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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Tweed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="وليام تويد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليام تويد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%85._%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ویلیام ام. توید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام ام. توید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tweed" title="William Tweed – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Tweed" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%9C._%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ουίλιαμ Μ. Τουίντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίλιαμ Μ. Τουίντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tweed" title="William Tweed – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Tweed" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EB%A7%A4%EA%B8%B0%EC%96%B4_%ED%8A%B8%EC%9C%84%EB%93%9C" title="윌리엄 매기어 트위드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 매기어 트위드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="وليام تويد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليام تويد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tweed" title="William Tweed – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Tweed" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Твид, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Твид, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="William M. Tweed" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·特威德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·特威德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1353450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William M. Tweed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_M._(Boss)_Tweed,_N.Y_-_NARA_-_526217_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/William_M._%28Boss%29_Tweed%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_526217_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-William_M._%28Boss%29_Tweed%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_526217_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/William_M._%28Boss%29_Tweed%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_526217_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-William_M._%28Boss%29_Tweed%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_526217_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/William_M._%28Boss%29_Tweed%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_526217_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-William_M._%28Boss%29_Tweed%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_526217_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Tweed in 1870</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Senate">New York Senate</a></span><br />from the 4th district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1868 – December 31, 1873</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Briggs_(New_York_politician)" title="George Briggs (New York politician)">George Briggs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Fox_(congressman)" title="John Fox (congressman)">John Fox</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Sachem" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Sachem">Grand Sachem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1858–1871</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(New_York_politician)" title="John Kelly (New York politician)">John Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Morrissey" title="John Morrissey">John Morrissey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="New York's 5th congressional district">5th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Briggs_(1805%E2%80%931869)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Briggs (1805–1869)">George Briggs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Whitney" title="Thomas R. Whitney">Thomas R. Whitney</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Magear Tweed</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1823-04-03</span>)</span>April 3, 1823<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 12, 1878<span style="display:none">(1878-04-12)</span> (aged 55)<br />New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jane Skaden</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1844)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bookkeeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookkeeper">Bookkeeper</a>, businessman, <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political boss</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Magear "Boss" Tweed</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878) was an American politician most notable for being the <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political boss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> that played a major role in the politics of <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)" title="History of New York City (1855–1897)">19th-century New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State</a>. </p><p>At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie Railroad</a>, a director of the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_National_Bank" title="Tenth National Bank">Tenth National Bank</a>, a director of the New-York Printing Company, the proprietor of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Metropolitan Hotel (New York City)">Metropolitan Hotel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a significant stockholder in iron mines and gas companies, a board member of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Gas_Light_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem Gas Light Company">Harlem Gas Light Company</a>, a board member of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue_Railway_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Avenue Railway Company">Third Avenue Railway Company</a>, a board member of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Bridge Company">Brooklyn Bridge Company</a>, and the president of the Guardian Savings Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in 1852 and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County">New York County</a> Board of Supervisors in 1858, the year that he became the head of the Tammany Hall political machine. He was also elected to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> in 1867. However, Tweed's greatest influence came from being an appointed member of a number of boards and commissions, his control over political <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects. </p><p>Boss Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers by political corruption, but later estimates ranged as high as $200 million (equivalent to $5 billion in 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to make bail, he escaped from jail once but was returned to custody. He died in the <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Street_Jail" title="Ludlow Street Jail">Ludlow Street Jail</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tweed was born April 3, 1823, at 1 Cherry Street,<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. The son of a third-generation Scottish chair-maker, Tweed grew up on <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Cherry Street (Manhattan)">Cherry Street</a>. His grandfather arrived in the United States from a town near the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-allen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed's religious affiliation was not widely known in his lifetime, but at the time of his funeral <i>The New York Times</i>, quoting a family friend, reported that his parents had been <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> and "members of the old Rose Street Meeting house".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 11, he left school to learn his father's trade, and then became an apprentice to a saddler.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also studied to be a <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeper</a> and worked as a brushmaker for a company he had invested in, before eventually joining in the family business in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 29, 1844, he married Mary Jane C. Skaden and lived with her family on Madison Street for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americus_Engine_Co_No_6_Soiree_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Americus_Engine_Co_No_6_Soiree_crop.jpg/250px-Americus_Engine_Co_No_6_Soiree_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Americus_Engine_Co_No_6_Soiree_crop.jpg/330px-Americus_Engine_Co_No_6_Soiree_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Americus_Engine_Co_No_6_Soiree_crop.jpg/500px-Americus_Engine_Co_No_6_Soiree_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Ticket to an 1859 "soiree" to benefit Tweed's Americus Engine Co.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tweed became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Odd_Fellows" title="Odd Fellows">Odd Fellows</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and joined a volunteer fire company, Engine No. 12.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, at the invitation of state assemblyman John J. Reilly, he and some friends organized the Americus Fire Company No. 6, also known as the "Big Six", as a <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fireman" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer fireman">volunteer fire company</a>, which took as its symbol a snarling red <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> from a French lithograph,<sup id="cite_ref-allen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a symbol which remained associated with Tweed and <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, volunteer fire companies competed vigorously with each other; some were connected with street gangs and had strong ethnic ties to various immigrant communities. The competition could become so fierce, that burning buildings would sometimes be ignored as the fire companies fought each other.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed became known for his ax-wielding violence, and was soon elected the Big Six foreman. Pressure from Alfred Carlson, the chief engineer, got him thrown out of the crew. However, fire companies were also recruiting grounds for political parties at the time, thus Tweed's exploits came to the attention of the Democratic politicians who ran the Seventh Ward. The Seventh Ward put him up for Alderman in 1850, when Tweed was 26. He lost that election to the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Morgans" title="Morgan Morgans">Morgan Morgans</a>, but ran again the next year and won, garnering his first political position.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed then became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall#Political_gangs_and_the_Forty_Thieves" title="Tammany Hall">"Forty Thieves"</a>, the group of aldermen and assistant aldermen who, up to that point, were known as some of the most corrupt politicians in the city's history.<sup id="cite_ref-allen_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in 1852, but his two-year term was undistinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-gotham837_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham837-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt by Republican reformers in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, the state capital, to control the Democratic-dominated New York City government, the power of the New York County Board of Supervisors was beefed up. The board had 12 members, six appointed by the mayor and six elected, and in 1858 Tweed was appointed to the board, which became his first vehicle for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">graft</a>; Tweed and other supervisors forced vendors to pay a 15% overcharge to their "ring" in order to do business with the city.<sup id="cite_ref-gotham837_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham837-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1853, Tweed was running the seventh ward for Tammany.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board also had six Democrats and six Republicans, but Tweed often just bought off one Republican to sway the board. One such Republican board member was Peter P. Voorhis, a coal dealer by profession who absented himself from a board meeting in exchange for $2,500 so that the board could appoint city inspectors. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(speaker)" title="Henry Smith (speaker)">Henry Smith</a> was another Republican that was a part of the Tweed ring.<sup id="cite_ref-allen_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nast-Prey-Harper%27s-Weekly-1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nast-Prey-Harper%27s-Weekly-1871.jpg/220px-Nast-Prey-Harper%27s-Weekly-1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nast-Prey-Harper%27s-Weekly-1871.jpg/330px-Nast-Prey-Harper%27s-Weekly-1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nast-Prey-Harper%27s-Weekly-1871.jpg/440px-Nast-Prey-Harper%27s-Weekly-1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="3714" /></a><figcaption><i>A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to "Blow Over"—"Let Us Prey."</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> newspaper, September 23, 1871. "Boss" Tweed and members of his ring, <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Sweeny" title="Peter B. Sweeny">Peter B. Sweeny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Connolly" title="Richard B. Connolly">Richard B. Connolly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._Oakey_Hall" title="A. Oakey Hall">A. Oakey Hall</a>, weathering a violent storm on a ledge with the picked-over remains of New York City.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he was not trained as a lawyer, Tweed's friend, Judge <a href="/wiki/George_G._Barnard" title="George G. Barnard">George G. Barnard</a>, certified him as an attorney, and Tweed opened a law office on Duane Street. He ran for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="New York City Sheriff's Office">sheriff</a> in 1861 and was defeated, but became the chairman of the Democratic General Committee shortly after the election, and was then chosen to be the head of Tammany's general committee in January 1863. Several months later, in April, he became "Grand Sachem", and began to be referred to as "Boss", especially after he tightened his hold on power by creating a small executive committee to run the club.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed then took steps to increase his income: he used his law firm to extort money, which was then disguised as legal services; he had himself appointed deputy street commissioner – a position with considerable access to city contractors and funding; he bought the New-York Printing Company, which became the city's official printer, and the city's stationery supplier, the Manufacturing Stationers' Company, and had both companies begin to overcharge the city government for their goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–32">: 17–32 </span></sup> Among other legal services he provided, he accepted almost $100,000 from the Erie Railroad in return for favors. He also became one of the largest owners of real estate in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-allen_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also started to form what became known as the "Tweed Ring", by having his friends elected to office: George G. Barnard was elected <a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_New_York_City" title="Recorder of New York City">Recorder of New York City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Sweeny" title="Peter B. Sweeny">Peter B. Sweeny</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney" title="New York County District Attorney">New York County District Attorney</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Connolly" title="Richard B. Connolly">Richard B. Connolly</a> was elected City Comptroller.<sup id="cite_ref-gotham837_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham837-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other judicial members of the Tweed ring included <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cardozo" title="Albert Cardozo">Albert Cardozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCunn" title="John McCunn">John McCunn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_K._Hackett" title="John K. Hackett">John K. Hackett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-allen_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Grand Sachem <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Vanderbeck_Fowler" title="Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler">Isaac Fowler</a>, who had produced the $2,500 to buy off the Republican Voorhis on the Board of Supervisors, was found to have stolen $150,000 in post office receipts, the responsibility for Fowler's arrest was given to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Rynders" title="Isaiah Rynders">Isaiah Rynders</a>, another Tammany operative who was serving as a United States marshal at the time. Rynders made enough ruckus upon entering the hotel where Fowler was staying that Fowler was able to escape to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-allen_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nast-Boss-Tweed-1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nast-Boss-Tweed-1871.jpg/220px-Nast-Boss-Tweed-1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nast-Boss-Tweed-1871.jpg/330px-Nast-Boss-Tweed-1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nast-Boss-Tweed-1871.jpg/440px-Nast-Boss-Tweed-1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> depicts Tweed in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> (October 21, 1871)</figcaption></figure> <p>With his new position and wealth came a change in style: Tweed began to favor wearing a large diamond in his shirtfront – a habit that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> used to great effect in his attacks on Tweed in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> beginning in 1869 – and he bought a <a href="/wiki/Brownstone" title="Brownstone">brownstone</a> to live in at 41 West 36th Street, then a very fashionable area. He invested his now considerable illegal income in real estate, so that by the late 1860s he ranked among the biggest landowners in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed became involved in the operation of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mutuals" title="New York Mutuals">New York Mutuals</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Professional_baseball" title="Professional baseball">professional baseball</a> club, in the 1860s. He brought in thousands of dollars per home game by dramatically increasing the cost of admission and <a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">gambling</a> on the team.<sup id="cite_ref-purdy_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdy-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been credited with originating the practice of <a href="/wiki/Spring_training" title="Spring training">spring training</a> in 1869 by sending the club south to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to prepare for the season.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed was a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> (4th D.) from 1868 to 1873, sitting in the <a href="/wiki/91st_New_York_State_Legislature" title="91st New York State Legislature">91st</a>, <a href="/wiki/92nd_New_York_State_Legislature" title="92nd New York State Legislature">92nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/93rd_New_York_State_Legislature" title="93rd New York State Legislature">93rd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/94th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="94th New York State Legislature">94th New York State Legislatures</a>, but not taking his seat in the <a href="/wiki/95th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="95th New York State Legislature">95th</a> and <a href="/wiki/96th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="96th New York State Legislature">96th New York State Legislatures</a>. While serving in the State Senate, he split his time between Albany, New York and New York City. While in Albany, he stayed in a suite of seven rooms in Delevan House. Accompanying him in his rooms were his favorite canaries. Guests are presumed to have included members of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Horse_Cavalry" title="Black Horse Cavalry">Black Horse Cavalry</a>, thirty state legislators whose votes were up for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Senate he helped financiers <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Jim_Fisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Jim Fisk">Big Jim Fisk</a> to take control of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie Railroad</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a> by arranging for legislation that legitimized fake Erie stock certificates that Gould and Fisk had issued. In return, Tweed received a large block of stock and was made a director of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed was also subsequently elected to the board of the Gould-controlled Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad (future <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>) in January 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corruption">Corruption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_William_M._Tweed,_standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Portrait_of_William_M._Tweed%2C_standing.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_William_M._Tweed%2C_standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Portrait_of_William_M._Tweed%2C_standing.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_William_M._Tweed%2C_standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Portrait_of_William_M._Tweed%2C_standing.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_William_M._Tweed%2C_standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Tweed c. 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>After the election of 1869, Tweed took control of the New York City government. His protégé, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">John T. Hoffman</a>, the former mayor of the city, won election as governor, and Tweed garnered the support of good-government reformers like <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_League_Club" title="Union League Club">Union League Club</a>, by proposing a new city charter which returned power to City Hall at the expense of the Republican-inspired state commissions. The new charter passed, thanks in part to $600,000 in bribes Tweed paid to Republicans, and was signed into law by Hoffman in 1870. Mandated new elections allowed Tammany to take over the city's Common Council when they won all fifteen aldermanic contests.<sup id="cite_ref-gotham927_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham927-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new charter put control of the city's finances in the hands of a Board of Audit, which consisted of Tweed, who was Commissioner of Public Works, Mayor <a href="/wiki/A._Oakey_Hall" title="A. Oakey Hall">A. Oakey Hall</a> and Comptroller <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Connolly" title="Richard B. Connolly">Richard "Slippery Dick" Connolly</a>, both Tammany men. Hall also appointed other Tweed associates to high offices – such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Sweeny" title="Peter B. Sweeny">Peter B. Sweeny</a>, who took over the Department of Public Parks<sup id="cite_ref-gotham927_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham927-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – providing what became known as the Tweed Ring with even firmer control of the New York City government<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enabling them to defraud the taxpayers of many more millions of dollars. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bigelow_Paine" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Bigelow Paine">Albert Bigelow Paine</a>, "their methods were curiously simple and primitive. There were no skilful manipulations of figures, making detection difficult ... Connolly, as Controller, had charge of the books, and declined to show them. With his fellows, he also 'controlled' the courts and most of the bar."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crucially, the new city charter allowed the Board of Audit to issue bonds for debt in order to finance opportunistic capital expenditures the city otherwise could not afford. This ability to float debt was enabled by Tweed's guidance and passage of the Adjusted Claims Act in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contractors working for the city – "Ring favorites, most of them – were told to multiply the amount of each bill by five, or ten, or a hundred, after which, with Mayor Hall's 'O. K.' and Connolly's endorsement, it was paid ... through a go-between, who cashed the check, settled the original bill and divided the remainder ... between Tweed, Sweeny, Connolly and Hall".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the construction cost of the <a href="/wiki/Tweed_Courthouse" title="Tweed Courthouse">New York County Courthouse</a>, begun in 1861, grew to nearly $13 million—about $350 million in 2023 dollars, and nearly twice the cost of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-digitalhistory_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalhistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $9.6 million in 2023) for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork ... a plasterer got $133,187 ($3.5 million) for two days' work".<sup id="cite_ref-digitalhistory_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalhistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed bought a <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> quarry in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield,_Massachusetts" title="Sheffield, Massachusetts">Sheffield, Massachusetts</a>, to provide much of the marble for the courthouse at great profit to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Tweed Charter to reorganize the city's government was passed in 1870, four commissioners for the construction of the New York County Courthouse were appointed. The commission never held a meeting, though each commissioner received a 20% <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kickback</a> from the bills for the supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tammany_Ring,_Nast_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tammany_Ring%2C_Nast_crop.jpg/220px-Tammany_Ring%2C_Nast_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tammany_Ring%2C_Nast_crop.jpg/330px-Tammany_Ring%2C_Nast_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tammany_Ring%2C_Nast_crop.jpg/440px-Tammany_Ring%2C_Nast_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Nast depicts the Tweed Ring: "Who stole the people's money?" / "'Twas him." From left to right: William Tweed, <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Sweeny" title="Peter B. Sweeny">Peter B. Sweeny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Connolly" title="Richard B. Connolly">Richard B. Connolly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oakey_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakey Hall">Oakey Hall</a>. To the left of Tweed in the background are James H. Ingersoll and Andrew Garvey, city contractors involved with much of the city construction.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tweed and his friends also garnered huge profits from the development of the Upper East Side, especially <a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Manhattan" title="Yorkville, Manhattan">Yorkville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. They would buy up undeveloped property, then use the resources of the city to improve the area – for instance by installing pipes to bring in water from the <a href="/wiki/Croton_Aqueduct" title="Croton Aqueduct">Croton Aqueduct</a> – thus increasing the value of the land, after which they sold and took their profits. The focus on the east side also slowed down the development of the west side, the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of which made it more expensive to improve. The ring also took their usual percentage of padded contracts, as well as raking off money from property taxes. Despite the corruption of Tweed and Tammany Hall, they did accomplish the development of upper Manhattan, though at the cost of tripling the city's bond debt to almost $90 million.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Tweed era, the proposal to build a suspension bridge between New York and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, then an independent city, was floated by Brooklyn-boosters, who saw the ferry connections as a bottleneck to Brooklyn's further development. In order to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> project would go forward, State Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cruse_Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cruse Murphy">Henry Cruse Murphy</a> approached Tweed to find out whether New York's aldermen would approve the proposal. Tweed's response was that $60,000 for the aldermen would close the deal, and contractor <a href="/wiki/William_C._Kingsley" title="William C. Kingsley">William C. Kingsley</a> put up the cash, which was delivered in a <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bag" title="Carpet bag">carpet bag</a>. Tweed and two others from Tammany also received over half the private stock of the Bridge Company, the charter of which specified that only private stockholders had voting rights, so that even though the cities of Brooklyn and Manhattan put up most of the money, they essentially had no control over the project.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed bought a mansion on <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/43rd_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Street (Manhattan)">43rd Street</a>, and stabled his horses, carriages and sleighs on <a href="/wiki/40th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Street (Manhattan)">40th Street</a>. By 1871, he was a member of the board of directors of not only the Erie Railroad and the Brooklyn Bridge Company, but also the Third Avenue Railway Company and the Harlem Gas Light Company. He was president of the Guardian Savings Banks and he and his confederates set up the Tenth National Bank to better control their fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandal">Scandal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tweed's downfall began in 1871. James Watson, who was a county auditor in Comptroller <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Connolly" title="Richard B. Connolly">Dick Connolly</a>'s office and who also held and recorded the ring's books, died a week after his head was smashed by a horse in a sleigh accident on January 24, 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Tweed guarded Watson's estate in the week prior to Watson's death, and although another ring member attempted to destroy Watson's records, a replacement auditor, Matthew O'Rourke, associated with former sheriff <a href="/wiki/James_O%27Brien_(U.S._Congressman)" title="James O'Brien (U.S. Congressman)">James O'Brien</a>, provided city accounts to O'Brien.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Orange_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange riots">Orange riot of 1871</a> in the summer of that year did not help the ring's popularity. The riot was prompted after Tammany Hall banned a parade of Irish Protestants celebrating a historical victory against Catholicism, namely the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a>. The parade was banned because of a riot the previous year in which eight people died when a crowd of Irish Catholic laborers attacked the paraders. Under strong pressure from the newspapers and the Protestant elite of the city, Tammany reversed course, and the march was allowed to proceed, with protection from <a href="/wiki/NYPD" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPD">city policemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State National Guard">state militia</a>. The result was an even larger riot in which over 60 people were killed and more than 150 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-bw1003-1008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw1003-1008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Tammany's electoral power base was largely centered in the Irish immigrant population, it also needed both the city's general population and elite to acquiesce in its rule, and this was conditional on the machine's ability to control the actions of its people. The July riot showed that this capability was not nearly as strong as had been supposed.<sup id="cite_ref-bw1003-1008_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw1003-1008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boss_Tweed,_Nast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boss_Tweed%2C_Nast.jpg/220px-Boss_Tweed%2C_Nast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boss_Tweed%2C_Nast.jpg/330px-Boss_Tweed%2C_Nast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boss_Tweed%2C_Nast.jpg/440px-Boss_Tweed%2C_Nast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Nast shows Tweed's source of power: control of the ballot box. "As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it?"</figcaption></figure> <p>Tweed had for months been under attack from <i>The New York Times</i> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, the cartoonist from <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> – regarding Nast's cartoons, Tweed reportedly said, "Stop them damned pictures. I don't care so much what the papers say about me. My constituents don't know how to read, but they can't help seeing them damned pictures!"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – but their campaign had only limited success in gaining traction. They were able to force an examination of the city's books, but the blue-ribbon commission of six businessmen appointed by Mayor <a href="/wiki/A._Oakey_Hall" title="A. Oakey Hall">A. Oakey Hall</a>, a Tammany man, which included <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_III" title="John Jacob Astor III">John Jacob Astor III</a>, banker <a href="/wiki/Moses_Taylor" title="Moses Taylor">Moses Taylor</a> and others who benefited from Tammany's actions, found that the books had been "faithfully kept", letting the air out of the effort to dethrone Tweed.<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The response to the Orange riot changed everything, and only days afterwards the <i>Times</i>/Nast campaign began to garner popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More important, the <i>Times</i> started to receive inside information from County Sheriff James O'Brien, whose support for Tweed had fluctuated during Tammany's reign. O'Brien had tried to <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a> Tammany by threatening to expose the ring's <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> to the press, and when this failed he provided the evidence he had collected to the <i>Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis347-8_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis347-8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, county auditor Matthew J. O'Rourke supplied additional details to the <i>Times</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis347-8_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis347-8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was reportedly offered $5 million to not publish the evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Times</i> also obtained the accounts of the recently deceased James Watson, who was the Tweed Ring's bookkeeper, and these were published daily, culminating in a special four-page supplement on July 29 headlined "Gigantic Frauds of the Ring Exposed".<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, Tweed began to transfer ownership in his real-estate empire and other investments to his family members.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exposé provoked an international crisis of confidence in New York City's finances, and, in particular, in its ability to repay its debts. European investors were heavily positioned in the city's bonds and were already nervous about its management – only the reputations of the underwriters were preventing a run on the city's securities. New York's financial and business community knew that if the city's credit were to collapse, it could potentially bring down every bank in the city with it.<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, the city's elite met at <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a> in September to discuss political reform: but for the first time, the conversation included not only the usual reformers, but also <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> bigwigs such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a>, who had been thrust aside by Tammany. The consensus was that the "wisest and best citizens" should take over the governance of the city and attempt to restore investor confidence. The result was the formation of the Executive Committee of Citizens and Taxpayers for Financial Reform of the city (also known as "the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Seventy_(New_York_City)" title="Committee of Seventy (New York City)">Committee of Seventy</a>"), which attacked Tammany by cutting off the city's funding. Property owners refused to pay their municipal taxes, and a judge—Tweed's old friend George Barnard—enjoined the city Comptroller from issuing bonds or spending money. Unpaid workers turned against Tweed, marching to City Hall demanding to be paid. Tweed doled out some funds from his own purse—$50,000—but it was not sufficient to end the crisis, and Tammany began to lose its essential base.<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter, the Comptroller resigned, appointing <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Haswell_Green" title="Andrew Haswell Green">Andrew Haswell Green</a>, an associate of Tilden, as his replacement. Green loosened the purse strings again, allowing city departments not under Tammany control to borrow money to operate. Green and Tilden had the city's records closely examined, and discovered money that went directly from city contractors into Tweed's pocket. The following day, they had Tweed arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment,_escape,_and_death"><span id="Imprisonment.2C_escape.2C_and_death"></span>Imprisonment, escape, and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imprisonment, escape, and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Nast,_Stone_Walls_Do_Not_a_Prison_Make_cph.3a00899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Thomas_Nast%2C_Stone_Walls_Do_Not_a_Prison_Make_cph.3a00899.jpg/250px-Thomas_Nast%2C_Stone_Walls_Do_Not_a_Prison_Make_cph.3a00899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Thomas_Nast%2C_Stone_Walls_Do_Not_a_Prison_Make_cph.3a00899.jpg/330px-Thomas_Nast%2C_Stone_Walls_Do_Not_a_Prison_Make_cph.3a00899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Thomas_Nast%2C_Stone_Walls_Do_Not_a_Prison_Make_cph.3a00899.jpg/500px-Thomas_Nast%2C_Stone_Walls_Do_Not_a_Prison_Make_cph.3a00899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>"Stone Walls Do Not a Prison Make": Editorial cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> predicting Tweed could not be kept behind bars (<i>Harper's Weekly</i>, January 6, 1872)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tweed2_at_Green-Wood_2024_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tweed2_at_Green-Wood_2024_jeh.jpg/220px-Tweed2_at_Green-Wood_2024_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tweed2_at_Green-Wood_2024_jeh.jpg/330px-Tweed2_at_Green-Wood_2024_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tweed2_at_Green-Wood_2024_jeh.jpg/440px-Tweed2_at_Green-Wood_2024_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tomb in <a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tweed was released on $1 million bail, and Tammany set to work to recover its position through the ballot box. Tweed was re-elected to the state senate in November 1871, due to his personal popularity and largesse in his district, but in general Tammany did not do well, and the members of the Tweed Ring began to flee the jurisdiction, many going overseas. Tweed was re-arrested, forced to resign his city positions, and was replaced as Tammany's leader. Once again, he was released on bail—$8 million this time—but Tweed's supporters, such as <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>, felt the repercussions of his fall from power.<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed's first trial before <a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(judge)" title="Noah Davis (judge)">Judge Noah Davis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in January 1873, ended when the jury was <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">unable to deliver a verdict</a>. Tweed's defense counsel included <a href="/wiki/David_Dudley_Field_II" title="David Dudley Field II">David Dudley Field II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His retrial, again before <a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(judge)" title="Noah Davis (judge)">Judge Noah Davis</a> in November resulted in convictions on 204 of 220 counts, a fine of $12,750<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the equivalent of $330,000 today) and a prison sentence of 12 years; a higher court, however, reduced Tweed's sentence to one year.<sup id="cite_ref-uoooovz_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uoooovz-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his release from <a href="/wiki/The_Tombs" title="The Tombs">The Tombs</a> prison, New York State filed a <a href="/wiki/Civil_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil suit">civil suit</a> against Tweed, attempting to recover $6 million in embezzled funds.<sup id="cite_ref-uoooovz_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uoooovz-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to put up the $3 million bail, Tweed was locked up in the <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Street_Jail" title="Ludlow Street Jail">Ludlow Street Jail</a>, although he was allowed home visits. During one of these on December 4, 1875, Tweed escaped and fled to Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he worked as a common seaman on a Spanish ship.<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. government discovered his whereabouts and arranged for his arrest once he reached the Spanish border, where he was recognized from Nast's political cartoons. He was turned over to an American warship,<sup id="cite_ref-g1008_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_(1864)" title="USS Franklin (1864)">USS <i>Franklin</i></a>, which delivered him to authorities in New York City on November 23, 1876, and he was returned to prison.<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desperate and broken, Tweed now agreed to testify about the inner workings of the Tweed Ring to a special committee set up by the Board of Aldermen<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in return for his release. However, after he did so, Tilden, now governor of New York, refused to abide by the agreement, and Tweed remained incarcerated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died in the Ludlow Street Jail on April 12, 1878, from severe <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Smith_Ely_Jr." title="Smith Ely Jr.">Smith Ely Jr.</a> would not allow the flag at City Hall to be flown at <a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluations">Evaluations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evaluations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to Tweed biographer Kenneth D. Ackerman:</p><blockquote><p>It's hard not to admire the skill behind Tweed's system ... The Tweed ring at its height was an engineering marvel, strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key power points: the courts, the legislature, the treasury and the ballot box. Its frauds had a grandeur of scale and an elegance of structure: money-laundering, profit sharing and organization.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> A minority view that Tweed was mostly innocent is presented in a scholarly biography by history professor Leo Hershkowitz. He states:</p><blockquote><p>Except for Tweed's own very questionable "confession," there really was no evidence of a "Tweed Ring," no direct evidence of Tweed's thievery, no evidence, excepting the testimony of the informer contractors, of "wholesale" plunder by Tweed....[Instead there was] a conspiracy of self-justification of the corruption of the law by the upholders of that law, of a venal irresponsible press and a citizenry delighting in the exorcism of witchery.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In depictions of Tweed and the Tammany Hall organization, most historians have emphasized the thievery and conspiratorial nature of Boss Tweed, along with lining his own pockets and those of his friends and allies. The theme is that the sins of corruption so violated American standards of political rectitude that they far overshadow Tweed's positive contributions to New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he held numerous important public offices and was one of a handful of senior leaders of Tammany Hall, as well as the state legislature and the state Democratic Party,<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed was never the sole "boss" of New York City. He shared control of the city with numerous less famous people, such as the villains depicted in Nast's famous circle of guilt cartoon shown above. <a href="/wiki/Seymour_J._Mandelbaum" title="Seymour J. Mandelbaum">Seymour J. Mandelbaum</a> has argued that, apart from the corruption he engaged in, Tweed was a modernizer who prefigured certain elements of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> in terms of more efficient city management. Much of the money he siphoned off from the city treasury went to needy constituents who appreciated the free food at Christmas time and remembered it at the next election, and to precinct workers who provided the muscle of his machine. As a legislator he worked to expand and strengthen welfare programs, especially those by private charities, schools, and hospitals. With a base in the Irish Catholic community, he opposed efforts of Protestants to require the reading of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> in public schools, which was done deliberately to keep out Catholics. He facilitated the founding of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>, even though one of its founders, Samuel Tilden, was Tweed's sworn enemy in the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed recognized that the support of his constituency was necessary for him to remain in power, and as a consequence he used the machinery of the city's government to provide numerous social services, including building more orphanages, almshouses and public baths.<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tweed also fought for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> to donate to private charities of all religious denominations, and subsidize <a href="/wiki/Catholic_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic schools">Catholic schools</a> and hospitals. From 1869 to 1871, under Tweed's influence, the state of New York spent more on charities than for the entire time period from 1852 to 1868 combined.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Tweed's regime, the main business thoroughfare Broadway was widened between <a href="/wiki/34th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="34th Street (Manhattan)">34th Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/59th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="59th Street (Manhattan)">59th Street</a>, land was secured for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a> were developed and provided the necessary infrastructure – all to the benefit of the purses of the Tweed Ring. </p><p>Hershkowitz blames the implications of Thomas Nast in <i>Harper's Weekly</i> and the editors of <i>The New York Times</i>, which both had ties to the Republican party. In part, the campaign against Tweed diverted public attention from Republican scandals such as the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tweed himself wanted no particular recognition of his achievements, such as they were. When it was proposed, in March 1871, when he was at the height of his power, that a statue be erected in his honor, he declared: "Statues are not erected to living men ... I claim to be a live man, and hope (Divine Providence permitting) to survive in all my vigor, politically and physically, some years to come."<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Tweed's unwanted legacies is that he has become "the archetype of the bloated, rapacious, corrupt city boss".<sup id="cite_ref-encnyc_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boss_tweed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Boss_tweed.jpg/250px-Boss_tweed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Boss_tweed.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>An 1869 cigar box label featuring Tweed</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_name">Middle name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tweed never signed his middle name with anything other than a plain "M.", and his middle name is often mistakenly listed as "Marcy". His actual middle name was Magear, his mother's maiden name.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confusion derived from a Nast cartoon with a picture of Tweed supplemented with a quote from <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a>, the former governor of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Train">Arthur Train</a> featured Tweed in his 1940 novel of life in Gilded Age New York, <i>Tassels On Her Boots</i>. Tweed is portrayed as having contempt for the people he rules, at one point saying that once he would have been a Baron, with a castle, levying tribute on the people. But now, "'Boss', they call me – and they are glad to have me."</li> <li>In 1945, Tweed was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Noah_Beery_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Noah Beery Sr.">Noah Beery Sr.</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> production of <i>Up in Central Park</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Musical_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical comedy">musical comedy</a> with music by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg" title="Sigmund Romberg">Sigmund Romberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role was played by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Lee_Beggs" title="Malcolm Lee Beggs">Malcolm Lee Beggs</a> for a revival in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Up_in_Central_Park" title="Up in Central Park">1948 film version</a>, Tweed is played by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the 1963–1964 <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Adventure_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Adventure (U.S. TV series)">The Great Adventure</a></i>, which presented one-hour dramatizations of the lives of historical figures, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Andrews" title="Edward Andrews">Edward Andrews</a> portrayed Tweed in the episode "The Man Who Stole New York City", about the campaign by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> to bring down Tweed. The episode aired on December 13, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a>'s 1977 science-fiction novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ophiuchi_Hotline" title="The Ophiuchi Hotline">The Ophiuchi Hotline</a></i>, a crooked politician in a 27th-century human settlement on the Moon assumes the name "Boss Tweed" in emulation of the 19th-century politician, and names his lunar headquarters "Tammany Hall".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tweed was played by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bosco" title="Philip Bosco">Philip Bosco</a> in the 1986 TV movie <i>Liberty</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a review of the film in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, it was Tweed who made the suggestion to call the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> by that name, instead of its formal name <i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>, in order to read better in newspaper headlines.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Andrew O'Hehir of <i>The New York Times</i> notes that <i>Forever</i>, a 2003 novel by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Hamill" title="Pete Hamill">Pete Hamill</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York" title="Gangs of New York">Gangs of New York</a></i>, a 2002 film, both "offer a significant supporting role to the legendary Manhattan political godfather Boss Tweed", among other thematic similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a review of the latter work, Chuck Rudolph praised <a href="/wiki/Jim_Broadbent" title="Jim Broadbent">Jim Broadbent</a>'s portrayal of Tweed as "giving the role a masterfully heartless composure".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tweed appears as an antagonist in the 2016 novel, <i>Assassin's Creed Last Descendants</i> where he is the Grand Master of the American Templars during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_A._Woodward" title="Elbert A. Woodward">Elbert A. Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Sullivan" title="Timothy Sullivan">Timothy "Big Tim" Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed_law" title="Tweed law">Tweed law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sharkey_(murderer)" title="William J. Sharkey (murderer)">William J. Sharkey (murderer)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Often erroneously referred to as <b>William Marcy Tweed</b> (see <a href="#Middle_name">§ Middle name</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/610865/William-Magear-Tweed">"William Magear Tweed (American politician) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Magear+Tweed+%28American+politician%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F610865%2FWilliam-Magear-Tweed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2005" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Gail (July 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gothamgazette.com/article//20050704/202/1467">"Looking Back at 100"</a>. <i>Gotham Gazette</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gotham+Gazette&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+100&rft.date=2005-07-04&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gothamgazette.com%2Farticle%2F%2F20050704%2F202%2F1467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encnyc-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encnyc_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Share, Allen J. "Tweed, William M(agear) 'Boss'" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth T.</a>, ed. (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a></i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300055366" title="Special:BookSources/0300055366"><bdi>0300055366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0300055366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 1205–1206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allen_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen1993" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Oliver E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle/page/80"><i>The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall</i></a>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle/page/80">80–100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-62463-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-62463-X"><bdi>0-201-62463-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiger%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Tammany+Hall&rft.pages=80-100&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-201-62463-X&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Oliver+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftigerrisefalloft00alle%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1878/04/14/archives/the-death-of-william-m-tweed-crowds-of-people-around-mr-douglass.html">"The Death of William M. Tweed.; Crowds Of People Around Mr. Douglass' House No One Admitted Except Relatives Tweed's Religious Faith Politicians Who Feel Relieved A Letter Written By John D. Townsend A Month Ago Asking For Tweed's Release"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 14, 1878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+William+M.+Tweed.%3B+Crowds+Of+People+Around+Mr.+Douglass%27+House+No+One+Admitted+Except+Relatives+Tweed%27s+Religious+Faith+Politicians+Who+Feel+Relieved+A+Letter+Written+By+John+D.+Townsend+A+Month+Ago+Asking+For+Tweed%27s+Release&rft.date=1878-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1878%2F04%2F14%2Farchives%2Fthe-death-of-william-m-tweed-crowds-of-people-around-mr-douglass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaher1987" class="citation book cs1">Maher, James (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indextomarriages00mahe"><i>Index to Marriages and Deaths in the New York Herald: 1835–1855</i></a></span>. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indextomarriages00mahe/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8063-1184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8063-1184-3"><bdi>0-8063-1184-3</bdi></a>. <q>Tweed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index+to+Marriages+and+Deaths+in+the+New+York+Herald%3A+1835%E2%80%931855&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8063-1184-3&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findextomarriages00mahe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynch2002" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Denis Tilden (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipAxruFk54AC&pg=PA418"><i><span></span>'Boss' Tweed: The Story of a Grim Generation</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1600-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1600-7"><bdi>978-1-4128-1600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Boss%27+Tweed%3A+The+Story+of+a+Grim+Generation&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1600-7&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Denis+Tilden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DipAxruFk54AC%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, pp. 654, 724, 823.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, p. 823.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gotham837-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gotham837_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotham837_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotham837_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, p. 837.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallow1981" class="citation book cs1">Callow, Alexander (1981). <i>The Tweed Ring</i>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22761-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22761-5"><bdi>978-0-313-22761-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7576014">7576014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tweed+Ring&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7576014&rft.isbn=978-0-313-22761-5&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purdy-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-purdy_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2010" class="citation book cs1">Purdy, Dennis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcQ0P-6P7q4C&pg=PA215"><i>Kiss 'Em Goodbye: An ESPN Treasury of Failed, Forgotten, and Departed Teams</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Publishing Group">Random House Publishing Group</a>. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52047-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52047-0"><bdi>978-0-345-52047-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiss+%27Em+Goodbye%3A+An+ESPN+Treasury+of+Failed%2C+Forgotten%2C+and+Departed+Teams&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-345-52047-0&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcQ0P-6P7q4C%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeymourMills1989" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, Harold; Mills, Dorothy Seymour (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0AzIUSqzd8C&pg=PA183"><i>Baseball: The Early Years</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983917-9"><bdi>978-0-19-983917-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baseball%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983917-9&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Mills%2C+Dorothy+Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0AzIUSqzd8C%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFountain2009" class="citation book cs1">Fountain, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaAMQY5-4nMC&pg=PA11"><i>Under the March Sun: The Story of Spring Training</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974370-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974370-4"><bdi>978-0-19-974370-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+March+Sun%3A+The+Story+of+Spring+Training&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974370-4&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuaAMQY5-4nMC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaer2015" class="citation book cs1">Baer, Christopher T. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1870.pdf"><i>A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY ITS PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+GENERAL+CHRONOLOGY+OF+THE+PENNSYLVANIA+RAILROAD+COMPANY+ITS+PREDECESSORS+AND+SUCCESSORS+AND+ITS+HISTORICAL+CONTEXT&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prrths.com%2Fnewprr_files%2FHagley%2FPRR1870.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gotham927-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gotham927_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotham927_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, pp. 927–928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History.com_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History.com_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History.com_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History.com_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/boss-tweed-delivered-to-authorities">"'Boss' Tweed Delivered to Authorities"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a></i> website, n.d.g. Retrieved February 3, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digitalhistory-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digitalhistory_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digitalhistory_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMintz" class="citation web cs1">Mintz, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008235848/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=211">"Digital History"</a>. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=211">the original</a> on October 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+History&rft.pub=Digitalhistory.uh.edu&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdatabase%2Farticle_display.cfm%3FHHID%3D211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1984TweedCourthouse.pdf">"New York County Courthouse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a>. October 16, 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1984TweedCourthouse.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+County+Courthouse&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft.date=1984-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org%2Fdb%2Fbb_files%2F1984TweedCourthouse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1866/12/25/archives/the-marble-in-the-new-courthousea-very-rich-quarry.html">"The Marble in the New Court-House A Very Rich Quarry"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 25, 1866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Marble+in+the+New+Court-House+A+Very+Rich+Quarry&rft.date=1866-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1866%2F12%2F25%2Farchives%2Fthe-marble-in-the-new-courthousea-very-rich-quarry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1871/04/13/archives/the-fraudulent-tax-levy-a-report-from-the-council-of-reform-how-the.html">"The Fraudulent Tax Levy.; A Report from the Council of Reform – How the Swindles of the Ring are to be Covered Up. The Peace Jubilee – Post Festum"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 13, 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Fraudulent+Tax+Levy.%3B+A+Report+from+the+Council+of+Reform+%E2%80%93+How+the+Swindles+of+the+Ring+are+to+be+Covered+Up.+The+Peace+Jubilee+%E2%80%93+Post+Festum&rft.date=1871-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1871%2F04%2F13%2Farchives%2Fthe-fraudulent-tax-levy-a-report-from-the-council-of-reform-how-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, pp. 929–931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, pp. 934–935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-james-watson-sleigh-a/147624659/">"James Watson sleigh accident"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 25, 1871. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+Watson+sleigh+accident&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1871-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-new-york-times-james-watson-sleigh-a%2F147624659%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, pp. 118–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bw1003-1008-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bw1003-1008_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bw1003-1008_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, pp. 1003–1008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Jackson2000" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Jackson (November 2, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314230903/http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/lazio.html">"lazio"</a>. Acsu.buffalo.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/lazio.html">the original</a> on March 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lazio&rft.pub=Acsu.buffalo.edu&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft.au=Bruce+Jackson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F~bjackson%2Flazio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g1008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1008_36-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrows & Wallace, pp. 1008–1011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis347-8-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis347-8_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis347-8_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, pp. 347–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919114442/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0106.html">"On This Day: January 6, 1872"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0106.html">the original</a> on September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+January+6%2C+1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fharp%2F0106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/noah-davis/">"Noah Davis, Jr"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noah+Davis%2C+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nycourts.gov%2Ffigure%2Fnoah-davis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uoooovz-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uoooovz_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uoooovz_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205132026/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/landmark_tweed_courthouse_has_65546.aspx">"Lower Manhattan : News | Landmark Tweed Courthouse Has a Checkered History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/landmark_tweed_courthouse_has_65546.aspx">the original</a> on February 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+Manhattan+%3A+News+%7C+Landmark+Tweed+Courthouse+Has+a+Checkered+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowermanhattan.info%2Fnews%2Flandmark_tweed_courthouse_has_65546.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_boss_1.html">"Boss Tweed Escaped From Prison"</a>. <i>www.americaslibrary.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americaslibrary.gov&rft.atitle=Boss+Tweed+Escaped+From+Prison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Fjb%2Frecon%2Fjb_recon_boss_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000440">"Tweed, William Marcy, (1823–1878)"</a>. bioguide.congress.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tweed%2C+William+Marcy%2C+%281823%E2%80%931878%29&rft.pub=bioguide.congress.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DT000440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamill2005" class="citation news cs1">Hamill, Pete (March 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/27/books/review/boss-tweed-the-fellowship-of-the-ring.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Boss Tweed': The Fellowship of the Ring"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Boss+Tweed%27%3A+The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.date=2005-03-27&rft.aulast=Hamill&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F27%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fboss-tweed-the-fellowship-of-the-ring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Hershkowitz, <i>Tweed's New York: Another Look</i>. (New York: Anchor Press, 1977), p 347. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tweedsnewyorkano00hers">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLankevich1977" class="citation journal cs1">Lankevich, George J. (December 1, 1977). "Hershkowitz, Leo, 'Tweed's New York, Another Look' (Book Review)". <i>American Jewish Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 190. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1296084413">1296084413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hershkowitz%2C+Leo%2C+%27Tweed%27s+New+York%2C+Another+Look%27+%28Book+Review%29&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1977-12-01&rft.aulast=Lankevich&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myheritage.com/names/william_tweed">"William Tweed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MyHeritage" title="MyHeritage">MyHeritage</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyHeritage&rft.atitle=William+Tweed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myheritage.com%2Fnames%2Fwilliam_tweed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandelbaum, Seymour J. <i>Boss Tweed's New York</i> (1965).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muccigrosso, Robert ed., <i>Research Guide to American Historical Biography</i> (1988) 1538–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyheritage.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/NYHSR01/id/14006">NYHS v45 n04, Quarterly, October 1961 BOSS TWEED’S PUBLIC WELFARE PROGRAM by JOHN W. PRATT, P.396-411 Courtesy of New York Heritage Digital Collections, obtained from myheritage.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHershkowitz1977" class="citation book cs1">Hershkowitz, Leo (1977). <i>Tweed's New York: Another Look</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tweed%27s+New+York%3A+Another+Look&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Hershkowitz&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anbinder, Tyler. "Tweed, William Magear (03 April 1823–12 April 1878), political 'boss' of New York City in the Civil War era." <i>American National Biography</i>. February 2000. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNevius2009" class="citation book cs1">Nevius, Michelle (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8K5OCC4CMwC&pg=PA120"><i>Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City</i></a>. New York: Free Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8997-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8997-6"><bdi>978-1-4165-8997-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Apple%3A+A+Streetwise+History+of+New+York+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-8997-6&rft.aulast=Nevius&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8K5OCC4CMwC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=1669"><i>Up In Central Park</i> (1945)</a> on <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=473592"><i>Up In Central Park</i> (1947)</a> on <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/AbbrView.aspx?s=&Movie=25791"><i>Up in Central Park</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/AFI_Catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="AFI Catalog">AFI Catalog</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-great-adventure/episode-1040029/201760/">"The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/shows/the-great-adventure/the-man-who-stole-new-york-city-376546/cast/">"The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118214304/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-great-adventure/the-man-who-stole-new-york-city-376546/cast/">Archived</a> November 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/TV.com" title="TV.com">TV.com</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctva.biz/US/Anthology/GreatAdventure.htm">"The Great Adventure (1963–64)"</a> <i>Classic TV Archive</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0592454/"><i>The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> "Varley, John" in Clute, John and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (eds.) (1995) <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i> New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 1271. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-13486-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-13486-X">0-312-13486-X</a>. Quote: "...JV's first – and finest – novel, <i>The Ophiuchi Hotline</i>...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enotes.com/topics/ophiuchi-hotline/in-depth">"The Ophiuchi Notline Analysis – John Varley"</a> <i>eNotes</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholls, James (October 30, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamesdavisnicoll.com/review/no-father-no-mother-shes-just-like-the-other">"No father, no mother, she's just like the other"</a> <i>James Nicholls Reviews</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/465782/Liberty/full-credits.html">"Liberty: Full Credits"</a> <a href="/wiki/TCM.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TCM.com">TCM.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, John J. (June 23, 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/23/arts/liberty-a-glimpse-of-history.html">"'Liberty,' A Glimpse of History"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Heheir, Andrew (January 19, 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/19/books/not-a-bridge-and-tunnel-guy.html">"Not a Bridge-and-Tunnel Guy"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolph, Chuck (January 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/gangs-of-new-york">Gangs of New York</a> <i>Slant Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rad, Chloi (February 18, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/02/18/assassins-creed-last-descendants-novels-announced">"Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants Novels Announced"</a> <i>IGN</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li>Ackerman, K. D. (2005). <i>Boss Tweed: The rise and fall of the corrupt pol who conceived the soul of modern New York</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1435-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1435-2">0-7867-1435-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrowsWallace1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Burrows" title="Edwin G. Burrows">Burrows, Edwin G.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace_(historian)" title="Mike Wallace (historian)">Wallace, Mike</a> (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/Gotham:_A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898" title="Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898">Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-11634-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-195-11634-8"><bdi>0-195-11634-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gotham%3A+A+History+of+New+York+City+to+1898&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-195-11634-8&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Callow, Alexander B. (1966). <i>The Tweed Ring</i>. New York: Oxford University Press</li> <li>Ellis, Edward R. (2004). <i>The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History</i>. Carroll & Graf Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1436-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1436-0">0-7867-1436-0</a>,</li> <li>Hershkowitz, Leo. <i>Tweed's New York: Another Look</i>. (New York: Anchor Press, 1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tweedsnewyorkano00hers">online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Tweed-Wi.html">"William Marcy [sic] Tweed"</a> Encyclopedia.com (<a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a>), May 23, 2018</li> <li>Mandelbaum, Seymour J. (1965). <i>Boss Tweed's New York</i>. New York: John Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-56652-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-56652-7">0-471-56652-7</a></li> <li>Paine, Albert B. (1974). <i>Th. Nast, His Period and His Pictures</i>. Princeton: Pyne Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87861-079-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87861-079-0">0-87861-079-0</a> (The original edition, published in 1904, is now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Sante" title="Lucy Sante">Sante, Lucy</a> (2003). <i>Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374528997" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374528997">978-0374528997</a></li> <li>Staff (July 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gothamgazette.com/open-government/2878-boss-tweed">"Boss Tweed"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gotham_Gazette" title="Gotham Gazette">Gotham Gazette</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lynch, Denis Tilden (2005) [1927]. <i>Boss Tweed: The story of a grim generation</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michigan Historical Reprint Series, Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781425548940" title="Special:BookSources/9781425548940">9781425548940</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_eQzwEACAAJ">1927 1st edition</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Boni_%26_Liveright" title="Boni & Liveright">Boni & Liveright</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_M._Tweed" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William M. Tweed"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">William M. Tweed</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Boss_Tweed" class="extiw" title="q:Boss Tweed">Boss Tweed</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressT000440" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000440">"William M. Tweed (id: T000440)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=William+M.+Tweed+%28id%3A+T000440%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DT000440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.green-wood.com/2010/william-magear-boss-tweed/">Green-Wood Cemetery page for WM Tweed </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6780">Map Showing the Portions of the City of New York and Westchester County under the Jurisdiction of the Department of Public Parks</a> talks about Tweed's takeover of the New York City parks system, from the <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Tweed,_William_Marcy" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Tweed, William Marcy">Tweed, William Marcy</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tweed%2C+William+Marcy&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Tweed,_William_Marcy" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Tweed, William Marcy">Tweed, William Marcy</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tweed%2C+William+Marcy&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Tweed,_William_Marcy" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Tweed, William Marcy">Tweed, William Marcy</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tweed%2C+William+Marcy&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tweed,_William_Marcy" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Tweed, William Marcy">Tweed, William Marcy</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tweed%2C+William+Marcy&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Tweed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Briggs_(New_York_politician)" title="George Briggs (New York politician)">George Briggs</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="New York05 !"><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="New York's 5th congressional district">New York's 5th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1853–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Whitney" title="Thomas R. Whitney">Thomas R. Whitney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wood_(American_politician)" title="Benjamin Wood (American politician)">Benjamin Wood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> <br />4th District </b><br />1868–1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Fox_(congressman)" title="John Fox (congressman)">John Fox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> </b><br />1858–1871 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(New_York_politician)" title="John Kelly (New York politician)">John Kelly</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Tweed_Ring85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Tweed_Ring" title="Template:The Tweed Ring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:The_Tweed_Ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template 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Tweed</a> (1823–1878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Sweeny" title="Peter B. Sweeny">Peter B. Sweeny</a> (1825–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Connolly" title="Richard B. Connolly">Richard B. Connolly</a> (1810–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Vanderbeck_Fowler" title="Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler">Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler</a> (1818–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Oakey_Hall" title="A. Oakey Hall">Oakey Hall</a> (1826–1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toughs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Rynders" title="Isaiah Rynders">Isaiah Rynders</a> (1804–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morrissey" title="John Morrissey">John Morrissey</a> (1831–1878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Governor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">John T. Hoffman</a> (1828–1888)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The State Legislators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Horse_Cavalry" title="Black Horse Cavalry">Black Horse Cavalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Barnard" title="George G. Barnard">George G. Barnard</a> (1829–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Cardozo" title="Albert Cardozo">Albert Cardozo</a> (1828–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Hackett" title="John K. Hackett">John K. Hackett</a> (1821–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCunn" title="John McCunn">John McCunn</a> (1820–1872)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_Sachem_of_Tammany_Hall40" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Sachem_of_Tammany_Hall" title="Template:Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Grand_Sachem_of_Tammany_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Sachem_of_Tammany_Hall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Sachem_of_Tammany_Hall40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Sachem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teunis_Wortmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teunis Wortmann (page does not exist)">Teunis Wortmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buckmaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Buckmaster (page does not exist)">George Buckmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Barker" title="Jacob Barker">Jacob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Allen_(American_politician)" title="Stephen Allen (American politician)">Stephen Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_M._Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordecai M. Noah">Mordecai M. Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowne" title="Walter Bowne">Walter Bowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Varian" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Varian">Isaac Varian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Morris_(mayor)" title="Robert H. Morris (mayor)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Vanderbeck_Fowler" title="Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler">Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Vanderbeck_Fowler" title="Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler">Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William M. Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(New_York_politician)" title="John Kelly (New York politician)">John Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Croker" title="Richard Croker">Richard Croker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Nixon_(naval_architect)" title="Lewis Nixon (naval architect)">Lewis Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Murphy" title="Charles Francis Murphy">Charles Francis Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Curry" title="John F. Curry">John F. Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_J._Dooling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James J. Dooling (page does not exist)">James J. Dooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">Christopher D. Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Hussey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Hussey (page does not exist)">Charles H. Hussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Kennedy_(politician)" title="Michael J. Kennedy (politician)">Michael J. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V._Loughlin" title="Edward V. Loughlin">Edward V. Loughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sampson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank J. Sampson (page does not exist)">Frank J. Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_E._Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo E. Rogers">Hugo E. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_DeSapio" title="Carmine DeSapio">Carmine DeSapio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Costikyan" title="Edward N. Costikyan">Edward N. Costikyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353450#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353450#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353450#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000020431618">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13421305">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/6126/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcJWFwfc9TQbtMP86xjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130587621">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50019102">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p260141070">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6069513">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690384505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007463062705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000440">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/130587621">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68914h5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&oldid=1274377531">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_M._Tweed&oldid=1274377531</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_M._Tweed" title="Category:William M. Tweed">William M. 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