kirkenes">Kirkenes</a> in Norway and <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenga_(urban-type_settlement),_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast">Pechenga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapolyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Zapolyarny</a> in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> 9,000 Norwegians and 45,000 Russians are eligible for this arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-visafree-37">[37]</a> After a similar agreement on border between <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> it is the second time such a visa-free border agreement has been made between Russia and part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The distance 30 km is calculated as straight distances on the map, so local Norwegians can visit <a href="/wiki/Zapolyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Zapolyarny</a> which is the largest city in the border area, located 11 km (7 mi) from the border, but 50 km (31 mi) from the border station by road. There are more roads which cross the border and connect to the road network of both countries. They are not open to public. These are the two <a href="/wiki/Paatsjoki_River_Hydroelectric_Plants" title="Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants">Paatsjoki river hydroelectric plants</a>: Hevoskoski and <a href="/wiki/Skogfoss_hydroelectric_station" title="Skogfoss hydroelectric station">Skogfoss</a>. Also the historic border crossing at <a href="/wiki/Skafferhullet" title="Skafferhullet">Skafferhullet</a> has such a road, and there is one over the upper part of <a href="/wiki/Jakobselva_(S%C3%B8r-Varanger)" title="Jakobselva (Sør-Varanger)">Jakobselva river</a>. As Norway grants the right to travel right up to the border, it is also permitted for residents of Norway to operate boats in the two border rivers and fish. All boats must be registered with the Norwegian Border Commission and registration plates must be mounted on both sides of the vessel. Boating is only permitted in daylight. Fishing and boating is only permitted on the Norwegian side of the river; however in the narrow passages of <a href="/wiki/Paatsjoki" title="Paatsjoki">Pasvikelva</a> it is permitted to travel through on the Russian side on the condition that the boat does not stop, except in emergencies. Parts of Pasvikelva is marked with yellow buoys along the border line during summer.<a href="#cite_note-j27-28">[28]</a> After the visa-free arrangement was activated, <a href="/wiki/Border_trade" title="Border trade">border trade</a> has picked up. Norwegians buy petrol and diesel in Russia for less than half the price in Norway. This is the border in Europe with largest difference in fuel prices. Norwegians also buy some Russian products such as building material and some services like hair dressing. Products produced in EU, Japan etc. such as clothes and electronics, are more expensive in Russia because of tolls so Russians often buy them tax-free in Kirkenes. There are restrictions on food import in both directions, especially meat, and alcohol may only be imported into Norway if staying in Russia more than 24 hours, so food and alcohol are less often traded, which otherwise are the most traded goods over the <a href="/wiki/Norway-Sweden_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway-Sweden border">Sweden-Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Norway_border" title="Finland–Norway border">Finland–Norway borders</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Covid-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid-19">Covid-19</a> pandemic 2020–2022 the border traffic was much lower than before, because multi-day quarantine was in general needed for people wanting to cross the border. In May 2024 the border was almost closed by Norway due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. Only Russians with special reasons, such as having near relatives across the border or having work permit or on approved business visit could cross it. Visas for tourism or shopping etc were not given anymore, and multiple-entry visas and border permits for such purposes were cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Future">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are suggestions about a new larger border checkpoint to be built on the Norwegian side, as the current station has insufficient capacity to handle increased traffic, and the ground is not sufficiently stable to allow an expansion at the current site. Individual Norwegian police executives have called for a common border checkpoint located directly on the border line. This would allow for a more cost-effective and less time-consuming operation. However, Norwegian and Russian legislation, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a>, prohibit such an operation. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Parliament of Norway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs_and_Defence" title="Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence">Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence</a> has taken initiative to introduce a 24-hour-a-day opening time at the crossing; this has been rejected by the local police district, who stated that nearly all trans-border traffic is persons and that there is hardly any demand for a night service.<a href="#cite_note-morecapacity-36">[36]</a> Estimates show that border traffic may increase to 400,000 crossings by the mid- to late 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The demand for a larger station remains as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Since 1992, there have been proposals to connect the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Russia" title="Rail transport in Russia">Russian railway network</a> to Norway. Specifically this involves extending Norway's <a href="/wiki/Kirkenes%E2%80%93Bj%C3%B8rnevatn_Line" title="Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line">Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line</a> to either <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zapolyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Zapolyarny</a>, Russia, where it would connect to the <a href="/wiki/Murmansk%E2%80%93Nikel_Railway" title="Murmansk–Nikel Railway">Murmansk–Nikel Line</a>. About 40 kilometres (25 mi) of railway is missing to connect the two lines. The proposal calls to develop Kirkenes as a port for export of Russian products, as Murmansk Port is less suited and under-dimensioned. Major transshipment products include metals from Norilsk Nickel, steel from <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> and crude oil. The Murmansk–Nikel Line was built in 1936, is 206 kilometres (128 mi) long, is not electrified and is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a>. As it is <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">Russian gauge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line would be presumably undergo <a href="/wiki/Gauge_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge conversion">gauge conversion</a> or receive <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a>. A new railway would be able to transport 5 million tonnes of cargo per year.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 2003, the cost of the necessary 40 kilometres (25 mi) of new railway was estimated at 1.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a> (NOK), while the cost of upgrading the existing Russian line was NOK 400 million.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a>'s governor, <a href="/wiki/Yury_Yevdokimov" title="Yury Yevdokimov">Yury Yevdokimov</a>, rejected the plans for a connection to Russia, stating that his opinion was supported by President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. Because Kirkenes is a better suited port than Murmansk, local authorities in Murmansk do not want to lose <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> business to Norway.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> However, with the increased realism of a line to <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>, which would serve as an alternative route to Kirkenes from Russia, Russian authorities have since 2010 again supported a railway line between Kirkenes and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Norway–Russia relations">Norway–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Norway–Soviet Union relations">Norway–Soviet Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomor_trade" title="Pomor trade">Pomor trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Kola Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Finland–Russia border">Finland–Russia border</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-statkart-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statkart_1-12">m</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVassdal2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vassdal, Trond O. (3 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120824045434/http://www.statkart.no/filestore/Landdivisjonen_ny/Fagomrder/dGrenser/grensefiler/Grensenotat_0821012.pdf">"Historisk sammendrag vedrørende riksgrensen Norge – Russland"</a> (PDF) (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Mapping_and_Cadastre_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority">Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statkart.no/filestore/Landdivisjonen_ny/Fagomrder/dGrenser/grensefiler/Grensenotat_0821012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historisk+sammendrag+vedr%C3%B8rende+riksgrensen+Norge+%E2%80%93+Russland&rft.pub=Norwegian+Mapping+and+Cadastre+Authority&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft.aulast=Vassdal&rft.aufirst=Trond+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statkart.no%2Ffilestore%2FLanddivisjonen_ny%2FFagomrder%2FdGrenser%2Fgrensefiler%2FGrensenotat_0821012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j15-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j15_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j15_2-1">b</a> Johanson (1999): 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-rafaelsen-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rafaelsen_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rafaelsen_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rafaelsen_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafaelsen2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rafaelsen, Rune (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barents.no/en-tragisk-episode-boris-gleb-1965.4903775-41098.html">"En Tragisk Episode – Boris Gleb 1965"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Barents_Secretariat" title="Norwegian Barents Secretariat">Norwegian Barents Secretariat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121216043340/http://www.barents.no/en-tragisk-episode-boris-gleb-1965.4903775-41098.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+Tragisk+Episode+%E2%80%93+Boris+Gleb+1965&rft.pub=Norwegian+Barents+Secretariat&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.aulast=Rafaelsen&rft.aufirst=Rune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barents.no%2Fen-tragisk-episode-boris-gleb-1965.4903775-41098.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j17-4"><a href="#cite_ref-j17_4-0">^</a> Johanson (1999): 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 227 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Glantz (1995): 229–231 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Johanson (1999): 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Johanson (1999): 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Johanson_22-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johanson_22_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johanson_22_12-1">b</a> Johanson (1999): 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ps.fsb.ru/history/general/text.htm!id%3D10320628%40fsbArticle.html">"Охрана границ Советского государства (1917–1991 гг.)"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service of Russia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515065111/http://ps.fsb.ru/history/general/text.htm%21id%3D10320628%40fsbArticle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%281917%E2%80%931991+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.pub=Border+Guard+Service+of+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fps.fsb.ru%2Fhistory%2Fgeneral%2Ftext.htm%21id%253D10320628%2540fsbArticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyhamar-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyhamar_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyhamar_14-1">b</a> Nynamar (2004): 241–242 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRK" class="citation web cs1">NRK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/finnmark/4251874.html">"NRK.no - Finnmark"</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRK.no+-+Finnmark&rft.au=NRK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnyheter%2Fdistrikt%2Fnrk_troms_og_finnmark%2Ffinnmark%2F4251874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrk.no-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrk.no_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrk.no_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRK" class="citation web cs1">NRK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/finnmark/4255838.html">"NRK.no - Finnmark"</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRK.no+-+Finnmark&rft.au=NRK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnyheter%2Fdistrikt%2Fnrk_troms_og_finnmark%2Ffinnmark%2F4255838.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRK" class="citation web cs1">NRK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/finnmark/4255122.html">"NRK.no - Finnmark"</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRK.no+-+Finnmark&rft.au=NRK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnyheter%2Fdistrikt%2Fnrk_troms_og_finnmark%2Ffinnmark%2F4255122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsvhist-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsvhist_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsvhist_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/otprp/20002001/otprp-nr-31-2000-2001-/2/2.html?id=163437">"Ot.prp. nr. 31 (2000–2001): Om lov om endring i politiloven (begrenset politimyndighet til militære grensevakter på den norsk-russiske grense)"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice and the Police (Norway)">Ministry of Justice and the Police</a>. 21 December 2000. 2.2 Historikk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427184418/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/otprp/20002001/otprp-nr-31-2000-2001-/2/2.html?id=163437">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ot.prp.+nr.+31+%282000%E2%80%932001%29%3A+Om+lov+om+endring+i+politiloven+%28begrenset+politimyndighet+til+milit%C3%A6re+grensevakter+p%C3%A5+den+norsk-russiske+grense%29&rft.pages=2.2+Historikk&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice+and+the+Police&rft.date=2000-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Fjd%2Fdok%2Fregpubl%2Fotprp%2F20002001%2Fotprp-nr-31-2000-2001-%2F2%2F2.html%3Fid%3D163437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Johanson (1999): 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Johanson (1999): 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-j44-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j44_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j44_21-1">b</a> Johanson (1999): 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Johanson (1999): 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Johanson (1999): 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-j24-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j24_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j24_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j24_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j24_24-3">d</a> Johanson (1999): 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsletten2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98yvind_Nordsletten" title="Øyvind Nordsletten">Nordsletten, Øyvind</a> (26 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/ud/dep/org/kontakt/ambassador-oyvind-nordsletten/taler/russland.html?id=463298">"Utviklingen i forholdet Norge – Russland med særlig vekt på nordområdene"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Government.no" title="Government.no">Government.no</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011054142/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/ud/dep/org/kontakt/ambassador-oyvind-nordsletten/taler/russland.html?id=463298">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Utviklingen+i+forholdet+Norge+%E2%80%93+Russland+med+s%C3%A6rlig+vekt+p%C3%A5+nordomr%C3%A5dene&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft.aulast=Nordsletten&rft.aufirst=%C3%98yvind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Fud%2Fdep%2Forg%2Fkontakt%2Fambassador-oyvind-nordsletten%2Ftaler%2Frussland.html%3Fid%3D463298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Ryvarden (2007): 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ryvarden (2007): 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-j27-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j27_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j27_28-1">b</a> Johanson (1999): 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-j25-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j25_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j25_29-1">b</a> Johanson (1999): 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-j50-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j50_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j50_30-1">b</a> Johanson (1999): 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Johanson (1999): 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Johanson (1999): 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Johanson (1999): 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Nilsen (2012): 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegvesen.no/Europaveg/e105">"E105 Hesseng–Storskog"</a>. Statens vegvesen. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statens+vegvesen&rft.atitle=E105+Hesseng%E2%80%93Storskog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegvesen.no%2FEuropaveg%2Fe105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morecapacity-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morecapacity_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-morecapacity_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettersen2012" class="citation news cs1">Pettersen, Trude (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barentsobserver.com/en/borders/more-capacity-storskog-border-crossing-point">"More capacity at Storskog border crossing point"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barents_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barents Observer">Barents Observer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829195732/http://www.barentsobserver.com/en/borders/more-capacity-storskog-border-crossing-point">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barents+Observer&rft.atitle=More+capacity+at+Storskog+border+crossing+point&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.aulast=Pettersen&rft.aufirst=Trude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Fborders%2Fmore-capacity-storskog-border-crossing-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-visafree-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visafree_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-visafree_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettersen2012" class="citation news cs1">Pettersen, Trude (10 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barentsobserver.com/en/borders/visa-free-travel-border-inhabitants-may-29">"Visa-free travel for border inhabitants from May 29"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barents_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barents Observer">Barents Observer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120628053633/http://barentsobserver.com/en/borders/visa-free-travel-border-inhabitants-may-29">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barents+Observer&rft.atitle=Visa-free+travel+for+border+inhabitants+from+May+29&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft.aulast=Pettersen&rft.aufirst=Trude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Fborders%2Fvisa-free-travel-border-inhabitants-may-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrømKalininaKråkenes2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strøm, Stian; Kalinina, Kristina; Kråkenes, Christian (28 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/russiske-trailere-skynder-seg-over-storskog_-hevder-norge-stenger-grensen-fredag-1.15945640">"Skynder seg over Storskog med varer: Sier Norge stenger grensen fredag"</a> [Hurries across Storskog with goods: Says Norway closes border on Friday] (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428132256/https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/russiske-trailere-skynder-seg-over-storskog_-hevder-norge-stenger-grensen-fredag-1.15945640">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2022. 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Retrieved 30 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Barents+Observer&rft.atitle=Norway+closes+border+for+Russians+tourists+and+shoppers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Fborders%2F2024%2F05%2Fnorway-closes-border-russians-tourists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsen2012" class="citation news cs1">Nilsen, Thomas (5 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barentsobserver.com/en/articles/one-border-joint-norwegian-russian-checkpoint-storskog-boris-gleb">"One border–joint Norwegian-Russian checkpoint at Storskog-Boris Gleb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barents_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barents Observer">Barents Observer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922031522/http://barentsobserver.com/en/articles/one-border-joint-norwegian-russian-checkpoint-storskog-boris-gleb">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barents+Observer&rft.atitle=One+border%E2%80%93joint+Norwegian-Russian+checkpoint+at+Storskog-Boris+Gleb&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft.aulast=Nilsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fone-border-joint-norwegian-russian-checkpoint-storskog-boris-gleb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highnorthnews.com/situasjonen-pa-storskog-er-uforsvarlig/">Situasjonen på Storskog er uforsvarlig</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207012442/http://www.wpk.no/Rapport.pdf">"Kirkenes RailPort May 2003"</a> (PDF). World Port Kirkenes. 2003. pp. 27–33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpk.no/Rapport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 February 2012. 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Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finnmarken&rft.atitle=B%C3%A5de+norsk+og+russisk+n%C3%A6ringsliv+%C3%B8nsker+seg+en+jernbane+mellom+Nikel+og+Kirkenes%2C+et+prosjekt+som+kan+bel%C3%B8pe+seg+til+1%2C4+milliarder+kroner.&rft.date=2003-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finnmarken.no%2FInnenriks%2Farticle749803.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamran2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamran, Trine (7 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.1783591">""Njet" til jernbane til Kirkenes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220004232/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.1783591">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=%22Njet%22+til+jernbane+til+Kirkenes&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.aulast=Hamran&rft.aufirst=Trine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnyheter%2Fdistrikt%2Ftroms_og_finnmark%2F1.1783591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009073619/http://www.barentsnova.com/node/1479">"Murmansk port faces foreign competitors"</a>. Barentsnova. 20 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barentsnova.com/node/1479">the original</a> on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barentsnova&rft.atitle=Murmansk+port+faces+foreign+competitors&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarentsnova.com%2Fnode%2F1479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/20/norvegiya.html">"Обходят с севера"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a>. 20 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009073619/http://www.barentsnova.com/node/1479">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rossiyskaya+Gazeta&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%81+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Fnorvegiya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norway-Russia_border" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Norway-Russia border">Norway-Russia border</a>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyhamar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jostein_Nyhamar" title="Jostein Nyhamar">Nyhamar, Jostein</a> (2004). "Security Policies From Constraint to Choice". In <a href="/wiki/Knut_Heidar" title="Knut Heidar">Heidar, Knut</a> (ed.). Nordic Politics. Comparative Perspectives. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-15-00628-0" title="Special:BookSources/82-15-00628-0"><bdi>82-15-00628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Security+Policies+From+Constraint+to+Choice&rft.btitle=Nordic+Politics.+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=82-15-00628-0&rft.aulast=Nyhamar&rft.aufirst=Jostein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Glantz" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0">When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0899-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0899-0"><bdi>0-7006-0899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7006-0899-0&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhentitansclashe00glan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johanson, Bodil B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814011638/http://www.grensekom.no/grensekom_boken.pdf">"Overenkomsten"</a> (PDF) (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Border_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Border Commission">Norwegian Border Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grensekom.no/grensekom_boken.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overenkomsten&rft.pub=Norwegian+Border+Commission&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Bodil+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grensekom.no%2Fgrensekom_boken.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsen2012" class="citation web cs1">Nilsen, Thomas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barentsobserver.com/sites/barentsobserver.com/files/attachments/br2012_chapter_2_0.pdf">"Barents Review 2012: Barents Borders"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Barents_Secretariat" title="Norwegian Barents Secretariat">Norwegian Barents Secretariat</a>. 2 Barents roadmap towards visa-freedom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213161307/http://barentsobserver.com/sites/barentsobserver.com/files/attachments/br2012_chapter_2_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barents+Review+2012%3A+Barents+Borders&rft.pages=2+Barents+roadmap+towards+visa-freedom&rft.pub=Norwegian+Barents+Secretariat&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Nilsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarentsobserver.com%2Fsites%2Fbarentsobserver.com%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fbr2012_chapter_2_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetzer1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Retzer, Berit Ruud (1999). Jens Evensen: Makten, myten og mennesket (in Norwegian). BBG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-995068-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/82-995068-0-8"><bdi>82-995068-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jens+Evensen%3A+Makten%2C+myten+og+mennesket&rft.pub=BBG&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=82-995068-0-8&rft.aulast=Retzer&rft.aufirst=Berit+Ruud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyvarden2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ryvarden" title="Leif Ryvarden">Ryvarden, Leif</a> (2007). Norges nasjonalparker: Stabbursdalen, Øvre Pasvik og Øvre Anárjohka (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-05-37638-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-05-37638-0"><bdi>978-82-05-37638-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norges+nasjonalparker%3A+Stabbursdalen%2C+%C3%98vre+Pasvik+og+%C3%98vre+An%C3%A1rjohka&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gyldendal+Norsk+Forlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-82-05-37638-0&rft.aulast=Ryvarden&rft.aufirst=Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSør-Varanger_Historielag2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001). Sør-Varanger 1906–1939: Jernmalmen skaper et nytt samfunn (in Norwegian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8r-Varanger+1906%E2%80%931939%3A+Jernmalmen+skaper+et+nytt+samfunn&rft.date=2001&rft.au=S%C3%B8r-Varanger+Historielag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVale2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vale, Stein (2009). Teppefall i Treholtsaken (in Norwegian). Cappelen Damm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788202299880" title="Special:BookSources/9788202299880"><bdi>9788202299880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teppefall+i+Treholtsaken&rft.pub=Cappelen+Damm&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788202299880&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=Stein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway%E2%80%93Russia+border" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtale_engelsk.pdf">Full text of the 2010 maritime border treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kirkenes#Q2661853" class="extiw" title="voy:Kirkenes">Kirkenes</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage and <a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borders_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Russia" title="Template:Borders of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borders_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Borders of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borders_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borders of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Lithuania–Russia border">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Poland–Russia border">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Georgia–Russia border">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Abkhazia–Russia border">Abkhazia</a> (disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Ossetia_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–South Ossetia border">South Ossetia</a> (disputed)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Kazakhstan–Russia border">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Mongolia–Russia border">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="North Korea–Russia border">North Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Russia–Ukraine border">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Japan–Russia border">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR%E2%80%93USA_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement">Alaska (United States)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border&params=69.6644_N_30.1167_E_region:NO-54">69°39′52″N 30°07′00″E / 69.6644°N 30.1167°E / 69.6644; 30.1167</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway–Russia_border&oldid=1255040467">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway–Russia_border&oldid=1255040467</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Category:Norway–Russia border">Norway–Russia border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Norway" 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