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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-58347753-2"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-58347753-2'); gtag('config', 'G-9E7VT47G3J'); </script> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="/article/402909/og_image.jpg" />   <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Indiana University Press"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Ethics & the Environment"> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="een"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Reproductive Technology, or Reproductive Justice?: An Ecofeminist, Environmental Justice Perspective on the Rhetoric of Choice"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Greta Gaard"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="15"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="103"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="129"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2010/11/21"> <meta name="citation_year" content="2010"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1535-5306"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/402909"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/402909/pdf"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.2979/ete.2010.15.2.103"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Carol J Adams; 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citation_year=1985; citation_publisher=Harper & Row"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Karen Davis; citation_author=C Adams; citation_author=J Donovan; citation_title=Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations; citation_firstpage=192; citation_year=19951995; citation_publisher=Duke University Press"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Karen Dawn; citation_title=Thanking the Monkey: Rethinking the Way We Treat Animals; citation_year=2008; citation_publisher=HarperCollins Publishers"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Irene Diamond; citation_title=Fertile Ground: Women, Earth, and the Limits of Control; citation_year=1994; citation_publisher=Beacon Press"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Josephine Donovan; citation_title=Animal Rights and Feminist Theory; citation_journal_title=Signs; citation_volume=15; citation_issue=6; citation_firstpage=350; citation_year=1990"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Josephine Donovan; 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W. Norton & Co."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Sara Ruddick; citation_title=Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace; citation_year=1989; citation_publisher=Ballantine Books"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Jael Silliman; citation_author=Marlene Fried; citation_author=Loretta Ross; citation_author=Elena Guttierez; citation_title=Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice; citation_year=2004; citation_publisher=South End Press"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Marjorie Spiegel; citation_title=The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery; citation_year=1989; citation_publisher=Mirror Books"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Sandra Steingraber; citation_title=Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment; citation_year=1997; citation_publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Sandra Steingraber; citation_title=Having Faith: An Ecologist's Journey to Motherhood; citation_year=2001; citation_publisher=Berkley Books"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Karen Warren; citation_title=The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism; citation_journal_title=Environmental Ethics; citation_volume=12; citation_firstpage=125; citation_year=1990"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="This essay develops an ecofeminist, environmental justice perspective on the shortcomings of “choice” rhetoric in the politics of women’s reproductive self-determination, specifically around fertility-enhancing technologies. These new reproductive technologies (NRTs) medicalize and thus depoliticize the contemporary phenomenon of decreased fertility in first-world industrialized societies, personalizing and privatizing both the problem and the solution when the root of this phenomenon may be more usefully addressed as a problem of PCBs, POPs, and other toxic by-products of industrialized culture that are degrading our personal and environmental health. The NRTs’ rhetoric of choice is implicitly antifeminist: it blames the victim by attributing rising infertility rates to middle-class women who delay childbearing while struggling to launch careers; it conceals information about adverse health effects and solicits egg donation and gestation services from women disadvantaged by economic status, nation, and age; and it offers no choice at all for the millions of female animals—chicks, cows, turkeys, pigs, and others—whose fertility is regularly manipulated and whose offspring are commodified as products for industrialized animal food production. An intersectional analysis shifts the discourse away from reproductive choice to a framework of ecological, feminist, and reproductive justice.">   <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <title>Project MUSE - Reproductive Technology, or Reproductive Justice?: An Ecofeminist, Environmental Justice Perspective on the Rhetoric of Choice</title> <style> .js_on { display:none; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/normalize.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/foundation.min.css?11012024"/>  <style> .small{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}small.caps{text-transform:uppercase}h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{color:inherit !important}.color_white{color:white}.absolute{position:absolute}.fixed{position:fixed}.wrap{padding-left:4em;padding-right:4em}.gen_wrap{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px}.group:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}a{color:#3262a4;word-wrap:break-word}p{margin-top:1rem}html *{font-family:"Source 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Support</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="main" role="main" class="group"> <div id="journal_banner_wrap" class="banner_wrap"> <div class="content row" style="background-color: #000000; background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(#000000), to(#FFCC66)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #FFCC66); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #FFCC66); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #FFCC66); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #FFCC66); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #000000, #FFCC66); -ms-filter: 'progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient (GradientType=0, startColorstr=#000000, endColorstr=#FFCC66)';" > <div id="journal_banner_title_wrap" class="wrap left banner_title_wrap"> <div id="journal_banner_title" class="banner_title"> <h1>Ethics & the Environment</h1> </div> </div> <div id="journal_banner_search_wrap" class="show-for-large wrap banner_search_wrap"> <div id="journal_banner_search" class="banner_search" role="search" aria-label="search inside this journal"> <div> <noscript> <form method="post" action="/search/" aria-label="search within this journal"> <input type="text" name="no_js_journal_query" placeholder="Search Within Journal"/> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="search"/> <input type="hidden" name="t" value="search_journal_header"/> </noscript> <input type="hidden" name="search_within_journal_id" id="search_within_journal_id" value="57" title="search within journal" aria-label="search within journal" /> <script>document.write('<input type="text" name="search_within_journal_input" id="search_within_journal_input" title="search within journal" aria-label="search within journal" placeholder="Search Within Journal"/>');</script> <a id="search_within_journal_button"> <script>document.write('<img src="/images/search_blue.png" alt="search button, a blue magnifying glass"/>');</script> <noscript><input type="image" src="/images/search_blue.png" alt="search button, a blue magnifying glass" /></noscript> </a> <noscript></form></noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="summary_wrap wrap columns large-20"> <span id="skip_target"></span> <div class="card row wrap no_image"> <div class="card_text"> <ul> <li class="title"> <h2> <img src="/images/access/no_access.png" alt="restricted access" class="left_access"/> Reproductive Technology, or Reproductive Justice?: An Ecofeminist, Environmental Justice Perspective on the Rhetoric of Choice </h2> </li> <li class="authors"> <a href="/search?action=search&query=author:Greta Gaard:and&min=1&max=10&t=query_term">Greta Gaard</a> </li> <li class="journal"><a href="/pub/3/journal/57">Ethics & the Environment</a></span></li>  <li class="publisher"> <a href="/search?action=browse&limit=publisher_id:3">Indiana University Press</a> </li> <li class="designation"> <span> <a href="/issue/21650">Volume 15, Number 2, Fall 2010</a> </span> </li> <li class="pg"><span>pp. 103-129</span></li> <li class="doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2979/ete.2010.15.2.103">10.2979/ete.2010.15.2.103</a></li> <li class="type"><span class="article small">Article</span></li> <li> <div class="content_action"> <ul class="action_btns"> <li class="view_citation"> <span><a href="/view_citations?type=article&id=402909">View Citation</a></span> </li> <li class="related_content" style="display: none;"> <a href="/related_content?type=article&id=402909" onclick="gtag('event', 'click', {'event_category': 'Related Content link', 'event_label': 'link from summary'});"> <img src="/images/icon_related.png" alt="Related Content" class="icon"> <span class="link_text">Related Content</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li style="padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px;"> <a href="#info_wrap">Additional Information</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="abstract"> <span class="abstractheader">Abstract</span> <p> This essay develops an ecofeminist, environmental justice perspective on the shortcomings of “choice” rhetoric in the politics of women’s reproductive self-determination, specifically around fertility-enhancing technologies. These new reproductive technologies (NRTs) medicalize and thus depoliticize the contemporary phenomenon of decreased fertility in first-world industrialized societies, personalizing and privatizing both the problem and the solution when the root of this phenomenon may be more usefully addressed as a problem of PCBs, POPs, and other toxic by-products of industrialized culture that are degrading our personal and environmental health. The NRTs’ rhetoric of choice is implicitly antifeminist: it blames the victim by attributing rising infertility rates to middle-class women who delay childbearing while struggling to launch careers; it conceals information about adverse health effects and solicits egg donation and gestation services from women disadvantaged by economic status, nation, and age; and it offers no choice at all for the millions of female animals—chicks, cows, turkeys, pigs, and others—whose fertility is regularly manipulated and whose offspring are commodified as products for industrialized animal food production. An intersectional analysis shifts the discourse away from reproductive choice to a framework of ecological, feminist, and reproductive justice. </p> </div> <div class="pdf_preview"> <img id="fullsizepdfpreview" src="/article/402909/pdfimage" alt="pdf" /> </div>  <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $("#auth_toggle").click(function(){ toggleAuth(); }); $(document).on("keypress","#auth_toggle",function(e) { if(e.which == 13) { toggleAuth(); } }); }); function toggleAuth() { $("#auth_box").toggle(); if ($("#auth_toggle").hasClass("open")) { $("#auth_toggle").html("expand"); $("#auth_toggle").removeClass("open"); } else { $("#auth_toggle").html("collapse"); $("#auth_toggle").addClass("open"); } } </script> <div id="sticky_foot"> <a id="auth_toggle" tabindex="0" class="open"> collapse </a> <div id="auth_box"> <strong>You are not currently authenticated.</strong> <div id="auth_sm">If you would like to authenticate using a different subscribed institution or have your own login and password to Project MUSE</div> <a class="btn_authenticate" href="/account">Authenticate</a> </div> </div> </div>   <div id="rightnav_wrap" class="article_wrap columns large-10 full"> <div class="aux">   <div class="title_wrap title_social"><h2>Share</h2></div> <div class="social"> <div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_26 a2a_default_style" data-a2a-icon-color="#284f84" data-a2a-url="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/402909" data-a2a-title="Project MUSE - Reproductive Technology, or Reproductive Justice?: An Ecofeminist, Environmental Justice Perspective on the Rhetoric of Choice"><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a><a class="a2a_button_print"></a><a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div id="info_wrap" class="row wrap" role="complementary"> <div class="column full"> <div class="title_wrap details"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> </div> <div class="details_tbl"> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> ISSN </div> <div class="cell"> 1535-5306 </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Print ISSN </div> <div class="cell"> 1085-6633 </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Pages </div> <div class="cell"> pp. 103-129 </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Launched on MUSE </div> <div class="cell"> 2010-11-21 </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Open Access </div> <div class="cell"> No </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column full"> </div> </div> <div id="footer_block" role="contentinfo" aria-label="footer"> <div id="footer_mission" class="content"> <div class="wrap row" id="about_wrap"> <div id="about"> <h2>Project MUSE Mission</h2> <p>Project MUSE promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide. 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