FRANCE (Histoire et institutions) - Le temps des révolutions

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Refaire la Révolution (1848-1880) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE (Histoire et institutions) - Le temps des révolutions, La Révolution contre la République (1880-1944)" href="/encyclopedie/france-histoire-et-institutions-le-temps-des-revolutions/5-la-revolution-contre-la-republique-1880-1944/"> 5. La Révolution contre la République (1880-1944) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE (Histoire et institutions) - Le temps des révolutions, La révolution industrielle" href="/encyclopedie/france-histoire-et-institutions-le-temps-des-revolutions/6-la-revolution-industrielle/"> 6. La révolution industrielle </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE (Histoire et institutions) - Le temps des révolutions, Les révolutions scientifiques" href="/encyclopedie/france-histoire-et-institutions-le-temps-des-revolutions/7-les-revolutions-scientifiques/"> 7. Les révolutions scientifiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE (Histoire et institutions) - Le temps des révolutions, L'art et la révolution" href="/encyclopedie/france-histoire-et-institutions-le-temps-des-revolutions/8-l-art-et-la-revolution/"> 8. L'art et la révolution </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE (Histoire et institutions) - Le temps des révolutions, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/france-histoire-et-institutions-le-temps-des-revolutions/9-bibliographie/"> 9. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>FRANCE </strong><span class="rm">(Histoire et institutions)</span><span class="label-sub"> Le temps des révolutions</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071293_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071293_0"></i><p>Dès le début de l'année 1789, alors que se préparait la réunion des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De 1302 à 1789, l'histoire des états généraux se confond presque toujours avec les crises les plus graves de la vie nationale française : guerre de Cent Ans , troubles religieux du xvi e siècle, Fronde , Révolution. Mais ces consultations extraordinaires sont très différentes des institutions représentatives modernes. Les états généraux se tiennent sur convocation du roi qui n'a..." title="Article : ÉTATS GÉNÉRAUX, France" href="/encyclopedie/etats-generaux-france/">États généraux</a> voulue par le roi Louis XVI, on parlait, en France, d'« Ancien Régime ». Les événements ultérieurs donnèrent à l'expression une dimension radicale qu'elle n'avait pas nécessairement dans son principe. Il n'empêche que la période qui s'ouvre en 1789 fut bien d'abord marquée par ce <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Le cœur a ses raisons, que la raison ne connaît point ; on le sait en mille choses. » Ces mille choses sont ce que nous appelons nos sentiments. Et, comme l'exprime bien la phrase de Pascal, ceux-ci nous apparaissent à la fois comme irremplaçables et comme inexplicables. Irremplaçables, car le plus intellectualiste des philosophes doit bien admettre qu'il existe des expériences comme ..." title="Article : SENTIMENT" href="/encyclopedie/sentiment/">sentiment</a> d'une coupure entre un avant – que l'on jugeait périmé ou que l'on regrettait – et un après, pour la forme duquel on débattait et combattait. Si l'on doit chercher une unité dans la période qui, en France, s'étend de 1789 à 1944, c'est bien dans ce sentiment d'une déchirure dans le cours du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Journal qui n'est plus guère connu aujourd'hui que comme l'antécédent du Monde . Le titre en était apparu en 1829, mais c'est en 1861 qu'il renaît pour devenir, après avoir été modérément oppositionnel sous l'Empire, l'organe le plus influent sous la III e République, prenant la place jusqu'alors tenue par le Journal des débats . Parmi ses directeurs, du fondateur Auguste Nefftzer ..." title="Article : LE TEMPS" href="/encyclopedie/le-temps/">temps</a> qu'on la trouvera. Cette conscience d'une rupture a un nom, proposé dès 1789 : la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de révolution a un rare et triste privilège : la contradiction existant entre son étymologie et son usage actuel renvoie non à une confusion malheureuse due aux habitudes, non à une évolution repérable tenant aux rectifications que le sens commun opère, en fonction des faits, dans l'usage des mots ; elle manifeste une ambiguïté foncière, dans la sémantique même ; elle sign..." title="Article : RÉVOLUTION" href="/encyclopedie/revolution/">révolution</a>. Le mot désigna d'abord, tout au long de la période, l'événement fondateur de 1789. Puis il servit à plus que cela. Il permit d'identifier les répliques, au sens sismique du terme, de l'événement inaugural : 1830 et 1848. Il désigna aussi le changement à venir : celui dont on put deviner l'annonce dans les événements français de 1871, russes de 1917, voire allemands de 1933. Il permit enfin de nommer les bouleversements majeurs du temps : ceux de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'opposition entre « pays industrialisés » et « Tiers Monde », caractéristique majeure du monde contemporain, est une conséquence de la révolution industrielle dont la première phase se déroule en Angleterre dans le dernier tiers du xviii e siècle.. Vers 1760, l'Angleterre est encore une société pré-industrielle. Elle doit à sa position dominante dans le grand commerce mari..." title="Article : RÉVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE" href="/encyclopedie/revolution-industrielle/">révolution industrielle</a>, de la révolution démographique, de la révolution des transports, de la révolution de l'imprimé, de la révolution pastorienne, de la révolution darwinienne, des différentes révolutions artistiques. Pour la France, plus que pour tout autre État en raison du précédent de la « grande » révolution, la période 1789-1944 fut d'abord le temps des révolutions – au point que la nation elle-même, dont la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le principe de souveraineté occupe une place essentielle dans la théorie politique : c'est autour de lui que s'ordonne la pensée du politique à partir du xvi e siècle. La souveraineté apparaît ainsi comme le fondement de la modernité politique et permet en grande partie d'expliquer le processus historique de construction de l' État . En dégageant peu à peu le politique de sa di..." title="Article : SOUVERAINETÉ" href="/encyclopedie/souverainete/">souveraineté</a> fut proclamée en 1789, semble s'être définitivement construite dans le processus révolutionnaire inauguré à ce moment-là.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071293_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071293_1"></i><h2>Les trois moments de la Révolution française</h2><p>Rappelons les enjeux de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La période appelée Révolution française, qui se situe entre 1789 et 1799, constitue une rupture considérable, abolissant la monarchie , inventant de nouveaux rapports sociaux et créant une langue politique inédite. Ce bouleversement ne représente pas seulement la pointe des mouvements révolutionnaires qui se produisent en Europe et en Amérique du Nord à la même époque, attirant �..." title="Article : RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE" href="/encyclopedie/revolution-francaise/">Révolution française</a>, tels qu'ils furent perçus par les contemporains, puis véhiculés par le discours sur la Révolution, jusqu'à la fin de la III<sup>e</sup> République. Globalement, ce que l'on qualifia rapidement de Révolution française fut séparé en trois moments ; et l'on put, par la suite, décréter n'adhérer qu'aux principes de l'un ou l'autre de chacun d'entre eux.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH999911" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Prise de la Bastille" href="/media/prise-de-la-bastille-ph999911/"><img id="PH999911" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/f/csm_ph999911_1938319b7c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Prise de la Bastille - crédits : MPI/ Hulton Royals Collection/ Getty Images" data-description="La prise de la Bastille, le 14 juillet 1789." data-copyright="MPI/ Hulton Royals Collection/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="704" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Prise de la Bastille </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> MPI/ Hulton Royals Collection/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Il y avait d'abord la Révolution de 1789, celle de la prise de la Bastille, de la nuit du 4-Août et de la Déclaration des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Il n'est aujourd'hui aucune organisation politique qui ne se prévale de son souci de réaliser les droits de l'homme. Longtemps limitée par les cadres nationaux, cette préoccupation s'est affirmée sur le plan international lorsque, le 10 décembre 1948, l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies a voté, sous le titre de Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme , la charte proclaman..." title="Article : DROITS DE L'HOMME" href="/encyclopedie/droits-de-l-homme/">droits de l'homme</a> et du citoyen. Celle-là avait aboli la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les hommes vivent en société. Or, lorsqu'il s'agit de le définir, cet espace familier, dans lequel s'inscrivent toutes leurs pratiques – individuelles ou collectives –, et toutes leurs représentations, révèle une opacité inattendue.. L'analyse sociologique construit des niveaux de réalité sociale, des systèmes de relations : ordre du politique, de l'économique, du religieux ou, p..." title="Article : SOCIÉTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/societe/">société</a> d'ordres et proclamé l'égalité des citoyens et la souveraineté de la nation. Elle s'accommodait de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Étymologiquement, le terme signifie commandement par un seul. Dans la classification des types de gouvernements, formalisée par Aristote et considérée comme le modèle des classifications, la monarchie est une forme de gouvernement caractérisée par l'unicité du titulaire du pouvoir, mais aussi par l'exercice de ce pouvoir au bénéfice de tous. Le choix de ce critère par Aristote est..." title="Article : MONARCHIE" href="/encyclopedie/monarchie/">monarchie</a>, pourvu que celle-ci fût constitutionnelle, c'est-à-dire issue d'un contrat entre le roi et la nation : la cocarde bleu-blanc-rouge était le symbole de cette union. Elle ne demandait pas que le suffrage fût universel, ainsi que le prouvait la première des Constitutions de la France, celle de 1791, qui distinguait entre les citoyens « actifs » et « passifs », les premiers, seuls, disposant du droit de vote. Parmi les visages qui incarnèrent ce premier moment de la Révolution, retenons celui, grêlé, de Mirabeau, dont les révolutionnaires firent entrer les cendres, après sa mort en 1791, dans le nouveau Panthéon.</p><p>Ensuite venait 1792, l'année de la prise des Tuileries, de la proclamation de la République, de la bataille de Valmy et de l'an I du nouveau calendrier. Cette Révolution-là fut portée par le mythe des soldats patriotes partant défendre leurs fils et leurs compagnes contre la tyrannie, ainsi que le chantait Rouget de Lisle dans le <em>Chant de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les groupes humains, quelle que soit leur taille, se reconnaissent comme tels et affirment leur unité en se distinguant d'autres groupes. Il y a entre eux à la fois des affinités et des oppositions qui affectent leurs relations, dans la mesure où celles-ci ont une réalité, c'est-à-dire lorsque la proximité dans l'espace ou les moyens de communication les amènent à se poser les uns par ra..." title="Article : GUERRE" href="/encyclopedie/guerre/">guerre</a> de l'armée du Rhin</em>, qui allait devenir <em>La Marseillaise</em>. Elle semblait romaine, c'est-à-dire vertueuse et guerrière, prête à exporter ses idéaux, et ne voulant<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 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href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/"> Histoire de l'Europe occidentale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="France, histoire"> <a title="Classification : France, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/france-histoire/"> France, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, de 1789 à la fin du xixe s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-de-1789-a-la-fin-du-xixe-s/"> Histoire, de 1789 à la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Révolution française (1789-1799)"> <a title="Classification : Révolution française (1789-1799)" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-de-1789-a-la-fin-du-xixe-s/revolution-francaise-1789-1799/"> Révolution française (1789-1799) </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire, de 1789 à la fin du xixe s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire, de 1789 à la fin du xixe s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-de-1789-a-la-fin-du-xixe-s/"> Histoire, de 1789 à la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 5"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, de 1789 à la fin du xixe s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-de-1789-a-la-fin-du-xixe-s/"> Histoire, de 1789 à la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Europe, xixe s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-de-1789-a-la-fin-du-xixe-s/europe-xixe-s/"> Europe, <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Révolution industrielle"> <a title="Classification : Révolution industrielle" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-de-1789-a-la-fin-du-xixe-s/europe-xixe-s/revolution-industrielle/"> Révolution industrielle </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 6"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des sciences" href="/classification/histoire-des-sciences/"> Histoire des sciences </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire générale des sciences" href="/classification/histoire-des-sciences/histoire-generale-des-sciences/"> Histoire générale des sciences </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire des sciences : personnalités, xixe s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire des sciences : personnalités, xixe s." href="/classification/histoire-des-sciences/histoire-generale-des-sciences/histoire-des-sciences-personnalites-xixe-s/"> Histoire des sciences : personnalités, <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 7"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Arts" href="/classification/arts/"> Arts </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'art occidental" href="/classification/arts/histoire-de-l-art-occidental/"> Histoire de l'art occidental </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Art du xxe s. et du xxie s."> <a title="Classification : Art du xxe s. et du xxie s." href="/classification/arts/histoire-de-l-art-occidental/art-du-xxe-s-et-du-xxie-s/"> Art du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et du <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 8"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Arts" href="/classification/arts/"> Arts </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'art occidental" href="/classification/arts/histoire-de-l-art-occidental/"> Histoire de l'art occidental </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Art du xixe s."> <a title="Classification : Art du xixe s." href="/classification/arts/histoire-de-l-art-occidental/art-du-xixe-s/"> Art du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071293_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH999911" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Prise de la Bastille" href="/media/prise-de-la-bastille-ph999911/"> <img id="PH999911" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/f/csm_ph999911_1938319b7c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Prise de la Bastille - crédits : MPI/ Hulton Royals Collection/ Getty Images" data-description="La prise de la Bastille, le 14 juillet 1789." data-copyright="MPI/ Hulton Royals Collection/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="704" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Prise de la Bastille </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> MPI/ Hulton Royals Collection/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I291" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Charles X" href="/media/charles-x-ph00i291/"> <img id="PH00I291" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/4/csm_ph00i291_91e967b8a9.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Charles X - crédits : A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="Charles X (1757-1836) succède sur le trône de France (1824-1830) à son frère Louis XVIII durant la Restauration. Portrait de Charles X de Bourbon. Tapisserie des Gobelins, vers 1820. Musée Capodimonte, Naples." data-copyright="A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="422" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Charles X </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH993435" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Barricade durant la Commune de Paris" href="/media/barricade-durant-la-commune-de-paris-ph993435/"> <img id="PH993435" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/2/csm_ph993435_afbe75595a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Barricade durant la Commune de Paris - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Porte Maillot, à Paris, une barricade a été dressée par les partisans de la Commune, en 1871." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="764" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Barricade durant la Commune de Paris </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/france-histoire-et-institutions-le-temps-des-revolutions/"> Afficher les 8 médias de l'article <span class="rg">FRANCE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire et institutions) - Le temps des révolutions</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071293_REFERENCES"></i> <ul class="list-group"> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071293_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANARCHO-SYNDICALISME" href="/index/anarcho-syndicalisme/"> <span class="rg">ANARCHO-SYNDICALISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OUVRIERS" href="/index/ouvriers/"> <span class="rg">OUVRIERS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CULTURE DE MASSE" href="/index/culture-de-masse/"> <span class="rg">CULTURE DE MASSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDUSTRIELLE SOCIÉTÉ" href="/index/societe-industrielle/"> <span class="rg">INDUSTRIELLE </span><span class="pc">SOCIÉTÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VOTE DROIT DE" href="/index/droit-de-vote/"> <span class="rg">VOTE </span><span class="pc">DROIT DE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉVOLUTIONS DE 1848" href="/index/revolutions-de-1848/"> <span class="rg">RÉVOLUTIONS DE 1848</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : JUILLET RÉVOLUTION DE (1830)" href="/index/revolution-de-juillet/"> <span class="rg">JUILLET </span><span class="pc">RÉVOLUTION DE </span><span class="rm">(1830)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHARTE DE 1814" href="/index/charte-de-1814/"> <span class="rg">CHARTE DE 1814</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OUVRIÈRE CLASSE" href="/index/classe-ouvriere/"> <span class="rg">OUVRIÈRE </span><span class="pc">CLASSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TROIS GLORIEUSES (27-29 juill. 1830)" href="/index/trois-glorieuses/"> <span class="rg">TROIS GLORIEUSES </span><span class="rm">(27-29 juill. 1830)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PAUVRETÉ" href="/index/pauvrete/"> <span class="rg">PAUVRETÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SCIENCES HISTOIRE DES, XIXe s." href="/index/histoire-des-sciences-xixe-s/"> <span class="rg">SCIENCES </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DES, </span><em class="it">XIX<sup class="sup">e</sup> s.</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CRIME" href="/index/crime/"> <span class="rg">CRIME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ABOLITION DE L'ESCLAVAGE" href="/index/abolition-de-l-esclavage/"> <span class="rg">ABOLITION DE L'ESCLAVAGE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SANS-CULOTTES" href="/index/sans-culottes/"> <span class="rg">SANS-CULOTTES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HISTOIRE DE L'ART" href="/index/histoire-de-l-art/"> <span class="rg">HISTOIRE DE L'ART</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : URBANISATION" href="/index/urbanisation/"> <span class="rg">URBANISATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXODE RURAL" href="/index/exode-rural/"> <span class="rg">EXODE RURAL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HISTOIRE SOCIALE" href="/index/histoire-sociale/"> <span class="rg">HISTOIRE SOCIALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HISTOIRE URBAINE" href="/index/histoire-urbaine/"> <span class="rg">HISTOIRE URBAINE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FRANCE, histoire, de 1939 à 1958" href="/index/france-histoire-de-1939-a-1958/"> <span class="rg">FRANCE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1939 à 1958</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ROMAN-FEUILLETON" href="/index/roman-feuilleton/"> <span class="rg">ROMAN-FEUILLETON</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FRANCE, histoire, de 1789 à 1815" href="/index/france-histoire-de-1789-a-1815/"> <span class="rg">FRANCE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1789 à 1815</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FRANCE, histoire, de 1815 à 1871" href="/index/france-histoire-de-1815-a-1871/"> <span class="rg">FRANCE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1815 à 1871</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FRANCE, histoire, de 1871 à 1939" href="/index/france-histoire-de-1871-a-1939/"> <span class="rg">FRANCE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1871 à 1939</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FEMMES DROITS DES" href="/index/droits-des-femmes/"> <span class="rg">FEMMES </span><span class="pc">DROITS DES</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" 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