Hyacinthaceae

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">    <html> <head> <meta name="generator" content="Tapestry Application Framework, version 4.0.2"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"/> <title>Hyacinthaceae</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="/tree/css/printtol.css"/> <script src="/tree/tip-n-tip/js/dw_event.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/tree/tip-n-tip/js/dw_viewport.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/tree/tip-n-tip/js/dw_tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/tree/js/tol.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/tree/css/tol.css"/> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <a name="top"></a> <div id="maincontent" class="nosb"><a name="maincontent"></a> <div id="pagestatus"> <a class="construction" href="/tree/home.pages/pagestatus.html"> Under Construction </a> </div> <div id="quicknav" class="quicknavleft"> <ul> <li><a title="show/hide quick navigation" class="compass" onClick="switchClass('compass', 'hidden', 'shown'); switchClass('hidden_nav', 'hidden', 'shown')"> <img src="/onlinecontributors/img/quicknav/CompassHover.png;jsessionid=9615F18EEABD9E3943CE77B4ADB94EF4" id="compass" class="shown"/></a> </li> </ul> <ul id="hidden_nav" class="hidden"> <li class="separate"><img src="/onlinecontributors/img/quicknav/LeftDoubleArrows.png;jsessionid=9615F18EEABD9E3943CE77B4ADB94EF4"/> <ul> <li class="list_header">Containing Groups</li> <li> <a href="/Asparagales/21333"> Asparagales </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Monocotyledons/20668"> Monocotyledons </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Angiosperms/20646"> Angiosperms </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Spermatopsida/20622"> Spermatopsida </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Embryophytes/20582"> Embryophytes </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Green_plants/2382"> Green plants </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Eukaryotes/3"> Eukaryotes </a> </li> <li class="last_item"> <a href="/Life_on_Earth/1"> Life on Earth </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="left_arrow"> <a href="/Asparagales" title="containing group: Asparagales"> </a> </li> <li class="separate"><img src="/onlinecontributors/img/quicknav/UpDownArrows.png;jsessionid=9615F18EEABD9E3943CE77B4ADB94EF4"/> <ul> <li class="list_header">Other Asparagales</li> <li class="last_item_current_taxon"> Hyacinthaceae </li> </ul> </li> <li id="up_arrow"> </li> <li id="down_arrow"> </li> <li class="separate"><img src="/onlinecontributors/img/quicknav/RightArrowDisabled.png;jsessionid=9615F18EEABD9E3943CE77B4ADB94EF4"/> </li> </ul> </div> <h1> Hyacinthaceae </h1> <h2 class="subtitle"> Hyacinthus, Ornithogalum, Scilla and their relatives</h2> <a href="#AboutThisPage" id="authors">Martin Pfosser and Franz Speta</a> <div id="tillus"> <div class="aboutimg"><img src="/tree/img/magnify.gif" alt="Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window" ><div class="aboutimgtext">Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window </div></div> <a href="javascript:popup_window();"><img src="/tree/ToLimages/hyacinthus_orientalis.jpg" alt="Hyacinthus orientalis"></img></a><a href="javascript:popup_window_0();"><img src="/tree/ToLimages/orniumbellatumsl.jpg" alt="Ornithogalum umbellatum"></img></a><a href="javascript:popup_window_1();"><img src="/tree/ToLimages/scillabifolia2.jpg" alt="Scilla bifolia"></img></a> </div> <img id="toptree" height="93" usemap="#ToLMap" alt="taxon links" width="169" src="/Public/treeImages/Hyacinthaceae.png?x=-788522924" border="0"></img> <map name="ToLMap"> <area coords="5,38,14,47" href="/Asparagales/21333" alt="[down<--]Asparagales" title="Asparagales"> </map> <img src="/tree/img/help.gif" id="treehelp" alt="Interpreting the tree" onclick="changeclass('treecomment', 'show', 'hide')" /> <div id="treecomment" class="hide"> <img src="/tree/img/close.gif" class="closebox" alt="close box" onclick="changeclass('treecomment', 'show', 'hide')" /> <p>This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.</p> <p>The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.</p> <img src="/tree/img/TreeHelpImage.gif" alt="example of a tree diagram" /> <p>You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.</p> <p>For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see <a href="/tree/home.pages/treeinterpret.html">Interpreting the Tree or Classification</a>. To learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our <a href="/tree/learn/concepts/concepts.html">Phylogenetic Biology</a> pages.</p> <span class="close" onclick="changeclass('treecomment', 'show', 'hide')">close box</span> </div> <div id="aftertree"> Tree modified from Pfosser & Speta (1999) </div> <div id="containing">Containing group: <a href="/Asparagales/21333">Asparagales</a></div> <div name="Introduction"> <h3> <a name="Introduction"></a> Introduction</h3> <p>The generic names <i>Hyacinthus</i>, <i>Ornithogalum</i> and <i>Scilla</i> have already been in use since ancient Greek times and represent the core genera of Hyacinthaceae. In his Genera Plantarum (1754) Linné based his circumscription of these three genera mainly on characters of the flowers. As a consequence of this decision, distributing the species that are nowadays believed to belong to the plant family Hyacinthaceae into these three genera would result in a highly unnatural classification. Only the splitting of these old genera into numerous and more homogeneous genera finally resulted in a more appropriate classification with the recognition of mainly monophyletic groups. Today the family Hyacinthaceae consists of approximately 70 genera and 1000 species. </p> <p> The Hyacinthaceae prefer open, sunny habitats with dry and hot vegetation periods. In temperate regions they appear as spring geophytes in deciduous broadleaved forests. A few species like <i>Rhadamanthus urgineoides</i> from Madagascar grow epiphytic on trees in rainforests.</p> </div> <div name="Characteristics"> <h3> <a name="Characteristics"></a> Characteristics</h3> <p>The Hyacinthaceae are mostly bulbous plants with subterraneous or epigeal bulbs. The inflorescence is a raceme bearing one to hundreds of flowers. The superior ovary of the flower discriminates Hyacinthaceae from bulbous plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae. Only <i>Bowiea</i> with its hemi-inferior ovary is an exception to this rule. The inflorescence of this unusual genus is a strongly branched raceme - a character only shared with one other genus in the family, <i>Schizobasis</i>. The often prominent scape never bears foliage leaves and thus discriminates Hyacinthaceae from Liliaceae sensu stricto. The flowers are mainly visited by insects or in some genera also by birds.</p> </div> <div name="GeographicDistribution"> <h3> <a name="GeographicDistribution"></a> Geographic Distribution</h3> <div class="aboutimg"><img src="/tree/img/magnify.gif" alt="Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window" ><div class="aboutimgtext">Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window </div></div><a href="javascript: w = window.open('/onlinecontributors/app?service=external/ViewImageData&sp=5228', '5228', 'resizable,height=500,width=500,scrollbars=yes'); w.focus();"><img src="/tree/ToLimages/hyacinthaceae_distribution.jpg" class="center" alt="Geographic distribution of Hyacinthaceae" /></a> <p class="caption"> Geographic distribution of Hyacinthaceae (in green). </p> <p> The family has main centers of diversity with large numbers of species in southern Africa and the Mediterranean. The monotypic subfamily Oziroeoideae with the single genus <i>Oziroe</i> is found only in Andine South America. The Urgineoideae are distributed from South Africa to the Mediterranean and further to Arabia, India, and Burma. The Ornithogaloideae extend from South Africa and Southern France to Arabia and India, with <i>Loncomelos</i> ranging from the Mediterranean to the Ural mountains. The subfamily Hyacinthoideae has the widest distribution, extending from South Africa to East Asia (<i>Barnardia</i>), India (<i>Ledebouria</i>), Northwest Europe (<i>Tractema</i>), and Central Asia (<i>Bellevalia</i>, <i>Fessia</i>, <i>Muscari</i>).</p> </div> <div name="EconomicUses"> <h3> <a name="EconomicUses"></a> Economic Uses</h3> <div class="aboutimg"><img src="/tree/img/magnify.gif" alt="Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window" ><div class="aboutimgtext">Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window </div></div><a href="javascript: w = window.open('/onlinecontributors/app?service=external/ViewImageData&sp=3791', '3791', 'resizable,height=500,width=500,scrollbars=yes'); w.focus();"><img src="/tree/ToLimages/charybdis_herbal1.jpg" class="center" alt="Codex Vindobonensis page with sea onion" /></a> <p class="caption"> The sea onion is found in remedies in herbals and medicinal books since earliest times. Picture taken from the Codex Vindobonensis 93 (13. century) </p><p><i>Charybdis maritima</i>, the sea onion, has been in medicinal use since earliest times and was mentioned as early as 1554 B.C. in the Papyrus Ebers of the Middle Empire of Egypt as a cure for dropsy (Figala, 1972). Bufadienolides isolated from <i>C. maritima</i> and <i>Urginea indica</i> aggr. are used for the production of cardiac active substances (Krenn, 1994). Cardenolides from <i>Ornithogalum</i> have apparently not been utilized so far.</p> <p>In South Africa, several species such as <i>Eliokarmos thyrsoides</i>, <i>Ledebouria cooperi</i>, <i>L. inguinata</i>, <i>L. ovatifolia</i>, <i>L. revoluta</i>, <i>Zahariadia saundersiae</i>, and several members of subfamily Urgineoideae are poisonous to grazing animals. The toxic compound scilliroside (a bufadienolide) is used for poisoning rats.</p> <p>Hyacinthaceae are only occasionally used for human consumption. In Greece, the bulbs of <i>Muscari comosum</i> are eaten pickled, and in France, the inflorescences of <i>Loncomelos pyrenaicus</i> are eaten as a vegetable. In Africa, bushmen eat the bulbs of <i>Ledebouria apertiflora</i> and <i>L. revoluta</i>. </p> <p>More important is the use of various species as ornamentals and cut flowers. Species of <i>Chouardia</i>, <i>Hyacinthoides</i>, <i>Hyacinthus</i>, <i>Muscari</i>, <i>Othocallis</i>, <i>Puschkinia</i>, and <i>Scilla</i>, are spring flowers of Northern Hemisphere parks and gardens. In southern Africa, species of <i>Eucomis</i>, <i>Galtonia</i>, <i>Veltheimia</i>, and others are cultivated as ornamentals. <i>Eliokarmos thyrsoides</i> and related species are important as cut flowers.</p> </div> <div name="DiscussionofPhylogeneticRelationships"> <h3> <a name="DiscussionofPhylogeneticRelationships"></a> Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships</h3> <p>Based on chemotaxonomical, morphological, cytological, and molecular data the members of Hyacinthaceae can be divided into the four subfamilies Oziroeoideae, Urgineoideae, Ornithogaloideae, and Hyacinthoideae (Pfosser and Speta, 1999; Speta, 1998a; Speta, 1998b). Enough evidence has accumulated to demonstrate that the North American genera <i>Camassia</i> and <i>Chlorogalum</i> can no longer be included in Hyacinthaceae (Pfosser and Speta, 1999). Instead, rbcL sequence data (Chase et al., 1995; Fay and Chase, 1996), trnL/F sequence data (Pfosser and Speta, 1999), as well as serological data (Cupov and Kutjavina, 1981) point to a relationship of these genera to Agavaceae, Funkiaceae, and Anthericaceae and not to Hyacinthaceae.</p> </div> <div id="othernames"> <h3> <a name="othernames"></a> Other Names for Hyacinthaceae </h3> <ul class="nodisc"> <li>hyacinths <span class="authority"></span></li> <li>Hyacinthus, Ornithogalum, Scilla and their relatives <span class="authority"></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="refs"> <h3><a name="refs"></a> References</h3> <p class="cite">Chase, M.W., Duvall, M.R., Hills, H.G., Conran, J.G., Cox, A.V., Eguiarte, L.E., Hartwell, J., Fay, M.F., Caddick, L.R., Cameron, K.M. and Hoot, S. (1995) Molecular Phylogenetics of Lilianae. In Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. (Rudall, P.J., Cribb, P.J., Cutler, D.F. and Humphries, C.J., eds). London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 109-137.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Cupov, V. and Kutjavina, N.G. (1981) Serologiceskie issledovanija v porjadke Liliales II. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow-Leningrad), 66: 408-416.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Dahlgren, R.M.T., Clifford, H.T. and Yeo, P.F. (1985) The Families of the Monocotyledons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Fay, M.F. and Chase, M.W. (1996) Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Agapanthoideae. Taxon, 45: 441-451.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Figala, K. (1972) Wandlungen des Arzneibegriffs. Die Meerzwiebel als Heilmittel von der Antike bis heute. Ver鹒f. Forschungsinst. Deutschen Mus. Geschichte Naturwiss. Techn. A, Kleine Mitt, 117: 8 pp.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Krenn, L. (1994) Urginea. In Hagers Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis (Bruchhausen, F., ed):, pp. 1030-1050.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Linné, C. (1754) Genera plantarum, Holmiae.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Pfosser, M. and Speta, F. (1999) Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae based on plastid DNA sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 86: 852-875.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Speta, F. (1998a) Hyacinthaceae. In The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (Kubitzki, K., ed) Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 261-285.</p> <p class="cite"></p> <p class="cite">Speta, F. (1998b) Systematische Analyse der Gattung Scilla L. (Hyacinthaceae). Phyton (Horn), 38: 1-141.</p> </div> <div id="titlefigcaption" class="minorsection"> <h5> <a name="titlefigcaption"></a>Title Illustrations</h5> <div class="aboutimg"><img src="/tree/img/magnify.gif" alt="Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window" ><div class="aboutimgtext">Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window </div></div> <div class="imgdoc"> <div class="thumbn"> <a href="javascript:popup_window_2();" title="view full image and data in a new window"><img class="max200" src="/tree/ToLimages/hyacinthus_orientalis.100a.jpg" alt="Hyacinthus orientalis"></img></a> </div> <table class="imgdata"> <tr> <th> Scientific Name </th> <td> Hyacinthus orientalis L. </td> </tr><tr> <th> Location </th> <td> cult. Greci, Romania </td> </tr><tr> <th> Image Use </th> <td>  <img src="/tree/img/CCsomerights.gif" alt="creative commons"/> This media file is licensed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0</a>.   </td> </tr><tr> <th> Copyright </th> <td> © 2001 M. Pfosser and F. Speta </td> </tr> </table> </div><div class="imgdoc"> <div class="thumbn"> <a href="javascript:popup_window_3();" title="view full image and data in a new window"><img class="max200" src="/tree/ToLimages/orniumbellatumsl.100a.jpg" alt="Ornithogalum umbellatum"></img></a> </div> <table class="imgdata"> <tr> <th> Scientific Name </th> <td> Ornithogalum umbellatum sensu lato L. </td> </tr><tr> <th> Location </th> <td> Monte Conero, Italy </td> </tr><tr> <th> Image Use </th> <td>  <img src="/tree/img/CCsomerights.gif" alt="creative commons"/> This media file is licensed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0</a>.   </td> </tr><tr> <th> Copyright </th> <td> © 2001 M. Pfosser and F. Speta </td> </tr> </table> </div><div class="imgdoc"> <div class="thumbn"> <a href="javascript:popup_window_4();" title="view full image and data in a new window"><img class="max200" src="/tree/ToLimages/scillabifolia2.100a.jpg" alt="Scilla bifolia"></img></a> </div> <table class="imgdata"> <tr> <th> Scientific Name </th> <td> Scilla bifolia L. </td> </tr><tr> <th> Location </th> <td> Feldkirchen, Austria </td> </tr><tr> <th> Image Use </th> <td>  <img src="/tree/img/CCsomerights.gif" alt="creative commons"/> This media file is licensed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0</a>.   </td> </tr><tr> <th> Copyright </th> <td> © 2001 M. Pfosser and F. Speta </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div id="AboutThisPage" class="minorsection"> <h5> <a name="AboutThisPage"></a>About This Page</h5> <p> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var asdkj= unescape("%40%0A"); var dkfhsd= unescape("%2E%0A"); var x0 = unescape('%6d%2e%70%66%6f%73%73%65%72'); var x1 = unescape('%6c%61%6e%64%65%73%6d%75%73%65%75%6d'); var x2 = unescape('%61%74'); var x3 = unescape('%4d%61%72%74%69%6e%20%50%66%6f%73%73%65%72'); document.write(unescape("%3C%61%20%68%72%65%66%3D%22%6D%61%69%6C%74%6F%3A%0A")); document.write(x0 + asdkj + x1 + dkfhsd + x2 + unescape("%22%3E%0A")); document.write(x3); document.write(unescape("%3C%2F%61%3E%0A")); </script> <a href="/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=34E3D5975E6E37A657813A0D8B042002?page=ContributorDetailPage&service=external&sp=643&sp=X" title="contributor profile"> <img class="bottomb" src="/tree/img/contributorprofile.gif" alt=""></img> </a> <br/> Ober鰏terreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz, Austria<br/> </p> <p> <a href="http://www.biologiezentrum.at">Franz Speta</a> <a href="/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=34E3D5975E6E37A657813A0D8B042002?page=ContributorDetailPage&service=external&sp=644&sp=X" title="contributor profile"> <img class="bottomb" src="/tree/img/contributorprofile.gif" alt=""></img> </a> <br/> Biologisches Zentrum des 謘terreichischen Landesmuseums, Linz-Urfahr, Austria<br/> </p> <p id="correspondence"> Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Martin Pfosser at <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var asdkj= unescape("%40%0A"); var dkfhsd= unescape("%2E%0A"); var x0 = unescape('%6d%2e%70%66%6f%73%73%65%72'); var x1 = unescape('%6c%61%6e%64%65%73%6d%75%73%65%75%6d'); var x2 = unescape('%61%74'); var x3 = unescape('%6d%2e%70%66%6f%73%73%65%72%40%6c%61%6e%64%65%73%6d%75%73%65%75%6d%2e%61%74'); document.write(unescape("%3C%61%20%68%72%65%66%3D%22%6D%61%69%6C%74%6F%3A%0A")); document.write(x0 + asdkj + x1 + dkfhsd + x2 + unescape("%22%3E%0A")); document.write(x3); document.write(unescape("%3C%2F%61%3E%0A")); </script><br> </p> <p id="pagecopyright">Page copyright © 2001 <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var asdkj= unescape("%40%0A"); var dkfhsd= unescape("%2E%0A"); var x0 = unescape('%6d%2e%70%66%6f%73%73%65%72'); var x1 = unescape('%6c%61%6e%64%65%73%6d%75%73%65%75%6d'); var x2 = unescape('%61%74'); var x3 = unescape('%4d%61%72%74%69%6e%20%50%66%6f%73%73%65%72'); document.write(unescape("%3C%61%20%68%72%65%66%3D%22%6D%61%69%6C%74%6F%3A%0A")); document.write(x0 + asdkj + x1 + dkfhsd + x2 + unescape("%22%3E%0A")); document.write(x3); document.write(unescape("%3C%2F%61%3E%0A")); </script></p> <div> <p> <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" target="_blank" rel="license"> <img src="/tree/img/somerights20.png" class="floatleft"></a> <span xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type">Page: Tree of Life <strong>Hyacinthaceae. Hyacinthus, Ornithogalum, Scilla and their relatives.</strong></span> Authored by <span xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="http://tolweb.org/Hyacinthaceae/21437/2001.01.01" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">Martin Pfosser and Franz Speta</span>. The <strong>TEXT</strong> of this page is licensed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" target="_blank" rel="license"> Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0</a>. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the <a href="/tree/home.pages/tolcopyright.html">Tree of Life Copyright Policies</a>. </p> </div> <div id="pagecitation"> <h6>Citing this page:</h6> <p class="cite"> Pfosser, Martin and Franz Speta. 2001. Hyacinthaceae. Hyacinthus, Ornithogalum, Scilla and their relatives. Version 01 January 2001 (under construction). <span class="url">http://tolweb.org/Hyacinthaceae/21437/2001.01.01</span> <em>in</em> The Tree of Life Web Project, <span class="url">http://tolweb.org/</span> </p> </div> <onl:null> <a href="/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=34E3D5975E6E37A657813A0D8B042002?component=%24AboutPage.%24DirectLink&page=ViewBranchOrLeaf&service=direct&session=T&sp=l21437" class="grayfaded noline">edit this page</a> </onl:null> </div> </div> <div id="localnav"> <a name="localnav"></a><img id="pagetype" onclick="changeclass('pttip', 'show', 'hide')" class="branchleaf" src="/tree/img/lilbranch.gif"></img> <div id="pttip" class="hide"><img src="/tree/img/close.gif" class="closebox" alt="close box" onclick="changeclass('pttip', 'show', 'hide')" /> <p>This page is a <strong class="branch">Tree of Life Branch Page</strong>.</p> <p>Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a <em>branch</em> and a <em>leaf</em> of the Tree of Life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.</p> <p>For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the <a href="/tree/home.pages/structure.html">Structure of the Tree of Life</a> page.</p> <span class="close" onclick="changeclass('pttip', 'show', 'hide')">close box</span> </div> <h2 class="branchtitle"> Hyacinthaceae </h2> <a name="toc"></a> <h4 class="open" id="pagecontent" onclick="changeclass('pagecontent', 'open', 'closed'); changeclass('contentmenu', 'open', 'closed')">Page Content</h4> <ul id="contentmenu" class="open"> <li> <a href="#Introduction"> Introduction </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Characteristics"> Characteristics </a> </li> <li> <a href="#GeographicDistribution"> Geographic Distribution </a> </li> <li> <a href="#EconomicUses"> Economic Uses </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DiscussionofPhylogeneticRelationships"> Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships </a> </li> <li><a href="#othernames">Other Names</a></li> <li><a href="#refs">References</a></li> <li><a href="#titlefigcaption">Title Illustrations</a></li> <li><a href="#AboutThisPage">About This Page</a></li> </ul> <h4 class="open" id="articles" onclick="changeclass('articles', 'open', 'closed'); changeclass('articlesmenu', 'open', 'closed')">articles & notes</h4> <ul id="articlesmenu" class="open"> <li class="thispage">Hyacinthaceae Branch Page</li> </ul> <h4 class="open" id="collections" onclick="changeclass('collections', 'open', 'closed'); changeclass('collectionsmenu', 'open', 'closed')">collections</h4> <ul id="collectionsmenu" class="open"> <li> <a href="/images/Hyacinthaceae/21437" disabled="false">Hyacinthaceae Images</a> </li> <li> <a href="/movies/Hyacinthaceae/21437" disabled="false">Hyacinthaceae Movies</a> </li> </ul> <h4 class="open" id="people" onclick="changeclass('people', 'open', 'closed'); changeclass('peoplemenu', 'open', 'closed')">people</h4> <ul id="peoplemenu" class="open"> <li> <a href="/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=34E3D5975E6E37A657813A0D8B042002?page=PeopleList&service=external&sp=21437"> Hyacinthaceae People </a> </li> </ul> <h4 class="open" id="navprefs" onclick="changeclass('navprefs', 'open', 'closed'); changeclass('navprefsmenu', 'open', 'closed')">options</h4> <ul id="navprefsmenu" class="open"> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/mytol.html">Setting Preferences</a></li> <li><a onclick="updatePreference('Show_glossary'); return false;" href="#">Show Glossary Entries</a></li> <li><a onclick="updatePreference('Move_internet_info'); return false;" href="#">Move Internet Links to Top</a></li> <li><a onclick="updatePreference('Show_taxon_list'); return false;" href="#">Show Only Taxon Lists</a></li> <li><a onclick="updatePreference('Show_random_images'); return false;" href="#">Show Random Pictures From This Group</a></li> </ul> <h3>Explore Other Groups</h3> <h4 class="open" id="navother" onclick="changeclass('navother', 'open', 'closed'); changeclass('navothermenu', 'open', 'closed')">other Asparagales</h4> <ul id="navothermenu" class="open"> <li class="thispage"> Hyacinthaceae </li> </ul> <h4 class="open" id="navdown" onclick="changeclass('navdown', 'open', 'closed'); changeclass('navdownmenu', 'open', 'closed')">containing groups</h4> <ul id="navdownmenu" class="open"> <li> <a href="/Asparagales/21333"> Asparagales </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Monocotyledons/20668"> Monocotyledons </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Angiosperms/20646"> Angiosperms </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Spermatopsida/20622"> Spermatopsida </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Embryophytes/20582"> Embryophytes </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Green_plants/2382"> Green plants </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Eukaryotes/3"> Eukaryotes </a> </li> <li class="last_item"> <a href="/Life_on_Earth/1"> Life on Earth </a> </li> </ul> <h4 class="nomenu"><a href="/tree?random=true">random page</a></h4> </div> <a name="top"></a> <a name="skip"></a><a href="#maincontent" id="skip" class="hidden" title="Skip navigation">Skip to main content</a> <a href="http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html" title="Tree of Life Home Page" id="HomeLink"> </a> <a href="http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html" id="ToLWebProject"><img title="Tree of Life Home Page" src="/tree/img/ToLWebProject.gif" alt="go to the Tree of Life home page"></img></a> <a href="#quicklinks" class="hidden" title="Go to quick links">Go to quick links</a> <a href="#quicksearch" class="hidden" title="Go to quick search">Go to quick search</a> <a href="#sectionnav" class="hidden" title="Go to local navigation">Go to navigation for this section of the ToL site</a> <a href="#sitenav" class="hidden" title="Go to detailed site links">Go to detailed links for the ToL site</a> <div id="sitenav"> <a name="sitenav"></a> <h3 class="hidden">Site Navigation</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/phylogeny.html">Home</a></li> <li class="med"><a href="/tree/home.pages/browsing.html">Browse</a> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/browsing.html">Browse</a></li> <li><a href="/Life_on_Earth/1">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/popular.html">Popular Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/sample.html">Sample Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/growth.html">Recent Additions</a></li> <li><a href="/tree?random=true">Random Page</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/treehouses.html">Treehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/media.html">Images, Movies,... </a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/treehelp.html">Help</a> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/treehelp.html">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/finding.html">Finding Things</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/navigating.html">Navigating</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/treeinterpret.html">Tree Diagrams </a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/faq.html">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/feedback.html">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="long"><a href="/tree/home.pages/projectfeatures.html">Features</a> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/projectfeatures.html">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/mytol.html">Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/forums.html">Forums</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/glossary.html">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/media.html">Images, Movies,...</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/downloadtree.html">Webservices</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/links.html">Links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="long"><a href="/tree/learn/learning.html">Learning</a> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/learn/learning.html">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/treehouses.html">Treehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/learn/treebuilder.html">Building Treehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/learn/concepts/concepts.html">Evolution/Phylogeny</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="vlong"><a href="/tree/home.pages/contributions.html">Contribute</a> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/contributions.html">Contribute</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/sep/scicontent.html">Scientific Content</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/learn/treebuilder.html">Build Treehouses </a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/imagecontributions.html">Images/Media</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/contributions.html">Contributor Log-In </a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/abouttol.html">About</a> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/abouttol.html">About</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/news.html">News</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/goals.html">Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/toleol.html">ToL/EOL</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/structure.html">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/aboutoverview.html">Home Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/tolhistory.html">History/Future</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/accessibility.html">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/citation.html">Citing the ToL</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/quality.html">Quality Control </a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/toldev.html">Tech Development</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/tolpolicies.html">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/people.html">People</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/acknowledgments.html">Acknowledgments</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <form method="get" action="/tree/home.pages/search.html" id="quicksearch"> <input name="q" size="10" type="text"> <input class="gooquick" name="sa" value="Search" type="submit"> </form> <ul id="advanced"><li id="advancedsearch"><a href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/search.html">advanced</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/groupsearch.html">Group Search</a></li> <li><a href="http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/textsearch.html">Text Search</a></li> <li><a href="http://tolweb.org/onlinecontributors/app?service=page&page=ImageSearchPage">Media Search</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <a href="#skip" title="Go back to the beginning" class="hidden">go to top</a> <div id="footer"> <a name="footer"></a> <div id="quicklinks"> <a name="quicklinks"></a> <ul> <li><a href="/tree/phylogeny.html">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/browsing.html">Browse</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/treehelp.html">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/projectfeatures.html">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/learn/learning.html">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/contributions.html">Contribute</a></li> <li><a href="/tree/home.pages/abouttol.html">About</a></li> <li class="lastquick"><a href="/tree/home.pages/search.html">Search</a></li> </ul> </div> <span class="policy"><a href="/tree/home.pages/ToLPrivacyPolicy.html">Privacy Policy</a> — <a href="/tree/home.pages/tolcopyright.html">Copyright Policies</a></span> <p class="copyright">Tree of Life design and icons copyright © 1995-2004 Tree of Life Project. All rights reserved.</p> </div> <a href="#top" id="toplink">top</a> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-6410837-1"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch(err) {} </script> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"></script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Hyacinthaceae