CINXE.COM
Google Scholar
<!doctype html><html><head><title>Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_md_ac{position:absolute;top:28px;left:0;right:0;z-index:1100;white-space:normal;display:none;pointer-events:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"]{text-align:left;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"]{text-align:right;}.gs_md_ac ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;line-height:1.24;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);touch-action:manipulation;cursor:pointer;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;pointer-events:auto;}.gs_md_acp{display:flex;line-height:0;}.gs_md_acp .gs_md_acs,.gs_md_acp ul{max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_acs{visibility:hidden;white-space:pre;height:0;min-width:0%;flex:0 1 auto;font-size:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_acs{font-size:18px;}.gs_md_acp ul{white-space:nowrap;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_md_ac li{position:relative;padding:2px 8px;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;color:#222;background-color:#fff;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_sel{color:#000;background-color:#c6dafc;}.gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#e8f0fe;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#fff;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh,.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh b{color:#660099;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li{padding:11px 8px 9px 8px;font-size:18px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li:first-child{border-top:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:29px;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:29px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:49px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:49px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{position:absolute;top:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{right:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{left:0;}.gs_el_tc #gs_top .gs_md_ac .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_Xt{padding:10px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X:hover{background-color:#eee;}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_nav_previous{background-position:0 -119px;width:53px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_first{background-position:-25px -119px;width:28px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_current{background-position:-53px -119px;width:20px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_page{background-position:-73px -119px;width:20px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_next{background-position:-93px -119px;width:71px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_last{background-position:-93px -119px;width:45px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lgt:empty{min-width:60px;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ico{width:15px;visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ico{width:55px;visibility:visible;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:120px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:table-cell;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{width:136px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{display:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 0 0 16px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin-top:15px;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}.gs_res_sb_yyr{padding:5px 0;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_tc .gs_res_sb_yyr{padding:10px 0;}.gs_res_sb_yyr .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}#gs_res_ccl{max-width:950px;padding-top:10px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:7px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:6px;}.gs_el_sm.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:0;}.gs_r{position:relative;line-height:1.46;padding:11px 0 16px 0;}.gs_el_sm .gs_r{padding:7px 0 12px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_r{padding:15px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_tc .gs_r.gs_fmar{border-bottom:none;}.gs_r.gs_res_lnfo{font-style:italic;}.gs_rt{position:relative;font-weight:normal;font-size:17px;line-height:19px;margin-right:100px;margin-bottom:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt{margin-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_rt{margin-right:0;}.gs_rt2{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gs_rt a:link,.gs_rt a:link b,.gs_rt2 a:link,.gs_rt2 a:link b{color:#1a0dab}.gs_rt a:visited,.gs_rt a:visited b,.gs_rt2 a:visited,.gs_rt2 a:visited b{color:#660099}.gs_rt a:active,.gs_rt a:active b,.gs_rt2 a:active,.gs_rt2 a:active b{color:#d14836}.gs_or_ggsm:focus{outline:none;}.gs_ggs{position:relative;z-index:1;float:right;margin-left:24px;min-width:200px;max-width:256px;width:200px;width:calc(100% - 620px);font-size:17px;line-height:19px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs{margin-left:16px;}@media(max-width:699px){.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs{min-width:0;width:182px;}}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs{width:72px;height:43px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ggs{margin-top:-14px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd{position:absolute;top:-1px;right:0;width:72px;height:43px;overflow:hidden;transition:width 0s .3s,height 0s .3s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd.gs_vis{width:208px;height:88px;transition:none;}.gs_or_ggsm a{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_or_ggsm a{padding:13px 8px 9px 8px;touch-action:none;background:#fff;height:19px;margin-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a{text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:focus{outline:none;background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:active{color:#1a0dab;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:visited{color:#660099;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm{position:absolute;top:0;right:-132px;margin-right:4px;padding:1px 0;width:200px;height:41px;transform:translate(0,0);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis{right:0;height:auto;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm>a:nth-child(2){height:0;transform:scale(1,0);transform-origin:0 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis>a:nth-child(2){height:19px;transform:scale(1,1);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:-1px;right:-1px;bottom:0;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border:1px solid #ccc;opacity:0;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:before{opacity:1;transition:opacity 0s .3s ;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:after{content:"";pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,1),rgba(255,255,255,1) 65%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 70%);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:after{visibility:hidden}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm{animation:gs_anm_hsli .218s ease-in-out;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_anm{animation:gs_anm_hslo .218s ease-out;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm>a:nth-child(2){animation:gs_anm_vscli .218s ease-in;}@keyframes gs_anm_hsli{0%{transform:translate(66%,0);height:41px;}99%{transform:translate(0,0);height:41px;}100%{transform:translate(0,0);height:auto;}}@keyframes gs_anm_hslo{0%{transform:translate(-66%,0);}100%{transform:translate(0,0);}}@keyframes gs_anm_vscli{0%{transform:scale(1,0);}100%{transform:scale(1,1);}}.gs_ct1{display:inline}.gs_ct2{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gs_ct1{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gs_ct2{display:inline;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal}.gs_ri{max-width:712px}.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{text-decoration:underline;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a,.gs_a a{white-space:nowrap;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a.gs_wno{white-space:normal;}.gs_ri .gs_fl{font-size:1px;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a{font-size:13px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor{margin:-7px 6px -6px -7px;padding:7px 7px 6px 7px;border-radius:50%;}.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_sav{margin-right:4px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_sav .gs_or_btn_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor{margin-right:-7px;}.gs_or_svg{position:relative;width:15px;height:16px;vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:none;stroke:#1a0dab;}.gs_or:not([data-lid=""]) .gs_or_sav .gs_or_svg{fill:#1a0dab;}.gs_or[data-lid] .gs_or_ldg .gs_or_svg{animation:gs_anm_spin 1.2s .5s linear infinite;}a:active .gs_or_svg,a .gs_or_svg:active,a .gs_or_svg>*:active{stroke:#dd4b39;}.gs_or_btn .gs_or_svg{margin-right:5px;}.gs_or_nvi,.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_mor{display:none}.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_nvi,.gs_or_mvi .gs_nph,.gs_or_mvi .gs_nta{display:inline}.gs_rs{margin:2px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_rs:empty{margin:0 0 2px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rs{margin:0}.gs_el_ta .gs_rs{margin-right:10%}@media(max-width:780px){.gs_el_ta .gs_rs,.gs_el_ta .gs_a{margin-right:100px;}}.gs_el_ph .gs_rs br,.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:771px){.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br{display:block}}.gs_age{color:#777777}.gs_rs b,.gs_rt b,.gs_rt2 b{color:#000;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt a{font-size:17px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 0 9px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt2 a{font-size:14px;line-height:20px;padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_a,.gs_el_tc .gs_a a,.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a{padding-top:7px;padding-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a{line-height:29px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl{margin-bottom:-6px;}#gs_n{clear:both;margin:1.5em 0;width:600px;text-align:center;}#gs_n td{font-size:13px}#gs_n a:link,#gs_n a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_n a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_nm{clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;max-width:500px;margin:24px 50px;font-size:15px;line-height:41px;display:none;}#gs_nm button{position:absolute;top:0}#gs_nm .gs_btnPL{left:-50px}#gs_nm .gs_btnPR{right:-50px}#gs_nml{overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_nma{display:inline-block;width:40px;margin:0 5px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_n,.gs_el_ta #gs_n,.gs_el_ph #gs_n{display:none}.gs_el_tc #gs_nm,.gs_el_ta #gs_nm,.gs_el_ph #gs_nm{display:block}#gs_bdy_sb_ca{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb_ca{margin-top:2px;}.gs_res_sb_msc{margin-bottom:12px;}@media print{#gs_gb,#gs_hdr,#gs_ab,#gs_top #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_pda,.gs_ggs,.gs_alrt_btm,#gs_top #gs_n,#gs_top #gs_nm,#gs_ftr,#gs_top .gs_ctc,#gs_top .gs_ctu,#gs_rt_hdr,.gs_rt_hdr_ttl{display:none}#gs_top,#gs_top #gs_bdy,#gs_top #gs_res_bdy,#gs_top #gs_bdy_ccl,#gs_top .gs_r,#gs_top .gs_ri,#gs_top .gs_rs{font-size:9pt;color:black;position:static;float:none;margin:0;padding:0;width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;}#gs_top #gs_bdy a{color:blue;text-decoration:none}#gs_top .gs_r{margin:1em 0;page-break-inside:avoid;border:0;}#gs_top .gs_med,#gs_top .gs_rt{font-size:12pt}#gs_top .gs_a,#gs_top #gs_bdy .gs_a a{font-size:9pt;color:green}#gs_top .gs_fl,#gs_top .gs_fl a{font-size:9pt}#gs_top .gs_rs br{display:inline}}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll{max-width:98px;max-width:calc(100vw - 222px);}@media(max-width:320px){.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll{max-width:98px;}}#gs_res_ab_yy-r,#gs_res_ab_ad-r,#gs_res_ab_mor-r{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_yy-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_yy-r,.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_ad-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_ad-r,.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_mor-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_mor-r{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_res_ab_yy-r:last-child{margin-right:4px;}#gs_res_ab_ad-r:last-child,#gs_res_ab_mor-r:last-child{margin-right:12px;}#gs_res_ab_tmn-d,#gs_res_ab_yy-d,#gs_res_ab_ad-d,#gs_res_ab_mor-d{white-space:normal;word-wrap:break-word;width:208px;width:max-content;min-width:100px;max-width:208px;}#gs_res_ab_yy-d,#gs_res_ab_ad-d,#gs_res_ab_mor-d{left:auto;right:0;}.gs_res_ab_dd_bdy{padding:8px 0;box-sizing:border-box;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a.gs_res_ab_sel,.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a[role=menuitemradio]:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gs_qsuggest{max-width:712px;line-height:21px;margin-bottom:2px;}.gs_r .gs_qsuggest{max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_r .gs_qsuggest{margin-right:100px;}.gs_qsuggest h2{margin-bottom:8px;font-weight:normal;font-size:17px;}.gs_qsuggest li{display:inline-block;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:18px;padding:4px 0 3px;}.gs_qsuggest ul{list-style-type:none;columns:2;column-gap:40px;margin-bottom:-3px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_qsuggest ul{column-gap:16px;margin-bottom:3px;}.gs_qsuggest li:only-child{column-span:all;}.gs_qsuggest li>a{display:inline-block;max-width:100%;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest a{padding:8px 0 5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest li{padding:2px 0 1px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest ul{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest h2{margin:6px 0;}.gs_qsuggest_bottom h2{padding-top:11px;}.gs_qsuggest_bottom{margin-bottom:40px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest_wrap .gs_qsuggest_related h2{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_r .gs_qsuggest{margin-bottom:-15px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest ul{columns:1;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li{margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest h2{margin:1px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a{display:block;padding:11px 29px 9px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li:first-child a{border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest_wrap.gs_r li:last-child a{border-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:link,.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:hover,.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:focus{background:#f1f1f1;text-decoration:none;outline:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li>a:after{content:"";position:absolute;width:7px;height:7px;top:50%;margin-top:-4px;right:10px;border:2px solid #777;border-left:none;border-bottom:none;transform:rotate(45deg);}#gs_md_albl-d{width:483px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_albl-d{width:100%;}.gs_lbl_btns{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:18px 16px;}.gs_lbl_hide{display:none;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var m,aa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },da=ca(this),q=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; q("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.Wa=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.Wa};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e}); var t=function(a){var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)return b.call(a);if(typeof a.length=="number")return{next:aa(a)};throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");},ea=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},fa; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")fa=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ha;a:{var ia={a:!0},ja={};try{ja.__proto__=ia;ha=ja.a;break a}catch(a){}ha=!1}fa=ha?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var ka=fa,la=function(a,b){a.prototype=ea(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(ka)ka(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.Qb=b.prototype};q("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); q("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var ma=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};q("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ma});var u=function(a){return a?a:ma};q("Int8Array.prototype.at",u);q("Uint8Array.prototype.at",u);q("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",u);q("Int16Array.prototype.at",u); q("Uint16Array.prototype.at",u);q("Int32Array.prototype.at",u);q("Uint32Array.prototype.at",u);q("Float32Array.prototype.at",u);q("Float64Array.prototype.at",u);q("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ma});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var na=function(a){var b=typeof a;return b=="object"&&a!=null||b=="function"},oa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var pa=function(){this.aa=this.aa;this.ia=this.ia};pa.prototype.aa=!1;pa.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.aa};pa.prototype.dispose=function(){this.aa||(this.aa=!0,this.na())};pa.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};pa.prototype.na=function(){if(this.ia)for(;this.ia.length;)this.ia.shift()()};var ra=function(){};function v(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function w(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function x(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function y(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!x(a,b);(c?v:w)(a,b);return c};function z(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var sa=z("iPhone")||z("iPad")||z("iPod"),ta=z("iPhone")||z("Android")&&z("Mobile");function ua(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,Nb:a.width,Mb:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.Nb;b=b.Mb;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||ta)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var va,wa=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); va=wa?+wa[1]>0:z("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!z("Firefox")||z("Mobile")||z("Tablet")?sa||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function xa(){if(ya==void 0){ya=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){ya=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",ra,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",ra,a)}catch(b){}}return ya}var ya;var za=function(a){this.Pb=a},Aa=new za("B"),Ba=new za("DIV"),Ca=new za("IFRAME"),Da=new za("INPUT"),Ea=new za("LI"),Fa=new za("SCRIPT"),Ga=new za("STYLE"),Ha=new za("SPAN");function A(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function E(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Ia++)}function G(a,b){return a.getAttribute(b)||""}function Ja(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Ka(a,b){var c=[];a=a.elements;for(var d=a.length,e=0;e<d;e++){var f=a[e],g=encodeURIComponent(f.name||""),h=f.type;!g||b&&!b(f)||f.disabled||!(h!="checkbox"&&h!="radio"||f.checked)||c.push(g+"="+encodeURIComponent(f.value||""))}return c.join("&")}function La(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=I(Da),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Ma(a){a.match(Na)&&(window.location.href=a)}function I(a){return document.createElement(a.Pb)} function Pa(a){var b=A(a);b||(b=I(Ga),b.id=a,document.head.appendChild(b));return b}function Qa(a){if(!A("gs_hats")){var b=I(Fa);b.id="gs_hats";b.src="https://www.gstatic.com/feedback/js/help/prod/service/lazy.min.js";b.onload=a;document.body.appendChild(b)}}function Ra(a){return"transform:scale(1,"+a+");"}function Sa(a){return"transform:translate(0,"+a+"px);"}var Ia=100,Ta=/\S+/g,Na=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Ua=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function J(){return Date.now()}function Va(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Wa}var Wa=0;function Xa(a){var b=[];a=t(a);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next())c=c.value.charCodeAt(0),b.push(c<32||c>=126?c:String.fromCharCode(32+(c-32+47)%94));return b.join("")};var K=function(){this.A=[];this.ea={};this.va=this.J=0};K.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Va(a);this.ea[b]||(this.A.push(a),this.ea[b]=this.A.length,++this.J)};K.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Va(a);var b=this.ea[a];b&&(this.A[b-1]=null,delete this.ea[a],--this.J*2<this.A.length&&!this.va&&Ya(this))};K.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.A;try{++this.va;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.va&&this.J*2<b.length&&Ya(this)}};K.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.J}; var Ya=function(a){var b=a.A,c=b.length;a=a.ea;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Va(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function L(a,b,c,d,e){Za(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,$a)}function N(a,b,c,d){Za(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,ab)}function bb(a,b,c,d,e){function f(g){N(a,b,f,d);c(g)}d=d===void 0?!1:d;L(a,b,f,d,e===void 0?!1:e);return f}function cb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=bb(a,b,function(h){clearTimeout(g);c(h)}),g=setTimeout(function(){N(a,b,f);e&&e()},d)}function O(a){db?db.add(a):a()} var eb=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():J())},33)};function fb(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function gb(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function $a(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&xa();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function ab(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)} function Za(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,h=0;h<g;h++)f(a,b[h],c,d,e)}function hb(){db.notify();db=null}function ib(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(N(document,"readystatechange",ib),hb())}var db,jb=!!document.attachEvent,kb=document.readyState;if(jb?kb!="complete":kb=="loading")db=new K,jb?L(document,"readystatechange",ib):bb(document,"DOMContentLoaded",hb); function lb(){bb(document,["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){y(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);L(document,"keydown",mb,!0)},!0,!0)}function mb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(y(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),N(document,"keydown",mb,!0),lb())}lb();function nb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=A(a);ob(f,function(){v(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){w(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function pb(a){a=P[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function ob(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=E(a),h=pb(g);if(!h||h<pb(f)){var k=document.activeElement;f=A(f);qb(rb(f||a),!0);b&&b();sb.push(function(l){P[g].pop();P[g].length||delete P[g];if(!l){(l=e)||k==document.body||(l=k);var n=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(p){}else n&&a.contains(n)&&n.blur()}c&&c()});P[g]||(P[g]=[]);P[g].push(sb.length);k&&a.contains(k)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,n=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||n&&va)l=a;try{l.focus(),n&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(p){}},0)}} function ub(a){qb((pb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function vb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;sb.pop()(a)}function qb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;sb.length>a;)vb(b||sb.length>a+1)}function rb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=pb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var sb=[],P={};L(document,"click",function(a){var b=sb.length;b&&!gb(a)&&b>rb(a.target)&&vb(!0)});L(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!gb(a)&&sb.length&&vb()}); L(document,"focus",function(a){var b=sb.length;if(b)for(var c=rb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in P)if(pb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(A(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Ta)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=A(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){fb(a);d.focus();break}else vb(!0),--b}},!0);function wb(a,b,c,d){if((d===void 0?0:d)||!(c in xb)){a=a&&a.getItem(c);if(a)try{var e=JSON.parse(a)}catch(f){}b[c]=e}return b[c]}function yb(a,b,c,d){b[c]=d;try{a&&a.setItem(c,JSON.stringify(d))}catch(e){}}function zb(a,b){return wb(Ab,xb,a,b===void 0?!1:b)}var xb={},Ab,Bb={},Cb;try{Ab=window.localStorage,Cb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function Db(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function Eb(){var a=Fb(),b=Gb();b=Hb(b);a=Ib(a);a=Jb(a)||"#";Kb=Db(b);Lb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function Mb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return b.sort().join("&")}function Jb(a){return(a=Mb(a))?"#"+a:""} function Nb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function Ob(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return Nb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Pb(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return Nb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Qb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function Ib(a){var b=Ob();Qb(b,a);return b}function Hb(a){var b=Kb||Db(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Qb(c,a);return c}function Rb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Sb){var a=window.history.state;Sb=!0;Kb=Db(a);Tb.notify()}Ub=!1},0)}var Tb=new K,Kb,Sb=!1,Ub=!0,Lb="pushState"in window.history,Vb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")Vb=!1;else{var Wb=.001*J(),Xb=GSP.eventId,Yb=!1,Zb=wb(Cb,Bb,"nh",!1);Zb instanceof Array||(Zb=[]);for(var $b=Zb.length,ac=0,bc=0;bc<$b;bc++){var cc=Zb[bc];if(cc instanceof Array&&cc.length==2){var dc=cc[1]==Xb;Yb=Yb||dc;$b-bc<=10&&+cc[0]>Wb-86400&&!dc&&(Zb[ac++]=cc)}}Zb.length=ac;Zb.push([Wb,Xb]);yb(Cb,Bb,"nh",Zb);Vb=Yb}var ec=Vb;"onpageshow"in window?L(window,"pageshow",Rb):O(Rb); L(window,Lb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Sb=!0,Kb=Db(a),Tb.notify())});function fc(){gc&&(N(A("gs_alrt_l"),"click",gc),gc=void 0)}function hc(a){var b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?[]:d;A("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=a;ic().action=c.match(Na)?c:"";a=A("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=b;b=A("gs_alrt_h");b.innerHTML="";for(var e in d)c=I(Da),c.type="hidden",c.name=e,c.value=d[e],b.appendChild(c);fc();y(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);jc()} function jc(){var a=ic();v(a,"gs_anm");v(a,"gs_vis");L(document,"click",kc);clearTimeout(lc);lc=setTimeout(kc,4E3);++mc;setTimeout(nc,0)}function kc(){mc||(N(document,"click",kc),clearTimeout(lc),lc=void 0,fc(),w(ic(),"gs_vis"))}function ic(){return A("gs_alrt")}function nc(){mc=0}var lc,mc=0,gc;O(function(){var a=A("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!ec&&jc(),L(window,"pagehide",function(){mc=0;kc();w(ic(),"gs_anm")}))});function Q(a,b,c){b=b===void 0?oc:b;c=c===void 0?!1:c;b.length=0;a.normalize&&(a=a.normalize("NFKD").replace(pc,""));return a.toLowerCase().replace(qc,function(d,e){b.length||e&&b.push(0);b.push(d.length);return e&&(!c||e+d.length<a.length)?" ":""})}function rc(a,b,c,d,e){var f=c.indexOf(a),g="",h="";f>0&&(f=c.indexOf(" "+a));!(a&&f+1)||e!==void 0&&e&&f||(f+=c[f]==" ",g=sc(c.substr(0,f),b,d),h=sc(c.substr(0,f+a.length),b,d).substr(g.length));return[g,h,b.substr(g.length+h.length)]} function sc(a,b,c){var d=a.length;for(a=a.split(" ").length;a--;)d+=(c[a]||0)-1;return b.substr(0,d+1)}var oc=[],pc=/[\u0300-\u036f]+/g,qc=RegExp("[\\s\x00-/:-@[-`{-\u00bf\u2000-\u206f\u2e00-\u2e42\u3000-\u303f\uff00-\uff0f\uff1a-\uff20\uff3b-\uff40\uff5b-\uff65]+","g"),tc=/^[\d\s]*[\u0590-\u08ff\ufb1d-\ufdff\ufe70-\ufefc]/;var uc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){e=e===void 0?[]:e;this.C=a;this.source=b;this.La=c===void 0?"":c;this.B=d===void 0?"":d;this.X=e;this.Jb=f===void 0?"":f;this.Pa=g===void 0?"":g};var vc=function(){this.Za=100;this.J=0;this.W=this.O=null;this.ga=Object.create(null)};vc.prototype.get=function(a){if(a=this.ga[a])return wc(this,a),a.value};vc.prototype.set=function(a,b){var c=this.ga[a];c?(c.value=b,wc(this,c)):(this.J>=this.Za&&(delete this.ga[this.W.key],this.W=this.W.V,this.W.ha=null,--this.J),c=this.ga[a]={key:a,value:b,ha:this.O,V:null},this.O?this.O.V=c:this.W=c,this.O=c,++this.J)}; var wc=function(a,b){var c=b.ha,d=b.V;d&&((d.ha=c)?c.V=d:a.W=d,a.O.V=b,b.ha=a.O,b.V=null,a.O=b)};function xc(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),h=d.responseURL,k=window.location,l=k.protocol;k="//"+k.host+"/";h&&h.indexOf(l+k)&&h.indexOf("https:"+k)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function yc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var zc=function(a,b){this.Kb=a;this.Sa=b;this.da=this.ca=0;this.ya=this.za="";this.Aa=void 0;this.Ha=new vc},Cc=function(a,b,c){var d=b?a.Ha.get(Ac(a,b,c)):[];d?a.Sa(b,c,d):(a.za=b,a.ya=c,a.ca>=10||a.da>=3||(a.ca?a.Aa!==void 0||(a.Aa=setTimeout(function(){Bc(a)},100<<Math.max(a.ca-4,0))):Bc(a)))},Bc=function(a){a.Aa=void 0;var b=a.za,c=a.ya;a.za=a.ya="";if(b){++a.ca;var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d&&d.readyState==4){var e=d.status;e==200&&a.ta(b,c,d.responseText);d=null; Dc(a,e)}};d.ontimeout=function(){d&&(d=null,Dc(a))};d.open("GET",Ac(a,b,c),!0);d.timeout=3E4;d.send()}},Dc=function(a,b){b=b===void 0?0:b;--a.ca;var c=3*(b==403?1:0)+(b>499&&b<600?1:0);a.da+=c;c&&setTimeout(function(){a.da-=c},3E4)}; zc.prototype.ta=function(a,b,c){try{var d=JSON.parse(c)}catch(r){}if(d&&typeof d=="object"&&(c=d.l,c instanceof Array)){d=[];for(var e=c.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d,h=g.push,k=""+c[f],l=k.indexOf("|");var n=k.substr(0,l);var p=Q(n);k=k.substr(l+1);l=[];n=new uc(k,0,"",Q(k,l),l,n,p);h.call(g,n)}this.Ha.set(Ac(this,a,b),d);this.Sa(a,b,d)}};var Ac=function(a,b,c){return"/scholar_complete?"+encodeURIComponent(a.Kb)+"="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c};var Fc=function(a){this.Ta="H:"+a;this.G=[];this.Ib=.001*J();a=zb(this.Ta);a instanceof Array||(a=[]);for(var b=this.G,c={"":1},d=0;d<a.length&&b.length<50;d++){var e=new Ec(a[d]);c.hasOwnProperty(e.B)||(c[e.B]=1,b.push(e))}}; Fc.prototype.add=function(a,b,c){c=(c===void 0?0:c)||.001*J();b=(b===void 0?0:b)||c;a=new Ec([0,0,a]);if(a.B){for(var d=this.G,e=d.length,f=0;f<e&&d[f].B!=a.B;)++f;f<e||d.push(a);e=d[f];if(!(b-e.F<2)){e.F=b;e.C=a.C;e.X=a.X;for(e.H=Math.min(e.H+Gc(b),10*Gc(c));f&&Hc(d[f],d[f-1]);)a=d[f],d[f]=d[f-1],d[--f]=a;d.splice(50,1);Ic(this)}}};Fc.prototype.remove=function(a){for(var b=this.G,c=b.length,d=0;d<c;d++)if(b[d].C==a){b.splice(d,1);Ic(this);break}}; var Ic=function(a){for(var b=[],c=a.G,d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)b.push(c[e].encode());yb(Ab,xb,a.Ta,b)};function Gc(a){return Math.exp(.0231*(Math.max(a-1422777600,0)/86400|0))}var Ec=function(a){a instanceof Array||(a=Jc);this.F=+a[0]||0;this.H=+a[1]||0;this.C=""+a[2];this.X=[];this.B=Q(this.C,this.X,!0)};Ec.prototype.encode=function(){return[this.F,this.H,this.C]}; var Hc=function(a,b){var c=a.H-b.H;return c>0||!c&&a.F>b.F},Jc=[0,0,""],Kc=function(a,b,c){this.F=a;this.H=b;this.C=c},Lc=function(a,b){var c=a.H-b.H;return c>0||!c&&a.F>b.F};var Mc=function(a){this.D=a};function Nc(a){var b=I(Aa);b.textContent=a;return b};var Oc=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.j=c===void 0?null:c;this.Ba=!1};Oc.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.j&&this.j.stopPropagation();this.Ba=!0};var S=function(a){a.j&&fb(a.j);a.Ba=!0};var T=function(a,b){this.Da=a;this.Hb=b},Pc=function(a,b,c){this.Da=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function Qc(a,b){U(a,"click",b)}function Rc(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Va(a),e=Sc[d];if(!e){e=Sc[d]=[];d=Tc(b[0].Da);for(var f in d){var g=Uc[f];g||(g=Uc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var h in d[f]){var k=g[h];k||(k=g[h]=[]);k.push(a)}}Vc(a,e,b[0],Wc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)Vc(a,e,b[f],Xc)}}}function V(a,b,c){Yc(new Oc(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function U(a,b,c){var d=Zc;typeof b==="string"&&($c[0]=b,b=$c);var e=b.length;a=Tc(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var h=0;h<e;h++)d(f,g,b[h],c)}function Tc(a){typeof a==="string"&&(ad[0]=a,a=ad);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c} function Zc(a,b,c,d){var e=bd[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&L(document,c,cd,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=bd[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new K);a.add(d)}function cd(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);Yc(new Oc(a.type,b,a))} function Yc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!x(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!dd("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!dd(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function dd(a,b,c){var d=bd[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.Ba}function Vc(a,b,c,d){var e=c.Da;c=c.Hb;for(var f in c){var g=oa(d,a,c[f]);U(e,f,g);b.push(new Pc(e,f,g))}}function Wc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=ed(a,d)||a;a=fd(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function Xc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=ed(a,d);if(e){a=fd(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function fd(a,b){var c=gd(b),d=hd[c];d||(d=hd[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Va(a);(d=id[a])||(d=id[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function ed(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=jd(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=jd(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function jd(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=Uc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function gd(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+kd++);return b}var bd=Object.create(null),ad=[""],$c=[""],Uc=Object.create(null),Sc=Object.create(null),id=Object.create(null),hd=Object.create(null),kd=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=cd;function ld(a){if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return x(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function md(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function nd(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)} function od(a){var b=b===void 0?!1:b;var c=[];for(a=nd(a,b);a;)c.push(a),a=nd(a,b);return c}function pd(a,b,c,d){d=d===void 0?!1:d;return qd(a,b,ld(c),d,!1)}function qd(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=md(b,d);f;f=nd(f,d))if(e=qd(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=nd(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};var W=function(a){var b=this;this.g=a.querySelector(".gs_in_ac");this.D=a.querySelector(".gs_md_ac");this.ba=this.N=!1;this.G=new Fc(this.g.name);this.eb=new zc(this.g.name,function(c,d,e){d==b.ja&&rd(b,c)&&(c.length>=b.ka.length||!rd(b,b.ka))&&(b.ka=c,b.Ca=e,sd(b))});this.Qa=0;this.Lb=new Mc(this.D);this.Ma=[];this.Oa=[];this.ka="";this.Ca=[];this.ja="";this.I=this.g.value;td(this);L(this.g.form,["change","gs-change"],function(){td(b)})},ud=function(a){return a.D.style.display=="block"},wd=function(a){if(ud(a)){var b= vd(a);b&&w(b,"gs_sel");a.N=a.ba=!1;a.D.style.display="none"}},xd=function(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?[]:c;a.Ma=c;c=a.G;var d=Q(b);var e=" "+d,f=d.length,g=d.split(" ").length,h=.1/Gc(c.Ib),k=c.G,l=k.length;c=[];for(var n=0;n<l;n++){var p=k[n],r=p.B,F=r.indexOf(d);if(!(F<0)){var H=10;F&&(F=r.lastIndexOf(e),H=+(F>=0));r=H*(2*(g-1)+(1+((r[F+f]||" ")==" ")))/g;F=p.H*h;if(r=d?r*F:1){p=new Kc(p.F,r,p.C);for(r=0;r<c.length&&!Lc(p,c[r]);)++r;r<3&&c.splice(r,0,p);c.splice(3,1)}}}d=[];for(e=0;e<c.length;e++)f=d,g= f.push,h=c[e].C,k=[],h=new uc(h,2,"",Q(h,k),k),g.call(f,h);a.Oa=d;Cc(a.eb,b,a.ja);sd(a)},rd=function(a,b){return Q(a.g.value).indexOf(Q(b))==0},yd=function(a){var b=a.g.value;a.I=b;td(a);var c=[],d=a.g.getAttribute("data-iq")||"",e=a.g.getAttribute("data-is");if(d==b&&e){d=document.querySelectorAll(e);e=d.length;for(var f=0;f<e&&f<10;f++){var g=d[f];c.push(new uc(g.textContent,1,g.innerHTML))}}xd(a,b,c)},sd=function(a){a.Qa++||eb(function(){a.Qa=0;var b=a.Ma,c=a.Oa;var d=a.Ca;if(b.length)b=b.slice(0, 10);else{b=c.slice(0,3);var e=d.length&&d[0].Pa;c=e?3:10;var f=b.length;if(!f||!e){for(e=Object.create(null);f--;)e[b[f].B]=!0;for(f=0;f<d.length&&b.length<c;f++){var g=d[f];e[g.B]||b.push(g)}}}d=b;var h=a.g.value,k=a.Lb.D.firstElementChild;g=k.querySelector(".gs_md_acs");b=k.querySelector("ul");c=(c=b.querySelector(".gs_sel"))?c.getAttribute("data-q"):"";f=d.length;var l=[];e=Q(h,l);b.innerHTML="";if(f){var n=d[0].Pa,p=n&&"gs_md_acp";typeof p==="string"||(p=p.join(" "));k.className!=p&&(k.className= p);h=rc(n,h,e,l,!0);g.textContent=h[0]+h[1];h=h[2];e=Q(h,l);for(g=0;g<f;g++){n=d[g];k=I(Ea);l=(n.Jb||"")+n.C;k.className="gs_md_ac_li";k.setAttribute("data-q",l);k.setAttribute("onclick","");if(n.La)k.innerHTML=n.La;else{h=rc(e,n.C,n.B,n.X);if(!h[1]){for(h=0;n.B[h]==e[h];)++h;h=rc(e.substr(0,h),n.C,n.B,n.X)}h[0]&&k.appendChild(Nc(h[0]));k.appendChild(document.createTextNode(h[1]));h[2]&&k.appendChild(Nc(h[2]));n.source==2&&(v(k,"gs_md_ac_lh"),h=I(Ha),h.className="gs_ico gs_ico_X gs_ico_Xt",k.appendChild(h))}l== c&&v(k,"gs_sel");b.appendChild(k)}}d=d.length&&document.activeElement==a.g;d!=ud(a)&&(d?ud(a)||(a.N=a.ba=!1,a.D.style.display="block"):wd(a))})},vd=function(a){return a.D.querySelector(".gs_sel")},Ad=function(a,b){var c=a.g.getAttribute("data-oq")||"oq",d=a.g.form,e=d.elements[c];e||(e=I(Da),e.name=c,e.type="hidden",d.appendChild(e));e.value=a.I;a.g.value=zd(b)},Bd=function(a){V("gs-change",a.g)};m=W.prototype; m.wb=function(){var a=this.g.value;this.I!=a&&(this.I=a,xd(this,a),Cd(this.g,Q(a).match(tc)?"rtl":"ltr"))}; m.ra=function(a){if(!this.ba){var b=a.j,c=b.keyCode;b=gb(b);var d;c!=13||b?c!=27||b?c!=38&&c!=40||b?(c==46&&!b||c==88&&(b==1||b==4))&&(d=vd(this))&&x(d,"gs_md_ac_lh")&&(this.g.selectionStart||0)>=this.g.value.length&&(this.G.remove(zd(d)),xd(this,this.g.value=this.I),S(a),Bd(this)):(ud(this)?((d=vd(this))&&w(d,"gs_sel"),(d=pd(this.D,d||this.D,".gs_md_ac_li",c==38))?(v(d,"gs_sel"),this.g.value=zd(d)):this.g.value=this.I,Bd(this)):yd(this),S(a)):ud(this)&&(this.g.value=this.I,wd(this),S(a),Bd(this)): ((d=vd(this))&&Ad(this,d),wd(this),Bd(this))}};m.sa=function(){var a=this;document.activeElement==this.g?yd(this):(clearTimeout(this.wa),this.wa=setTimeout(function(){a.wa=void 0},500))};m.vb=function(){this.wa!==void 0&&yd(this)};m.jb=function(){var a=this;setTimeout(function(){wd(a)},this.N?300:0)};m.ib=function(a){this.N&&S(a)};m.tb=function(){this.ba=!0};m.sb=function(){this.ba=!1};var td=function(a){var b=a.g,c=Ka(b.form,function(d){return d!=b});c!=a.ja&&(a.ja=c,a.ka="",a.Ca=[])};m=W.prototype; m.nb=function(a){this.N=!0;S(a)};m.ob=function(){this.N=!0};m.pa=function(){this.N=!1};m.kb=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;if(x(a.target,"gs_ico_X"))this.G.remove(zd(b)),xd(this,this.g.value=this.I);else{Ad(this,b);wd(this);this.g.blur();var c=this.g.form;setTimeout(function(){c.submit()},0)}Bd(this)};m.mb=function(a){a=a.currentTarget;if(!x(a,"gs_sel")){var b=vd(this);b&&w(b,"gs_sel");v(a,"gs_sel")}};m.lb=function(a){w(a.currentTarget,"gs_sel")}; var Dd=[new T(".gs_in_acw",{}),new T(".gs_in_ac",{input:W.prototype.wb,keydown:W.prototype.ra,mousedown:W.prototype.sa,focus:W.prototype.vb,blur:W.prototype.jb,beforedeactivate:W.prototype.ib,compositionstart:W.prototype.tb,compositionend:W.prototype.sb}),new T(".gs_md_ac",{mousedown:W.prototype.nb,touchstart:W.prototype.ob,mouseup:W.prototype.pa,touchend:W.prototype.pa,touchcancel:W.prototype.pa}),new T(".gs_md_ac_li",{click:W.prototype.kb,mouseover:W.prototype.mb,mouseout:W.prototype.lb})]; function zd(a){return a.getAttribute("data-q")||""}function Cd(a,b){a.getAttribute("dir")!=b&&(a.setAttribute("dir",b),a=a.parentNode,a.setAttribute("dir",b),a.querySelector(".gs_md_ac").setAttribute("dir",b))}function Ed(){for(var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_ac"),b=a.length,c=0;c<b;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.getAttribute("data-iq")||"";d.value=e;Cd(d,Q(e).match(tc)?"rtl":"ltr");V("gs-change",d);e=d.getAttribute("data-oq")||"oq";(e=d.form.elements[e])&&d.form.removeChild(e)}};function Fd(a){return(x(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(x(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Gd(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;y(a,"gs_sel",b==1);y(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Hd[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Hd=["false","true","mixed"];var Id=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.A=new K;this.Ra=0;this.Ga=[b,a,function(){c.Ra++||eb(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.Ra=0;c.A.notify()}};Id.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.A.getSize()||L.apply(null,this.Ga);this.A.add(a)};Id.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.A.remove(a);this.A.getSize()||N.apply(null,this.Ga)};var Jd=new Id("scroll"),Kd=new Id("resize");function Ld(a){Md.add(a);a()}var Md=new K;function Nd(){var a=document.documentElement,b=ua();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:va||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(x(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;y(a,c,d)}}e&&Md.notify()}y(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",sa);Nd();Kd.addListener(Nd);L(window,["pageshow","load"],Nd);var Od=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.i=a;this.Z=b;this.T=c;this.Y=d;this.xa=e;this.S=f;this.v=null},Pd=function(a,b){a.v=b},Qd=function(){this.o=[];this.m=-1};Qd.prototype.push=function(a){++this.m;this.m==this.o.length?this.o.push(a):(this.o[this.m]=a,this.o.splice(this.m+1,this.o.length-this.m))};Qd.prototype.pop=function(){--this.m};var Rd=function(a){for(var b=X;b.m>a;)ub(b.top().i)},Sd=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.o.length&&!(a.o[c].S>=b);++c);return c};Qd.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.m)}; Qd.prototype.at=function(a){return this.o[a]||null};function Td(a,b){var c=a==X.m;X.m=a;b&&!Kb&&!Db(window.history.state)&&Eb();c||Ud()}function Vd(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=X.top();e&&a==e.i&&b==e.Z&&c==e.T||(X.push(new Od(a,b,c,d,e&&e.i==a?e.xa+1:1,J())),b=Fb(),a=Gb(),a=Hb(a),b=Ib(b),b=Jb(b)||"#",Kb=Db(a),Lb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Ud())} function Wd(a){a=Xd(A(a));return!!a&&x(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")}function Yd(){var a=A("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=X.m&&!c;++d)c=!Wd(X.at(d).i);y(A("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=X.m;c>=1&&(c=X.at(c-1).i,d=Wd(c),y(A(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Wd(X.top().i)?"scroll":""} function Ud(){function a(){var M=c.clientHeight,C=+H.getAttribute("data-h");C||(g.style.maxHeight="none",C=f.offsetHeight);var D=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");C=Math.max((M-C)/2,10);M=Math.max(M-48-(D?D.offsetHeight:0)-2*C,10);D=Wd(e);f.style.top=D?"auto":C+"px";g.style.maxHeight=D?"none":M+"px";Zd(g)}var b=X.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A("gs_top"),e=b.i,f=A(e),g=A(e+"-bdy"),h=1200+X.m,k=A(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.Y,n=b.T,p=b.Z,r=A("gs_md_s"),F=A(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",H=Xd(f),B=window.pageYOffset,R=p&&p[0]!="#"&&!l,qa=X.m>0?X.at(X.m-1).i:"",Oa=!!P[e];R?(Oa?y(k,"gs_md_ldg",!0):$d(f,k,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+A("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),V("gs-md-ldin",k)):(l&&$d(f,k,l,b),V("gs-md-lded",k));Oa&&e==qa||ob(f,function(){(H||f).style.zIndex=h;ae(F);Oa||(H&&v(H,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_vis"),y(f,"gs_abt",Ub),y(r,"gs_abt",Ub),be(e),X.m==0?Ld(Yd):Yd(),H&&g&&(a(),Kd.addListener(a)));X.m==0&&(v(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-B+"px")},function(){Oa||(Kd.removeListener(a), H&&w(H,"gs_vis"),w(f,"gs_vis"),w(f,"gs_abt"));for(var M=X.top()?X.top().xa:0;X.top()&&X.top().i==e;){var C=X.top();yc(C.v);C.v=null;X.pop()}if(X.top()){if(C=X.top().i,ae(A(C).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),w(A(C),"gs_md_ins_vis"),Oa){a:{C=X;for(var D=C.m;D>=0;D--)if(C.o[D].i==e){C=D;break a}C=-1}D=X.at(C);(H||f).style.zIndex=1200+C;$d(f,k,D.Y,D)}}else w(r,"gs_vis"),w(r,"gs_abt");X.m==-1?(Md.remove(Yd),c.style.overflowY="",w(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,B)):Yd();ce||(M>0?window.history.go(-M): Eb())},de(f),ee(f),qa);R&&(yc(b.v),b.v=null,Pd(b,xc(p,n,function(M,C,D){b.v=null;D=(M=M==200&&D.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?C:fe();$d(f,k,D,b);if(M)for(M=e,D=0;D<X.o.length;++D){var tb=X.at(D);M==tb.i&&p==tb.Z&&n==tb.T&&(tb.Y=C,D==X.m&&Eb())}V("gs-md-lded",k)})))}function Xd(a){a=a.parentNode;return x(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function de(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?A(a):null}function ee(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?A(a):null} function $d(a,b,c,d){y(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},h=0;h<f;h++){for(var k=gd(e[h]),l=hd[k],n=l?l.length:0,p=0;p<n;p++){var r=l[p],F=Va(r.constructor),H=g[F];H||(H=g[F]={});H[k]=!0;r&&typeof r.dispose=="function"&&r.dispose()}delete hd[k]}for(var B in g){B=+B;e=g[B];h=(f=id[B])?f.length:0;for(l=k=0;l<h;l++)n=f[l],n in e||(f[k++]=n);k?f.length=k:delete id[B]}b.innerHTML=c;d.Y=c;be(a.id);yc(d.v);d.v=null} function be(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,Zd(a)}function Zd(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Ja(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function ge(){return A("gs_md_err").innerHTML}function fe(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+ge()+"</div></div>"} function Fb(){var a=X.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.Z||void 0,p:a&&a.T?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.S||void 0}}function Gb(){var a=X.top();return{n:a&&a.xa||0,p:a&&a.T||"",h:a&&a.Y||""}}function ae(a){if(he!=a){var b=A("gs_md_s");he&&w(b,he);(he=a)&&v(b,a)}}var ce=0,he="",X=new Qd; Tb.add(function(){var a=Ob(),b=a.d||"",c=b?A(b):null;++ce;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=Kb||Db(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Ua)||(d="");for(var h=Sd(X,e),k=h;k<X.o.length;++k){var l=X.at(k);if(e<l.S&&l.i!=b)break}for(l=h-1;l>=0;--l){var n=X.at(l);if(e>n.S&&n.i!=b)break}Rd(k-1);for(k=0;k<=l;++k)n=X.at(k).i,P[n]||Td(l,!1);if(l=h<X.o.length)l=X.at(h),l=b==l.i&&d==l.Z&&c==!!l.T&&e==l.S;l?Td(h,!0):(a==0&&(Rd(-1),X=new Qd,e=J()),c!=!!g&&(d= g="",f=fe()),b=new Od(b,d,g,f,a,e),c=X,e=b.S,a=Sd(c,e),e=a<c.o.length&&e==c.at(a).S,c.o.splice(a,e?1:0,b),X.m=a,Eb(),Ud())}else Rd(-1);--ce});var ie=function(a){pa.call(this);this.fa=a;this.ua=Object.create(null);this.v=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.ua[c]=d.innerHTML)}};la(ie,pa);ie.prototype.na=function(){yc(this.v);this.fa=this.v=null;pa.prototype.na.call(this)};ie.prototype.Cb=function(a){var b=this;S(a);if((a=this.fa)&&!this.v){var c="json=&"+Ka(a);je(this,!0);this.v=xc(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.ta(d,e)})}}; ie.prototype.ta=function(a,b){this.v=null;je(this,!1);var c=this.fa,d=c.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(d=d?A(d):null)d.innerHTML="";try{var e=a==200&&JSON.parse(b)}catch(p){}a=!1;e&&typeof e=="object"||(a=ge(),d?d.innerHTML=a:hc(a),e={},a=!0);c.setAttribute("data-p",""+(e.P||""));V("gs-ajax-form-done",c);if(b=e.L)Ma(""+b);else{if(b=e.M)d?d.innerHTML=b:hc(b),a=!0;b=1E6;if(d&&d.innerHTML){var f=d;b=d.getBoundingClientRect().top}d=c.elements;e=e.E;typeof e=="object"||(e=Object.create(null));for(var g in this.ua){var h= d[g],k=void 0,l=""+(e[g]||""),n=h.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");y(h.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!l);n&&(n.innerHTML=l||this.ua[g]||"");l&&(k=h.getBoundingClientRect().top)<b&&(f=h,b=k);a=a||!!l}(c=c.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!a&&ub(c);f&&f.scrollIntoView&&(b<0||b+20>window.innerHeight)&&f.scrollIntoView()}};var je=function(a,b){a=a.fa;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;y(d,"gs_bsp",b)}}; Rc(ie,[new T(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:ie.prototype.Cb})]);var ke=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];U(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Fd(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Gd(b,ke[+d][c],!0);V("gs-change",b,a.j)});U(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(S(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});U([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.j.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(S(a),b.click())});var le=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),me="",ne=null;function oe(){ne=null}function pe(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):ne&&a==ne.src||((ne=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(oe,1E3))}function qe(){var a=Pb(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;pe(a)}O(function(){me=ec?"&bn=1":"";ec&&qe()}); L(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(me="&bn=1",qe())}); L(document,le,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?A(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ me,pe(b))}},!1,!0);U(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var re=function(a){this.i=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.ma=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};m=re.prototype;m.oa=function(a){var b=A(this.i);return a!==void 0?pd(b,b,".gs_md_li",a):null};m.open=function(a){a=this.oa(a);if(x(A(this.ma),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.ma);nb(this.i,function(){v(b,"gs_sel")},function(){w(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};m.close=function(){ub(this.i)};m.pb=function(a){S(a);x(A(this.ma),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.j.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; m.Ja=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)S(a),this.open(b==38)};m.ub=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.Ja(a)};Rc(re,[new T(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new T(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":re.prototype.pb,keydown:re.prototype.Ja}),new T(".gs_md_d",{keydown:re.prototype.ub})]);var se=function(a){re.call(this,a);this.Eb=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.Gb=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};la(se,re);se.prototype.oa=function(){return A(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};se.prototype.xb=function(a){te(this,a)};se.prototype.qa=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||te(this,a)}; var te=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.Eb),e=a.oa();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),A(a.Gb).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&ue(e,!1),ue(c,!0));S(b);a.close();V("gs-change",d,b.j)},ue=function(a,b){y(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};Rc(se,[new T(".gs_md_ris",{}),new T(".gs_md_li",{click:se.prototype.xb,keydown:se.prototype.qa})]);U("#gs_lp","click",function(a){S(a);Vd("gs_lp_d")});U("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){S(a);ub("gs_lp_d")});var ve=function(a){this.Ua=E(a)};ve.prototype.qa=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=A(this.Ua);d=pd(d,b,".gs_md_li",c==38)||pd(d,d,".gs_md_li",c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Ja(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.Ua){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=nd(d,c)||md(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],x(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(S(a),d.focus())}; Rc(ve,[new T(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new T(".gs_md_li",{keydown:ve.prototype.qa})]);U("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){S(a);Vd("gs_hdr_drw")});U("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){S(a);ub("gs_hdr_drw")});U("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){S(a);ua()==1?Ma(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):nb("gs_hdr_act_d")});U("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=pd(c,c,".gs_md_li",b==38))S(a),b.focus()}}); U("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){N(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";y(A("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&va&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];L(window,f,b)}});U("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){y(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); U("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){S(a);var b=A("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();V("input",b,a.j)});U("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){S(a);var b=A("gs_hdr");nb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){w(b,"gs_hdr_src");v(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){v(b,"gs_hdr_src");w(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},A("gs_hdr_tsi"))});U(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&ub(a)});var we=function(){},xe,ye;m=we.prototype;m.rb=function(a){a.j.button||(S(a),ze(a))};m.ra=function(a){Ae(a)&&(S(a),ze(a))};m.yb=function(a){Ae(a)&&S(a)};m.sa=function(a){if(!a.j.button){S(a);var b=a.j;b&&(Be=b.clientX||0,Ce=b.clientY||0,L(document,De,Ee,!0),clearTimeout(xe),xe=setTimeout(Fe,2E3));ze(a)}};m.Db=function(a){S(a);if(Ge){var b=a.j;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)He=b.clientX,Ie=b.clientY,L(document,Je,Ke,!0),clearTimeout(ye),ye=setTimeout(Le,2E3)}ze(a)}; var Ae=function(a){a=a.j.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},ze=function(a){V("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.j)},Fe=function(){N(document,De,Ee,!0);clearTimeout(xe);xe=void 0},Ee=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Be)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Ce)<10?(fb(a),a.type=="click"&&Fe()):Fe()},Le=function(){N(document,Je,Ke,!0);clearTimeout(ye);ye=void 0},Ke=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-He)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Ie)<10?(fb(a),a.type=="click"&&Le()):Le()},Be=0,Ce=0,De=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],Ge=z("Android")&&!z("Chrome"),He=0,Ie=0,Je=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];Rc(we,[new T(".gs_press",{click:we.prototype.rb,keydown:we.prototype.ra,keyup:we.prototype.yb,mousedown:we.prototype.sa,touchstart:we.prototype.Db})]);function Me(a){Ne.style.left=Oe&&Pe===Qe?a.left+"px":"auto";Ne.style.width=Oe?a.width+"px":"auto";V("gs-sth-change",A("gs_sth"))}function Re(){var a=Se.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Ne.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&sa)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Qe;var f=Oe!=d||Pe!==Qe!=e;b!==Pe&&(Pe=b,Ne.style.transform=b===Qe?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Oe=d,y(Te,"gs_sth_vis",d),y(Te,"gs_sth_trk",e),Me(a),Se.style.height=Oe?c+"px":"auto")} function Ue(){Oe&&Me(Se.getBoundingClientRect())}var Qe,Te,Se,Ne,Oe=!1,Pe;O(function(){if(Te=A("gs_sth"))Se=Te.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Ne=Te.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),Jd.addListener(Re),Kd.addListener(Ue),Re()});function Ve(a,b){var c=window.location.href,d=+Pb(c).authuser||0,e=help.service.Lazy.create(0,{apiKey:"AIzaSyBnsHNH76IH8vZplyq6wIQHlfHRq3blfB8",locale:"en-US"});e.requestSurvey({triggerId:a,authuser:d,enableTestingMode:b,callback:function(f){(f=f.surveyData)&&e.presentSurvey({surveyData:f,productData:{customData:{eventId:GSP.eventId,url:c}},colorScheme:1,authuser:d,customZIndex:1050,customLogoUrl:"https://scholar.google.com/scholar/images/scholar48.png"})}})} function We(a){var b=a();b.triggerId&&Qa(function(){return Ve(b.triggerId,b.Fb)})};(function(a){O(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){for(var a=t(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())w(b.value,"gs_invis")});function Xe(a,b,c,d,e){c=c===void 0?0:c;d=d===void 0?1:d;e=e===void 0?5:e;for(var f,g,h=0;h<e;h++)f=(c+d)/2,g=a(f),g<b?c=f:d=f;return(c+d)/2}function Ye(a){return a*a*(1.74-.74*a)}function Ze(a){return a*a*(3-2*a)}function $e(a){return Xe(Ze,a,Math.max(a-.1,0),Math.min(a+.1,1))}function af(a){var b=t(a);a=b.next().value;var c=b.next().value,d=b.next().value;b=1/(b.next().value-a)||0;return[0,(c-a)*b,(d-a)*b,1]}function bf(a,b,c,d){var e=b-a;return d?[a,a+e*c]:[b-e*c,b]};function cf(a){var b=document.querySelector(".gs_mylib .gs_ia_notf");b&&y(b,"gs_rdt",a>0)};function df(a,b){for(var c=a.length,d=window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight,e={},f=0;f<c;e={K:void 0},f++){var g=a[f];if(g){var h=g.indexOf("https://www.google-analytics.com/collect?");h==0?g+="&vp="+d:g.indexOf("/scholar_url?")==0&&(g+="&cd="+b+"&ws="+d);navigator.sendBeacon?h==0?(e=g.substr(41),g=g.substr(0,40),e.indexOf("&key=")>0&&(e=Nb(e),g="https://www.google-analytics.com/mp/collect?"+Mb({measurement_id:e.tid||"",api_secret:e.key||""}),e=JSON.stringify({client_id:e.cid||"",events:[{name:"page_view", params:{page_referrer:e.dr||"",page_location:e.dl||"",page_title:e.dt||""}}]})),navigator.sendBeacon(g,e)):navigator.sendBeacon(g):h!=0&&(e.K=new Image,ef.push(e.K),e.K.onload=e.K.onerror=e.K.onabort=function(k){return function(){var l=ef.indexOf(k.K);l<0||ef.splice(l,1)}}(e),e.K.src=g)}}}var ef=[];function ff(){A("gs_asd_frm").submit()};function gf(a,b,c,d){var e=e===void 0?1:e;var f=$e(0),g=$e(e),h=f*(1.6*f*f-1.8*f+1.2);e=g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2);var k=af([f*(1.6*f*f-1.8*f+1.2),1.6*f*f*g-.6*f*f-1.2*f*g+.8*f+.4*g,1.6*f*g*g-1.2*f*g+.4*f-.6*g*g+.8*g,g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2)]);f=af([f*f*(3-2*f),f*(-2*f*g+f+2*g),g*(-2*f*g+2*f+g),g*g*(3-2*g)]);f="animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier("+[k[1],f[1],k[2],f[2]].join()+")";k=[];g=a.substring(1)+"_anm";k.push("@keyframes "+g+"{");h=Math.round(h*1E3)/10;e=Math.round(e*1E3)/10;h>.1&&k.push("0%{"+ b+"}");k.push(h+"%{"+b+f+"}");k.push(e+"%{"+c+"}");k.push("100%{"+c+"}}");k.push(a+"{animation:"+g+" "+(d.toFixed(2)+"s linear;}"));return k.join("")}function hf(a,b){function c(h){f===0&&(f=h);h=Math.min((h-f)/(b*1E3),1);var k=Math.min(Math.max(h,0),1);k=Xe(Ye,h,k,Math.min(k+.17,1),5);window.scroll(e,d+Ze(k)*g);h<1&&eb(c)}var d=window.pageYOffset,e=window.pageXOffset,f=0,g=a-d;eb(c)} function jf(a,b){if(a==b)return 0;var c=window.innerHeight,d=Math.abs(b-a);return a<0&&b<0||a>c&&b>c?0:a>=0&&a<=c&&b>=0&&b<=c?d:a<0&&b>c||a>c&&b<0?c:a<0?b:b<0?a:a>c?c-b:c-a} function kf(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,k){var l=126;l=l===void 0?0:l;var n=A("gs_top");n.style.minHeight=n.offsetHeight+"px";var p=b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;c=c();var r=b.getBoundingClientRect().top;p=c?r+l:p;b=c?b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom:r+l;r=Math.abs(b-p);if(r==0)n.style.minHeight="";else{l=jf(p,b);var F=c?-1:1,H=A("gs_ftr");p=H.getBoundingClientRect().bottom-F*r;p=Math.min(r,Math.max(window.innerHeight-p,0),window.pageYOffset);var B=b<0;B&&p>0&&(l=Math.min(r,l+p));b=Math.min(1,Math.max(0,(l- 100)/900))*.266+.134;p>0&&(v(H,"gs_pfix"),hf(window.pageYOffset-p,b));p=Math.abs(l/r);l=[];r*=F;F=c||B;var R=t(bf(r,0,p,F));B=R.next().value;R=R.next().value;d=t(d);for(var qa=d.next();!qa.done;qa=d.next())l.push(gf("#"+E(qa.value),Sa(B),Sa(R),b));B=t(bf(c?1:0,c?0:1,p,F));d=B.next().value;B=B.next().value;l.push(gf("#"+E(f),Ra(d),Ra(B),b));B=a.offsetHeight;d=B+r;R=t(bf(c?d/B:1,c?1:B/d,p,F));B=R.next().value;R=R.next().value;l.push(gf("#"+E(g),Ra(B),Ra(R),b));c||l.push("#"+E(a)+"{height:"+d+"px}"); g=t(bf(c?r:0,c?0:-r,p,F));a=g.next().value;g=g.next().value;e=t(e);for(c=e.next();!c.done;c=e.next())l.push(gf("#"+E(c.value),Sa(a),Sa(g),b));h.textContent=l.join("");h=function(){w(H,"gs_pfix");n.style.minHeight="";k()};cb(f,"animationend",h,b*1E3+100,h)}};function lf(a){a&&a.querySelectorAll&&a.querySelectorAll(mf).length&&Ma(nf)}function of(){lf(document.body);pf=new MutationObserver(function(a){a=t(a);for(var b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())lf(b.value.target)});pf.observe(document.body,{childList:!0,subtree:!0})}var pf,mf=[Xa("R8D02D50AD3,7@C>."),Xa(":7C2>6,4=2DDYlC6=:6G65."),Xa("2,52E2\\<@A6C?:@\\:5.")].join(),nf=Xa("^D49@=2C^<@A6C?:@]9E>=");function qf(a,b,c){var d=(A("gs_citd").getAttribute("data-u")||"").replace("{id}",a).replace("{p}",""+b);xc(d,"",function(e,f){P.gs_cit||(e==200?Vd("gs_cit",d,"",f):hc(ge()));c&&c()})}var rf;function sf(a,b,c,d){tf.notify({bb:a,Na:b,Va:c,error:d})}function uf(a,b){if(vf)return!1;vf=a;sf(a,b);return!0}function wf(a,b,c,d){var e=vf="";if(c){e=b.split(":");b=e[0]||xf;e=e[1]||"";var f={};f[a+","+b]=e;yf(f)}sf(a,e,c,d)} function zf(){var a=G(A("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),b=G(A("gs_lbd_data"),"data-lid");if(uf(a,b)){var c=b?Af.replace("{id}",xf+":"+b):Bf.replace("{id}",a);xc(c,"",function(d,e){a:{vf="";var f="",g="";if(d==200)try{var h=JSON.parse(e)}catch(k){}(d=na(h))&&typeof h.NR=="number"&&cf(h.NR);if(d){if(h.L){Ma(""+h.L);sf(a,b,!1,f);break a}if(h.M)f=""+h.M;else if(Array.isArray(h.U)&&h.U.length==1&&na(h.U[0]))g=""+(h.U[0].c||"");else if(!b||h.U)f=ge()}else f=ge();wf(a,g,!f,f)}})}} function Cf(a){return(a=zb("s",a===void 0?!1:a))&&na(a)?a:{}}function yf(a){var b=J(),c=Cf(!0),d;for(d in c){var e=c[d];e instanceof Array&&e.length==2&&b-e[1]<12E5||delete c[d]}for(var f in a)c[f]=[a[f],b];yb(Ab,xb,"s",c)}var tf=new K,xf,Af,Bf,vf="";function Y(a){var b=A("gs_res_glb");return b?b.getAttribute(a)||"":""};function Df(){return A("gs_res_lbl_frm")} function Ef(){Ff("");for(var a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_lbl_op .gs_in_cb"),b=a.length,c=[],d=[];b--;){var e=a[b];+e.getAttribute("data-s")!=Fd(e)&&(Fd(e)?c:d).push(e.getAttribute("data-id")||"")}a=A("gs_lbd_new-input");b=(b=document.querySelector("#gs_lbd_new_in .gs_in_cb"))&&Fd(b);a=a&&b?a.value:null;if(!c.length&&!d.length&&a==null)return ub("gs_md_albl-d"),!1;b=window.location;c={label_ids_to_add:c,label_ids_to_remove:d,label_name_add:a,"continue":b.pathname+b.search};d=Df();for(var f in c)a= La(d,f),c[f]==null?d.removeChild(a):a.value=c[f];return!0}function Gf(a){var b=A("gs_lbd_new"),c=b.querySelector(".gs_in_cb");y(b,"gs_lbd_new_sel",a);a&&(Gd(c,1),A("gs_lbd_new-input").focus())}function Hf(a){var b=A("gs_md_albl-d-t");y(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)}function If(a){var b=A("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");y(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)} function Jf(a){var b=(Y("data-sval")||G(A("gs_ra_data"),"data-sval")).replace("{id}",a).replace("%7Bid%7D",a);xc(b,"",function(c,d){var e="";if(c==200)if(c=I(Ba),c.innerHTML=d,c=c.querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt"))(d=G(c,"data-r"))?Ma(d):e=c.innerHTML;else{Hf(!0);If(!0);Vd("gs_md_albl-d",b,"",d);return}else e=ge();wf(a,"",!1,e)})}function Ff(a){var b=A("gsc_lbd_alrt")||A("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt");b&&(b.innerHTML=a)};var Z=function(a){this.R=a;this.ab=G(a,"data-cid");this.Ia=Kf(a);this.la=Lf(a)};Z.prototype.zb=function(a){y(a.currentTarget.parentNode,"gs_or_mvi")};Z.prototype.qb=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;x(b,"gs_or_ldg")||(y(b,"gs_or_ldg",!0),qf(this.ab,this.la,function(){y(b,"gs_or_ldg",!1)}))};Z.prototype.hb=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.parentNode;nb(E(b),function(){w(b,"gs_press");v(c,"gs_vis");v(b,"gs_anm")},function(){v(b,"gs_press");w(c,"gs_vis")})}; Z.prototype.Ka=function(){var a=G(this.R,"data-lid");uf(this.Ia,a)&&Jf(this.Ia)};var Mf=[new T(".gs_or",{}),new T(".gs_or_ggsm",{"gs-press":Z.prototype.hb}),new T(".gs_or_cit",{click:Z.prototype.qb}),new T(".gs_or_sav",{click:Z.prototype.Ka}),new T(".gs_or_lbl",{click:Z.prototype.Ka}),new T(".gs_or_mor",{click:Z.prototype.zb})]; function Nf(){for(var a=x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph"),b=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_or_ggsm"),c=b.length;c--;){var d=b[c];x(d,"gs_vis")&&ub(E(d));y(d,"gs_press",a);w(d,"gs_anm")}}function Of(a){var b=document.querySelector('.gs_or[data-did="'+a.bb+'"]');if(b){var c=b.querySelector(".gs_or_sav")||b.querySelector(".gs_or_lbl");c&&(y(c,"gs_or_ldg",a.error===void 0),a.Va&&b.setAttribute("data-lid",a.Na))}}function Kf(a){return G(a,"data-did")}function Lf(a){return+G(a,"data-rp")||0};var Pf=["gsb","gsr"],Qf=!1,Rf=!1;function Sf(){if(Qf&&!Rf)for(var a=t(Pf),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){b=b.value;var c=A(b+"_promo");c&&c.offsetWidth&&x(c,b+"_not_installed")&&(b=c.getAttribute("data-trk"),navigator.sendBeacon(b),Rf=!0)}} function Tf(){L(window,"message",function(a){var b=a.data;if(a.origin.match(/[.]google[.]com(:[0-9]+)?$/)&&b&&typeof b==="object"){a=t(Pf);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next()){c=c.value;var d=A(c+"_promo");if(d){var e=+b[c+"Promo"];e>=0&&(d.className=c+(e?"_not_installed":"_installed"))}}Qf=!0;Sf()}});Ld(Sf);O(function(){var a=I(Ca);a.id="gs_ext_promo_ping";a.frameBorder="0";a.scrolling="no";a.tabIndex=-1;a.src=(window.location.host.indexOf("scholar.google.")?"":"//scholar.google.com")+"/scholar_gsb_promo_ping"; document.body.appendChild(a)})};function Uf(){Qc("#gsb_promo_x",function(a){A("gsb_promo").className="";S(a);xc(a.target.href,"",function(){})})};function Vf(){Qc("#gsr_promo_x",function(a){A("gsr_promo").className="";S(a);xc(a.target.href,"",function(){})})};var Wf=function(a){this.R=a;this.Fa=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_t");this.Ea=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con");this.Xa=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_abs");this.fb=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_grad");this.Ya=a.querySelector(".gs_fma_brdr");this.Ob=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_sml");this.cb=a.querySelector(".gs_flb");this.la=Lf(this.R)}; Wf.prototype.Bb=function(a){a=parseInt(a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-idx"),10);var b=this.Ea[a],c=this.Xa[a],d=this.fb[a];a=this.Ob[a];var e=!x(b,"gs_fma_ex"),f=[A("gs_res_ccl_bot"),this.cb],g=od(this.R);g=t(g);for(var h=g.next();!h.done;h=g.next())f.push(h.value);e&&Xf(b,this.la);var k=Pa("gs_fma_anmst");kf(b,c,function(){d.style.height=c.scrollHeight+"px";v(c,"gs_fma_ovis");return y(b,"gs_fma_ex",e)},[a],f,d,this.Ya,k,function(){k.parentNode.removeChild(k);d.style.height="";w(c,"gs_fma_ovis")})}; Wf.prototype.gb=function(a){for(var b=0;b<this.Fa.length;b++){var c=this.Fa[b],d=c===a.currentTarget;y(this.Ea[b],"gs_fma_sh",d);c.setAttribute("aria-selected",d);d&&Xf(c,this.la)}};var Xf=function(a,b){a=a.getAttribute("data-trk").split(" ");df(a,b)},Yf=[new T(".gs_fmar",{}),new T([".gs_fma_sml_a"],{click:Wf.prototype.Bb}),new T([".gs_fma_t"],{click:Wf.prototype.gb})],Zf=!1; function $f(){for(var a=t(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fmar")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){var c=b.value;b=c.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_abs");c=c.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con");for(var d=0;d<c.length;d++)y(c[d],"gs_fma_cl",b[d].scrollHeight-45>126)}b=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fmar");(a=Zf||!navigator.sendBeacon||b.length==0)||(a=b[0].querySelector(".gs_fma").offsetHeight<=0);if(!a&&(Zf=!0,a=Y("data-fmat"))){b=t(b);for(c=b.next();!c.done;c=b.next()){var e=c.value;c=Lf(e);d=[];e=t(e.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con")); for(var f=e.next();!f.done;f=e.next())d.push(x(f.value,"gs_fma_cl")?"0":"1");a+=["&rp",c,"=",d.join(",")].join("")}navigator.sendBeacon(a)}};var ag=function(a){this.R=a};ag.prototype.Ab=function(){Lf(this.R)<5?bg({}):(cg=Kf(this.R),dg=J())};function eg(){var a=document.location.href;return a.substr(0,a.indexOf("#"))||a}function fg(){return document.querySelector(".gs_r_rfr")}function gg(a){var b=fg();return!!b&&Kf(b)==a&&!!b.querySelector(".gs_rfr")}function bg(a){yb(Ab,xb,"rfr",a)}function hg(){var a=zb("rfr");return a&&na(a)?a:null} function ig(a,b,c){v(a,"gs_r_rfr");var d=I(Ba);d.className="gs_rfr";d.innerHTML=b;a.appendChild(d);jg();if(c){b="@keyframes gs_r_vsld_anm{0%{transform:translate(0,-"+d.offsetHeight+"px);}100%{transform:translate(0,0);}}";Pa("gs_r_vsld_style").textContent=b;b=od(a);b=t(b);for(c=b.next();!c.done;c=b.next())v(c.value,"gs_r_vsld");v(A("gs_res_ccl_bot"),"gs_r_vsld");v(a,"gs_anm");cb(d,"animationend",kg,500,kg)}} function kg(){var a=fg();a&&w(a,"gs_anm");a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_r_vsld");for(var b=a.length,c=0;c<b;c++)w(a[c],"gs_r_vsld")}function lg(){var a=fg();if(!a)return!1;w(a,"gs_r_rfr");var b=a.querySelector(".gs_rfr");if(!b)return!1;a.removeChild(b);return!0}function mg(){var a=window.pageYOffset,b=fg();if(!b)return a;b=b.querySelector(".gs_rfr");if(!b)return a;b=b.getBoundingClientRect();b.top<0&&(a-=b.bottom-b.top);return a} function ng(a,b){var c=b.getBoundingClientRect();b=c.bottom;c=b-(b-c.top)/3;var d=1E4,e=-1E4,f=!1;a=a.getClientRects();for(var g=0;g<a.length;g++){var h=a[g];b-h.top>=4&&h.bottom-c>=4?(d=Math.min(d,h.left),e=Math.max(e,h.right)):h.top>=b&&(f=!0)}return d==1E4?f?0:-1:f?e-d:-1} function jg(){for(var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_rfr_rt>a"),b=0;b<a.length;b++){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode,e=d.firstElementChild,f=e.style;c=c.querySelector("[dir]")||c;f.display="none";var g=ng(c,d);if(g>=0){var h=Ja(d),k=Ja(c);f.display="block";e.setAttribute("dir",k?"rtl":"ltr");g=ng(c,d);f.transform="translateX("+[-1,0,0,1][2*(h?1:0)+(k?1:0)]*(d.offsetWidth-e.offsetWidth-g)+"px)"}}}var og=[new T([".gs_r"],{}),new T([".gs_rt",".gs_or_ggsm"],{click:ag.prototype.Ab})],cg,dg=0;GSP.customAC&&(Rc(W,Dd),O(Ed),L(window,"pageshow",function(){setTimeout(Ed,0)}));window.MutationObserver&&O(of);U("#gs_asd_psb","click",ff);U("#gs_asd_frm","keydown",function(a){var b=a.target;b.tagName=="INPUT"&&b.type=="text"&&a.j.keyCode==13&&ff()});U(".gs_citr","focus",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;b!=rf&&(rf=b,S(a),setTimeout(function(){window.getSelection().selectAllChildren(b);b.focus()},0))});U(".gs_cith","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_citr"))&&a.focus()}); U("#gs_lbd_apl","click",function(){Ef()&&V("submit",Df())});Qc("#gs_lbd_new_btn",function(){Gf(!0)});Qc("#gs_lbd_new_cb",function(){Gf(!1)});U("#gs_lbd_trash","click",function(){zf()});U("#gs_md_albl-d","gs-md-lded",function(){A("gs_lbd_data")?(L(Df(),"submit",Ef),wf(G(A("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),La(Df(),"s").value,!0,"")):(Hf(!1),If(!1))});U("#gs_res_lbl_frm","gs-ajax-form-done",function(){var a=G(Df(),"data-p");(a=/^NR:([0-9]+)$/.exec(a))&&cf(parseInt(a[1],10)||0)}); tf.add(function(a){a.error===void 0?(mc=0,kc(),Ff("")):a.error?P["gs_md_albl-d"]?Ff(a.error):hc(a.error):a.Va&&!a.Na&&ub("gs_md_albl-d")});Rc(Z,Mf); O(function(){Nf();tf.add(Of);for(var a={},b=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_or[data-did]"),c=b.length;c--;){var d=b[c],e=Kf(d);d=G(d,"data-lid");a[e]=d}b=Y("data-lpu");c=Y("data-sva");e=Y("data-tra");d=Y("data-lsl");xf=b;Af=e;Bf=c;try{var f=JSON.parse(d===void 0?"":d)}catch(h){}f&&na(f)&&!ec||(f={});yf(f);f=Cf();for(var g in a)b=a[g],c=f[g+","+xf],c instanceof Array&&(c=""+c[0],b!=c&&(b=c,sf(g,b,!0,"")))});Ld(Nf);L(window,"pagehide",Nf); U("#gs_res_sb_yyc","click",function(){A("gs_res_sb_yyf").style.display="block";for(var a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_res_sb_yyl>li"),b=a.length;b--;)y(a[b],"gs_bdy_sb_sel",b==a.length-1)});U("#gs_scipsc","gs-change",function(a){var b=Fd(a.currentTarget),c=La(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"scipsc"),d=La(A("gs_asd_frm"),"scipsc");c.value=d.value=b?"1":"";a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-msg")||"";A("gs_hdr_tsi").placeholder=b?a:""}); (function(a){window.location.hash||ec||O(function(){return We(a)})})(function(){var a=Y("data-usv");return{triggerId:a&&"FQCrQs2JV0iDFprtVEw0WZEm7Syp",Fb:a=="1"}});Qc("#gs_res_drw_adv",function(){Vd("gs_asd")});O(function(){var a=Y("data-ttl");a&&(document.title=a);a=new Fc("q");var b=Y("data-ahq");b&&a.add(b);Y("data-gsb")?(Uf(),Tf()):Y("data-gsr")&&(Vf(),Tf())});Rc(ag,og); L(window,"pagehide",function(){kg();if(cg&&!gg(cg)){var a={d:cg,u:eg(),t:J()};J()-dg>=5E3&&(a={});var b=mg();lg()&&window.scrollTo(0,b);a.s=b;bg(a)}}); L(window,"pageshow",function(){var a=hg(),b=eg();if(a&&a.u==b)if(J()-(+a.t||0)>=864E5)bg({});else{var c=""+a.d,d=Y("data-rfr");if(d)if(gg(c))jg();else{b=lg();var e=+a.s;e&&!b&&(z("Trident")||z("Edge"))&&cb(window,"scroll",function(){window.scrollTo(0,e)},20);a.s=0;bg(a);var f=document.querySelector('.gs_or[data-did="'+c+'"]');f&&((b=a.h)?ig(f,""+b,!1):setTimeout(function(){var g=d.replace("{id}",c),h=xc(g,"",function(l,n){l==200&&n&&(ig(f,n,!0),a.h=n,a.t=J(),bg(a));clearTimeout(k)}),k=setTimeout(function(){yc(h)}, 1E3)},0))}}});Kd.addListener(jg);O(function(){$f();Kd.addListener($f)});Rc(Wf,Yf); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_cit" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_cit-t" data-cid="gs_citd" data-wfc="gs_cit-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_cit-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_cit" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_cit-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Cite</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_cit-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_cit{width:520px;max-width:80%;}.gs_el_ph #gs_cit{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_citt table{width:100%;margin-top:-8px;}#gs_citt td,#gs_citt th{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 0;}#gs_citt th{text-align:right;font-weight:normal;color:#777;padding-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}#gs_citi{margin:16px 0 0 0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_citi{margin:16px 0 8px 0;}.gs_citi{margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;padding:7px 0 5px 0;}.gs_citi:first-child{margin-left:16px;}</style><div id="gs_citd" aria-live="assertive" data-u="/scholar?q=info:{id}:scholar.google.com/&output=cite&scirp={p}&hl=en"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_asd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_asd-t" data-ifc="gs_asd_q" data-wfc="gs_asd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_asd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_asd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_asd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Advanced search</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_asd_psb" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_asd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_asd{width:80%;max-width:552px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-8px;}.gs_asd_tr{clear:both;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr:first-child{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_asd_dt{float:left;width:190px;padding:6px 2px 2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dt{float:none;width:auto;padding:0 0 4px 0;}.gs_asd_dd{margin-left:194px;padding:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dd{margin-left:0;padding:0;}.gs_asd_yri .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd input,.gs_el_ph #gs_asd label{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}.gs_asd_occtr{padding:5px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_occtr{padding:0;}</style><form id="gs_asd_frm" class="gs_scl" action="/scholar"><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt" id="gs_asd_dt_t"><b>Find articles</b></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_q">with <b>all</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_q" value="" id="gs_asd_q" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_epq">with the <b>exact phrase</b></label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_epq" value="" id="gs_asd_epq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_oq">with <b>at least one</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_oq" value="" id="gs_asd_oq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_eq"><b>without</b> the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_eq" value="" id="gs_asd_eq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_occt">where my words occur</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="any" id="gs_asd_occt_a" checked><label for="gs_asd_occt_a">anywhere in the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="title" id="gs_asd_occt_t"><label for="gs_asd_occt_t">in the title of the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_sau">Return articles <b>authored</b> by</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_sauthors" value="" id="gs_asd_sau" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>"PJ Hayes"</i> or <i>McCarthy</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_pub">Return articles <b>published</b> in</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_publication" value="" id="gs_asd_pub" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>J Biol Chem</i> or <i>Nature</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_ylo">Return articles <b>dated</b> between</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_yri"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_ylo" value="" id="gs_asd_ylo" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div> — <div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_yhi" value="" id="gs_asd_yhi" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div>e.g., <i>1996</i></div></div></div><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="scisbd" value="1"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="2005"><input type=hidden name="sciodt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="cites" value="8985499412913210509"><input type=hidden name="scipsc" value=""></form></div></div></div><div data-h="367" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_albl-d-t" data-wfc="gs_md_albl-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_albl-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_albl-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Saved to My library</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_md_albl-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"></div><div class="gs_md_ftr"><div class="gs_lbl_btns"><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_apl" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_trash" class=" gs_btn_olact gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Remove article</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button></div></div></div></div><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class="gs_alrt" style="padding:16px"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href="//www.google.co.in/chrome/">Google Chrome</a> or <a href="//www.mozilla.com/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=0,5&hl=en&scisbd=1&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray gs_sel"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Articles</span></a><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=2006&hl=en&sciodt=0,5" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Case law</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=&hl=en&oi=drw" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Profiles</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_res_drw_adv" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnADV gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Advanced search</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D%26q%3D%26scisbd%3D1" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/scholar"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="scisbd" value="1"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="2005"><input type=hidden name="sciodt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="cites" value="8985499412913210509"><input type=hidden name="scipsc" value=""><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="q" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D%26q%3D%26scisbd%3D1">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_ab" class=" gs_ab_st"><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"><span class="gs_nph gs_nta">Articles</span><div class="gs_oph gs_ota">Scholar</div></div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw">About 300 results (<b>0.02</b> sec)</div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"><a href="/citations?hl=en" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta gs_mylib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><div id="gs_res_ab_yy-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gs_res_ab_yy-b" aria-controls="gs_res_ab_yy-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Year</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_res_ab_yy-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_bdy"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_sec"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Any time</a><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2024&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Since 2024</a><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2023&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Since 2023</a><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2020&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Since 2020</a></div><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_sec"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=&q=" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Sort by relevance</a><a href="/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=&q=&scisbd=1" class="gs_md_li gs_res_ab_sel" aria-checked="true" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Sort by date</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"><div class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><ul id="gs_res_sb_yyl"><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">Any time</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2024&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">Since 2024</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2023&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">Since 2023</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2020&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">Since 2020</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a id="gs_res_sb_yyc" href="javascript:void(0)">Custom range...</a></li></ul><form id="gs_res_sb_yyf" class="gs_pad" action="/scholar" style="display:none"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="2005"><input type=hidden name="sciodt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="cites" value="8985499412913210509"><input type=hidden name="scipsc" value=""><div class="gs_res_sb_yyr"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_ylo" value="" id="gs_as_ylo" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div> — <div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_yhi" value="" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div class="gs_res_sb_yyr"><button type="submit" class=" gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Search</span></span></button></div></form></div><ul class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=&q=">Sort by relevance</a></li><li class="gs_ind gs_bdy_sb_sel"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=&q=&scisbd=1">Sort by date</a></li></ul><div class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=create_alert_options&hl=en&alert_params=%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D" id="gs_bdy_sb_ca" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Create alert</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_res_glb" style="display:none" data-ttl="Liu: Generated knowledge prompting for commonsense reasoning - Google Scholar" data-lph="" data-sva="/citations?hl=en&xsrf=&continue=/scholar%3Fhl%3Den%26scisbd%3D1%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D&citilm=1&update_op=library_add&info={id}&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4&json=" data-sval="/citations?hl=en&xsrf=&continue=/scholar%3Fhl%3Den%26scisbd%3D1%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D%26scisig%3Dub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4%26dts%3D%7Bid%7D&citilm=1&update_op=library_add&info={id}&ei=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ1vAESlUBHQqRalZO8NvVZRvoa4&view_op=list_article_labels" data-tra="/citations?hl=en&xsrf=&continue=/scholar%3Fhl%3Den%26scisbd%3D1%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D&citilm=1&json=&update_op=trash_citations&s={id}" data-via="/citations?view_op=view_citation&continue=/scholar%3Fhl%3Den%26scisbd%3D1%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D&citilm=1&citation_for_view={id}&hl=en&oi=saved" data-lsl="" data-lpu="" data-lsm="Saved to <a href="/scholar?scilib=1&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5">your library</a>." data-ahq="" data-gsb="" data-gsr="" data-rfr="" data-usv="" data-fmat=""></div><div id="gs_res_lbtpl" style="display:none"></div><div id="gs_res_ccl"><div id="gs_res_ccl_top"><style>.gs_rt_hdr_p{margin-top:4px;}#gs_rt_hdr_cites{margin-top:8px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_rt_hdr_cites{margin:0;}</style><div class="gs_r"><h2 class="gs_rt"><a href="/scholar?cluster=8985499412913210509&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Generated knowledge prompting for commonsense reasoning</a></h2><div id="gs_rt_hdr_cites"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_scipsc" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-msg="Search citing articles" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">Search within citing articles</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div></div><style>.gs_rt_hdr_tb{margin-top:-15px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_rt_hdr_tb{margin-top:-13px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_rt_hdr_tb,.gs_el_ph .gs_rt_hdr_tb{margin-top:-8px;}.gs_rt_hdr_tbt,.gs_rt_hdr_tbb{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-top:8px;}.gs_rt_hdr_tbt{color:#666;font-size:17px;margin-right:16px;}.gs_rt_hdr_tbb{white-space:nowrap;}.gs_rt_hdr_tbb button:not(:last-child){margin-right:8px;}</style><div class="gs_r gs_rt_hdr_tb"><span class="gs_rt_hdr_tbt">Articles added in the last year, sorted by date</span><span class="gs_rt_hdr_tbb"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/scholar?scisbd\x3d1\x26hl\x3den\x26as_sdt\x3d2005\x26sciodt\x3d0,5\x26cites\x3d8985499412913210509\x26scipsc\x3d'" aria-label="Search abstracts" class="gs_btnSSW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_rnd gs_btn_rndci gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Abstracts</span></span></button><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/scholar?scisbd\x3d2\x26hl\x3den\x26as_sdt\x3d2005\x26sciodt\x3d0,5\x26cites\x3d8985499412913210509\x26scipsc\x3d'" aria-label="Search everything" class="gs_btnSSB gs_in_ib gs_btn_rnd gs_btn_rndci gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Everything</span></span></button></span></div></div><div id="gs_res_ccl_mid"> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="VIwa-K9NjhUJ" data-did="VIwa-K9NjhUJ" data-lid="" data-aid="VIwa-K9NjhUJ" data-rp="0"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.03966?" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=0&d=1553264339666504788&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="VIwa-K9NjhUJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="VIwa-K9NjhUJ" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03966" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=0&d=1553264339666504788&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="VIwa-K9NjhUJ">Demonstration Selection for In-Context Learning via Reinforcement Learning</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=7iJ-k-sAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">X Wang</a>, J Wu, Y Yuan, M Li, D Cai, W Jia - arXiv preprint arXiv …, 2024 - arxiv.org</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">7 days ago - </span>Diversity in demonstration selection is crucial for enhancing model <br>generalization, as it enables a broader coverage of structures and concepts. However …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:VIwa-K9NjhUJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=1553264339666504788&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 2 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:VIwa-K9NjhUJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="vA-vinwOngoJ" data-did="vA-vinwOngoJ" data-lid="" data-aid="vA-vinwOngoJ" data-rp="1"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://alta2024.alta.asn.au/assets/papers/26.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=1&d=765064914765025212&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="vA-vinwOngoJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> alta.asn.au</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><span class="gs_ctc"><span class="gs_ct1">[PDF]</span><span class="gs_ct2">[PDF]</span></span> <a id="vA-vinwOngoJ" href="https://alta2024.alta.asn.au/assets/papers/26.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=ggp&ct=res&cd=1&d=765064914765025212&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="vA-vinwOngoJ">Truth in the Noise: Unveiling Authentic Dementia Self-Disclosure Statements in Social Media with LLMs</a></h3><div class="gs_a">DC Lozoya, <a href="/citations?user=zHpKI4wAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">JP Mikal</a>, YL Wong, LS Hemmy, <a href="/citations?user=uiJso6MAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">M Conway</a> - alta2024.alta.asn.au</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">9 days ago - </span>Identifying self-disclosed health diagnoses in social media data using regular <br>expressions (eg" I've been diagnosed with< Disease X>") is a well-established approach for …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:vA-vinwOngoJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:vA-vinwOngoJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="gYd7Xr3FQvAJ" data-did="gYd7Xr3FQvAJ" data-lid="" data-aid="gYd7Xr3FQvAJ" data-rp="2"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="http://jes.ksu.edu.tr/en/pub/ksujes/issue/88325/1480838" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=2&d=17312617334690252673&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="gYd7Xr3FQvAJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[HTML]</span> ksu.edu.tr</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><span class="gs_ctc"><span class="gs_ct1">[HTML]</span><span class="gs_ct2">[HTML]</span></span> <a id="gYd7Xr3FQvAJ" href="http://jes.ksu.edu.tr/en/pub/ksujes/issue/88325/1480838" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=ggp&ct=res&cd=2&d=17312617334690252673&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="gYd7Xr3FQvAJ">İSTEM MÜHENDİSLİĞİNİN BÜYÜK DİL MODELLERİNİN PERFORMANSINDAKİ ROLÜ: ANALİZ VE UYGULAMA ÖRNEKLERİ</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=ATZMMLcAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">FG Tan</a>, <a href="/citations?user=1-asL00AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">AS Yüksel</a>, <a href="/citations?user=PXgY1PkAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">MA Karabıyık</a> - Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam …, 2024 - jes.ksu.edu.tr</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">9 days ago - </span>İstem mühendisliği, büyük dil modellerinin yeteneklerini artırmak için kritik bir <br>teknik olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. İstem adı verilen talimatlar ile model parametrelerini …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:gYd7Xr3FQvAJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=17312617334690252673&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 4 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:gYd7Xr3FQvAJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">Cached</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="LnkD-oLyGokJ" data-did="LnkD-oLyGokJ" data-lid="" data-aid="LnkD-oLyGokJ" data-rp="3"><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="LnkD-oLyGokJ" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417424027878" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=3&d=9879475376944806190&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="LnkD-oLyGokJ">Taming large language models to implement diagnosis and evaluating the generation of llms at the semantic similarity level in acupuncture and moxibustion</a></h3><div class="gs_a">S Li, <a href="/citations?user=IjNEk4UAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">W Tan</a>, C Zhang, J Li, H Ren, Y Guo, J Jia… - Expert Systems with …, 2024 - Elsevier</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">13 days ago - </span>With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and deep learning <br>technologies, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 have made …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:LnkD-oLyGokJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="2B1fFiCYEysJ" data-did="2B1fFiCYEysJ" data-lid="" data-aid="2B1fFiCYEysJ" data-rp="4"><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="2B1fFiCYEysJ" href="https://search.proquest.com/openview/d458e063911d2c85aa6b6409e480a349/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=4&d=3103991831770111448&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="2B1fFiCYEysJ">Knowledge-Aware AI for Domain-Specific Question-Answering Systems</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=B7_IdrQAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">G Agrawal</a> - 2024 - search.proquest.com</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">13 days ago - </span>Abstract Domain-specific Question-Answering (QA) systems are essential in <br>fields like education, healthcare, and finance, where accurate, context-aware responses …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:2B1fFiCYEysJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="LYlKbc3ouDcJ" data-did="LYlKbc3ouDcJ" data-lid="" data-aid="LYlKbc3ouDcJ" data-rp="5"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.19488" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=5&d=4015215036800338221&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="LYlKbc3ouDcJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="LYlKbc3ouDcJ" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.19488" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=5&d=4015215036800338221&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="LYlKbc3ouDcJ">Interleaved-Modal Chain-of-Thought</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=9vR57s8AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">J Gao</a>, <a href="/citations?user=JHpVycsAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">Y Li</a>, Z Cao, W Li - arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.19488, 2024 - arxiv.org</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">13 days ago - </span>Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting elicits large language models (LLMs) to <br>produce a series of intermediate reasoning steps before arriving at the final answer …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:LYlKbc3ouDcJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=4015215036800338221&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 2 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:LYlKbc3ouDcJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="j0KaHnOP5usJ" data-did="j0KaHnOP5usJ" data-lid="" data-aid="j0KaHnOP5usJ" data-rp="6"><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="j0KaHnOP5usJ" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705124013972" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=6&d=16998431568153952911&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="j0KaHnOP5usJ">GKA-GPT: Graphical knowledge aggregation for multiturn dialog generation</a></h3><div class="gs_a">Y Dong, <a href="/citations?user=YevGUDgAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">K Qin</a>, <a href="/citations?user=BEkC2b4AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">S Liang</a>, A Raza, G Luo - Knowledge-Based Systems, 2024 - Elsevier</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">14 days ago - </span>In human interaction, effective communication relies on shared cognitive <br>processes that facilitate the ability of individuals to comprehend the intended message of …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:j0KaHnOP5usJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="4ailkQX7NBoJ" data-did="4ailkQX7NBoJ" data-lid="" data-aid="4ailkQX7NBoJ" data-rp="7"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.17976" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=7&d=1888410145112041697&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="4ailkQX7NBoJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="4ailkQX7NBoJ" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.17976" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=7&d=1888410145112041697&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="4ailkQX7NBoJ">The importance of visual modelling languages in generative software engineering</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=VsP9W3kAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">R Rossi</a> - arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.17976, 2024 - arxiv.org</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">14 days ago - </span>Multimodal GPTs represent a watershed in the interplay between Software <br>Engineering and Generative Artificial Intelligence. GPT-4 accepts image and text inputs …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:4ailkQX7NBoJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=1888410145112041697&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 2 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:4ailkQX7NBoJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="CSC73aAAf64J" data-did="CSC73aAAf64J" data-lid="" data-aid="CSC73aAAf64J" data-rp="8"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.16985" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=8&d=12573769375556509705&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="CSC73aAAf64J"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="CSC73aAAf64J" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.16985" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=8&d=12573769375556509705&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="CSC73aAAf64J">Teaching Smaller Language Models To Generalise To Unseen Compositional Questions (Full Thesis)</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=7p2JYkAAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">T Hartill</a> - arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.16985, 2024 - arxiv.org</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">17 days ago - </span>Pretrained large Language Models (LLMs) are able to answer questions that <br>are unlikely to have been encountered during training. However a diversity of potential …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:CSC73aAAf64J:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=12573769375556509705&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 2 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:CSC73aAAf64J:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="x8mlsHGB-yEJ" data-did="x8mlsHGB-yEJ" data-lid="" data-aid="x8mlsHGB-yEJ" data-rp="9"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.14672?" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=9&d=2448693147700939207&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="x8mlsHGB-yEJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="x8mlsHGB-yEJ" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.14672" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=9&d=2448693147700939207&ei=ub1bZ_3kK7iC6rQP9vaF2Q4" data-clk-atid="x8mlsHGB-yEJ">Multiverse of Greatness: Generating Story Branches with LLMs</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=2CFoP9cAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">P Taveekitworachai</a>, <a href="/citations?user=BTId__wAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">C Nimpattanavong</a>… - arXiv preprint arXiv …, 2024 - arxiv.org</div><div class="gs_rs"><span class="gs_age">20 days ago - </span>This paper presents Dynamic Context Prompting/Programming (DCP/P), a <br>novel framework for interacting with LLMs to generate graph-based content with a dynamic …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:x8mlsHGB-yEJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=2448693147700939207&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 2 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:x8mlsHGB-yEJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_res_ccl_bot"><div class="gs_r gs_alrt_btm gs_oph gs_ota"><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=create_alert_options&hl=en&alert_params=%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0,5%26cites%3D8985499412913210509%26scipsc%3D" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Create alert</span></a></div><div id="gs_n" role="navigation"><center><table cellpadding="0" width="1%"><tr align="center" valign="top"><td align="right" nowrap><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_first"></span><b style="display:block;margin-right:35px;visibility:hidden">Previous</b></td><td><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_current"></span><b>1</b></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=10&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>2</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=20&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>3</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=30&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>4</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=40&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>5</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=50&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>6</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=60&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>7</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=70&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>8</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=80&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>9</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=90&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>10</a></td><td align="left" nowrap><a href="/scholar?start=10&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc="><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_next"></span><b style="display:block;margin-left:53px">Next</b></a></td></tr></table></center></div><div id="gs_nm" role="navigation"><button type="button" aria-label="Previous" disabled class="gs_btnPL gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/scholar?start\x3d10\x26hl\x3den\x26scisbd\x3d1\x26as_sdt\x3d2005\x26sciodt\x3d0,5\x26cites\x3d8985499412913210509\x26scipsc\x3d'" aria-label="Next" class="gs_btnPR gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button><div id="gs_nml"><b class="gs_nma">1</b><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=10&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">2</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=20&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">3</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=30&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">4</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=40&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">5</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=50&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">6</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=60&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">7</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=70&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">8</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=80&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">9</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=90&hl=en&scisbd=1&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&cites=8985499412913210509&scipsc=">10</a></div></div></div></div><iframe src="//scholar.google.com/gen_nid" style="display:none"></iframe></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>