CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Younger Dryas - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5b3a94ef-bdb3-4587-b485-06a2900669a8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Younger_Dryas","wgTitle":"Younger Dryas","wgCurRevisionId":1258432847,"wgRevisionId":1258432847,"wgArticleId":54957,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2019","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021","Younger Dryas","Blytt–Sernander system","Nordic Stone Age","Palynology","Last Glacial Maximum","Stone Age Europe","10th millennium BC","Historical eras","11th millennium BC","Dryas octopetala"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Younger_Dryas","wgRelevantArticleId":54957,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q944279","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1311"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="874"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="699"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Younger Dryas - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Younger_Dryas rootpage-Younger_Dryas skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Younger+Dryas" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Younger+Dryas" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Younger+Dryas" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Younger+Dryas" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ice_cover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_cover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ice cover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_cover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Weather systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Biosphere </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biosphere subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Human societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cause </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cause subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Younger Dryas impact hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Similar events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Younger Dryas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="درياس الأصغر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درياس الأصغر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_%C5%9Eaxta" title="Böyük Şaxta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Şaxta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_recent" title="Dryas recent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dryas recent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlad%C5%A1%C3%AD_dryas" title="Mladší dryas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mladší dryas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngre_Dryas" title="Yngre Dryas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yngre Dryas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCngere_Dryaszeit" title="Jüngere Dryaszeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüngere Dryaszeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_Reciente" title="Dryas Reciente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dryas Reciente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دریاس جوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریاس جوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_r%C3%A9cent" title="Dryas récent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dryas récent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Younger Dryas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B1%B0_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4" title="영거 드라이아스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영거 드라이아스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_Terkini" title="Dryas Terkini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dryas Terkini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_recente" title="Dryas recente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dryas recente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Younger Dryas" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_recentior" title="Dryas recentior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dryas recentior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_Muda" title="Dryas Muda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dryas Muda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonge_Dryas" title="Jonge Dryas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jonge Dryas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9" title="ヤンガードリアス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤンガードリアス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngre_dryas" title="Yngre dryas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yngre dryas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngre_dryas" title="Yngre dryas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yngre dryas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_recent" title="Dryas recent – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dryas recent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82odszy_dryas" title="Młodszy dryas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Młodszy dryas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_recente" title="Dryas recente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dryas recente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryasul_Recent" title="Dryasul Recent – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dryasul Recent" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Поздний дриас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поздний дриас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Younger Dryas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorempi_dryas" title="Nuorempi dryas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nuorempi dryas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngre_dryas" title="Yngre dryas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yngre dryas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erken_Dryas_Devri" title="Erken Dryas Devri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erken Dryas Devri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пізній дріас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пізній дріас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ڈریاس جواں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈریاس جواں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="新仙女木期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新仙女木期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q944279#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Younger_Dryas" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Younger_Dryas" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Younger_Dryas" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&oldid=1258432847" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Younger_Dryas&id=1258432847&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYounger_Dryas">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYounger_Dryas">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Younger_Dryas&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Younger_Dryas" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q944279" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Time period c. 12,900–11,700 years ago with Northern Hemisphere glacial cooling and SH warming</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:lightgrey;">Younger Dryas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">0.0129 – 0.0117 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.99563384615px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg/250px-Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg/375px-Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg/500px-Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="636" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Significant cooling in the Northern Hemisphere took place during the Younger Dryas, but there was also warming in the Southern Hemisphere. <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a> had substantially decreased (brown) or increased (green) in many areas across the globe. Altogether, this indicates large changes in <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> as the cause<a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Alternate spelling(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">YD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Synonym(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Loch Lomond Stadial Nahanagan Stadial </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostratigraphy#Chron" title="Magnetostratigraphy">Chron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">Chronozone</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Atmospheric and climatic data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Mean atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> content</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 240 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (0.9 times pre-industrial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Mean surface temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 10.5 °C (3 °C below pre-industrial)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Younger Dryas (YD, Greenland Stadial GS-1)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> was a period in Earth's geologic history that occurred circa 12,900 to 11,700 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a> (BP).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It is primarily known for the sudden or "abrupt" cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, when the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> cooled and annual air temperatures decreased by ~3 °C (5.4 °F) over <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, 2–6 °C (3.6–10.8 °F) in Europe and up to 10 °C (18 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, in a few decades.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> Cooling in Greenland was particularly rapid, taking place over just 3 years or less.<a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere experienced warming.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> This period ended as rapidly as it began, with dramatic warming over ~50 years, which transitioned the Earth from the glacial <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch into the current <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a> The Younger Dryas onset was not fully synchronized; in the tropics, the cooling was spread out over several centuries, and the same was true of the early-Holocene warming.<a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a> Even in the Northern Hemisphere, temperature change was highly seasonal, with much colder winters, cooler springs, yet no change or even slight warming during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Buizert2014-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schenk2018-8">[8]</a> Substantial changes in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> also took place, with cooler areas experiencing substantially lower rainfall, while warmer areas received more of it.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> In the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a> declined.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2018-8">[8]</a> Land ice cover experienced little net change,<a href="#cite_note-Shakun2012-9">[9]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> extent had increased, contributing to <a href="/wiki/Ice%E2%80%93albedo_feedback" title="Ice–albedo feedback">ice–albedo feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> This increase in albedo was the main reason for net global cooling of 0.6 °C (1.1 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> During the preceding period, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_Interstadial" title="Bølling–Allerød Interstadial">Bølling–Allerød Interstadial</a>, rapid warming in the Northern Hemisphere<a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WG1_CH5-10">[10]</a>: 677  was offset by the equivalent cooling in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Obase2021-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakun2012-9">[9]</a> This "polar seesaw" pattern is consistent with changes in <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> or AMOC), which greatly affects how much heat is able to go from the Southern Hemisphere to the North. The Southern Hemisphere cools and the Northern Hemisphere warms when the AMOC is strong, and the opposite happens when it is weak.<a href="#cite_note-Obase2021-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> is that severe AMOC weakening explains the climatic effects of the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.8-12">[12]</a>: 1148  It also explains why the Holocene warming had proceeded so rapidly once the AMOC change was no longer counteracting the increase in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-Shakun2012-9">[9]</a> AMOC weakening causing polar seesaw effects is also consistent with the accepted explanation for <a href="/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_event" title="Dansgaard–Oeschger event">Dansgaard–Oeschger events</a>, with YD likely to have been the last and the strongest of these events.<a href="#cite_note-Nye2014-13">[13]</a> However, there is some debate over what caused the AMOC to become so weak in the first place. The hypothesis historically most supported by scientists was an interruption from an influx of fresh, cold water from North America's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> into the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> While there is evidence of meltwater travelling via the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Süfke2022-15">[15]</a> this hypothesis may not be consistent with the lack of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> during this period,<a href="#cite_note-Abdul2016-16">[16]</a> so other theories have also emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Broecker2010-17">[17]</a> An extraterrestrial impact into the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title="Laurentide ice sheet">Laurentide ice sheet</a> (where it would have left no impact crater) was proposed as an explanation, but this <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis" title="Younger Dryas impact hypothesis">hypothesis</a> has numerous issues and no support from mainstream science.<a href="#cite_note-Gramling2021-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holliday2023-19">[19]</a> A volcanic eruption as an initial trigger for cooling and sea ice growth has been proposed more recently,<a href="#cite_note-Baldini2018-20">[20]</a> and the presence of anomalously high levels of volcanism immediately preceding the onset of the Younger Dryas has been confirmed in both ice cores<a href="#cite_note-Abbott2021-21">[21]</a> and cave deposits.<a href="#cite_note-Sun2020-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dryas_Stadials.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dryas_Stadials.png/220px-Dryas_Stadials.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dryas_Stadials.png/330px-Dryas_Stadials.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dryas_Stadials.png/440px-Dryas_Stadials.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Dryas stadials</figcaption></figure> The Younger Dryas is named after the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> wildflower <a href="/wiki/Dryas_octopetala" title="Dryas octopetala">Dryas octopetala</a>, because its <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> are abundant in the European (particularly <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian</a>) sediments dating to this timeframe. The two earlier geologic time intervals where this flower was abundant in Europe are the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_Dryas" title="Oldest Dryas">Oldest Dryas</a> (approx. 18,500-14,000 BP) and <a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older Dryas</a> (~14,050–13,900 BP), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakun2012-9">[9]</a> On the contrary, Dryas octopetala was rare during the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_Interstadial" title="Bølling–Allerød Interstadial">Bølling–Allerød Interstadial</a>. Instead, European temperatures were warm enough to support trees in Scandinavia, as seen at the Bølling and Allerød sites in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EGL2022-24">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the Younger Dryas has also been known as the Nahanagan Stadial, and in Great Britain it has been called the Loch Lomond Stadial.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> Summit <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> chronology, the Younger Dryas corresponds to Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1). The preceding Allerød warm period (interstadial) is subdivided into three events: Greenland Interstadial-1c to 1a (GI-1c to GI-1a).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores_(Younger_Dryas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores_%28Younger_Dryas%29.jpg/280px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores_%28Younger_Dryas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores_%28Younger_Dryas%29.jpg/420px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores_%28Younger_Dryas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores_%28Younger_Dryas%29.jpg/560px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores_%28Younger_Dryas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_cores" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland ice cores">Greenland ice cores</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> show very low temperatures for the most part of the Younger Dryas, which then rise rapidly during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> transition<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Younger_Dryas_and_Holocene_temperature_changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Younger_Dryas_and_Holocene_temperature_changes.png/280px-Younger_Dryas_and_Holocene_temperature_changes.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Younger_Dryas_and_Holocene_temperature_changes.png/420px-Younger_Dryas_and_Holocene_temperature_changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Younger_Dryas_and_Holocene_temperature_changes.png/560px-Younger_Dryas_and_Holocene_temperature_changes.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Temperature changes, determined as <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy temperatures</a>, taken from the central region of Greenland's ice sheet during the Late Pleistocene and beginning of the Holocene.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20191021_Temperature_from_20,000_to_10,000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/280px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/420px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/560px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Temperatures in Antarctica, derived from EPICA Dome C Ice Core</figcaption></figure> As with the other geologic periods, <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimate">paleoclimate</a> during the Younger Dryas is reconstructed through <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy</a> data such as traces of <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice cores</a> and layers of marine and lake <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yu1998-29">[29]</a> Collectively, this evidence shows that significant cooling across the Northern Hemisphere began around 12,870 ± 30 years BP.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng2020-30">[30]</a> It was particularly severe in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, where temperatures declined by 4–10 °C (7.2–18.0 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Buizert2014-7">[7]</a> in an abrupt fashion.<a href="#cite_note-Alley2000-31">[31]</a> Temperatures at the Greenland summit were up to 15 °C (27 °F) colder than at the start of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Alley2000-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Severinghaus1998-32">[32]</a> Strong cooling of around 2–6 °C (3.6–10.8 °F) had also taken place in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> Icefields and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> formed in upland areas of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, while many lowland areas developed <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sissons1979-33">[33]</a> implying a cooling of −5 °C (23 °F) and a mean annual temperature no higher than −1 °C (30 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Severinghaus1998-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> also became colder, particularly in the eastern and central areas.<a href="#cite_note-Yu1998-29">[29]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> region cooled by 2–3 °C (3.6–5.4 °F), cooling in western North America was generally less intense.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elias2013-40">[40]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Orca_Basin" title="Orca Basin">Orca Basin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> still experienced a drop in <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a> of 2.4 ± 0.6°C,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> land areas closer to it, such as <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> area<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, ultimately did not cool as much as the continental interior.<a href="#cite_note-Meltzer2010-43">[43]</a> <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> became warmer and wetter than before.<a href="#cite_note-Griggs2017-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meltzer2010-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elias2013-40">[40]</a> There was warming in and around the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> It was once believed that the Younger Dryas cooling started at around the same time across the Northern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">varve</a> (sedimentary rock) analysis carried out in 2015 suggested that the cooling proceeded in two stages: first along latitude 56–54°N, 12,900–13,100 years ago, and then further north, 12,600–12,750 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Suigetsu" title="Lake Suigetsu">Lake Suigetsu</a> cores in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park" title="Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park">Puerto Princesa cave complex</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> shows that the onset of the Younger Dryas in East Asia was delayed by several hundred years relative to the North Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Nakagawa2003-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a> Further, the cooling was uniform throughout the year, but had a distinct seasonal pattern. In most places in the Northern Hemisphere, winters became much colder than before, but springs cooled by less, while there was either no temperature change or even slight warming during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Buizert2014-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schenk2018-8">[8]</a> An exception appears to have taken place in what is now <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, where winter temperatures remained stable, yet summer temperatures decreased by up to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Dieffenbacher-Krall2016-50">[50]</a> While the Northern Hemisphere cooled, considerable warming occurred in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a> Sea surface temperatures were warmer by 0.3–1.9 °C (0.54–3.42 °F), and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (south of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>) and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> all experienced warming.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> The net temperature change was a relatively modest<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> cooling of 0.6 °C (1.1 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> Temperature changes of the Younger Dryas lasted 1,150–1,300 years.<a href="#cite_note-Bjorck2007a-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bjorck1996-53">[53]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>, the Younger Dryas ended around 11,700 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> although some research places it closer to 11,550 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The end of Younger Dryas was also abrupt: in previously cooled areas, warming to previous levels took place over 50–60 years.<a href="#cite_note-Alley1993-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a> The tropics experienced more gradual temperature recovery over several centuries;<a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a> the exception was in tropical Atlantic areas such as <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, where temperature change was similar to Greenland's.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> warming then proceeded across the globe, following an increase in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels during the YD period<a href="#cite_note-Shakun2012-9">[9]</a> (from ~210 ppm to ~275 ppm<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_cover">Ice cover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ice cover">edit</a>]</div> Younger Dryas cooling was often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> advance and lowering of the regional <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">snow line</a>, with evidence found in areas such as Scandinavia,<a href="#cite_note-Bjorck2007a-52">[52]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> northern ranges of North America's <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Two_Creeks_Buried_Forest_State_Natural_Area" title="Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area">Two Creeks Buried Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and western parts of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and in the Pacific Northwest,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The entire <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title="Laurentide ice sheet">Laurentide ice sheet</a> had advanced between west <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> and southeast <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, leaving behind a layer of rock debris (<a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a>) dated to this period.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Southeastern Alaska appears to have escaped glaciation; speleothem calcite deposition continued in the region despite being retarded, indicating the absence of permafrost and glaciation.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On the other hand, the warming of the Southern Hemisphere led to ice loss in Antarctica, South America and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> Moreover, while Greenland as a whole had cooled, glaciers had only grown in the north of the island,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and they had retreated from the rest of Greenland's coasts. This was likely driven by the strengthened <a href="/wiki/Irminger_Current" title="Irminger Current">Irminger Current</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rainsley2018-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jabllanica" title="Jabllanica">Jabllanica</a> mountain range in the Balkans also experienced ice loss and glacial retreat: this was likely caused by the drop in annual precipitation, which would have otherwise frozen and helped to maintain the glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Unlike now, the glaciers were still present in northern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, but they had thinned during the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The amount of water contained within glaciers directly influences global sea levels - <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> occurs if the glaciers retreat, and it drops if glaciers grow. Altogether, there appears to have been little change in sea level throughout the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-Shakun2012-9">[9]</a> This is in contrast to rapid increases before and after, such as the <a href="/wiki/Meltwater_Pulse_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Meltwater Pulse 1A">Meltwater Pulse 1A</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shakun2012-9">[9]</a> On the coasts, glacier advance and retreat also affects <a href="/wiki/Relative_sea_level" title="Relative sea level">relative sea level</a>. Western <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> experienced a relative sea level rise of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>10 m (32+2⁄3 ft) as the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian ice sheet">Scandinavian ice sheet</a> advanced.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lohne2007-78">[78]</a> Notably, ice sheet advance in this area appears to have begun about 600 years before the global onset of the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-Lohne2007-78">[78]</a> Underwater, the deposits of <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrate</a> - methane frozen into ice - remained stable throughout the Younger Dryas, including during the rapid warming as it ended.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_systems">Weather systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weather systems">edit</a>]</div> As the Northern Hemisphere cooled and the Southern Hemisphere warmed, the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equator" title="Thermal equator">thermal equator</a> would have shifted to the south. Because <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> from either hemisphere cancel each other out above the thermal equator in a calm, heavily clouded area known as the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ), a change in its position affects wind patterns elsewhere. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, the sediments of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> were mixed less strongly during this period, indicating weaker wind systems in this area.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Shifts in atmospheric patterns are believed to be the main reason why Northern Hemisphere summers generally did not cool during the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2018-8">[8]</a> Since winds carry moisture in the form of clouds, these changes also affect <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. Thus, evidence from the pollen record shows that some areas have become very arid, including Scotland,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> the North American <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, <a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hong2014-85">[85]</a> As North Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>, became drier, the amount of dust blown by wind had also increased.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a> Other areas became wetter including northern China<a href="#cite_note-Hong2014-85">[85]</a> (possibly excepting the <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> region)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosphere">Biosphere</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biosphere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wei%C3%9Fe_Silberwurz_(Dryas_octopetala)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wei%C3%9Fe_Silberwurz_%28Dryas_octopetala%29_2.jpg/220px-Wei%C3%9Fe_Silberwurz_%28Dryas_octopetala%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wei%C3%9Fe_Silberwurz_%28Dryas_octopetala%29_2.jpg/330px-Wei%C3%9Fe_Silberwurz_%28Dryas_octopetala%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wei%C3%9Fe_Silberwurz_%28Dryas_octopetala%29_2.jpg/440px-Wei%C3%9Fe_Silberwurz_%28Dryas_octopetala%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Dryas octopetala is the <a href="/wiki/Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicator species</a> for the period</figcaption></figure> The Younger Dryas was initially discovered around the start of the 20th century, through paleobotanical and lithostratigraphic studies of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> bog and lake sites, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Aller%C3%B8d_Municipality" title="Allerød Municipality">Allerød</a> clay pit in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-Mangerud2020-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bjorck1996-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The analysis of fossilized <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> had consistently shown how <a href="/wiki/Dryas_octopetala" title="Dryas octopetala">Dryas octopetala</a>, a plant which only thrives in glacial conditions, began to dominate where forests were able to grow during the preceding B-A Interstadial.<a href="#cite_note-Mangerud2020-87">[87]</a> This makes the Younger Dryas a key example of how <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a> responded to abrupt <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> For instance, in what is now <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> cool summers, combined with cold winters and low precipitation, resulted in a treeless tundra up to the onset of the Holocene, when the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forests</a> shifted north.<a href="#cite_note-Dieffenbacher-Krall2016-50">[50]</a> Along the southern margins of the Great Lakes, spruce dropped rapidly, while pine increased, and herbaceous prairie vegetation decreased in abundance, but increased west of the region.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The central <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> remained forested during the Younger Dryas, but they were covered in <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larix_laricina" title="Larix laricina">tamarack</a> boreal forests, switching to <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> during the Holocene.<a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-95">[95]</a> Conversely, pollen and <a href="/wiki/Macrofossil" title="Macrofossil">macrofossil</a> evidence from near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> indicates that cool, boreal forests persisted into the early Holocene.<a href="#cite_note-Griggs2017-46">[46]</a> An increase of pine pollen indicates cooler winters within the central Cascades.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Speleothems" class="mw-redirect" title="Speleothems">Speleothems</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Caves_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve">Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Mountains" title="Klamath Mountains">Klamath Mountains</a> yield evidence of climatic cooling contemporaneous to the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-Vacco2005-97">[97]</a> On the Olympic Peninsula, a mid-elevation site recorded a decrease in fire, but forest persisted and erosion increased during the Younger Dryas, which suggests cool and wet conditions.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Speleothem records indicate an increase in precipitation in southern Oregon,<a href="#cite_note-Vacco2005-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> the timing of which coincides with increased sizes of <a href="/wiki/Pluvial_lake" title="Pluvial lake">pluvial lakes</a> in the northern Great Basin.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Pollen record from the <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_Mountains" title="Siskiyou Mountains">Siskiyou Mountains</a> suggests a lag in timing of the Younger Dryas, indicating a greater influence of warmer Pacific conditions on that range.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Effects in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountain</a> region were varied.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Several sites show little to no changes in vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-Brunelle2003-104">[104]</a> In the northern Rockies, a significant increase in pines and firs suggests warmer conditions than before and a shift to <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems" title="Montane ecosystems">subalpine</a> parkland in places.<a href="#cite_note-Mumma2012-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunelle2003-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> That is hypothesized to be the result of a northward shift in the jet stream, combined with an increase in summer <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">insolation</a><a href="#cite_note-Mumma2012-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> as well as a winter snow pack that was higher than today, with prolonged and wetter spring seasons.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_societies">Human societies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human societies">edit</a>]</div> The Younger Dryas is often linked to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, with the adoption of agriculture in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bar-Yosef-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The cold and dry Younger Dryas arguably lowered the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of the area and forced the sedentary early <a href="/wiki/Natufian" class="mw-redirect" title="Natufian">Natufian</a> population into a more mobile subsistence pattern.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Further climatic deterioration is thought to have brought about <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> cultivation. While relative consensus exists regarding the role of the Younger Dryas in the changing subsistence patterns during the Natufian, its connection to the beginning of agriculture at the end of the period is still being debated.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> The scientific consensus links the Younger Dryas with a significant reduction or shutdown of the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>, which circulates warm tropical waters northward through the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC).<a href="#cite_note-Carlson2013-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.8-12">[12]</a>: 1148  This is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">climate model</a> simulations,<a href="#cite_note-Partin2015-1">[1]</a> as well as a range of proxy evidence, such as the decreased ventilation (exposure to oxygen from the surface) of the lowest layers of North Atlantic water. Cores from the western subtropical North Atlantic show that the "bottom water" lingered there for 1,000 years, twice the age of Late Holocene bottom waters from the same site around 1,500 BP.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Further, the otherwise anomalous warming of the southeastern United States matches the hypothesis that as the AMOC weakened and transported less heat from the Caribbean towards Europe through the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a>, more of it would stay trapped in the coastal waters.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> It was originally hypothesized that the massive outburst from paleohistorical <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> had flooded the North Atlantic via the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>, but little geological evidence had been found.<a href="#cite_note-Broecker2006-117">[117]</a> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> in the Saint Lawrence Seaway did not decline, as would have been expected from massive quantities of meltwater.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenman2009-118">[118]</a> More recent research instead shows that floodwaters followed a pathway along the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> in present-day Canada,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and sediment cores show that the strongest outburst had occurred right before the onset of Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-Süfke2022-15">[15]</a> Other factors are also likely to have played a major role in the Younger Dryas climate. For instance, some research suggests climate in Greenland was primarily affected by the melting of then-present <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandian_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoscandian ice sheet">Fennoscandian ice sheet</a>, which could explain why Greenland experienced the most abrupt climatic changes during the YD.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Climate models also indicate that a single freshwater outburst, no matter how large, would not have been able to weaken the AMOC for over 1,000 years, as required by the Younger Dryas timeline, unless other factors were also involved.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2018-122">[122]</a> Some modelling explains this by showing that the melting of <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> led to greater rainfall over the Atlantic Ocean, freshening it and so helping to weaken the AMOC.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenman2009-118">[118]</a> Once the Younger Dryas began, lowered temperatures would have elevated snowfall across the Northern Hemisphere, increasing the <a href="/wiki/Ice-albedo_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-albedo feedback">ice-albedo feedback</a>. Further, melting snow would be more likely to flood back into the North Atlantic than rainfall would, as less water would be absorbed into the frozen ground.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2018-122">[122]</a> Other modelling shows that <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> in the Arctic Ocean could have been tens of meters thick by the onset of the Younger Dryas, so that it would have been able to shed icebergs into the North Atlantic, which would have been able to weaken the circulation consistently.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Notably, changes in sea ice cover would have had no impact on sea levels, which is consistent with the absence of significant sea level rise during the Younger Dryas, and particularly during its onset.<a href="#cite_note-Abdul2016-16">[16]</a> Some scientists also explain the lack of sea level rise during the Younger Dryas onset by connecting it with a volcanic eruption.<a href="#cite_note-Baldini2018-20">[20]</a> Eruptions often deposit large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> particles in the atmosphere, where they are known as <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>, and can have a large cooling effect by reflecting sunlight. This phenomenon can also be caused by anthropogenic sulfur pollution, where it is known as <a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">global dimming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Cooling from a high latitude volcanic eruption could have accelerated North Atlantic sea ice growth, finally tipping the AMOC sufficiently to cause the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-Baldini2018-20">[20]</a> Cave deposits and glacial ice cores both contain evidence of at least one major volcanic eruption taking place in the northern hemisphere at a time close to Younger Dryas onset,<a href="#cite_note-Sun2020-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abbott2021-21">[21]</a> perhaps even completely matching the stalagmite-derived date for the onset of the Younger Dryas event.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng2020-30">[30]</a> It has been suggested that this eruption would have been stronger than any during the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, some of which have been able to cause several decades of cooling.<a href="#cite_note-Abbott2021-21">[21]</a> According to 1990s research, the <a href="/wiki/Laacher_See" title="Laacher See">Laacher See</a> eruption (present-day volcanic lake in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) would have matched the criteria,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> dating done in 2021 pushes the date of the eruption back to 13,006 years BP, or over a century before the Younger Dryas began.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This analysis was also challenged in 2023, with some researchers suggesting that the radiocarbon analysis was tainted by magmatic carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-Baldini2023-128">[128]</a> For now, the debate continues without a conclusive proof or rejection of the volcanic hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Abbott2021-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis">Younger Dryas impact hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Younger Dryas impact hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis" title="Younger Dryas impact hypothesis">Younger Dryas impact hypothesis</a> (YDIH) attributes the cooling to the impact of a disintegrating comet or asteroid.<a href="#cite_note-Powell2022-129">[129]</a> Because there is no <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a> dating to the Younger Dryas period, the proponents usually suggest the impact had struck the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title="Laurentide ice sheet">Laurentide ice sheet</a>, so that the crater would have disappeared when the ice sheet melted during the Holocene,<a href="#cite_note-Gramling2021-18">[18]</a> or that it was an airburst, which would only leave micro- and nanoparticles behind as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Powell2022-129">[129]</a> Most experts reject the hypothesis, and argue that all of the microparticles are adequately explained by the terrestrial processes.<a href="#cite_note-Holliday2023-19">[19]</a> For instance, mineral inclusions from YD-period sediments in Hall's Cave, Texas, have been interpreted by YDIH proponents as extraterrestrial in origin, but a paper published in 2020 argues that they are more likely to be volcanic.<a href="#cite_note-Sun2020-22">[22]</a> Opponents argue that there is no evidence for massive wildfires which would have been caused by an airburst of sufficient size to affect the thermohaline circulation,<a href="#cite_note-Gramling2021-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemical</a> evidence<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> or for simultaneous human population declines and mass animal extinctions which would have been required by this hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Holliday2023-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_events">Similar events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Similar events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice-core-isotope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ice-core-isotope.png/310px-Ice-core-isotope.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ice-core-isotope.png/465px-Ice-core-isotope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ice-core-isotope.png/620px-Ice-core-isotope.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Temperature proxy from four ice cores for the last 140,000 years. They show the distinct "sawtooth" pattern of the D-O events in the Northern Hemisphere, compared to the more muted changes in the Southern Hemisphere</figcaption></figure> Statistical analysis shows that the Younger Dryas is merely the last of 25 or 26 <a href="/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_event" title="Dansgaard–Oeschger event">Dansgaard–Oeschger events</a> (D–O events) over the past 120,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Nye2014-13">[13]</a> These episodes are characterized by abrupt changes in the AMOC on timescales of decades or centuries.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Younger Dryas is the best known and best understood because it is the most recent, but it is fundamentally similar to the previous cold phases over the past 120,000 years. This similarity makes the impact hypothesis very unlikely, and it may also contradict the Lake Agassiz hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Nye2014-13">[13]</a> On the other hand, some research links volcanism with D–O events, potentially supporting the volcanic hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Events similar to the Younger Dryas appear to have occurred during the other <a href="/wiki/Termination_(geomorphology)" title="Termination (geomorphology)">terminations</a> - a term used to describe a comparatively rapid transition from cold glacial conditions to warm interglacials.<a href="#cite_note-Eglinton1992-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bardley2015-136">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The analysis of lake and marine sediments can reconstruct past temperatures from the presence or absence of certain <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and long chain <a href="/wiki/Alkenone" title="Alkenone">alkenones</a>, as these molecules are very sensitive to temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Eglinton1992-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bardley2015-136">[136]</a> This analysis provides evidence for YD-like events during Termination II (the end of the Marine Isotope Stage 6, ~130,000 years BP), III (the end of Marine Isotope Stage 8, ~243,000 years BP)<a href="#cite_note-Chen2006-137">[137]</a> and Termination IV (the end of Marine Isotope Stage 10, ~337,000 years BP.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> When combined with additional evidence from ice cores and paleobotanical data, some have argued that YD-like events inevitably occur during every deglaciation.<a href="#cite_note-Chen2006-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The 2004 film, <a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow" title="The Day After Tomorrow">The Day After Tomorrow</a> depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">North Atlantic Ocean circulation</a> that results in a series of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events that create an <a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">abrupt climate change</a> that leads to a new <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. <a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event" title="8.2-kiloyear event">8.2 kiloyear climate event</a> – Rapid global cooling about 8,200 years ago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blytt%E2%80%93Sernander_system" title="Blytt–Sernander system">Blytt–Sernander system</a> – Series of north European climatic periods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_event" title="Heinrich event">Heinrich event</a> – Large groups of icebergs traverse the North Atlantic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> – Climatic cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (16th–19th centuries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a> – Period of warm climate in North Atlantic region lasting from about 950 CE to about 1250</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a> – Global climate cycles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoglaciation" title="Neoglaciation">Neoglaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboreal_oscillation" title="Preboreal oscillation">Preboreal oscillation</a> – Cooling episode within the preboreal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_environmental_history" title="Timeline of environmental history">Timeline of environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a> – Chronology of the major ice ages of the Earth</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Partin2015-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partin2015_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPartinQuinnShenOkumura2015" class="citation journal cs1">Partin, J.W.; Quinn, T.M.; Shen, C.-C.; Okumura, Y.; Cardenas, M.B.; Siringan, F.P.; Banner, J.L.; Lin, K.; Hu, H.-M.; Taylor, F.W. (2 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4569703">"Gradual onset and recovery of the Younger Dryas abrupt climate event in the tropics"</a>. Nature Communications. 6: 8061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8061P">2015NatCo...6.8061P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9061">10.1038/ncomms9061</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4569703">4569703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26329911">26329911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Gradual+onset+and+recovery+of+the+Younger+Dryas+abrupt+climate+event+in+the+tropics&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=8061&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4569703%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26329911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9061&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.8061P&rft.aulast=Partin&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft.au=Quinn%2C+T.M.&rft.au=Shen%2C+C.-C.&rft.au=Okumura%2C+Y.&rft.au=Cardenas%2C+M.B.&rft.au=Siringan%2C+F.P.&rft.au=Banner%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Lin%2C+K.&rft.au=Hu%2C+H.-M.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+F.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4569703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonÖhrlingBergströmDreyer_Isaksson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, M.D.; Öhrling, C.; Bergström, A.; Dreyer Isaksson, O.; Pizarro Rajala, E. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbor.12547">"Geomorphology and sedimentology of features formed at the outlet during the final drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake"</a>. Boreas. 51 (1): 20–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbor.12547">10.1111/bor.12547</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-9483">0300-9483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boreas&rft.atitle=Geomorphology+and+sedimentology+of+features+formed+at+the+outlet+during+the+final+drainage+of+the+Baltic+Ice+Lake&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-40&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbor.12547&rft.issn=0300-9483&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft.au=%C3%96hrling%2C+C.&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+A.&rft.au=Dreyer+Isaksson%2C+O.&rft.au=Pizarro+Rajala%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fbor.12547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988">: 20  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussenAndersenSvenssonSteffensen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmussen, S. O.; Andersen, K. K.; Svensson, A. M.; Steffensen, J. P.; Vinther, B. M.; Clausen, H. B.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Johnsen, S. J.; Larsen, L. B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Bigler, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/12532/1/Ras2005a.pdf">"A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (D6): D06102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..111.6102R">2006JGRD..111.6102R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JD006079">10.1029/2005JD006079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+Greenland+ice+core+chronology+for+the+last+glacial+termination&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=D6&rft.pages=D06102&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0148-0227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JD006079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JGRD..111.6102R&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=S.+O.&rft.au=Andersen%2C+K.+K.&rft.au=Svensson%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Steffensen%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Vinther%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Clausen%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Siggaard-Andersen%2C+M.-L.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Larsen%2C+L.+B.&rft.au=Dahl-Jensen%2C+D.&rft.au=Bigler%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2Fid%2Feprint%2F12532%2F1%2FRas2005a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson2013-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson2013_4-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carlson, A. E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311095038/http://people.oregonstate.edu/~carlsand/carlson_encyclopedia_Quat_2013_YD.pdf">"The Younger Dryas Climate Event"</a> (PDF). Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Vol. 3. Elsevier. pp. 126–134. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.oregonstate.edu/~carlsand/carlson_encyclopedia_Quat_2013_YD.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Younger+Dryas+Climate+Event&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.pages=126-134&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.oregonstate.edu%2F~carlsand%2Fcarlson_encyclopedia_Quat_2013_YD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2009" class="citation web cs1">Choi, Charles Q. (2 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/environment/091202-fast-ice-age.html">"Big freeze: Earth could plunge into sudden ice age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Big+freeze%3A+Earth+could+plunge+into+sudden+ice+age&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fenvironment%2F091202-fast-ice-age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementPeterson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clement, Amy C.; Peterson, Larry C. (3 October 2008). "Mechanisms of abrupt climate change of the last glacial period". <a href="/wiki/Reviews_of_Geophysics" title="Reviews of Geophysics">Reviews of Geophysics</a>. 46 (4): 1–39. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RvGeo..46.4002C">2008RvGeo..46.4002C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006RG000204">10.1029/2006RG000204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7828663">7828663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+abrupt+climate+change+of+the+last+glacial+period&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7828663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006RG000204&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008RvGeo..46.4002C&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Amy+C.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Larry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buizert2014-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buizert2014_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buizert2014_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buizert2014_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuizertGkinisSeveringhausHe2014" class="citation journal cs1">Buizert, C.; Gkinis, V.; Severinghaus, J.P.; He, F.; Lecavalier, B.S.; Kindler, P.; et al. (5 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6n89h7c3">"Greenland temperature response to climate forcing during the last deglaciation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 345 (6201): 1177–1180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345.1177B">2014Sci...345.1177B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1254961">10.1126/science.1254961</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25190795">25190795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206558186">206558186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Greenland+temperature+response+to+climate+forcing+during+the+last+deglaciation&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6201&rft.pages=1177-1180&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206558186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...345.1177B&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1254961&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25190795&rft.aulast=Buizert&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Gkinis%2C+V.&rft.au=Severinghaus%2C+J.P.&rft.au=He%2C+F.&rft.au=Lecavalier%2C+B.S.&rft.au=Kindler%2C+P.&rft.au=Leuenberger%2C+M.&rft.au=Carlson%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Vinther%2C+B.&rft.au=Masson-Delmotte%2C+V.&rft.au=White%2C+J.+W.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6n89h7c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schenk2018-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2018_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2018_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2018_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2018_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenkVälirantaMuschitielloTarasov2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, Frederik; Väliranta, Minna; Muschitiello, Francesco; Tarasov, Lev; Heikkilä, Maija; Björck, Svante; Brandefelt, Jenny; Johansson, Arne V.; Näslund, Jens-Ove; Wohlfarth, Barbara (24 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915408">"Warm summers during the Younger Dryas cold reversal"</a>. Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1634. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1634S">2018NatCo...9.1634S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04071-5">10.1038/s41467-018-04071-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915408">5915408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29691388">29691388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Warm+summers+during+the+Younger+Dryas+cold+reversal&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1634&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5915408%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29691388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04071-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9.1634S&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft.au=V%C3%A4liranta%2C+Minna&rft.au=Muschitiello%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Lev&rft.au=Heikkil%C3%A4%2C+Maija&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rck%2C+Svante&rft.au=Brandefelt%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Arne+V.&rft.au=N%C3%A4slund%2C+Jens-Ove&rft.au=Wohlfarth%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5915408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shakun2012-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shakun2012_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakun2012_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakun2012_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakun2012_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakun2012_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakun2012_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakun2012_9-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakunClarkHeMarcott2012" class="citation journal cs1">Shakun, Jeremy D.; Clark, Peter U.; He, Feng; Marcott, Shaun A.; Mix, Alan C.; Liu, Zhenyu; Oto-Bliesner, Bette; Schmittner, Andreas; Bard, Edouard (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223987444">"Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 484 (7392): 49–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.484...49S">2012Natur.484...49S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10915">10.1038/nature10915</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F147130">2027.42/147130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22481357">22481357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2152480">2152480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Global+warming+preceded+by+increasing+carbon+dioxide+concentrations+during+the+last+deglaciation&rft.volume=484&rft.issue=7392&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F147130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2152480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.484...49S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22481357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10915&rft.aulast=Shakun&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Peter+U.&rft.au=He%2C+Feng&rft.au=Marcott%2C+Shaun+A.&rft.au=Mix%2C+Alan+C.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhenyu&rft.au=Oto-Bliesner%2C+Bette&rft.au=Schmittner%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Bard%2C+Edouard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223987444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WG1_CH5-10"><a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_AR6_WG1_CH5_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadellMonteiroCostaCotrim_da_Cunha2021" class="citation report cs1">Canadell, J.G.; Monteiro, P. M. S.; Costa, M. H.; Cotrim da Cunha, L.; Cox, P. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Henson, S.; Ishii, M.; Jaccard, S.; Koven, C.; Lohila, A.; Patra, P. K.; Piao, S.; Rogelj, J.; Syampungani, S.; Zaehle, S.; Zickfeld, K. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf">Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks</a> (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Report). Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. pp. 673–816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.007">10.1017/9781009157896.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Chapter+5%3A+Global+Carbon+and+other+Biogeochemical+Cycles+and+Feedbacks&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+and+New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.pages=673-816&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009157896.007&rft.aulast=Canadell&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft.au=Monteiro%2C+P.+M.+S.&rft.au=Costa%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Cotrim+da+Cunha%2C+L.&rft.au=Cox%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Eliseev%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Henson%2C+S.&rft.au=Ishii%2C+M.&rft.au=Jaccard%2C+S.&rft.au=Koven%2C+C.&rft.au=Lohila%2C+A.&rft.au=Patra%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Piao%2C+S.&rft.au=Rogelj%2C+J.&rft.au=Syampungani%2C+S.&rft.au=Zaehle%2C+S.&rft.au=Zickfeld%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obase2021-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obase2021_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obase2021_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObaseAbe-OuchiSaito2021" class="citation journal cs1">Obase, Takashi; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako; Saito, Fuyuki (25 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8616927">"Abrupt climate changes in the last two deglaciations simulated with different Northern ice sheet discharge and insolation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 11 (1): 22359. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1122359O">2021NatSR..1122359O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01651-2">10.1038/s41598-021-01651-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8616927">8616927</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34824287">34824287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Abrupt+climate+changes+in+the+last+two+deglaciations+simulated+with+different+Northern+ice+sheet+discharge+and+insolation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22359&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8616927%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34824287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01651-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1122359O&rft.aulast=Obase&rft.aufirst=Takashi&rft.au=Abe-Ouchi%2C+Ayako&rft.au=Saito%2C+Fuyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8616927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.8-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.8_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.8_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouvilleRaghavanRenwickAllan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Douville, H.; Raghavan, K.; Renwick, J.; Allan, R. P.; Arias, P. A.; Barlow, M.; Cerezo-Mota, R.; Cherchi, A.; Gan, T.Y.; Gergis, J.; Jiang, D.; Khan, A.; Pokam Mba, W.; Rosenfeld, D.; Tierney, J.; Zolina, O. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf">"Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes"</a> (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press: 1055–1210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.010">10.1017/9781009157896.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+Water+Cycle+Changes&rft.pages=1055-1210&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009157896.010&rft.aulast=Douville&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Raghavan%2C+K.&rft.au=Renwick%2C+J.&rft.au=Allan%2C+R.+P.&rft.au=Arias%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Barlow%2C+M.&rft.au=Cerezo-Mota%2C+R.&rft.au=Cherchi%2C+A.&rft.au=Gan%2C+T.Y.&rft.au=Gergis%2C+J.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+D.&rft.au=Khan%2C+A.&rft.au=Pokam+Mba%2C+W.&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+D.&rft.au=Tierney%2C+J.&rft.au=Zolina%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye2014-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nye2014_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye2014_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye2014_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyeCondron2021" class="citation journal cs1">Nye, Henry; Condron, Alan (30 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-17-1409-2021">"Assessing the statistical uniqueness of the Younger Dryas: a robust multivariate analysis"</a>. Climate of the Past. 17 (3): 1409–1421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CliPa..17.1409N">2021CliPa..17.1409N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-17-1409-2021">10.5194/cp-17-1409-2021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1814-9332">1814-9332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+statistical+uniqueness+of+the+Younger+Dryas%3A+a+robust+multivariate+analysis&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1409-1421&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft.issn=1814-9332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fcp-17-1409-2021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021CliPa..17.1409N&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Condron%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fcp-17-1409-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeissner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Meissner, K.J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL031304">"Younger Dryas: A data to model comparison to constrain the strength of the overturning circulation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a>. 34 (21): L21705. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3421705M">2007GeoRL..3421705M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL031304">10.1029/2007GL031304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Younger+Dryas%3A+A+data+to+model+comparison+to+constrain+the+strength+of+the+overturning+circulation.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=L21705&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL031304&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3421705M&rft.aulast=Meissner&rft.aufirst=K.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2007GL031304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Süfke2022-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Süfke2022_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Süfke2022_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSüfkeGutjahrKeigwinReilly2022" class="citation journal cs1">Süfke, Finn; Gutjahr, Marcus; Keigwin, Lloyd D.; Reilly, Brendan; Giosan, Liviu; Lippold, Jörg (25 April 2022). "Arctic drainage of Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater throughout the past 14,700 years". <a href="/wiki/Communications_Earth_%26_Environment" title="Communications Earth & Environment">Communications Earth & Environment</a>. 3 (1): 98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ComEE...3...98S">2022ComEE...3...98S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00428-3">10.1038/s43247-022-00428-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-4435">2662-4435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Arctic+drainage+of+Laurentide+Ice+Sheet+meltwater+throughout+the+past+14%2C700+years&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft.issn=2662-4435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00428-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ComEE...3...98S&rft.aulast=S%C3%BCfke&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft.au=Gutjahr%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Keigwin%2C+Lloyd+D.&rft.au=Reilly%2C+Brendan&rft.au=Giosan%2C+Liviu&rft.au=Lippold%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdul2016-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul2016_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul2016_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulMortlockWrightFairbanks2016" class="citation journal cs1">Abdul, N. A.; Mortlock, R. A.; Wright, J. D.; Fairbanks, R. G. (February 2016). "Younger Dryas sea level and meltwater pulse 1B recorded in Barbados reef crest coral Acropora palmata". Paleoceanography. 31 (2): 330–344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PalOc..31..330A">2016PalOc..31..330A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015PA002847">10.1002/2015PA002847</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-8305">0883-8305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography&rft.atitle=Younger+Dryas+sea+level+and+meltwater+pulse+1B+recorded+in+Barbados+reef+crest+coral+Acropora+palmata&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=330-344&rft.date=2016-02&rft.issn=0883-8305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2015PA002847&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PalOc..31..330A&rft.aulast=Abdul&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rft.au=Mortlock%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Wright%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Fairbanks%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broecker2010-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Broecker2010_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroeckerDentonEdwardsCheng2010" class="citation journal cs1">Broecker, Wallace S.; Denton, George H.; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai; Alley, Richard B.; Putnam, Aaron E. (2010). "Putting the Younger Dryas cold event into context". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (9): 1078–1081. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QSRv...29.1078B">2010QSRv...29.1078B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2010.02.019">10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Younger+Dryas+cold+event+into+context&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1078-1081&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2010.02.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010QSRv...29.1078B&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft.au=Denton%2C+George+H.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.+Lawrence&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Hai&rft.au=Alley%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Putnam%2C+Aaron+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gramling2021-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gramling2021_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gramling2021_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gramling2021_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGramling2018" class="citation news cs1">Gramling C (26 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/younger-dryas-comet-impact-cold-snap">"Why won't this debate about an ancient cold snap die?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805112551/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/younger-dryas-comet-impact-cold-snap">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Why+won%27t+this+debate+about+an+ancient+cold+snap+die%3F&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.aulast=Gramling&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Fyounger-dryas-comet-impact-cold-snap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holliday2023-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holliday2023_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holliday2023_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holliday2023_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollidayDaultonBartleinBoslough2023" class="citation journal cs1">Holliday, Vance T.; Daulton, Tyrone L.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Boslough, Mark B.; Breslawski, Ryan P.; Fisher, Abigail E.; Jorgeson, Ian A.; Scott, Andrew C.; Koeberl, Christian; Marlon, Jennifer R.; Severinghaus, Jeffrey; Petaev, Michail I.; Claeys, Philippe (December 2023). "Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)". Earth-Science Reviews. 247: 104502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ESRv..24704502H">2023ESRv..24704502H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104502">10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+refutation+of+the+Younger+Dryas+Impact+Hypothesis+%28YDIH%29&rft.volume=247&rft.pages=104502&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ESRv..24704502H&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=Vance+T.&rft.au=Daulton%2C+Tyrone+L.&rft.au=Bartlein%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Boslough%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Breslawski%2C+Ryan+P.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Abigail+E.&rft.au=Jorgeson%2C+Ian+A.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Koeberl%2C+Christian&rft.au=Marlon%2C+Jennifer+R.&rft.au=Severinghaus%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Petaev%2C+Michail+I.&rft.au=Claeys%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldini2018-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baldini2018_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldini2018_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldini2018_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldiniBrownMawdsley2018" class="citation journal cs1">Baldini, James U. L.; Brown, Richard J.; Mawdsley, Natasha (4 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-14-969-2018">"Evaluating the link between the sulfur-rich Laacher See volcanic eruption and the Younger Dryas climate anomaly"</a>. Climate of the Past. 14 (7): 969–990. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CliPa..14..969B">2018CliPa..14..969B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-14-969-2018">10.5194/cp-14-969-2018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1814-9324">1814-9324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+link+between+the+sulfur-rich+Laacher+See+volcanic+eruption+and+the+Younger+Dryas+climate+anomaly&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=969-990&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.issn=1814-9324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fcp-14-969-2018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CliPa..14..969B&rft.aulast=Baldini&rft.aufirst=James+U.+L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=Mawdsley%2C+Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fcp-14-969-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott2021-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott2021_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott2021_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott2021_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott2021_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottNiemeierTimmreckRiede2021" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott, P.M.; Niemeier, U.; Timmreck, C.; Riede, F.; McConnell, J.R.; Severi, M.; Fischer, H.; Svensson, A.; Toohey, M.; Reinig, F.; Sigl, M. (December 2021). "Volcanic climate forcing preceding the inception of the Younger Dryas: Implications for tracing the Laacher See eruption". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 274: 107260. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021QSRv..27407260A">2021QSRv..27407260A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2021.107260">10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Volcanic+climate+forcing+preceding+the+inception+of+the+Younger+Dryas%3A+Implications+for+tracing+the+Laacher+See+eruption&rft.volume=274&rft.pages=107260&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2021.107260&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021QSRv..27407260A&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=P.M.&rft.au=Niemeier%2C+U.&rft.au=Timmreck%2C+C.&rft.au=Riede%2C+F.&rft.au=McConnell%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Severi%2C+M.&rft.au=Fischer%2C+H.&rft.au=Svensson%2C+A.&rft.au=Toohey%2C+M.&rft.au=Reinig%2C+F.&rft.au=Sigl%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun2020-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sun2020_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun2020_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun2020_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunBrandonFormanWaters2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sun, N.; Brandon, A. D.; Forman, S. L.; Waters, M. R.; Befus, K. S. (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7399481">"Volcanic origin for Younger Dryas geochemical anomalies ca. 12,900 cal B.P."</a> Science Advances. 6 (31): eaax8587. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.8587S">2020SciA....6.8587S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax8587">10.1126/sciadv.aax8587</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7399481">7399481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32789166">32789166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Volcanic+origin+for+Younger+Dryas+geochemical+anomalies+ca.+12%2C900+cal+B.P.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=eaax8587&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7399481%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.8587S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32789166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax8587&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Brandon%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=Forman%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Waters%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Befus%2C+K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7399481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangerudAndersenBerglundDonner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mangerud, Jan; Andersen, Svend T.; Berglund, Björn E.; Donner, Joakim J. (16 January 2008). "Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification". Boreas. 3 (3): 109–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3885.1974.tb00669.x">10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00669.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boreas&rft.atitle=Quaternary+stratigraphy+of+Norden%2C+a+proposal+for+terminology+and+classification&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=109-126&rft.date=2008-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3885.1974.tb00669.x&rft.aulast=Mangerud&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Svend+T.&rft.au=Berglund%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn+E.&rft.au=Donner%2C+Joakim+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EGL2022-24"><a href="#cite_ref-EGL2022_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughtonSánchez-GoñiLandaisRodrigues2022" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, Filipa; Sánchez-Goñi, María F.; Landais, Amaelle; Rodrigues, Teresa; Riveiros, Natalia Vazquez; Toucanne, Samuel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363855776">"The Bølling–Allerød Interstadial"</a>. In Palacios, David; Hughes, Philip D.; García-Ruiz, José M.; Andrés, Nuria (eds.). European Glacial Landscapes: The Last Deglaciation. Elsevier. pp. 45–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2021-0-00331-X">10.1016/C2021-0-00331-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-91899-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-91899-2"><bdi>978-0-323-91899-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d+Interstadial&rft.btitle=European+Glacial+Landscapes%3A+The+Last+Deglaciation&rft.pages=45-50&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2021-0-00331-X&rft.isbn=978-0-323-91899-2&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=Filipa&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Go%C3%B1i%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+F.&rft.au=Landais%2C+Amaelle&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Teresa&rft.au=Riveiros%2C+Natalia+Vazquez&rft.au=Toucanne%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F363855776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeppäBirksBirks2002" class="citation journal cs1">Seppä, H.; Birks, H.H.; Birks, H.J.B. (2002). "Rapid climatic changes during the Greenland stadial 1 (Younger Dryas) to early Holocene transition on the Norwegian Barents Sea coast". Boreas. 31 (3): 215–225. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Borea..31..215S">2002Borea..31..215S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3885.2002.tb01068.x">10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01068.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129434790">129434790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boreas&rft.atitle=Rapid+climatic+changes+during+the+Greenland+stadial+1+%28Younger+Dryas%29+to+early+Holocene+transition+on+the+Norwegian+Barents+Sea+coast&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-225&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129434790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3885.2002.tb01068.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Borea..31..215S&rft.aulast=Sepp%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Birks%2C+H.H.&rft.au=Birks%2C+H.J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2004" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, M.J.C. (2004). "A Lateglacial pollen record from Hallsenna Moor, near Seascale, Cumbria, NW England, with evidence for arid conditions during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial and early Holocene". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 55 (1): 33–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PYGS...55...33W">2004PYGS...55...33W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fpygs.55.1.33">10.1144/pygs.55.1.33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Yorkshire+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=A+Lateglacial+pollen+record+from+Hallsenna+Moor%2C+near+Seascale%2C+Cumbria%2C+NW+England%2C+with+evidence+for+arid+conditions+during+the+Loch+Lomond+%28Younger+Dryas%29+Stadial+and+early+Holocene&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-42&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fpygs.55.1.33&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PYGS...55...33W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=M.J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjörckWalkerCwynarJohnsen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Björck, Svante; Walker, Michael J.C.; Cwynar, Les C.; Johnsen, Sigfus; Knudsen, Karen-Luise; Lowe, J. John; Wohlfarth, Barbara (July 1998). "An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the North Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group". Journal of Quaternary Science. 13 (4): 283–292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JQS....13..283B">1998JQS....13..283B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1417%28199807%2F08%2913%3A4%3C283%3A%3AAID-JQS386%3E3.0.CO%3B2-A">10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199807/08)13:4<283::AID-JQS386>3.0.CO;2-A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=An+event+stratigraphy+for+the+Last+Termination+in+the+North+Atlantic+region+based+on+the+Greenland+ice-core+record%3A+a+proposal+by+the+INTIMATE+group&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=283-292&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1417%28199807%2F08%2913%3A4%3C283%3A%3AAID-JQS386%3E3.0.CO%3B2-A&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JQS....13..283B&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B6rck&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft.au=Walker%2C+Michael+J.C.&rft.au=Cwynar%2C+Les+C.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+Sigfus&rft.au=Knudsen%2C+Karen-Luise&rft.au=Lowe%2C+J.+John&rft.au=Wohlfarth%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZallouaMatisoo-Smith2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5216412">"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 7: 40338. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...740338P">2017NatSR...740338P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep40338">10.1038/srep40338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5216412">5216412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059138">28059138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Mapping+Post-Glacial+expansions%3A+The+Peopling+of+Southwest+Asia&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=40338&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5216412%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...740338P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28059138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep40338&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Zalloua&rft.aufirst=Pierre+A.&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5216412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu1998-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yu1998_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yu1998_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuEicher1998" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Zicheng; Eicher, Ulrich (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5397.2235">"Abrupt climate oscillations during the last deglaciation in central North America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 282 (5397): 2235–2238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282.2235Y">1998Sci...282.2235Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5397.2235">10.1126/science.282.5397.2235</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2897126">2897126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9856941">9856941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Abrupt+climate+oscillations+during+the+last+deglaciation+in+central+North+America&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=5397&rft.pages=2235-2238&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.282.5397.2235&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9856941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2897126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...282.2235Y&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Zicheng&rft.au=Eicher%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.282.5397.2235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng2020-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng2020_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng2020_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengZhangSpötlBaker2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Hai; Zhang, Haiwei; Spötl, Christoph; Baker, Jonathan; Sinha, Ashish; Li, Hanying; Bartolomé, Miguel; Moreno, Ana; Kathayat, Gayatri; Zhao, Jingyao; Dong, Xiyu; Li, Youwei; Ning, Youfeng; Jia, Xue; Zong, Baoyun (22 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519346">"Timing and structure of the Younger Dryas event and its underlying climate dynamics"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (38): 23408–23417. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11723408C">2020PNAS..11723408C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2007869117">10.1073/pnas.2007869117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519346">7519346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32900942">32900942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Timing+and+structure+of+the+Younger+Dryas+event+and+its+underlying+climate+dynamics&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=23408-23417&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7519346%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11723408C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32900942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2007869117&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Hai&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Haiwei&rft.au=Sp%C3%B6tl%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Baker%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Ashish&rft.au=Li%2C+Hanying&rft.au=Bartolom%C3%A9%2C+Miguel&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Ana&rft.au=Kathayat%2C+Gayatri&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jingyao&rft.au=Dong%2C+Xiyu&rft.au=Li%2C+Youwei&rft.au=Ning%2C+Youfeng&rft.au=Jia%2C+Xue&rft.au=Zong%2C+Baoyun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7519346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alley2000-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alley2000_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alley2000_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlley2000" class="citation journal cs1">Alley, Richard B. (2000). "The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 19 (1): 213–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000QSRv...19..213A">2000QSRv...19..213A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2899%2900062-1">10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00062-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Younger+Dryas+cold+interval+as+viewed+from+central+Greenland&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=213-226&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2899%2900062-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000QSRv...19..213A&rft.aulast=Alley&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Severinghaus1998-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Severinghaus1998_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Severinghaus1998_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeveringhausSowersBrookAlley1998" class="citation journal cs1">Severinghaus, Jeffrey P.; et al. (1998). "Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 391 (6663): 141–146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.391..141S">1998Natur.391..141S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F34346">10.1038/34346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4426618">4426618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Timing+of+abrupt+climate+change+at+the+end+of+the+Younger+Dryas+interval+from+thermally+fractionated+gases+in+polar+ice&rft.volume=391&rft.issue=6663&rft.pages=141-146&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4426618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F34346&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.391..141S&rft.aulast=Severinghaus&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+P.&rft.au=Sowers%2C+Todd&rft.au=Brook%2C+Edward+J.&rft.au=Alley%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Bender%2C+Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sissons1979-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Sissons1979_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSissons1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sissons, J.B. (1979). "The Loch Lomond stadial in the British Isles". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 280 (5719): 199–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.280..199S">1979Natur.280..199S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F280199a0">10.1038/280199a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4342230">4342230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Loch+Lomond+stadial+in+the+British+Isles&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=5719&rft.pages=199-203&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4342230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F280199a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Natur.280..199S&rft.aulast=Sissons&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonBriffaCoope1987" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson, T.C.; Briffa, K.R.; Coope, G.R. (1987). "Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the past 22,000 years, reconstructed using beetle remains". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 325 (6105): 587–592. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.325..587A">1987Natur.325..587A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F325587a0">10.1038/325587a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4306228">4306228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Seasonal+temperatures+in+Britain+during+the+past+22%2C000+years%2C+reconstructed+using+beetle+remains&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=6105&rft.pages=587-592&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4306228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F325587a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Natur.325..587A&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=T.C.&rft.au=Briffa%2C+K.R.&rft.au=Coope%2C+G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarronHeusserHerbertLyle2003" class="citation journal cs1">Barron, John A.; Heusser, Linda; Herbert, Timothy; Lyle, Mitch (1 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002pa000768">"High-resolution climatic evolution of coastal northern California during the past 16,000 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography_and_Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology">Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology</a>. 18 (1): 1020. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PalOc..18.1020B">2003PalOc..18.1020B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002pa000768">10.1029/2002pa000768</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9186">1944-9186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography+and+Paleoclimatology&rft.atitle=High-resolution+climatic+evolution+of+coastal+northern+California+during+the+past+16%2C000+years&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1020&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft.issn=1944-9186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002pa000768&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PalOc..18.1020B&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Heusser%2C+Linda&rft.au=Herbert%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Lyle%2C+Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2002pa000768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienastMcKay2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kienast, Stephanie S.; McKay, Jennifer L. (15 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000gl012543">"Sea surface temperatures in the subarctic northeast Pacific reflect millennial-scale climate oscillations during the last 16 kyrs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a>. 28 (8): 1563–1566. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeoRL..28.1563K">2001GeoRL..28.1563K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000gl012543">10.1029/2000gl012543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007">1944-8007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Sea+surface+temperatures+in+the+subarctic+northeast+Pacific+reflect+millennial-scale+climate+oscillations+during+the+last+16+kyrs&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1563-1566&rft.date=2001-04-15&rft.issn=1944-8007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000gl012543&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GeoRL..28.1563K&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+S.&rft.au=McKay%2C+Jennifer+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2000gl012543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathewes1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mathewes, Rolf W. (1 January 1993). "Evidence for Younger Dryas-age cooling on the North Pacific coast of America". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 12 (5): 321–331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993QSRv...12..321M">1993QSRv...12..321M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-3791%2893%2990040-s">10.1016/0277-3791(93)90040-s</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Younger+Dryas-age+cooling+on+the+North+Pacific+coast+of+America&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=321-331&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-3791%2893%2990040-s&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993QSRv...12..321M&rft.aulast=Mathewes&rft.aufirst=Rolf+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseBleskieWalkerGavin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chase, Marianne; Bleskie, Christina; Walker, Ian R.; Gavin, Daniel G.; Hu, Feng Sheng (January 2008). "Midge-inferred Holocene summer temperatures in southeastern British Columbia, Canada". <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a>. 257 (1–2): 244–259. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPP...257..244C">2008PPP...257..244C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.10.020">10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.10.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Midge-inferred+Holocene+summer+temperatures+in+southeastern+British+Columbia%2C+Canada&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=244-259&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.10.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PPP...257..244C&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Bleskie%2C+Christina&rft.au=Walker%2C+Ian+R.&rft.au=Gavin%2C+Daniel+G.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Feng+Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennistonGonzalezAsmeromPolyak2001" class="citation journal cs1">Denniston, R.F.; Gonzalez, L.A.; Asmerom, Y.; Polyak, V.; Reagan, M.K.; Saltzman, M.R. (25 December 2001). "A high-resolution speleothem record of climatic variability at the Allerød–Younger Dryas transition in Missouri, central United States". <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a>. 176 (1–4): 147–155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PPP...176..147D">2001PPP...176..147D</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.556.3998">10.1.1.556.3998</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2801%2900334-0">10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00334-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=A+high-resolution+speleothem+record+of+climatic+variability+at+the+Aller%C3%B8d%E2%80%93Younger+Dryas+transition+in+Missouri%2C+central+United+States&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=147-155&rft.date=2001-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.556.3998%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2801%2900334-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PPP...176..147D&rft.aulast=Denniston&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+L.A.&rft.au=Asmerom%2C+Y.&rft.au=Polyak%2C+V.&rft.au=Reagan%2C+M.K.&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elias2013-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elias2013_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elias2013_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias,_Scott_A.Mock,_Cary_J.2013" class="citation book cs1">Elias, Scott A.; Mock, Cary J. (2013). Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Elsevier. pp. 126–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53642-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53642-6"><bdi>978-0-444-53642-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/846470730">846470730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F846470730&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53642-6&rft.au=Elias%2C+Scott+A.&rft.au=Mock%2C+Cary+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsFlowerHastingsGuilderson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Carlie; Flower, Benjamin P.; Hastings, David W.; Guilderson, Thomas P.; Quinn, Kelly A.; Goddard, Ethan A. (7 December 2010). "Deglacial abrupt climate change in the Atlantic Warm Pool: A Gulf of Mexico perspective". <a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography_and_Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology">Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology</a>. 25 (4): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PalOc..25.4221W">2010PalOc..25.4221W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010PA001928">10.1029/2010PA001928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58890724">58890724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography+and+Paleoclimatology&rft.atitle=Deglacial+abrupt+climate+change+in+the+Atlantic+Warm+Pool%3A+A+Gulf+of+Mexico+perspective&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58890724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010PA001928&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PalOc..25.4221W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carlie&rft.au=Flower%2C+Benjamin+P.&rft.au=Hastings%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Guilderson%2C+Thomas+P.&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Kelly+A.&rft.au=Goddard%2C+Ethan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeArundel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Kenneth L.; Arundel, Samantha T. (2005). "Carbon isotopes from fossil packrat pellets and elevational movements of Utah agave plants reveal the Younger Dryas cold period in Grand Canyon, Arizona". <a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a>. 33 (9): 713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Geo....33..713C">2005Geo....33..713C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fg21769.1">10.1130/g21769.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55309102">55309102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Carbon+isotopes+from+fossil+packrat+pellets+and+elevational+movements+of+Utah+agave+plants+reveal+the+Younger+Dryas+cold+period+in+Grand+Canyon%2C+Arizona&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=713&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55309102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2Fg21769.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Geo....33..713C&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft.au=Arundel%2C+Samantha+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meltzer2010-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meltzer2010_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meltzer2010_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltzerHolliday2010" class="citation journal cs1">Meltzer, David J.; Holliday, Vance T. (1 March 2010). "Would North American Paleoindians have noticed Younger Dryas age climate changes?". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_Prehistory" title="Journal of World Prehistory">Journal of World Prehistory</a>. 23 (1): 1–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-009-9032-4">10.1007/s10963-009-9032-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-7537">0892-7537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3086333">3086333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Would+North+American+Paleoindians+have+noticed+Younger+Dryas+age+climate+changes%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3086333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0892-7537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-009-9032-4&rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Holliday%2C+Vance+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordtBouttonJacobMandel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nordt, Lee C.; Boutton, Thomas W.; Jacob, John S.; Mandel, Rolfe D. (1 September 2002). "C4 Plant productivity and climate – CO2 variations in south-central Texas during the late Quaternary". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 58 (2): 182–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002QuRes..58..182N">2002QuRes..58..182N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fqres.2002.2344">10.1006/qres.2002.2344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129027867">129027867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=C4+Plant+productivity+and+climate+%E2%80%93+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+variations+in+south-central+Texas+during+the+late+Quaternary&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-188&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129027867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fqres.2002.2344&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002QuRes..58..182N&rft.aulast=Nordt&rft.aufirst=Lee+C.&rft.au=Boutton%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Jacob%2C+John+S.&rft.au=Mandel%2C+Rolfe+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengHardtBannerMeyer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Feng, Weimin; Hardt, Benjamin F.; Banner, Jay L.; Meyer, Kevin J.; James, Eric W.; Musgrove, MaryLynn; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai; Min, Angela (1 September 2014). "Changing amounts and sources of moisture in the U.S. southwest since the Last Glacial Maximum in response to global climate change". <a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>. 401: 47–56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014E&PSL.401...47F">2014E&PSL.401...47F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.05.046">10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Changing+amounts+and+sources+of+moisture+in+the+U.S.+southwest+since+the+Last+Glacial+Maximum+in+response+to+global+climate+change&rft.volume=401&rft.pages=47-56&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.05.046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014E%26PSL.401...47F&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Weimin&rft.au=Hardt%2C+Benjamin+F.&rft.au=Banner%2C+Jay+L.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Kevin+J.&rft.au=James%2C+Eric+W.&rft.au=Musgrove%2C+MaryLynn&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.+Lawrence&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Hai&rft.au=Min%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griggs2017-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griggs2017_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griggs2017_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriggsPeteetKromerGrote2017" class="citation journal cs1">Griggs, Carol; Peteet, Dorothy; Kromer, Bernd; Grote, Todd; Southon, John (1 April 2017). "A tree-ring chronology and paleoclimate record for the Younger Dryas–Early Holocene transition from northeastern North America". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Quaternary_Science" title="Journal of Quaternary Science">Journal of Quaternary Science</a>. 32 (3): 341–346. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JQS....32..341G">2017JQS....32..341G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.2940">10.1002/jqs.2940</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1417">1099-1417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133557318">133557318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=A+tree-ring+chronology+and+paleoclimate+record+for+the+Younger+Dryas%E2%80%93Early+Holocene+transition+from+northeastern+North+America&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-346&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.2940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133557318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1099-1417&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JQS....32..341G&rft.aulast=Griggs&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Peteet%2C+Dorothy&rft.au=Kromer%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Grote%2C+Todd&rft.au=Southon%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonBurdettLundKashgarian1997" class="citation journal cs1">Benson, Larry; Burdett, James; Lund, Steve; Kashgarian, Michaele; Mensing, Scott (17 July 1997). "Nearly synchronous climate change in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial termination". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 388 (6639): 263–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F40838">10.1038/40838</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Nearly+synchronous+climate+change+in+the+Northern+Hemisphere+during+the+last+glacial+termination&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=6639&rft.pages=263-265&rft.date=1997-07-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F40838&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Burdett%2C+James&rft.au=Lund%2C+Steve&rft.au=Kashgarian%2C+Michaele&rft.au=Mensing%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuschitiello,_F.Wohlfarth,_B.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Muschitiello, F.; Wohlfarth, B. (2015). "Time-transgressive environmental shifts across Northern Europe at the onset of the Younger Dryas". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 109: 49–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.11.015">10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Time-transgressive+environmental+shifts+across+Northern+Europe+at+the+onset+of+the+Younger+Dryas&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=49-56&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.11.015&rft.au=Muschitiello%2C+F.&rft.au=Wohlfarth%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakagawa2003-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Nakagawa2003_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakagawaKitagawaYasudaTarasov2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nakagawa, T; Kitagawa, H.; Yasuda, Y.; Tarasov, P.E.; Nishida, K.; Gotanda, K.; Sawai, Y.; et al. (Yangtze River Civilization Program Members) (2003). "Asynchronous climate changes in the North Atlantic and Japan during the last termination". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 299 (5607): 688–691. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...299..688N">2003Sci...299..688N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078235">10.1126/science.1078235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12560547">12560547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:350762">350762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Asynchronous+climate+changes+in+the+North+Atlantic+and+Japan+during+the+last+termination&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=5607&rft.pages=688-691&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A350762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12560547&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...299..688N&rft.aulast=Nakagawa&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kitagawa%2C+H.&rft.au=Yasuda%2C+Y.&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+P.E.&rft.au=Nishida%2C+K.&rft.au=Gotanda%2C+K.&rft.au=Sawai%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dieffenbacher-Krall2016-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dieffenbacher-Krall2016_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieffenbacher-Krall2016_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieffenbacher-KrallBornsNurseLangley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dieffenbacher-Krall, Ann C.; Borns, Harold W.; Nurse, Andrea M.; Langley, Geneva E.C.; Birkel, Sean; Cwynar, Les C.; Doner, Lisa A.; Dorion, Christopher C.; Fastook, James (1 March 2016). "Younger Dryas paleoenvironments and ice dynamics in northern Maine: A multi-proxy, case history". Northeastern Naturalist. 23 (1): 67–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1656%2F045.023.0105">10.1656/045.023.0105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-6194">1092-6194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87182583">87182583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeastern+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Younger+Dryas+paleoenvironments+and+ice+dynamics+in+northern+Maine%3A+A+multi-proxy%2C+case+history&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-87&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87182583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1092-6194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1656%2F045.023.0105&rft.aulast=Dieffenbacher-Krall&rft.aufirst=Ann+C.&rft.au=Borns%2C+Harold+W.&rft.au=Nurse%2C+Andrea+M.&rft.au=Langley%2C+Geneva+E.C.&rft.au=Birkel%2C+Sean&rft.au=Cwynar%2C+Les+C.&rft.au=Doner%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Dorion%2C+Christopher+C.&rft.au=Fastook%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakunCarlson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E. (1 July 2010). "A global perspective on Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene climate change". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. Special Theme: Arctic Palaeoclimate Synthesis (PP. 1674–1790). 29 (15): 1801–1816. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QSRv...29.1801S">2010QSRv...29.1801S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2010.03.016">10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+global+perspective+on+Last+Glacial+Maximum+to+Holocene+climate+change&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1801-1816&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2010.03.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010QSRv...29.1801S&rft.aulast=Shakun&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Anders+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjorck2007a-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorck2007a_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorck2007a_52-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Svante_Bj%C3%B6rck" title="Svante Björck">Björck, S.</a> (2007) Younger Dryas oscillation, global evidence. In S. A. Elias, (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Volume 3, pp. 1987–1994. Elsevier B.V., Oxford. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjorck1996-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorck1996_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorck1996_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorckKromerJohnsenBennike1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bjorck, S.; Kromer, B.; Johnsen, S.; Bennike, O.; Hammarlund, D.; Lemdahl, G.; Possnert, G.; Rasmussen, T.L.; Wohlfarth, B.; Hammer, C.U.; Spurk, M. (15 November 1996). "Synchronized terrestrial-atmospheric deglacial records around the North Atlantic". Science. 274 (5290): 1155–1160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274.1155B">1996Sci...274.1155B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5290.1155">10.1126/science.274.5290.1155</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8895457">8895457</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45121979">45121979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Synchronized+terrestrial-atmospheric+deglacial+records+around+the+North+Atlantic&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5290&rft.pages=1155-1160&rft.date=1996-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.274.5290.1155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45121979%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8895457&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...274.1155B&rft.aulast=Bjorck&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kromer%2C+B.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+S.&rft.au=Bennike%2C+O.&rft.au=Hammarlund%2C+D.&rft.au=Lemdahl%2C+G.&rft.au=Possnert%2C+G.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Wohlfarth%2C+B.&rft.au=Hammer%2C+C.U.&rft.au=Spurk%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Mike2008" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Mike; et al. (3 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf">"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP, etc"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Quaternary_Science" title="Journal of Quaternary Science">Journal of Quaternary Science</a>. 24 (1): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JQS....24....3W">2009JQS....24....3W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.1227">10.1002/jqs.1227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40380068">40380068</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Formal+definition+and+dating+of+the+GSSP%2C+etc.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40380068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.1227&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JQS....24....3W&rft.au=Walker%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FGSSP%2FHolocene.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1997" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, K.C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt9c8680t0/qt9c8680t0.pdf">"The Holocene-Younger Dryas transition recorded at Summit, Greenland"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 278 (5339): 825–827. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278..825T">1997Sci...278..825T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.278.5339.825">10.1126/science.278.5339.825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Holocene-Younger+Dryas+transition+recorded+at+Summit%2C+Greenland&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=5339&rft.pages=825-827&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.278.5339.825&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Sci...278..825T&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudfront.escholarship.org%2Fdist%2Fprd%2Fcontent%2Fqt9c8680t0%2Fqt9c8680t0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurk1998" class="citation journal cs1">Spurk, M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200019159">"Revisions and extension of the Hohenheim oak and pine chronologies: New evidence about the timing of the Younger Dryas/Preboreal transition"</a>. Radiocarbon. 40 (3): 1107–1116. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Radcb..40.1107S">1998Radcb..40.1107S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200019159">10.1017/S0033822200019159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Revisions+and+extension+of+the+Hohenheim+oak+and+pine+chronologies%3A+New+evidence+about+the+timing+of+the+Younger+Dryas%2FPreboreal+transition&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1107-1116&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200019159&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Radcb..40.1107S&rft.aulast=Spurk&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0033822200019159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulliksenBirksPossnertMangerud1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gulliksen, Steinar; Birks, H.H.; Possnert, G.; Mangerud, J. (1998). "A calendar age estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene boundary at Krakenes, western Norway". Holocene. 8 (3): 249–259. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Holoc...8..249G">1998Holoc...8..249G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F095968398672301347">10.1191/095968398672301347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129916026">129916026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocene&rft.atitle=A+calendar+age+estimate+of+the+Younger+Dryas-Holocene+boundary+at+Krakenes%2C+western+Norway&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-259&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129916026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F095968398672301347&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Holoc...8..249G&rft.aulast=Gulliksen&rft.aufirst=Steinar&rft.au=Birks%2C+H.H.&rft.au=Possnert%2C+G.&rft.au=Mangerud%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobashiaSeveringhausBarnola2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kobashia, Takuro; Severinghaus, Jeffrey P.; Barnola, Jean-Marc (2008). "4 ± 1.5 °C abrupt warming 11,270 years ago identified from trapped air in Greenland ice". <a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>. 268 (3–4): 397–407. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008E&PSL.268..397K">2008E&PSL.268..397K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2008.01.032">10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=4+%C2%B1+1.5+%C2%B0C+abrupt+warming+11%2C270+years+ago+identified+from+trapped+air+in+Greenland+ice&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=397-407&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2008.01.032&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008E%26PSL.268..397K&rft.aulast=Kobashia&rft.aufirst=Takuro&rft.au=Severinghaus%2C+Jeffrey+P.&rft.au=Barnola%2C+Jean-Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughenSouthonLehmanOverpeck2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hughen, K.A.; Southon, J.R.; Lehman, S.J.; Overpeck, J.T. (2000). "Synchronous radiocarbon and climate shifts during the last deglaciation". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 290 (5498): 1951–1954. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290.1951H">2000Sci...290.1951H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5498.1951">10.1126/science.290.5498.1951</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11110659">11110659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Synchronous+radiocarbon+and+climate+shifts+during+the+last+deglaciation&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=5498&rft.pages=1951-1954&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11110659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.290.5498.1951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...290.1951H&rft.aulast=Hughen&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft.au=Southon%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Lehman%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Overpeck%2C+J.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alley1993-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Alley1993_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyMeeseShumanGow1993" class="citation journal cs1">Alley, Richard B.; Meese, D.A.; Shuman, C.A.; Gow, A.J.; Taylor, K.C.; Grootes, P.M.; et al. (1993). "Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 362 (6420): 527–529. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.362..527A">1993Natur.362..527A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F362527a0">10.1038/362527a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11603%2F24307">11603/24307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4325976">4325976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Abrupt+increase+in+Greenland+snow+accumulation+at+the+end+of+the+Younger+Dryas+event&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=6420&rft.pages=527-529&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11603%2F24307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4325976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F362527a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Natur.362..527A&rft.aulast=Alley&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Meese%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Shuman%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Gow%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Grootes%2C+P.M.&rft.au=White%2C+J.W.C.&rft.au=Ram%2C+M.&rft.au=Waddington%2C+E.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughenOverpeckPetersonTrumbore1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hughen, Konrad A.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Peterson, Larry C.; Trumbore, Susan (7 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d5484b0">"Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 380 (6569): 51–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380...51H">1996Natur.380...51H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F380051a0">10.1038/380051a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4344716">4344716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rapid+climate+changes+in+the+tropical+Atlantic+region+during+the+last+deglaciation&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=6569&rft.pages=51-54&rft.date=1996-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F380051a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4344716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.380...51H&rft.aulast=Hughen&rft.aufirst=Konrad+A.&rft.au=Overpeck%2C+Jonathan+T.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Larry+C.&rft.au=Trumbore%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2d5484b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeerlingBirksWoodward1995" class="citation journal cs1">Beerling, David J.; Birks, Hilary H.; Woodward, F. Ian (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.3390100407">"Rapid late-glacial atmospheric CO 2 changes reconstructed from the stomatal density record of fossil leaves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Quaternary_Science" title="Journal of Quaternary Science">Journal of Quaternary Science</a>. 10 (4): 379–384. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JQS....10..379B">1995JQS....10..379B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3390100407">10.1002/jqs.3390100407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-8179">0267-8179</a>. Retrieved 19 December 2023 – via Wiley Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Rapid+late-glacial+atmospheric+CO+2+changes+reconstructed+from+the+stomatal+density+record+of+fossil+leaves&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=379-384&rft.date=1995-12&rft.issn=0267-8179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.3390100407&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JQS....10..379B&rft.aulast=Beerling&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Birks%2C+Hilary+H.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+F.+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.3390100407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇinerStepišnikSarıkayaŽebre2019" class="citation journal cs1">Çiner, Attila; Stepišnik, Uroš; Sarıkaya, M. Akif; Žebre, Manja; Yıldırım, Cengiz (24 June 2019). "Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas piedmont glaciations in Blidinje, the Dinaric Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina): insights from 36Cl cosmogenic dating". Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews. 1 (1): 25–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MGRv....1...25C">2019MGRv....1...25C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42990-019-0003-4">10.1007/s42990-019-0003-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2661-863X">2661-863X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Geoscience+Reviews&rft.atitle=Last+Glacial+Maximum+and+Younger+Dryas+piedmont+glaciations+in+Blidinje%2C+the+Dinaric+Mountains+%28Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%29%3A+insights+from+36Cl+cosmogenic+dating&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-43&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.issn=2661-863X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs42990-019-0003-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019MGRv....1...25C&rft.aulast=%C3%87iner&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.au=Stepi%C5%A1nik%2C+Uro%C5%A1&rft.au=Sar%C4%B1kaya%2C+M.+Akif&rft.au=%C5%BDebre%2C+Manja&rft.au=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%2C+Cengiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisMenounosOsborn2009" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, P. Thompson; Menounos, Brian; Osborn, Gerald (1 October 2009). "Holocene and latest Pleistocene alpine glacier fluctuations: a global perspective". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 28 (21): 2021–2033. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009QSRv...28.2021D">2009QSRv...28.2021D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2009.05.020">10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Holocene+and+latest+Pleistocene+alpine+glacier+fluctuations%3A+a+global+perspective&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2021-2033&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2009.05.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009QSRv...28.2021D&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=P.+Thompson&rft.au=Menounos%2C+Brian&rft.au=Osborn%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsbornGerloff1997" class="citation journal cs1">Osborn, Gerald; Gerloff, Lisa (1 January 1997). "Latest pleistocene and early Holocene fluctuations of glaciers in the Canadian and northern American Rockies". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_International" title="Quaternary International">Quaternary International</a>. 38: 7–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997QuInt..38....7O">1997QuInt..38....7O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1040-6182%2896%2900026-2">10.1016/s1040-6182(96)00026-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Latest+pleistocene+and+early+Holocene+fluctuations+of+glaciers+in+the+Canadian+and+northern+American+Rockies&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=7-19&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1040-6182%2896%2900026-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997QuInt..38....7O&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Gerloff%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovanen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kovanen, Dori J. (1 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3885.2002.tb01064.x">"Morphologic and stratigraphic evidence for Allerød and Younger Dryas age glacier fluctuations of the Cordilleran ice sheet, British Columbia, Canada, and northwest Washington, U.S.A"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(journal)" title="Boreas (journal)">Boreas</a>. 31 (2): 163–184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Borea..31..163K">2002Borea..31..163K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3885.2002.tb01064.x">10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01064.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1502-3885">1502-3885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129896627">129896627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boreas&rft.atitle=Morphologic+and+stratigraphic+evidence+for+Aller%C3%B8d+and+Younger+Dryas+age+glacier+fluctuations+of+the+Cordilleran+ice+sheet%2C+British+Columbia%2C+Canada%2C+and+northwest+Washington%2C+U.S.A&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-184&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3885.2002.tb01064.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129896627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1502-3885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Borea..31..163K&rft.aulast=Kovanen&rft.aufirst=Dori+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1502-3885.2002.tb01064.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungGordonOwenHuot2020" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Richard A.; Gordon, Lee M.; Owen, Lewis A.; Huot, Sebastien; Zerfas, Timothy D. (17 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fges02257.1">"Evidence for a late glacial advance near the beginning of the Younger Dryas in western New York State: An event postdating the record for local Laurentide ice sheet recession"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geosphere_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosphere (journal)">Geosphere</a>. 17 (1): 271–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fges02257.1">10.1130/ges02257.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-040X">1553-040X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228885304">228885304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geosphere&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+late+glacial+advance+near+the+beginning+of+the+Younger+Dryas+in+western+New+York+State%3A+An+event+postdating+the+record+for+local+Laurentide+ice+sheet+recession&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=271-305&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228885304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1553-040X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2Fges02257.1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Lee+M.&rft.au=Owen%2C+Lewis+A.&rft.au=Huot%2C+Sebastien&rft.au=Zerfas%2C+Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1130%252Fges02257.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieleClague,_J.J.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Friele, P.A.; Clague, J.J. (2002). "Younger Dryas readvance in Squamish river valley, southern Coast mountains, British Columbia". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 21 (18–19): 1925–1933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002QSRv...21.1925F">2002QSRv...21.1925F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2802%2900081-1">10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00081-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Younger+Dryas+readvance+in+Squamish+river+valley%2C+southern+Coast+mountains%2C+British+Columbia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=18%E2%80%9319&rft.pages=1925-1933&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2802%2900081-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002QSRv...21.1925F&rft.aulast=Friele&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rft.au=Clague%2C+J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeine1998" class="citation journal cs1">Heine, Jan T. (1 December 1998). "Extent, timing, and climatic implications of glacier advances Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A., at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 17 (12): 1139–1148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998QSRv...17.1139H">1998QSRv...17.1139H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0277-3791%2897%2900077-2">10.1016/s0277-3791(97)00077-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Extent%2C+timing%2C+and+climatic+implications+of+glacier+advances+Mount+Rainier%2C+Washington%2C+U.S.A.%2C+at+the+Pleistocene%2FHolocene+transition&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1139-1148&rft.date=1998-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0277-3791%2897%2900077-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998QSRv...17.1139H&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Jan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowellLarsonHughesDenton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lowell, Thomas V.; Larson, Graham J.; Hughes, John D.; Denton, George H. (25 March 1999). "Age verification of the Lake Gribben forest bed and the Younger Dryas advance of the Laurentide ice sheet". <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences" title="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences">Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences</a>. 36 (3): 383–393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999CaJES..36..383L">1999CaJES..36..383L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe98-095">10.1139/e98-095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4077">0008-4077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Age+verification+of+the+Lake+Gribben+forest+bed+and+the+Younger+Dryas+advance+of+the+Laurentide+ice+sheet&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-393&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft.issn=0008-4077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fe98-095&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999CaJES..36..383L&rft.aulast=Lowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+V.&rft.au=Larson%2C+Graham+J.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Denton%2C+George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcoxDoraleBaichtalSpötl2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, Paul S.; Dorale, Jeffrey A.; Baichtal, James F.; Spötl, Christoph; Fowell, Sarah J.; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Kovarik, Johanna L. (27 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44231-1">"Millennial-scale glacial climate variability in Southeastern Alaska follows Dansgaard-Oeschger cyclicity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 9 (1): 7880. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-44231-1">10.1038/s41598-019-44231-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. Retrieved 8 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Millennial-scale+glacial+climate+variability+in+Southeastern+Alaska+follows+Dansgaard-Oeschger+cyclicity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7880&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-44231-1&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Dorale%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Baichtal%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Sp%C3%B6tl%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Fowell%2C+Sarah+J.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.+Lawrence&rft.au=Kovarik%2C+Johanna+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-019-44231-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911052653/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100908132214.htm">"New clue to how last ice age ended"</a>. ScienceDaily. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100908132214.htm">the original</a> on 11 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=New+clue+to+how+last+ice+age+ended&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2010%2F09%2F100908132214.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsenFunderLingeMöller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Nicolaj K.; Funder, Svend; Linge, Henriette; Möller, Per; Schomacker, Anders; Fabel, Derek; Xu, Sheng; Kjær, Kurt H. (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115301578">"A Younger Dryas re-advance of local glaciers in north Greenland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. Special Issue: PAST Gateways (Palaeo-Arctic Spatial and Temporal Gateways). 147: 47–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QSRv..147...47L">2016QSRv..147...47L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2015.10.036">10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+Younger+Dryas+re-advance+of+local+glaciers+in+north+Greenland&rft.volume=147&rft.pages=47-58&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2015.10.036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016QSRv..147...47L&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Nicolaj+K.&rft.au=Funder%2C+Svend&rft.au=Linge%2C+Henriette&rft.au=M%C3%B6ller%2C+Per&rft.au=Schomacker%2C+Anders&rft.au=Fabel%2C+Derek&rft.au=Xu%2C+Sheng&rft.au=Kj%C3%A6r%2C+Kurt+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0277379115301578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainsley2018-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Rainsley2018_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainsleyMenvielFogwillTurney2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rainsley, Eleanor; Menviel, Laurie; Fogwill, Christopher J.; Turney, Chris S. M.; Hughes, Anna L. C.; Rood, Dylan H. (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6085367">"Greenland ice mass loss during the Younger Dryas driven by Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation feedbacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 8 (1): 11307. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...811307R">2018NatSR...811307R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-29226-8">10.1038/s41598-018-29226-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6085367">6085367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30093676">30093676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Greenland+ice+mass+loss+during+the+Younger+Dryas+driven+by+Atlantic+Meridional+Overturning+Circulation+feedbacks&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11307&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6085367%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...811307R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30093676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-29226-8&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Rainsley&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Menviel%2C+Laurie&rft.au=Fogwill%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Turney%2C+Chris+S.+M.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Anna+L.+C.&rft.au=Rood%2C+Dylan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6085367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuszkiczay-RüdigerKernTemovskiMadarász2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Zsófia; Kern, Zoltán; Temovski, Marjan; Madarász, Balázs; Milevski, Ivica; Braucher, Régis (15 February 2020). "Last deglaciation in the central Balkan Peninsula: Geochronological evidence from the Jablanica Mt. (North Macedonia)". <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)" title="Geomorphology (journal)">Geomorphology</a>. 351: 106985. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Geomo.35106985R">2020Geomo.35106985R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2019.106985">10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106985</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-555X">0169-555X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Last+deglaciation+in+the+central+Balkan+Peninsula%3A+Geochronological+evidence+from+the+Jablanica+Mt.+%28North+Macedonia%29&rft.volume=351&rft.pages=106985&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft.issn=0169-555X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2019.106985&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Geomo.35106985R&rft.aulast=Ruszkiczay-R%C3%BCdiger&rft.aufirst=Zs%C3%B3fia&rft.au=Kern%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Temovski%2C+Marjan&rft.au=Madar%C3%A1sz%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Milevski%2C+Ivica&rft.au=Braucher%2C+R%C3%A9gis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettitWhite2012" class="citation book cs1">Pettit, Paul; White, Mark (2012). The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67455-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67455-3"><bdi>978-0-415-67455-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Palaeolithic%3A+Human+Societies+at+the+Edge+of+the+Pleistocene+World&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67455-3&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=White%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohneBondevikMangerudSchrader2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lohne, Øystein S.; Bondevik, Stein; Mangerud, Jan; Schrader, Hans (July 2004). "Calendar year age estimates of Allerød–Younger Dryas sea-level oscillations at Os, western Norway". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Quaternary_Science" title="Journal of Quaternary Science">Journal of Quaternary Science</a>. 19 (5): 443–464. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JQS....19..443L">2004JQS....19..443L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.846">10.1002/jqs.846</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F734">1956/734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-8179">0267-8179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53140679">53140679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Calendar+year+age+estimates+of+Aller%C3%B8d%E2%80%93Younger+Dryas+sea-level+oscillations+at+Os%2C+western+Norway&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=443-464&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1956%2F734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53140679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JQS....19..443L&rft.issn=0267-8179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.846&rft.aulast=Lohne&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein+S.&rft.au=Bondevik%2C+Stein&rft.au=Mangerud%2C+Jan&rft.au=Schrader%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohne2007-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lohne2007_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohne2007_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohneBondevikMangerudaSvendsena2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lohne, Ø.S.; Bondevik, S.; Mangeruda, J.; Svendsena, J.I. (2007). "Sea-level fluctuations imply that the Younger Dryas ice-sheet expansion in western Norway commenced during the Allerød". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 26 (17–18): 2128–2151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007QSRv...26.2128L">2007QSRv...26.2128L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2007.04.008">10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F1179">1956/1179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Sea-level+fluctuations+imply+that+the+Younger+Dryas+ice-sheet+expansion+in+western+Norway+commenced+during+the+Aller%C3%B8d&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=17%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=2128-2151&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1956%2F1179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2007.04.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007QSRv...26.2128L&rft.aulast=Lohne&rft.aufirst=%C3%98.S.&rft.au=Bondevik%2C+S.&rft.au=Mangeruda%2C+J.&rft.au=Svendsena%2C+J.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowers2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sowers, Todd (10 February 2006). "Late Quaternary Atmospheric CH 4 Isotope Record Suggests Marine Clathrates Are Stable". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 311 (5762): 838–840. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121235">10.1126/science.1121235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469923">16469923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38790253">38790253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Late+Quaternary+Atmospheric+CH+4+Isotope+Record+Suggests+Marine+Clathrates+Are+Stable&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5762&rft.pages=838-840&rft.date=2006-02-10&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38790253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16469923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1121235&rft.aulast=Sowers&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierneyRussell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tierney, Jessica E.; Russell, James M. (11 August 2007). "Abrupt climate change in southeast tropical Africa influenced by Indian monsoon variability and ITCZ migration". <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a>. 34 (15). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3415709T">2007GeoRL..3415709T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL029508">10.1029/2007GL029508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129722161">129722161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Abrupt+climate+change+in+southeast+tropical+Africa+influenced+by+Indian+monsoon+variability+and+ITCZ+migration&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2007-08-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL029508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129722161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3415709T&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Jessica+E.&rft.au=Russell%2C+James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolledgeHubbardBradwell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Golledge, Nicholas; Hubbard, Alun; Bradwell, Tom (30 June 2009). "Influence of seasonality on glacier mass balance, and implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions". <a href="/wiki/Climate_Dynamics" title="Climate Dynamics">Climate Dynamics</a>. 35 (5): 757–770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00382-009-0616-6">10.1007/s00382-009-0616-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0930-7575">0930-7575</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129774709">129774709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Influence+of+seasonality+on+glacier+mass+balance%2C+and+implications+for+palaeoclimate+reconstructions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=757-770&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129774709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0930-7575&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-009-0616-6&rft.aulast=Golledge&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Alun&rft.au=Bradwell%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoraleWozniakBettisCarpenter2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dorale, J.A.; Wozniak, L.A.; Bettis, E.A.; Carpenter, S.J.; Mandel, R.D.; Hajic, E.R.; Lopinot, N.H.; Ray, J.H. (2010). "Isotopic evidence for Younger Dryas aridity in the North American midcontinent". Geology. 38 (6): 519–522. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geo....38..519D">2010Geo....38..519D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fg30781.1">10.1130/g30781.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Isotopic+evidence+for+Younger+Dryas+aridity+in+the+North+American+midcontinent&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=519-522&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2Fg30781.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geo....38..519D&rft.aulast=Dorale&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Wozniak%2C+L.A.&rft.au=Bettis%2C+E.A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Mandel%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Hajic%2C+E.R.&rft.au=Lopinot%2C+N.H.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanJonesLengNoble2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, Jonathan R.; Jones, Matthew D.; Leng, Melanie J.; Noble, Stephen R.; Metcalfe, Sarah E.; Sloane, Hilary J.; Sahy, Diana; Eastwood, Warren J.; Roberts, C. Neil (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/761164/1/Dean%20et%20al.%202015%20QSR.pdf">"Eastern Mediterranean hydroclimate over the late glacial and Holocene, reconstructed from the sediments of Nar lake, central Turkey, using stable isotopes and carbonate mineralogy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 124: 162–174. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015QSRv..124..162D">2015QSRv..124..162D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2015.07.023">10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F3808">10026.1/3808</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Eastern+Mediterranean+hydroclimate+over+the+late+glacial+and+Holocene%2C+reconstructed+from+the+sediments+of+Nar+lake%2C+central+Turkey%2C+using+stable+isotopes+and+carbonate+mineralogy&rft.volume=124&rft.pages=162-174&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10026.1%2F3808&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2015.07.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015QSRv..124..162D&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Matthew+D.&rft.au=Leng%2C+Melanie+J.&rft.au=Noble%2C+Stephen+R.&rft.au=Metcalfe%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Sloane%2C+Hilary+J.&rft.au=Sahy%2C+Diana&rft.au=Eastwood%2C+Warren+J.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+C.+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnottingham-repository.worktribe.com%2Ffile%2F761164%2F1%2FDean%2520et%2520al.%25202015%2520QSR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleitmannChengBadertscherEdwards2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fleitmann, D.; Cheng, H.; Badertscher, S.; Edwards, R. L.; Mudelsee, M.; Göktürk, O. M.; Fankhauser, A.; Pickering, R.; Raible, C. C.; Matter, A.; Kramers, J.; Tüysüz, O. (6 October 2009). "Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey". <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a>. 36 (19). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoRL..3619707F">2009GeoRL..3619707F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL040050">10.1029/2009GL040050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Timing+and+climatic+impact+of+Greenland+interstadials+recorded+in+stalagmites+from+northern+Turkey&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009GL040050&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GeoRL..3619707F&rft.aulast=Fleitmann&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+H.&rft.au=Badertscher%2C+S.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Mudelsee%2C+M.&rft.au=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%2C+O.+M.&rft.au=Fankhauser%2C+A.&rft.au=Pickering%2C+R.&rft.au=Raible%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Matter%2C+A.&rft.au=Kramers%2C+J.&rft.au=T%C3%BCys%C3%BCz%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong2014-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hong2014_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hong2014_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongHongUchidaShibata2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Bing; Hong, Yetang; Uchida, Masao; Shibata, Yasuyuki; Cai, Cheng; Peng, Haijun; Zhu, Yongxuan; Wang, Yu; Yuan, Linggui (1 August 2014). "Abrupt variations of Indian and East Asian summer monsoons during the last deglacial stadial and interstadial". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 97: 58–70. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QSRv...97...58H">2014QSRv...97...58H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.05.006">10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Abrupt+variations+of+Indian+and+East+Asian+summer+monsoons+during+the+last+deglacial+stadial+and+interstadial&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=58-70&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.05.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014QSRv...97...58H&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Bing&rft.au=Hong%2C+Yetang&rft.au=Uchida%2C+Masao&rft.au=Shibata%2C+Yasuyuki&rft.au=Cai%2C+Cheng&rft.au=Peng%2C+Haijun&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yongxuan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yu&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Linggui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLiuChenChen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Zhiping; Liu, Jianbao; Chen, Shengqian; Chen, Jie; Zhang, Shanjia; Xia, Huan; Shen, Zhongwei; Wu, Duo; Chen, Fahu (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JD028752">"Nonlagged Response of Vegetation to Climate Change During the Younger Dryas: Evidence from High-Resolution Multiproxy Records from an Alpine Lake in Northern China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>. 123 (14): 7065–7075. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..123.7065Z">2018JGRD..123.7065Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JD028752">10.1029/2018JD028752</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134259679">134259679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Nonlagged+Response+of+Vegetation+to+Climate+Change+During+the+Younger+Dryas%3A+Evidence+from+High-Resolution+Multiproxy+Records+from+an+Alpine+Lake+in+Northern+China&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=7065-7075&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134259679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2018JD028752&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JGRD..123.7065Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhiping&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jianbao&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shengqian&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jie&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shanjia&rft.au=Xia%2C+Huan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Zhongwei&rft.au=Wu%2C+Duo&rft.au=Chen%2C+Fahu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2018JD028752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mangerud2020-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mangerud2020_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangerud2020_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangerud2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mangerud, Jan (4 November 2021). "The discovery of the Younger Dryas, and comments on the current meaning and usage of the term". <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(journal)" title="Boreas (journal)">Boreas</a>. 50 (1): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Borea..50....1M">2021Borea..50....1M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbor.12481">10.1111/bor.12481</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-9483">0300-9483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boreas&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+Younger+Dryas%2C+and+comments+on+the+current+meaning+and+usage+of+the+term&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.issn=0300-9483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbor.12481&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Borea..50....1M&rft.aulast=Mangerud&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andersson, Gunnar (1896). Svenska växtvärldens historia [Swedish history of the plant world] (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+v%C3%A4xtv%C3%A4rldens+historia&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=P.A.+Norstedt+%26+S%C3%B6ner&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartzMilthers1901" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hartz, N.; Milthers, V. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000004344760&view=1up&seq=247">"Det senglacie ler i Allerød tegelværksgrav"</a> [The late glacial clay of the clay-pit at Alleröd]. Meddelelser Dansk Geologisk Foreningen (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark) (in Danish). 2 (8): 31–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meddelelser+Dansk+Geologisk+Foreningen+%28Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Denmark%29&rft.atitle=Det+senglacie+ler+i+Aller%C3%B8d+tegelv%C3%A6rksgrav&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=31-60&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Hartz&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Milthers%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dinu.32000004344760%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerGingerich2013" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, D. Shane; Gingerich, Joseph A.M. (March 2013). "Regional variation in the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene radiocarbon record of eastern North America". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 79 (2): 175–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuRes..79..175M">2013QuRes..79..175M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2012.12.003">10.1016/j.yqres.2012.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129095089">129095089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Regional+variation+in+the+terminal+Pleistocene+and+early+Holocene+radiocarbon+record+of+eastern+North+America&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-188&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2012.12.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129095089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QuRes..79..175M&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=D.+Shane&rft.au=Gingerich%2C+Joseph+A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeteet1995" class="citation journal cs1">Peteet, D. (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1040-6182%2895%2900049-o">"Global Younger Dryas?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_International" title="Quaternary International">Quaternary International</a>. 28: 93–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QuInt..28...93P">1995QuInt..28...93P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1040-6182%2895%2900049-o">10.1016/1040-6182(95)00049-o</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Global+Younger+Dryas%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=93-104&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F1040-6182%2895%2900049-o&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995QuInt..28...93P&rft.aulast=Peteet&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F1040-6182%252895%252900049-o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShumanBartleinLogarNewby2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shuman, Bryan; Bartlein, Patrick; Logar, Nathaniel; Newby, Paige; Webb, Thompson, III (September 2002). "Parallel climate and vegetation responses to the early Holocene collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 21 (16–17): 1793–1805. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002QSRv...21.1793S">2002QSRv...21.1793S</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.580.8423">10.1.1.580.8423</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0277-3791%2802%2900025-2">10.1016/s0277-3791(02)00025-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Parallel+climate+and+vegetation+responses+to+the+early+Holocene+collapse+of+the+Laurentide+Ice+Sheet&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=16%E2%80%9317&rft.pages=1793-1805&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.580.8423%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0277-3791%2802%2900025-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002QSRv...21.1793S&rft.aulast=Shuman&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Bartlein%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Logar%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Newby%2C+Paige&rft.au=Webb%2C+Thompson%2C+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsPostCwynarLotter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, John W.; Post, David M.; Cwynar, Les C.; Lotter, André F.; Levesque, André J. (1 November 2002). "Rapid and widespread vegetation responses to past climate change in the North Atlantic region". Geology. 30 (11): 971–974. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30..971W">2002Geo....30..971W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0971%3Arawvrt%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0971:rawvrt>2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F19644">1874/19644</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130800017">130800017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Rapid+and+widespread+vegetation+responses+to+past+climate+change+in+the+North+Atlantic+region&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=971-974&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F19644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130800017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geo....30..971W&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0971%3Arawvrt%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Post%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Cwynar%2C+Les+C.&rft.au=Lotter%2C+Andr%C3%A9+F.&rft.au=Levesque%2C+Andr%C3%A9+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsShumanWebb2001" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, John W.; Shuman, Bryan N.; Webb, Thompson (1 December 2001). "Dissimilarity analyses of late-Quaternary vegetation and climate in eastern North America". <a href="/wiki/Ecology_(journal)" title="Ecology (journal)">Ecology</a>. 82 (12): 3346–3362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F0012-9658%282001%29082%5B3346%3Adaolqv%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3346:daolqv]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-9170">1939-9170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Dissimilarity+analyses+of+late-Quaternary+vegetation+and+climate+in+eastern+North+America&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3346-3362&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F0012-9658%282001%29082%5B3346%3Adaolqv%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.issn=1939-9170&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Shuman%2C+Bryan+N.&rft.au=Webb%2C+Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu2012-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Liu2012_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuAndersenWilliamsJackson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Yao; Andersen, Jennifer J.; Williams, John W.; Jackson, Stephen T. (March 2012). "Vegetation history in central Kentucky and Tennessee (USA) during the last glacial and deglacial periods". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 79 (2): 189–198. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuRes..79..189L">2013QuRes..79..189L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2012.12.005">10.1016/j.yqres.2012.12.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55704048">55704048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Vegetation+history+in+central+Kentucky+and+Tennessee+%28USA%29+during+the+last+glacial+and+deglacial+periods&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-198&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2012.12.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55704048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QuRes..79..189L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Yao&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Jennifer+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Stephen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriggWhitlock1998" class="citation journal cs1">Grigg, Laurie D.; Whitlock, Cathy (May 1998). "Late-glacial vegetation and climate change in western Oregon". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 49 (3): 287–298. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998QuRes..49..287G">1998QuRes..49..287G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fqres.1998.1966">10.1006/qres.1998.1966</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129306849">129306849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Late-glacial+vegetation+and+climate+change+in+western+Oregon&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-298&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fqres.1998.1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129306849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998QuRes..49..287G&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Laurie+D.&rft.au=Whitlock%2C+Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vacco2005-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vacco2005_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vacco2005_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaccoClarkMixCheng2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vacco, David A.; Clark, Peter U.; Mix, Alan C.; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (1 September 2005). "A speleothem record of Younger Dryas cooling, Klamath Mountains, Oregon, USA". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 64 (2): 249–256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005QuRes..64..249V">2005QuRes..64..249V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2005.06.008">10.1016/j.yqres.2005.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1633393">1633393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=A+speleothem+record+of+Younger+Dryas+cooling%2C+Klamath+Mountains%2C+Oregon%2C+USA&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-256&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2005.06.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1633393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005QuRes..64..249V&rft.aulast=Vacco&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Peter+U.&rft.au=Mix%2C+Alan+C.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Hai&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavinBrubakerGreenwald2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gavin, Daniel G.; Brubaker, Linda B.; Greenwald, D. Noah (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/12-1742.1">"Post-glacial climate and fire-mediated vegetation change on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Monographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological Monographs">Ecological Monographs</a>. 83 (4): 471–489. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EcoM...83..471G">2013EcoM...83..471G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F12-1742.1">10.1890/12-1742.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9615">0012-9615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Monographs&rft.atitle=Post-glacial+climate+and+fire-mediated+vegetation+change+on+the+western+Olympic+Peninsula%2C+Washington%2C+USA&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-489&rft.date=2013-11&rft.issn=0012-9615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F12-1742.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EcoM...83..471G&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rft.au=Brubaker%2C+Linda+B.&rft.au=Greenwald%2C+D.+Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1890%2F12-1742.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriggWhitlockDean2001" class="citation journal cs1">Grigg, Laurie D.; Whitlock, Cathy; Dean, Walter E. (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/248">"Evidence for millennial-scale climate change during Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3 at Little Lake, western Oregon, USA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 56 (1): 10–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001QuRes..56...10G">2001QuRes..56...10G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fqres.2001.2246">10.1006/qres.2001.2246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5850258">5850258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+millennial-scale+climate+change+during+Marine+Isotope+Stages+2+and+3+at+Little+Lake%2C+western+Oregon%2C+USA&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-22&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fqres.2001.2246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5850258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001QuRes..56...10G&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Laurie+D.&rft.au=Whitlock%2C+Cathy&rft.au=Dean%2C+Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fusgsstaffpub%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershlerMadsenCurrey2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hershler, Robert; Madsen, D.B.; Currey, D.R. (11 December 2002). "Great Basin aquatic systems history". Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences. 33 (33): 1–405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SCoES..33.....H">2002SCoES..33.....H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810274.33.1">10.5479/si.00810274.33.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-0274">0081-0274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129249661">129249661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Contributions+to+the+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Great+Basin+aquatic+systems+history&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=1-405&rft.date=2002-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00810274.33.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129249661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0081-0274&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002SCoES..33.....H&rft.aulast=Hershler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Madsen%2C+D.B.&rft.au=Currey%2C+D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrilesWhitlockBartlein2005" class="citation journal cs1">Briles, Christy E.; Whitlock, Cathy; Bartlein, Patrick J. (July 2005). "Postglacial vegetation, fire, and climate history of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, USA". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 64 (1): 44–56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005QuRes..64...44B">2005QuRes..64...44B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2005.03.001">10.1016/j.yqres.2005.03.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17330671">17330671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Postglacial+vegetation%2C+fire%2C+and+climate+history+of+the+Siskiyou+Mountains%2C+Oregon%2C+USA&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-56&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2005.03.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17330671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005QuRes..64...44B&rft.aulast=Briles&rft.aufirst=Christy+E.&rft.au=Whitlock%2C+Cathy&rft.au=Bartlein%2C+Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErin2013" class="citation book cs1">Erin, Metin I. (2013). Hunter-gatherer behavior: Human response during the Younger Dryas. Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-603-7"><bdi>978-1-59874-603-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907959421">907959421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunter-gatherer+behavior%3A+Human+response+during+the+Younger+Dryas&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907959421&rft.isbn=978-1-59874-603-7&rft.aulast=Erin&rft.aufirst=Metin+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodOsbornSpooner2006" class="citation journal cs1">MacLeod, David Matthew; Osborn, Gerald; Spooner, Ian (1 April 2006). "A record of post-glacial moraine deposition and tephra stratigraphy from Otokomi Lake, Rose Basin, Glacier National Park, Montana". <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences" title="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences">Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences</a>. 43 (4): 447–460. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006CaJES..43..447M">2006CaJES..43..447M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe06-001">10.1139/e06-001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4077">0008-4077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55554570">55554570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+record+of+post-glacial+moraine+deposition+and+tephra+stratigraphy+from+Otokomi+Lake%2C+Rose+Basin%2C+Glacier+National+Park%2C+Montana&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-460&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fe06-001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55554570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-4077&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006CaJES..43..447M&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=David+Matthew&rft.au=Osborn%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Spooner%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunelle2003-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunelle2003_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunelle2003_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunelleWhitlock2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brunelle, Andrea; Whitlock, Cathy (July 2003). "Postglacial fire, vegetation, and climate history in the Clearwater Range, northern Idaho, USA". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 60 (3): 307–318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003QuRes..60..307B">2003QuRes..60..307B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2003.07.009">10.1016/j.yqres.2003.07.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129531002">129531002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Postglacial+fire%2C+vegetation%2C+and+climate+history+in+the+Clearwater+Range%2C+northern+Idaho%2C+USA&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-318&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2003.07.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129531002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003QuRes..60..307B&rft.aulast=Brunelle&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Whitlock%2C+Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mumma2012-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mumma2012_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumma2012_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMummaWhitlockPierce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mumma, Stephanie Ann; Whitlock, Cathy; Pierce, Kenneth (1 April 2012). "A 28,000 year history of vegetation and climate from Lower Red Rock Lake, Centennial Valley, southwestern Montana, USA". <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a>. 326: 30–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PPP...326...30M">2012PPP...326...30M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2012.01.036">10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=A+28%2C000+year+history+of+vegetation+and+climate+from+Lower+Red+Rock+Lake%2C+Centennial+Valley%2C+southwestern+Montana%2C+USA&rft.volume=326&rft.pages=30-41&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2012.01.036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PPP...326...30M&rft.aulast=Mumma&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Ann&rft.au=Whitlock%2C+Cathy&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891096">"Precise cosmogenic 10Be measurements in western North America: Support for a global Younger Dryas cooling event"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Precise+cosmogenic+%3Csup%3E10%3C%2Fsup%3EBe+measurements+in+western+North+America%3A+Support+for+a+global+Younger+Dryas+cooling+event&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230891096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReasonerOsbornRutter1994" class="citation journal cs1">Reasoner, Mel A.; Osborn, Gerald; Rutter, N. W. (1 May 1994). "Age of the Crowfoot advance in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: A glacial event coeval with the Younger Dryas oscillation". <a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a>. 22 (5): 439–442. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Geo....22..439R">1994Geo....22..439R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281994%29022%3C0439%3AAOTCAI%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0439:AOTCAI>2.3.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Age+of+the+Crowfoot+advance+in+the+Canadian+Rocky+Mountains%3A+A+glacial+event+coeval+with+the+Younger+Dryas+oscillation&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=439-442&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281994%29022%3C0439%3AAOTCAI%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Geo....22..439R&rft.aulast=Reasoner&rft.aufirst=Mel+A.&rft.au=Osborn%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Rutter%2C+N.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReasonerJodry2000" class="citation journal cs1">Reasoner, Mel A.; Jodry, Margret A. (1 January 2000). "Rapid response of alpine timberline vegetation to the Younger Dryas climate oscillation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA". <a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a>. 28 (1): 51–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Geo....28...51R">2000Geo....28...51R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282000%2928%3C51%3ARROATV%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<51:RROATV>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Rapid+response+of+alpine+timberline+vegetation+to+the+Younger+Dryas+climate+oscillation+in+the+Colorado+Rocky+Mountains%2C+USA&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-54&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282000%2928%3C51%3ARROATV%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Geo....28...51R&rft.aulast=Reasoner&rft.aufirst=Mel+A.&rft.au=Jodry%2C+Margret+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrilesWhitlockMeltzer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Briles, Christy E.; Whitlock, Cathy; Meltzer, David J. (January 2012). "Last glacial–interglacial environments in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA and implications for Younger Dryas-age human occupation". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 77 (1): 96–103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuRes..77...96B">2012QuRes..77...96B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2011.10.002">10.1016/j.yqres.2011.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5894">0033-5894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9377272">9377272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Last+glacial%E2%80%93interglacial+environments+in+the+southern+Rocky+Mountains%2C+USA+and+implications+for+Younger+Dryas-age+human+occupation&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-103&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2011.10.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9377272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuRes..77...96B&rft.aulast=Briles&rft.aufirst=Christy+E.&rft.au=Whitlock%2C+Cathy&rft.au=Meltzer%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bar-Yosef-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Bar-Yosef_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef,_O.Belfer-Cohen,_A.2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ofer_Bar-Yosef" title="Ofer Bar-Yosef">Bar-Yosef, O.</a>; Belfer-Cohen, A. (31 December 2002) [1998]. "Facing environmental crisis. Societal and cultural changes at the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Holocene in the Levant". In Cappers, R.T.J.; Bottema, S. (eds.). The Dawn of Farming in the Near East. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Vol. 6. Berlin, DE: Ex Oriente. pp. 55–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9804241-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-9804241-5-4"><bdi>3-9804241-5-4</bdi></a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facing+environmental+crisis.+Societal+and+cultural+changes+at+the+transition+from+the+Younger+Dryas+to+the+Holocene+in+the+Levant&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Farming+in+the+Near+East&rft.place=Berlin%2C+DE&rft.series=Studies+in+Early+Near+Eastern+Production%2C+Subsistence%2C+and+Environment&rft.pages=55-66&rft.pub=Ex+Oriente&rft.date=2002-12-31&rft.isbn=3-9804241-5-4&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+O.&rft.au=Belfer-Cohen%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-398042415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-398042415-8">978-398042415-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen,_Steven_J.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mithen" title="Steven Mithen">Mithen, Steven J.</a> (2003). After the Ice: A global human history, 20,000–5000 BC (paperback ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 46–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Ice%3A+A+global+human+history%2C+20%2C000%E2%80%935000+BC&rft.pages=46-55&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Mithen%2C+Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassett2017" class="citation book cs1">Hassett, Brenna (2017). Built on Bones: 15,000 years of urban life and death. London, UK: Bloomsbury Sigma. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2294-6"><bdi>978-1-4729-2294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Built+on+Bones%3A+15%2C000+years+of+urban+life+and+death&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Sigma&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2294-6&rft.aulast=Hassett&rft.aufirst=Brenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Munro_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, N.D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602105430/http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Mitteilungen.pdf">"Small game, the younger dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the southern levant"</a> (PDF). Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte. 12: 47–64. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Mitteilungen.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+der+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Urgeschichte&rft.atitle=Small+game%2C+the+younger+dryas%2C+and+the+transition+to+agriculture+in+the+southern+levant&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=47-64&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=N.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anth.uconn.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmunro%2Fassets%2FMitteilungen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalter2010" class="citation journal cs1">Balter, Michael (2010). "Archaeology: The tangled roots of agriculture". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 327 (5964): 404–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.327.5964.404">10.1126/science.327.5964.404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20093449">20093449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Archaeology%3A+The+tangled+roots+of+agriculture&rft.volume=327&rft.issue=5964&rft.pages=404-406&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.327.5964.404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20093449&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeigwinSchlegel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Keigwin, L. D.; Schlegel, M. A. (22 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001GC000283">"Ocean ventilation and sedimentation since the glacial maximum at 3 km in the western North Atlantic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry,_Geophysics,_Geosystems" title="Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems">Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</a>. 3 (6): 1034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GGG.....3.1034K">2002GGG.....3.1034K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001GC000283">10.1029/2001GC000283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129340391">129340391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=Ocean+ventilation+and+sedimentation+since+the+glacial+maximum+at+3+km+in+the+western+North+Atlantic&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1034&rft.date=2002-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129340391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001GC000283&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002GGG.....3.1034K&rft.aulast=Keigwin&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft.au=Schlegel%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2001GC000283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmWattsJacobsonHansen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grimm, Eric C.; Watts, William A.; Jacobson, George L. Jr.; Hansen, Barbara C.S.; Almquist, Heather R.; Dieffenbacher-Krall, Ann C. (September 2006). "Evidence for warm wet Heinrich events in Florida". <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 25 (17–18): 2197–2211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006QSRv...25.2197G">2006QSRv...25.2197G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2006.04.008">10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+warm+wet+Heinrich+events+in+Florida&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=17%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=2197-2211&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2006.04.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006QSRv...25.2197G&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Eric+C.&rft.au=Watts%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+George+L.+Jr.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Barbara+C.S.&rft.au=Almquist%2C+Heather+R.&rft.au=Dieffenbacher-Krall%2C+Ann+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broecker2006-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Broecker2006_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroecker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Broecker, Wallace S. (2006). "Was the Younger Dryas triggered by a flood?". Science. 312 (5777): 1146–1148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1123253">10.1126/science.1123253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16728622">16728622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39544213">39544213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Was+the+Younger+Dryas+triggered+by+a+flood%3F&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=5777&rft.pages=1146-1148&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39544213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16728622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1123253&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenman2009-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenman2009_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenman2009_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenmanBitzTziperman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenman, I.; <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bitz" title="Cecilia Bitz">Bitz, C.M.</a>; Tziperman, E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009PA001778">"Rain driven by receding ice sheets as a cause of past climate change"</a>. Paleoceanography. 24 (4): PA4209. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PalOc..24.4209E">2009PalOc..24.4209E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009PA001778">10.1029/2009PA001778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6896108">6896108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography&rft.atitle=Rain+driven+by+receding+ice+sheets+as+a+cause+of+past+climate+change&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=PA4209&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6896108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009PA001778&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PalOc..24.4209E&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Bitz%2C+C.M.&rft.au=Tziperman%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2009PA001778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtonBatemanDallimoreTeller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Murton, Julian B.; Bateman, Mark D.; Dallimore, Scott R.; Teller, James T.; Yang, Zhirong (2010). "Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean". Nature. 464 (7289): 740–743. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464..740M">2010Natur.464..740M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08954">10.1038/nature08954</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20360738">20360738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4425933">4425933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Younger+Dryas+outburst+flood+path+from+Lake+Agassiz+to+the+Arctic+Ocean&rft.volume=464&rft.issue=7289&rft.pages=740-743&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4425933%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.464..740M&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08954&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20360738&rft.aulast=Murton&rft.aufirst=Julian+B.&rft.au=Bateman%2C+Mark+D.&rft.au=Dallimore%2C+Scott+R.&rft.au=Teller%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zhirong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeigwinKlotskoZhaoReilly2018" class="citation journal cs1">Keigwin, L. D.; Klotsko, S.; Zhao, N.; Reilly, B.; Giosan, L.; Driscoll, N. W. (August 2018). "Deglacial floods in the Beaufort Sea preceded Younger Dryas cooling". Nature Geoscience. 11 (8): 599–604. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatGe..11..599K">2018NatGe..11..599K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-018-0169-6">10.1038/s41561-018-0169-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1912%2F10543">1912/10543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133852610">133852610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Deglacial+floods+in+the+Beaufort+Sea+preceded+Younger+Dryas+cooling&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=599-604&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1912%2F10543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133852610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatGe..11..599K&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-018-0169-6&rft.aulast=Keigwin&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft.au=Klotsko%2C+S.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+N.&rft.au=Reilly%2C+B.&rft.au=Giosan%2C+L.&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+N.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuschitielloPausataWatsonSmittenberg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Muschitiello, Francesco; Pausata, Francesco S. R.; Watson, Jenny E.; Smittenberg, Rienk H.; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Brooks, Stephen J.; Whitehouse, Nicola J.; Karlatou-Charalampopoulou, Artemis; Wohlfarth, Barbara (17 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4660357">"Fennoscandian freshwater control on Greenland hydroclimate shifts at the onset of the Younger Dryas"</a>. Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8939. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8939M">2015NatCo...6.8939M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9939">10.1038/ncomms9939</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4660357">4660357</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26573386">26573386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Fennoscandian+freshwater+control+on+Greenland+hydroclimate+shifts+at+the+onset+of+the+Younger+Dryas&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8939&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4660357%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.8939M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26573386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9939&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Muschitiello&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Pausata%2C+Francesco+S.+R.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Jenny+E.&rft.au=Smittenberg%2C+Rienk+H.&rft.au=Salih%2C+Abubakr+A.+M.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+Nicola+J.&rft.au=Karlatou-Charalampopoulou%2C+Artemis&rft.au=Wohlfarth%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4660357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2018-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2018_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2018_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangJiangJiangZou2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, L.; Jiang, W. Y.; Jiang, D. B.; Zou, Y. F.; Liu, Y. Y.; Zhang, E. L.; Hao, Q. Z.; Zhang, D. G.; Zhang, D. T.; Peng, Z. Y.; Xu, B.; Yang, X. D.; Lu, H. Y. (27 December 2018). "Prolonged Heavy Snowfall During the Younger Dryas". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 123 (24). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..12313748W">2018JGRD..12313748W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JD029271">10.1029/2018JD029271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-897X">2169-897X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Prolonged+Heavy+Snowfall+During+the+Younger+Dryas&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=24&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft.issn=2169-897X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2018JD029271&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JGRD..12313748W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+W.+Y.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Zou%2C+Y.+F.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y.+Y.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Hao%2C+Q.+Z.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+D.+T.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Z.+Y.&rft.au=Xu%2C+B.&rft.au=Yang%2C+X.+D.&rft.au=Lu%2C+H.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondronJoyceBradley2020" class="citation journal cs1">Condron, Alan; Joyce, Anthony J.; Bradley, Raymond S. (31 January 2020). "Arctic sea ice export as a driver of deglacial climate". Geology. 48 (4): 395–399. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Geo....48..395C">2020Geo....48..395C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG47016.1">10.1130/G47016.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Arctic+sea+ice+export+as+a+driver+of+deglacial+climate&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-399&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG47016.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Geo....48..395C&rft.aulast=Condron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Anthony+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Raymond+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327143716/https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/">"Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. 18 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/">the original</a> on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.atitle=Aerosol+pollution+has+caused+decades+of+global+dimming&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.agu.org%2Fpress-release%2Faerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauerEndresGünterLitt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brauer, Achim; Endres, Christoph; Günter, Christina; Litt, Thomas; Stebich, Martina; Negendank, Jörg F.W. (March 1999). "High resolution sediment and vegetation responses to Younger Dryas climate change in varved lake sediments from Meerfelder Maar, Germany". Quaternary Science Reviews. 18 (3): 321–329. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999QSRv...18..321B">1999QSRv...18..321B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2898%2900084-5">10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00084-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=High+resolution+sediment+and+vegetation+responses+to+Younger+Dryas+climate+change+in+varved+lake+sediments+from+Meerfelder+Maar%2C+Germany&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-329&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-3791%2898%2900084-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999QSRv...18..321B&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=Achim&rft.au=Endres%2C+Christoph&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter%2C+Christina&rft.au=Litt%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Stebich%2C+Martina&rft.au=Negendank%2C+J%C3%B6rg+F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Bogaard1995" class="citation journal cs1">van den Bogaard, Paul (June 1995). "40Ar/39Ar ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra (12,900 yr BP): Chronostratigraphic and petrological significance". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 133 (1–2): 163–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2895%2900066-L">10.1016/0012-821X(95)00066-L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=40Ar%2F39Ar+ages+of+sanidine+phenocrysts+from+Laacher+See+Tephra+%2812%2C900+yr+BP%29%3A+Chronostratigraphic+and+petrological+significance&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=163-174&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2895%2900066-L&rft.aulast=van+den+Bogaard&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinigWackerJörisOppenheimer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Reinig, Frederick; Wacker, Lukas; Jöris, Olaf; Oppenheimer, Clive; Guidobaldi, Giulia; Nievergelt, Daniel; Adolphi, Florian; Cherubini, Paolo; Engels, Stefan; Esper, Jan; Land, Alexander; <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lane" title="Christine Lane">Lane, Christine</a>; Pfanz, Hardy; Remmele, Sabine; Sigl, Michael (1 July 2021). "Precise date for the Laacher See eruption synchronizes the Younger Dryas". Nature. 595 (7865): 66–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.595...66R">2021Natur.595...66R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03608-x">10.1038/s41586-021-03608-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34194020">34194020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235696831">235696831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Precise+date+for+the+Laacher+See+eruption+synchronizes+the+Younger+Dryas&rft.volume=595&rft.issue=7865&rft.pages=66-69&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235696831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.595...66R&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03608-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34194020&rft.aulast=Reinig&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Wacker%2C+Lukas&rft.au=J%C3%B6ris%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Clive&rft.au=Guidobaldi%2C+Giulia&rft.au=Nievergelt%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Adolphi%2C+Florian&rft.au=Cherubini%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Engels%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Esper%2C+Jan&rft.au=Land%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Lane%2C+Christine&rft.au=Pfanz%2C+Hardy&rft.au=Remmele%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Sigl%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldini2023-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Baldini2023_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldiniBrownWadsworthPaine2023" class="citation journal cs1">Baldini, James U. L.; Brown, Richard J.; Wadsworth, Fabian B.; Paine, Alice R.; Campbell, Jack W.; Green, Charlotte E.; Mawdsley, Natasha; Baldini, Lisa M. (5 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1709112">"Possible magmatic CO2 influence on the Laacher See eruption date"</a>. Nature. 619 (7968): E1–E2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05965-1">10.1038/s41586-023-05965-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37407686">37407686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259336241">259336241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Possible+magmatic+CO2+influence+on+the+Laacher+See+eruption+date&rft.volume=619&rft.issue=7968&rft.pages=E1-E2&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259336241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37407686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05965-1&rft.aulast=Baldini&rft.aufirst=James+U.+L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=Wadsworth%2C+Fabian+B.&rft.au=Paine%2C+Alice+R.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Jack+W.&rft.au=Green%2C+Charlotte+E.&rft.au=Mawdsley%2C+Natasha&rft.au=Baldini%2C+Lisa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdurham-repository.worktribe.com%2Foutput%2F1709112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell2022-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell2022_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell2022_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2022" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, James Lawrence (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10450282">"Premature rejection in science: The case of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis"</a>. Science Progress. 105 (1): 003685042110642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00368504211064272">10.1177/00368504211064272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8504">0036-8504</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10450282">10450282</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34986034">34986034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Progress&rft.atitle=Premature+rejection+in+science%3A+The+case+of+the+Younger+Dryas+Impact+Hypothesis&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=003685042110642&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10450282%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0036-8504&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34986034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00368504211064272&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=James+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10450282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaretScott_Harris2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jaret, Steven J.; Scott Harris, R. (25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08216-x">"No mineralogic or geochemical evidence of impact at Tall el-Hammam, a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea"</a>. Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 5189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-08216-x">10.1038/s41598-022-08216-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=No+mineralogic+or+geochemical+evidence+of+impact+at+Tall+el-Hammam%2C+a+Middle+Bronze+Age+city+in+the+Jordan+Valley+near+the+Dead+Sea&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5189&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-022-08216-x&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Jaret&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Scott+Harris%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-022-08216-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDansgaardClausenGundestrupHammer1982" class="citation journal cs1">Dansgaard, W; Clausen, H. B.; Gundestrup, N.; Hammer, C. U.; Johnsen, S. F.; Kristinsdottir, P. M.; Reeh, N. (1982). "A new Greenland deep ice core". Science. 218 (4579): 1273–1277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...218.1273D">1982Sci...218.1273D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.218.4579.1273">10.1126/science.218.4579.1273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17770148">17770148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35224174">35224174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+new+Greenland+deep+ice+core&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=4579&rft.pages=1273-1277&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.218.4579.1273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35224174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17770148&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Sci...218.1273D&rft.aulast=Dansgaard&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Clausen%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Gundestrup%2C+N.&rft.au=Hammer%2C+C.+U.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+S.+F.&rft.au=Kristinsdottir%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Reeh%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch-Stieglitz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch-Stieglitz, J (2017). "The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and abrupt climate change". Annual Review of Marine Science. 9: 83–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ARMS....9...83L">2017ARMS....9...83L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-marine-010816-060415">10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27814029">27814029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=The+Atlantic+meridional+overturning+circulation+and+abrupt+climate+change.&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=83-104&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27814029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-marine-010816-060415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ARMS....9...83L&rft.aulast=Lynch-Stieglitz&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldiniBrownMcElwaine2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baldini, James U.L.; Brown, Richard J.; McElwaine, Jim N. (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663491">"Was millennial scale climate change during the Last Glacial triggered by explosive volcanism?"</a>. Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17442. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...517442B">2015NatSR...517442B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep17442">10.1038/srep17442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663491">4663491</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26616338">26616338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Was+millennial+scale+climate+change+during+the+Last+Glacial+triggered+by+explosive+volcanism%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17442&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4663491%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...517442B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26616338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep17442&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Baldini&rft.aufirst=James+U.L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=McElwaine%2C+Jim+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4663491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmannSvensson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Johannes; Svensson, Anders (2 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-18-2021-2022">"Ice core evidence for major volcanic eruptions at the onset of Dansgaard–Oeschger warming events"</a>. Climate of the Past. 18 (9): 2021–2043. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CliPa..18.2021L">2022CliPa..18.2021L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-18-2021-2022">10.5194/cp-18-2021-2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1814-9332">1814-9332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Ice+core+evidence+for+major+volcanic+eruptions+at+the+onset+of+Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger+warming+events&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2021-2043&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.issn=1814-9332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fcp-18-2021-2022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022CliPa..18.2021L&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Svensson%2C+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fcp-18-2021-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eglinton1992-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eglinton1992_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eglinton1992_135-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Eglinton" title="Geoffrey Eglinton">Eglinton, G.</a>, A.B. Stuart, A. Rosell, M. Sarnthein, U. Pflaumann, and R. Tiedeman (1992) Molecular record of secular sea surface temperature changes on 100-year timescales for glacial terminations I, II and IV. Nature. 356:423–426. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardley2015-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bardley2015_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardley2015_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley,_R.2015" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, R. (2015). Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing climates of the Quaternary (3rd ed.). Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386913-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386913-5"><bdi>978-0-12-386913-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleoclimatology%3A+Reconstructing+climates+of+the+Quaternary&rft.place=Kidlington%2C+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-12-386913-5&rft.au=Bradley%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen2006-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chen2006_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen2006_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen,_S.Wang,_Y.Kong,_X.Liu,_D.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, S.; Wang, Y.; Kong, X.; Liu, D.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L. (2006). "A possible Younger Dryas-type event during Asian monsoonal Termination 3". Science China Earth Sciences. 49 (9): 982–990. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ScChD..49..982C">2006ScChD..49..982C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11430-006-0982-4">10.1007/s11430-006-0982-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129007340">129007340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+China+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+possible+Younger+Dryas-type+event+during+Asian+monsoonal+Termination+3&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=982-990&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129007340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11430-006-0982-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ScChD..49..982C&rft.au=Chen%2C+S.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kong%2C+X.&rft.au=Liu%2C+D.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+H.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz,_K.G.Zeebe,_R.E.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz, K.G.; Zeebe, R.E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/zeebe_files/Publications/SchulzZeebeEPSL06.pdf">"Pleistocene glacial terminations triggered by synchronous changes in Southern and Northern Hemisphere insolation: The insolation canon hypothesis"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>. 249 (3–4): 326–336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006E&PSL.249..326S">2006E&PSL.249..326S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.07.004">10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.004</a> – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">U. Hawaii</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+glacial+terminations+triggered+by+synchronous+changes+in+Southern+and+Northern+Hemisphere+insolation%3A+The+insolation+canon+hypothesis&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=326-336&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.07.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006E%26PSL.249..326S&rft.au=Schulz%2C+K.G.&rft.au=Zeebe%2C+R.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soest.hawaii.edu%2Foceanography%2Ffaculty%2Fzeebe_files%2FPublications%2FSchulzZeebeEPSL06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisiecki,_Lorraine_E.Raymo,_Maureen_E.2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Lisiecki" title="Lorraine Lisiecki">Lisiecki, Lorraine E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Raymo" title="Maureen Raymo">Raymo, Maureen E.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LR04_MISboundaries.txt">"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records"</a>. Paleoceanography. 20 (1): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PalOc..20.1003L">2005PalOc..20.1003L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004PA001071">10.1029/2004PA001071</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F149224">2027.42/149224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12788441">12788441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography&rft.atitle=A+Pliocene-Pleistocene+stack+of+57+globally+distributed+benthic+%CE%B418O+records&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F149224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12788441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004PA001071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PalOc..20.1003L&rft.au=Lisiecki%2C+Lorraine+E.&rft.au=Raymo%2C+Maureen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorraine-lisiecki.com%2FLR04_MISboundaries.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima,_A.Paul,_A.Schulz,_M.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sima, A.; Paul, A.; Schulz, M. (2004). "The Younger Dryas — an intrinsic feature of late Pleistocene climate change at millennial timescales". <a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>. 222 (3–4): 741–750. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004E&PSL.222..741S">2004E&PSL.222..741S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2004.03.026">10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=The+Younger+Dryas+%E2%80%94+an+intrinsic+feature+of+late+Pleistocene+climate+change+at+millennial+timescales&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=741-750&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2004.03.026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004E%26PSL.222..741S&rft.au=Sima%2C+A.&rft.au=Paul%2C+A.&rft.au=Schulz%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaodongLiweiShuji2014" class="citation journal cs1">Xiaodong, D.; Liwei, Z.; Shuji, K. (2014). "A review on the Younger Dryas event". Advances in Earth Science. 29 (10): 1095–1109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Earth+Science&rft.atitle=A+review+on+the+Younger+Dryas+event&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1095-1109&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Xiaodong&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Liwei%2C+Z.&rft.au=Shuji%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovgren2004" class="citation web cs1">Lovgren, Stefan (18 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040520043909/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0518_040518_dayafter.html">"Day After Tomorrow Movie: Could Ice Age Occur Overnight?"</a>. National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0518_040518_dayafter.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2004. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Day+After+Tomorrow+Movie%3A+Could+Ice+Age+Occur+Overnight%3F&rft.date=2004-05-18&rft.aulast=Lovgren&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F05%2F0518_040518_dayafter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217183132/http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/newsarch/2007/Apr07/currents.html">"Study confirms mechanism for current shutdowns, European cooling"</a> (Press release). Oregon State University. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/newsarch/2007/Apr07/currents.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+confirms+mechanism+for+current+shutdowns%2C+European+cooling&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foregonstate.edu%2Fdept%2Fncs%2Fnewsarch%2F2007%2FApr07%2Fcurrents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroecker,_W.S.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Broecker, W.S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/teaching/Broecker99.html">"What If the Conveyor Were to Shut Down?"</a>. GSA Today. 9 (1): 1–7. Retrieved 11 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Today&rft.atitle=What+If+the+Conveyor+Were+to+Shut+Down%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Broecker%2C+W.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fwcalvin%2Fteaching%2FBroecker99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin,_W.H.1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Calvin, W.H. (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://williamcalvin.com/1990s/1998AtlanticClimate.htm">"The great climate flip-flop"</a>. The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 281. pp. 47–64. Retrieved 11 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+great+climate+flip-flop&rft.volume=281&rft.pages=47-64&rft.date=1998-01&rft.au=Calvin%2C+W.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwilliamcalvin.com%2F1990s%2F1998AtlanticClimate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarasov,_L.Peltier,_W.R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tarasov, L.; Peltier, W.R. (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821001847/http://ic.ucsc.edu/~acr/BeringResources/Articles%20of%20interest/Central%20Artic/Tarasov%20and%20Peltier%202005.pdf">"Arctic freshwater forcing of the Younger Dryas cold reversal"</a> (PDF). Nature. 435 (7042): 662–665. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435..662T">2005Natur.435..662T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03617">10.1038/nature03617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931219">15931219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4375841">4375841</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.ucsc.edu/~acr/BeringResources/Articles%20of%20interest/Central%20Artic/Tarasov%20and%20Peltier%202005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Arctic+freshwater+forcing+of+the+Younger+Dryas+cold+reversal&rft.volume=435&rft.issue=7042&rft.pages=662-665&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4375841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15931219&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.435..662T&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+L.&rft.au=Peltier%2C+W.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.ucsc.edu%2F~acr%2FBeringResources%2FArticles%2520of%2520interest%2FCentral%2520Artic%2FTarasov%2520and%2520Peltier%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta2018" class="citation journal cs1">Acosta; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boletinsgm.igeolcu.unam.mx/bsgm/index.php/component/content/article/368-sitio/articulos/cuarta-epoca/7001/1857-7001-1-acosta">"Climate change and peopling of the Neotropics during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition"</a>. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 70: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18268%2FBSGM2018v70n1a1">10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Sociedad+Geol%C3%B3gica+Mexicana&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+peopling+of+the+Neotropics+during+the+Pleistocene-Holocene+transition&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18268%2FBSGM2018v70n1a1&rft.au=Acosta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboletinsgm.igeolcu.unam.mx%2Fbsgm%2Findex.php%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F368-sitio%2Farticulos%2Fcuarta-epoca%2F7001%2F1857-7001-1-acosta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/cometary-debris-abu-hureyra-settlement-08596.html">"Cometary debris may have destroyed Paleolithic settlement 12,800 years ago"</a>. Science News (sci-news.com) (Press release). 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cometary+debris+may+have+destroyed+Paleolithic+settlement+12%2C800+years+ago&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Farchaeology%2Fcometary-debris-abu-hureyra-settlement-08596.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95u2sk_lRoQ">When the Earth suddenly stopped warming</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS_Eons" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Eons">PBS Eons</a> (short ed. vid.). 17 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/95u2sk_lRoQ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+the+Earth+suddenly+stopped+warming&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D95u2sk_lRoQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYounger+Dryas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_glaciations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_glaciations" title="Template:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_glaciations" title="Template talk:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_glaciations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_glaciations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Continental glaciations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">Post-glacial rebound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">Glacial lake outburst flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Time periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">Interstadial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">Holocene glacial retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_Dryas" title="Oldest Dryas">Oldest Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangamonian" title="Sangamonian">Sangamonian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling–Allerød warming">Bølling–Allerød warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial_Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial Interstadial">Late Glacial Interstadial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huelmo%E2%80%93Mascardi_Cold_Reversal" title="Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal">Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Younger Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="8.2 kiloyear event">8.2 kiloyear event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="4.2 kiloyear event">4.2 kiloyear event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piora_Oscillation" title="Piora Oscillation">Piora Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Erosional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">Glacial striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_moutonn%C3%A9e" title="Roche moutonnée">Roche moutonnée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">Glacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">Proglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">Subglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraglacial_lake" title="Supraglacial lake">Supraglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_lake" title="Ribbon lake">Ribbon lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_lakes" title="List of prehistoric lakes">List of prehistoric lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Depositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">Drumlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">Erratic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulju_Wilderness_Area" title="Pulju Wilderness Area">Pulju moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogen_moraine" title="Rogen moraine">Rogen moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">Terminal moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_plain" title="Till plain">Till plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veiki_moraine" title="Veiki moraine">Veiki moraine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Glacifluvial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diluvium" title="Diluvium">Diluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_current_ripples" title="Giant current ripples">Giant current ripples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame" title="Kame">Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame_delta" title="Kame delta">Kame delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_fan" title="Outwash fan">Outwash fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_plain" title="Outwash plain">Sandur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_ice_sheet" title="Cordilleran ice sheet">Cordilleran ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title="Laurentide ice sheet">Laurentide ice sheet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title="Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tight" title="Lake Tight">Lake Tight</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Provincial_Park" title="Arrowhead Provincial Park">Arrowhead Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rock_(glacial_erratic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Rock (glacial erratic)">Big Rock (glacial erratic)</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills (Canada)</a>, Saskatchewan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramosa_River" title="Eramosa River">Eramosa River</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskers_Provincial_Park" title="Eskers Provincial Park">Eskers Provincial Park</a>, British Columbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothills_Erratics_Train" title="Foothills Erratics Train">Foothills Erratics Train</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Head_Provincial_Park" title="Lion's Head Provincial Park">Lion's Head Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Oak_Ridges_Moraine" title="Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine">Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovayok_Territorial_Park" title="Ovayok Territorial Park">Ovayok Territorial Park</a>, Nunavut</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title="Lake Bonneville">Lake Bonneville</a>, Utah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lahontan" title="Lake Lahontan">Lake Lahontan</a>, Nevada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Missoula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Missoula">Lake Missoula</a>, Montana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a>, Wisconsin</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Moraine_State_Recreation_Area" title="Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area">Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title="Coteau des Prairies">Coteau des Prairies</a>, South Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Lake_State_Park_(Wisconsin)" title="Devil's Lake State Park (Wisconsin)">Devil's Lake State Park</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lakes_State_Park" title="Glacial Lakes State Park">Glacial Lakes State Park</a>, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title="Glacial history of Minnesota">Glacial history of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horicon_Marsh" title="Horicon Marsh">Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Floods_National_Geologic_Trail" title="Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail">Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail</a>, Idaho, Oregon and Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_National_Scientific_Reserve" title="Ice Age National Scientific Reserve">Ice Age National Scientific Reserve</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Trail" title="Ice Age Trail">Ice Age Trail</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Park" title="Interstate Park">Interstate State Park</a>, Minnesota and Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelleys_Island,_Ohio" title="Kelleys Island, Ohio">Kelleys Island</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teays_River" title="Teays River">Teays River</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_Moraine_State_Forest" title="Kettle Moraine State Forest">Kettle Moraine State Forest</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Bluff_State_Park" title="Mill Bluff State Park">Mill Bluff State Park</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Lake" title="Oneida Lake">Oneida Lake</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Creeks_Buried_Forest_State_Natural_Area" title="Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area">Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withrow_Moraine_and_Jameson_Lake_Drumlin_Field" title="Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field">Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field</a>, Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, California</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardangerfjord" title="Hardangerfjord">Hardangerfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killary_Harbour" title="Killary Harbour">Killary Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Glaciation">Antarctic Glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">West</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Glacier" title="Lambert Glacier">Lambert Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciers" title="Category:Glaciers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_human_migrations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_human_migrations" title="Template:Early human migrations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_human_migrations" title="Template talk:Early human migrations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_human_migrations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early human migrations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_human_migrations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early human migrations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">Hominin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> dispersals</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Out of Africa I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal#Habitat_and_range" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hominid_dispersals_in_Europe" title="Hominid dispersals in Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Archaic humans in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Migration_period_of_ancient_Burma" title="Migration period of ancient Burma">Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Philippines</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations#Dispersal_throughout_Africa" title="Early human migrations">Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Out of Africa II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal migration">Coastal migration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human admixture with modern humans">archaic admixture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia#Arrival" title="Prehistory of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period_of_ancient_Burma" title="Migration period of ancient Burma">Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/European_early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="European early modern humans">Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia" title="Last Glacial Maximum refugia">LGM refugia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">Mammoth steppe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer" title="Western hunter-gatherer">Western hunter-gatherers</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Younger Dryas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period_of_ancient_Burma" title="Migration period of ancient Burma">Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944279#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4511911-9">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&oldid=1258432847">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&oldid=1258432847</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Younger_Dryas" title="Category:Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blytt%E2%80%93Sernander_system" title="Category:Blytt–Sernander system">Blytt–Sernander system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Category:Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palynology" title="Category:Palynology">Palynology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Category:Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stone_Age_Europe" title="Category:Stone Age Europe">Stone Age Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:10th_millennium_BC" title="Category:10th millennium BC">10th millennium BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th_millennium_BC" title="Category:11th millennium BC">11th millennium BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dryas_octopetala" title="Category:Dryas octopetala">Dryas octopetala</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2019">Use dmy dates from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 18:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Younger_Dryas&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gm8xq","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.078","walltime":"2.396","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22817,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":473153,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4876,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":634783,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2127.673 1 -total"," 56.36% 1199.076 1 Template:Reflist"," 44.47% 946.263 126 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.06% 214.055 9 Template:Annotated_link"," 8.21% 174.711 1 Template:Infobox_geologic_timespan"," 5.73% 121.942 5 Template:Navbox"," 5.09% 108.330 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.01% 106.584 1 Template:Continental_Glaciations"," 4.84% 103.079 1 Template:Geological_range"," 4.58% 97.465 1 Template:Phanerozoic_220px"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.359","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23003116,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","320","21.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","12.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","6.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","6.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","4.1"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","60","4.1"],["ORIGIN \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:807\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.7"],["[others]","360","24.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-7j7h9","timestamp":"20241123152859","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Younger Dryas","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Younger_Dryas","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q944279","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q944279","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-04T14:38:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T18:25:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/44\/Partin_2015_YD_global_map.jpg","headline":"return to glacial conditions after the last glacial maximum, which temporarily reversed the gradual climatic warming"}</script> </body> </html>