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</li> <li id="toc-National_and_international_pageants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_international_pageants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 National and international pageants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_international_pageants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_beauty_pageants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_beauty_pageants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Major beauty pageants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_beauty_pageants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major beauty pageants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_beauty_pageants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Big_Four_International_Beauty_Pageants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Four_International_Beauty_Pageants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Big Four International Beauty Pageants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Four_International_Beauty_Pageants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Four_dethronements_and_resignations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Four_dethronements_and_resignations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Big Four dethronements and resignations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Four_dethronements_and_resignations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swimsuit_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swimsuit_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Swimsuit competition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swimsuit_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Scandals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Beauty pageant</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مسابقة ملكة الجمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسابقة ملكة الجمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z%C9%99llik_m%C3%BCsabiq%C9%99si" title="Gözəllik müsabiqəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gözəllik müsabiqəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সুন্দরী প্রতিযোগিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুন্দরী প্রতিযোগিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Конкурс прыгажосці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Конкурс прыгажосці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96" title="Конкурс прыгажосьці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Конкурс прыгажосьці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सौंदर्य प्रतिजोगिता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सौंदर्य प्रतिजोगिता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagarayonan" title="Pagarayonan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagarayonan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurs_de_bellesa" title="Concurs de bellesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concurs de bellesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sout%C4%9B%C5%BE_kr%C3%A1sy" title="Soutěž krásy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soutěž krásy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B8nhedskonkurrence" title="Skønhedskonkurrence – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skønhedskonkurrence" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nheitswettbewerb" title="Schönheitswettbewerb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schönheitswettbewerb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iludusv%C3%B5istlus" title="Iludusvõistlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iludusvõistlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurso_de_belleza" title="Concurso de belleza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concurso de belleza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleco-konkurso" title="Beleco-konkurso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beleco-konkurso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جشنواره زیبایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جشنواره زیبایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concours_de_beaut%C3%A9" title="Concours de beauté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concours de beauté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skientmewedstryd" title="Skientmewedstryd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skientmewedstryd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%9D%B8_%EB%8C%80%ED%9A%8C" title="미인 대회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미인 대회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Գեղեցկության մրցույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեղեցկության մրցույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सौंदर्य प्रतियोगिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सौंदर्य प्रतियोगिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbor_ljepote" title="Izbor ljepote – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izbor ljepote" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleso-konkurso" title="Beleso-konkurso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Beleso-konkurso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontes_kecantikan" title="Kontes kecantikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kontes kecantikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorso_di_bellezza" title="Concorso di bellezza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concorso di bellezza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="תחרות יופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחרות יופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სილამაზის კონკურსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სილამაზის კონკურსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AA%C5%9Fbaziya_bedew%C3%AEtiy%C3%AA" title="Pêşbaziya bedewîtiyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêşbaziya bedewîtiyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ການປະກວດຄວາມງາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການປະກວດຄວາມງາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9ps%C3%A9gverseny" title="Szépségverseny – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szépségverseny" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सौन्दर्य प्रतियोगिता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സൗന്ദര്യമത്സരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗന്ദര്യമത്സരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="सौंदर्यस्पर्धा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सौंदर्यस्पर्धा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مسابقة ملكة جمال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسابقة ملكة جمال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertandingan_kecantikan" title="Pertandingan kecantikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertandingan kecantikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%99%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="အလှမယ်ပြိုင်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလှမယ်ပြိုင်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoonheidswedstrijd" title="Schoonheidswedstrijd – Dutch" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Beauty contest" and "Beauty queen" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beauty_contest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beauty contest (disambiguation)">Beauty contest (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beauty_queen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beauty queen (disambiguation)">Beauty queen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miss_Universe_1930_Winners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Miss_Universe_1930_Winners.jpg/310px-Miss_Universe_1930_Winners.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Miss_Universe_1930_Winners.jpg/465px-Miss_Universe_1930_Winners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Miss_Universe_1930_Winners.jpg/620px-Miss_Universe_1930_Winners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>The winners of the <a href="/wiki/International_Pageant_of_Pulchritude" title="International Pageant of Pulchritude">International Pageant of Pulchritude 1930</a> competition</figcaption></figure> A beauty pageant is a <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> in which the contestants are judged and ranked based on various physical and mental attributes. Per its name, beauty pageants traditionally focus on judging the contestants' <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">physical attractiveness</a>, sometimes solely so, but most modern beauty pageants have since expanded to also judge contestants based on "inner beauty"—their individual traits and characteristics, including <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aptitude" title="Aptitude">aptitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">moral character</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a>. Though typically perceived as a female-oriented competition, male beauty pageants also exist, as do <a href="/wiki/Child_beauty_pageant" title="Child beauty pageant">child beauty pageants</a> for youth. The term "beauty pageant" refers originally to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_beauty_pageants" title="Big Four beauty pageants">Big Four beauty pageants</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_World" title="Miss World">Miss World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_International" title="Miss International">Miss International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth" title="Miss Earth">Miss Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Hundreds and thousands of beauty contests are held annually,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> but the Big Four are considered the most prestigious,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and are widely covered and broadcast by <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-wallstreet-debris-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-gma-afp-11">[11]</a> The earliest formal beauty pageants were held in the 19th century, although similar informal events date back to at least the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical period</a>. Modern beauty pageants were first established in the early 20th century, with their popularity later boosted by the establishment of international pageants in the mid-20th century. Reforms of pageants in the 21st century marked a shift from primarily focusing on physical appearance to placing more weight on other characteristics. Beauty pageants are generally multi-tiered, with local competitions feeding into the larger competitions; for example, the international pageants have hundreds or thousands of local competitions. The organizers of each pageant may determine the competition rules, including the age range of contestants. The rules may also require the contestants to be unmarried, and be virtuous, amateur, and available for promotions, besides other criteria. It may also set the clothing standards in which contestants will be judged, including such as <a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">formal wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">swimsuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">sportswear</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Designer_clothing" title="Designer clothing">designer clothing</a>. Possible awards of beauty contests include titles, <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">crowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flower_bouquet" title="Flower bouquet">bouquets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">scepters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savings_bond" title="Savings bond">savings bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">prize money</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The winner of a beauty contest is generally called a beauty queen for female pageants and a beauty king for male pageants. Pageant titles are often subdivided into "Miss", "Mrs." or "Ms.", and "Teen", to clearly identify the difference between pageant divisions. The rankings of the contestants are referred to as placements.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Georgina,_Lady_Seymour,_Eglinton_Tournament..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Jane_Georgina%2C_Lady_Seymour%2C_Eglinton_Tournament..jpg/220px-Jane_Georgina%2C_Lady_Seymour%2C_Eglinton_Tournament..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Jane_Georgina%2C_Lady_Seymour%2C_Eglinton_Tournament..jpg/330px-Jane_Georgina%2C_Lady_Seymour%2C_Eglinton_Tournament..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Jane_Georgina%2C_Lady_Seymour%2C_Eglinton_Tournament..jpg/440px-Jane_Georgina%2C_Lady_Seymour%2C_Eglinton_Tournament..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Seymour,_Duchess_of_Somerset" title="Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset">Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset</a> was crowned the 'Queen of Beauty' at the Eglinton Tournament of 1839.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_show,_1922,_(8-5-22)_LOC_npcc.06819_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauty_show%2C_1922%2C_%288-5-22%29_LOC_npcc.06819_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Beauty_show%2C_1922%2C_%288-5-22%29_LOC_npcc.06819_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauty_show%2C_1922%2C_%288-5-22%29_LOC_npcc.06819_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Beauty_show%2C_1922%2C_%288-5-22%29_LOC_npcc.06819_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauty_show%2C_1922%2C_%288-5-22%29_LOC_npcc.06819_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Beauty_show%2C_1922%2C_%288-5-22%29_LOC_npcc.06819_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Woman receiving an award for winning a beauty pageant, 1922</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebraci%C3%B3n_del_7_Festival_de_Tradiciones_Canarias_en_Cuba_(2010),_princesa_d%C3%A1cil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Celebraci%C3%B3n_del_7_Festival_de_Tradiciones_Canarias_en_Cuba_%282010%29%2C_princesa_d%C3%A1cil.jpg/170px-Celebraci%C3%B3n_del_7_Festival_de_Tradiciones_Canarias_en_Cuba_%282010%29%2C_princesa_d%C3%A1cil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Celebraci%C3%B3n_del_7_Festival_de_Tradiciones_Canarias_en_Cuba_%282010%29%2C_princesa_d%C3%A1cil.jpg/255px-Celebraci%C3%B3n_del_7_Festival_de_Tradiciones_Canarias_en_Cuba_%282010%29%2C_princesa_d%C3%A1cil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Celebraci%C3%B3n_del_7_Festival_de_Tradiciones_Canarias_en_Cuba_%282010%29%2C_princesa_d%C3%A1cil.jpg/340px-Celebraci%C3%B3n_del_7_Festival_de_Tradiciones_Canarias_en_Cuba_%282010%29%2C_princesa_d%C3%A1cil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1cil" title="Dácil">Princess Dácil</a>" contest at the Seventh Festival of Canarian Traditions in Cuba. In the center of the image, Mary Ann Álvarez Robbio, who was the winner of the contest in 2010.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv/220px--Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="216" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv/Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Lone Star State selects beauties for 100 Year Pageant.<a href="#cite_note-Lone_Star_State_Selects_Beauties_for_100_Year_Pageant-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> European festivals dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> provide the most direct lineage for beauty pageants. For example, English <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> celebrations always had the selection of a <a href="/wiki/May_Queen" title="May Queen">May Queen</a>. In the United States, the May Day tradition of selecting a woman to serve as a symbol of beauty and community ideals continued, as young, beautiful women participated in public celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The first known beauty pageant was the <a href="/wiki/Belle_of_the_Anna-ball" title="Belle of the Anna-ball">Belle of the Anna-Ball</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> traditional beauty pageant, first held in <a href="/wiki/Balatonf%C3%BCred" title="Balatonfüred">Balatonfüred</a> in 1825. The contest is still being held there on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna%27s_day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna's day (page does not exist)">Anna's Day</a> (Anna napja) on 26 July. A beauty pageant was held during the <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Tournament" title="Eglinton Tournament">Eglinton Tournament</a> of 1839, organized by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Montgomerie,_13th_Earl_of_Eglinton" title="Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton">Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton</a>, as part of a re-enactment of a medieval joust that was held in Scotland. The pageant was won by <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Seymour,_Duchess_of_Somerset" title="Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset">Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_12th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset</a>, and sister of <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Norton" title="Caroline Norton">Caroline Norton</a>, and she was proclaimed as the "Queen of Beauty".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Beauty contests became more popular in the 1880s. In 1888, the title of 'beauty queen' was awarded to an 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> contestant at a pageant in <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa, Belgium</a>. All participants had to supply a photograph and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Such events were not regarded as respectable. In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_Beach,_Delaware" title="Rehoboth Beach, Delaware">Rehoboth Beach, Delaware</a> held the first recorded beauty pageant in the United States, searching for "the most beautiful unmarried woman in our nation" and awarding her the title of <a href="/wiki/Miss_United_States" title="Miss United States">Miss United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_international_pageants">National and international pageants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National and international pageants">edit</a>]</div> Beauty contests came to be considered more respectable with the first modern "<a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a>" contest held in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The oldest pageant still in operation today is the <a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a> pageant, which was organized in 1921 by a local businessman to entice tourists to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Almanac-22">[22]</a> The pageant hosted the winners of local newspaper beauty contests in the "Inter-City Beauty" Contest, attended by over one hundred thousand people. Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman of Washington, D.C., was crowned Miss America 1921, having won both the popularity and beauty contests, and was awarded $100.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11_women_and_a_little_girl_lined_up_for_bathing_beauty_contest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/11_women_and_a_little_girl_lined_up_for_bathing_beauty_contest.png/220px-11_women_and_a_little_girl_lined_up_for_bathing_beauty_contest.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/11_women_and_a_little_girl_lined_up_for_bathing_beauty_contest.png/330px-11_women_and_a_little_girl_lined_up_for_bathing_beauty_contest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/11_women_and_a_little_girl_lined_up_for_bathing_beauty_contest.png/440px-11_women_and_a_little_girl_lined_up_for_bathing_beauty_contest.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Bathing beauty contest, USA, 1920</figcaption></figure> In May 1920, promoter C.E. Barfield of <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a> organized a new event known as "Splash Day" on the island. The event featured a "Bathing Girl Revue" competition as the centerpiece of its attractions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miss_United_States-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDN:_Pulchritude-27">[27]</a> The event was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually. The event quickly became known outside of Texas and, beginning in 1926, the world's first international contest was added, known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Pageant_of_Pulchritude" title="International Pageant of Pulchritude">International Pageant of Pulchritude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miss_United_States-26">[26]</a> This contest is said to have served as a model for modern pageants.<a href="#cite_note-GDN:_Pulchritude-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It featured contestants from England, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and many other nations and the title awarded at the time was known as "Miss Universe".<a href="#cite_note-GDN:_Pulchritude-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The event was discontinued in the United States in 1932 because of the Depression (the international competition was revived briefly in Belgium).<a href="#cite_note-Jones_Durham_2013_p._120-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sudarshan_2022_p._20-32">[32]</a> The popularity of the Miss America pageant prompted other organizations to establish similar contests in the 1950s and beyond. Some were significant while others were trivial, such as the National Donut Queen contest. The <a href="/wiki/Miss_World" title="Miss World">Miss World</a> contest started in 1951, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a> started in 1952, as did <a href="/wiki/Miss_USA" title="Miss USA">Miss USA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miss_International" title="Miss International">Miss International</a> started in 1960. <a href="/wiki/Miss_Asia_Pacific_International" title="Miss Asia Pacific International">Miss Asia Pacific International</a>, which started in 1968, is the first and oldest beauty pageant in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-IndiaTimes-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darling_of_press-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Miss_Black_America" title="Miss Black America">Miss Black America</a> contest started in 1968<a href="#cite_note-timeline-35">[35]</a> in response to the exclusion of African American women from the Miss America pageant. The Miss Universe Organization started the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA" title="Miss Teen USA">Miss Teen USA</a> in 1983 for the 14–19 age group. <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth" title="Miss Earth">Miss Earth</a> started in 2001, which channels the beauty pageant entertainment industry to actively promote the preservation of the environment.<a href="#cite_note-channeling-beauty-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-missearth.tv/about.html-37">[37]</a> These contests continue to this day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_beauty_pageants">Major beauty pageants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major beauty pageants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_pageants" title="List of beauty pageants">List of beauty pageants</a></div> Major international contests for women include the yearly <a href="/wiki/Miss_World" title="Miss World">Miss World</a> competition (founded by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Morley" title="Eric Morley">Eric Morley</a> in 1951), <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a> (founded in 1952), <a href="/wiki/Miss_International" title="Miss International">Miss International</a> (founded in 1960), and <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth" title="Miss Earth">Miss Earth</a> (founded in 2001 with environmental awareness as its concern).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-edinburgh-students-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-beauty-40">[40]</a> These four are considered the biggest and most well known pageants, the four largest and most famous international beauty contests for single or unmarried women (all apply to single or unmarried women except <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a>). Most pageants give an age requirement to be eligible to compete; for example, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a> has a maximum age requirement of 28 years old.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_Four_International_Beauty_Pageants">Big Four International Beauty Pageants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Big Four International Beauty Pageants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_international_beauty_pageants" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four international beauty pageants">Big Four international beauty pageants</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Founded </th> <th>Pageant </th> <th>Organizer </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Bikini allowed </th> <th class="unsortable">Bikini regulation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miss_World" title="Miss World">Miss World</a></td> <td>Miss World Organization</td> <td>London, England</td> <td>1951–2014; 2023–present</td> <td>1951: The first winner, <a href="/wiki/Kiki_H%C3%A5kansson" title="Kiki Håkansson">Kiki Håkansson</a> from Sweden, was crowned in a bikini. Countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates,<a href="#cite_note-shin-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> condemned the crowning as sinful.<a href="#cite_note-Selvedge-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-theweek-45">[45]</a> 1952: Swimsuits toned down to more modest designs.<a href="#cite_note-Almanac-22">[22]</a> 1996: Miss World contest was held in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, India, but the swimsuit round was shifted to <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> because of intense protests.<a href="#cite_note-despite-46">[46]</a> 2013: The swimsuit round was dropped because of Islamist protests in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, Indonesia, where the contest took place.<a href="#cite_note-au.ibtimes.com-47">[47]</a> 2015: The Beach Fashion segment of the pageant was dropped.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a></td> <td>JKN Legacy Inc. <a href="/wiki/JKN_Global_Group" title="JKN Global Group">JKN Global Group</a> (50%) Legacy Holding Group USA Inc. (50%)</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Samut Prakan Province">Samut Prakan</a>, Thailand</li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, United States</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</li></ul></div> </td> <td>1997–present</td> <td>1952: Bikinis banned. 1997: Contestants allowed to wear bikinis.<a href="#cite_note-Almanac-22">[22]</a> 2021: Bikinis made optional. Contestants are allowed to wear <a href="/wiki/Burkini" title="Burkini">burkinis</a> during swimsuit competition.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miss_International" title="Miss International">Miss International</a></td> <td>International Cultural Association</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo, Japan">Tokyo</a>, Japan</td> <td>1960–2022</td> <td>1964: Bikinis made mandatory. 2023: The swimsuit parade to replaced by Lingerie parade. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth" title="Miss Earth">Miss Earth</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carousel_Productions_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Carousel Productions Inc.">Carousel Productions</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>2003–present</td> <td>2003: <a href="/wiki/Vida_Samadzai" title="Vida Samadzai">Vida Samadzai</a> from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> participating in a bikini caused an uproar in her home country.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-indymedia-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-opinionjournal-53">[53]</a>2017: The "Beauty of Form and Figure" preliminary judging in <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth_2017" title="Miss Earth 2017">Miss Earth 2017</a> was introduced where the delegates walked in white two-piece bikinis while their faces were covered by a white veil to focus the judgment on the body figures in this portion.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Big_Four_dethronements_and_resignations">Big Four dethronements and resignations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Big Four dethronements and resignations">edit</a>]</div> Dethronements and resignations are rare for the Big Four pageant winners, but when it does occur, it creates media attention. The Miss World pageant has had 3 cases of dethronement or resignation instances: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_1973" title="Miss World 1973">1973</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Wallace" title="Marjorie Wallace">Marjorie Wallace</a> from the United States, who was crowned Miss World and once stated that "as Miss World I can get laid with any man I pick", dated a string of celebrities including <a href="/wiki/George_Best" title="George Best">George Best</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-56">[56]</a> She was dethroned three months after she was crowned.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>In Miss Universe, <a href="/wiki/Oxana_Fedorova" title="Oxana Fedorova">Oxana Fedorova</a> of Russia was crowned <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_2002" title="Miss Universe 2002">Miss Universe 2002</a> and was dethroned four months later, as she was unable to fulfill her obligations.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> She was the first to be dethroned in the history of Miss Universe.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> She was replaced by first runner-up <a href="/wiki/Justine_Pasek" title="Justine Pasek">Justine Pasek</a> of Panama.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>After being crowned <a href="/wiki/Miss_Wales" title="Miss Wales">Miss Wales</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Miss_United_Kingdom" title="Miss United Kingdom">Miss United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Morgan_(Miss_World)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Morgan (Miss World)">Helen Morgan</a>, competed and won <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_1974" title="Miss World 1974">Miss World 1974</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-News-64">[64]</a> However she was discovered to be a mother<a href="#cite_note-News-64">[64]</a> and was named in a divorce case. This led to her resigning four days after she was crowned.<a href="#cite_note-News-64">[64]</a> She was replaced by first runner-up of South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Anneline_Kriel" title="Anneline Kriel">Anneline Kriel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Brum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriela Brum">Gabriela Brum</a> of Germany had the shortest reign in Miss World history when she resigned her title 18 hours after being crowned <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_1980" title="Miss World 1980">Miss World 1980</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> She indicated that her boyfriend disapproved of the contest, but it was later revealed that she had posed for naked photographs; she later relocated to the United States and modelled nude for <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-56">[56]</a> Second place <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Santos">Kimberley Santos</a> of Guam replaced Brum by default.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li></ul> In its early years, there were two instances where the reigning Miss Universe opted to resign from her position: <a href="/wiki/Armi_Kuusela" title="Armi Kuusela">Armi Kuusela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_1952" title="Miss Universe 1952">Miss Universe 1952</a> from Finland, who held the distinction of being the first Miss Universe winner to give up her crown in less than a year to marry Filipino businessman Virgilio Hilario while <a href="/wiki/Amparo_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Amparo Muñoz">Amparo Muñoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_1974" title="Miss Universe 1974">Miss Universe 1974</a> of Spain refused to travel to Japan and instead resigned after six months of her reign.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> However, since the pageant had no concrete rule on resignation at that time, they were allowed to keep their titles.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In Miss Earth, the 2002 winner, <a href="/wiki/Dzejla_Glavovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzejla Glavovic">Dzejla Glavovic</a> of Bosnia and Herzegovina was dethroned of her crown six months into her reign, after she failed to show up at several environmental events.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> According to Carousel Productions, organizer of the Miss Earth contest, Glavovic was dethroned because of "her inability to fulfill the duties and responsibilities as the Miss Earth titleholder, in accordance with the rules and regulations set forth in the Miss Earth contract that she signed."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> She was succeeded by first runner-up <a href="/wiki/Winfred_Omwakwe" title="Winfred Omwakwe">Winfred Omwakwe</a> of Kenya as <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth_2002" title="Miss Earth 2002">Miss Earth 2002</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In Miss International, <a href="/wiki/Ikumi_Yoshimatsu" title="Ikumi Yoshimatsu">Ikumi Yoshimatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_International_2012" title="Miss International 2012">Miss International 2012</a> was the first titleholder of the pageant from Japan to be dethroned shortly before the end of her reign.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> She was ordered by the International Culture Association (Miss International organizer) to skip the succession ceremony and "play sick and shut up" out of fear of scandal.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Miss International organizer cited the reason for her dethronement was due to her involvement in a contract dispute with a talent agency in which she claimed that she was pressured to sign by Burning Productions, a film production company which is rumored to be linked with the Japanese underworld, but she refused and went ahead by starting her own company.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Yoshimatsu filed criminal charges against one of Japan's most powerful talent agency executives, Genichi Taniguchi of Burning Productions, for allegedly stalking, intimidating, and harassing her.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diversity">edit</a>]</div> Diversity of contestants and winners have both increased since the inception of beauty pageants. In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Bess_Myerson" title="Bess Myerson">Bess Myerson</a>, an American politician, model and, television actress became the first Jewish person to win the Miss America title in the Atlantic city and to this day remains the only Jewish person to have received the crown. Her success in winning the title was hugely symbolic and personal to Jewish people at that time because it in the direct aftermath of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 1959, Japanese model <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Kojima" title="Akiko Kojima">Akiko Kojima</a> became the first woman of color to win the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a> title. Her success marked the beginning of a shift away from white women as the global female beauty ideal.<a href="#cite_note-Riding_the_Crest-85">[85]</a> The continued success of Asian women in American and international beauty pageants has signaled that white women are no longer considered the beauty ideal.<a href="#cite_note-Hune_Nomura_2003_p.-86">[86]</a> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Williams" title="Vanessa Williams">Vanessa Williams</a>, an American singer, actress and fashion designer gained recognition as being the first African American woman to receive the Miss America title.<a href="#cite_note-Brand_2000_p._157-87">[87]</a> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Lupita_Jones" title="Lupita Jones">Lupita Jones</a>, a Mexican actress and television producer, became the first Mexican person to win Miss Universe.<a href="#cite_note-Orme_1997-88">[88]</a> Besides the international beauty pageants, numerous minor competitions exist throughout the world displaying the different perceptions of beauty. Some examples of criteria to select beauty queens that are unique to certain culture. The Miss India USA pageant uses <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian history</a> and traditional craft skills as its specialties,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> while the Miss Howard University competition takes advantage of the principles of "black beauty".<a href="#cite_note-auto2-91">[91]</a> The winner is often viewed as a model for the "ideal" community member.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Through the competitions, the contestants can learn how to present themselves in public and how to cultivate certain traits such as confidence or poise.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In some cases, the competitors are selected to act as a representative on behalf of the community. In the African American community of Howard University, the selected Miss Howard University served as advocates for the Civil Rights Movement in the decades following the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-91">[91]</a> Additionally, the Miss Landmine competition situated in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> allow victims to serve as advocates on behalf of other victims of mining accidents.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Researchers suggest that the emergence of beauty pageants in countries outside the United States is linked to an economic boom geared towards a more consumeristic lifestyle. For example, in India, from 1996 to 2000, the personal care industry grew by 25% while the number of women applying for the Miss India competition increased from 1000 people in 1993 to 6500 people in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Additionally, after China hosted about 6 international beauty pageants in 2004, the beauty industry increased in influence in the area. At the same time, the number of regional beauty pageants in the country increased.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miss_Amsterdam_jury_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Miss_Amsterdam_jury_1973.jpg/220px-Miss_Amsterdam_jury_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Miss_Amsterdam_jury_1973.jpg/330px-Miss_Amsterdam_jury_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Miss_Amsterdam_jury_1973.jpg/440px-Miss_Amsterdam_jury_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>The panel of judges for the 1973 Miss Amsterdam pageant</figcaption></figure> Critics of beauty pageants argue that such contests reinforce the idea that girls and women should be valued primarily for their physical appearance, and that this puts tremendous pressure on women to conform to conventional beauty standards by spending time and money on fashion, cosmetics, <a href="/wiki/Hair_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair styling">hair styling</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetic surgery">cosmetic surgery</a>. They say that this pursuit of physical beauty even encourages some women to <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">diet</a> to the point of harming themselves.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The London Feminist Network argues that rather than being empowering, beauty pageants do the opposite: denying women's full humanity by subjecting them to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">objectification</a>, denying their full humanity by maintaining that their primary purpose is to be attractive.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Beginning in 1981, the International Year of the Disabled Person, campaigners in Australia targeted beauty pageants in order to, in the words of activist Leslie Hall, "challenge the notion of beauty" and "reject the charity ethic." High profile demonstrations led to some charities abandoning their use of such contests for fundraising and also saw some remove offensive language from their organisational titles.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Another criticism is in the way beauty pageant is quantifiably scored as highlighted by the "Myth of the Perfect 10".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Beauty becomes a numerical coefficient in ranking contestants, and this type of scoring still remains followed as a system even in nationwide beauty pageants such as <a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Researchers suggest that these events strengthen skills, such as interpersonal communications, self-assurance, and public speaking, which prove to be useful in future career paths.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swimsuit_competition">Swimsuit competition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Swimsuit competition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swimsuit_competition" title="Swimsuit competition">Swimsuit competition</a></div> The requirement for contestants to wear a swimsuit was a controversial aspect of the various competitions. The controversy was heightened with the increasing popularity of the bikini after its introduction in 1946. The bikini was banned for the Miss America contest in 1947 because of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> protesters.<a href="#cite_note-DailyTelegraph-104">[104]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Miss_World" title="Miss World">Miss World</a> contest started in 1951, there was an outcry when the winner was crowned in a bikini. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> condemned the crowning as sinful,<a href="#cite_note-Selvedge-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-theweek-45">[45]</a> and countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates.<a href="#cite_note-shin-43">[43]</a> The bikini was banned for future and other contests. It was not until the late 1990s that they became permitted again,<a href="#cite_note-Almanac-22">[22]</a> but still generated controversy when finals were held in countries where bikinis (or swimsuits in general) were socially disapproved.<a href="#cite_note-Almanac-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-au.ibtimes.com-47">[47]</a> For example, in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Vida_Samadzai" title="Vida Samadzai">Vida Samadzai</a> from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> caused an uproar in her native country when she participated in the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth_2003" title="Miss Earth 2003">Miss Earth 2003</a> contest in a red bikini.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> She was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Afghan Supreme Court</a>, saying such a display of the female body goes against <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghan culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2013, the swimsuit round of the Miss World contest was dropped because of Islamist protests in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), where the contest took place.<a href="#cite_note-au.ibtimes.com-47">[47]</a> In 2014, the Miss World contest eliminated the swimsuit competition from its pageant.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2018, Miss America eliminated the swimsuit competition after 97 years.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Carousel_Productions" title="Carousel Productions">Carousel Productions</a> was criticized for objectifying women during the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth_2017" title="Miss Earth 2017">Miss Earth 2017</a> competition where delegates wore swimsuits during the event with their faces concealed by a veil in the Beauty of Figure and Form, a segment first introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Philippines_Earth_2017" title="Miss Philippines Earth 2017">Miss Philippines Earth 2017</a> pageant.<a href="#cite_note-auto-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> It was one of the three preliminary judging segments of the pageant that include Poise and Beauty of Face and Environmental and Intelligence Competition.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-111">[111]</a> The organizers defended the "beauty of figure and form" segment and released a statement that the said round was intended to promote strict impartiality during pre-judging by focusing on the contestants' curves, execution and not beautiful face.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandals">Scandals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scandals">edit</a>]</div> There have been numerous scandals in the beauty pageant industry and they continue to emerge as beauty pageants become more known to the public. In December 2017, <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a> published emails written by then-Miss America CEO Sam Haskell that disparaged former pageant contestants, making vulgar references to their weight and personal lives. Due to the release of these emails to the public, Haskell and several other board members resigned from their positions.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Laura Zúñiga">Laura Zúñiga</a>, former Miss Hispanic America, was detained with her boyfriend and six other people, and charged with racketeering, drug trafficking, weapons violations, and money laundering. When apprehended, they had multiple handguns and roughly $53,000 in cash.<a href="#cite_note-:0-118">[118]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2007" title="Miss Teen USA 2007">Miss Teen USA 2007</a> pageant, <a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Upton" title="Caitlin Upton">Caitlin Upton</a> gained international notoriety for her convoluted and nonsensical response to a question posed to her during the August 2007 national pageant.<a href="#cite_note-TodayShow1-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-IHT-120">[120]</a> During the pageant, judge <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Teegarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimee Teegarden">Aimee Teegarden</a> asked: "Recent polls have shown a fifth of Americans can't locate the U.S. on a world map. Why do you think this is?". Upton responded: <blockquote> I personally believe that U.S. Americans are unable to do so because, uh, some, uh, people out there in our nation don't have maps and, uh, I believe that our education like such as in South Africa and, uh, the Iraq, everywhere like such as, and, I believe that they should, our education over here in the U.S. should help the U.S., uh, or, uh, should help South Africa and should help the Iraq and the Asian countries, so we will be able to build up our future. For our children.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAToday-122">[122]</a> </blockquote> As a guest on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">The Today Show</a>, Upton told <a href="/wiki/Ann_Curry" title="Ann Curry">Ann Curry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Lauer" title="Matt Lauer">Matt Lauer</a> that she was overwhelmed when asked the question and did not comprehend it correctly.<a href="#cite_note-today.com-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beauty_pageants" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beauty pageants">Beauty pageants</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_pageants" title="List of beauty pageants">List of beauty pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_queen-politicians" title="List of beauty queen-politicians">List of beauty queen-politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimsuit_competition" title="Swimsuit competition">Swimsuit competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_beauty_pageant" title="Child beauty pageant">Child beauty pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Captivity_Pageant" title="Miss Captivity Pageant">Miss Captivity Pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_culture" title="Ball culture">Ball culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Retrieved 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Curse+of+Beauty%3A+America%27s+First+Jewish+Pageant+Winner&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishjournal.com%2Fculture%2Farts%2F236020%2Fcurse-beauty-americas-first-jewish-pageant-winner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riding_the_Crest-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Riding_the_Crest_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2022" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Shirley (31 December 2022). "5. Riding the Crest of an Oriental Wave: Foreign-Born Asian "Beauty"". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814765241.003.0009/pdf">A Feeling of Belonging</a>. New York University Press. pp. 155–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814765241.003.0009">10.18574/nyu/9780814765241.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6524-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-6524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Riding+the+Crest+of+an+Oriental+Wave%3A+Foreign-Born+Asian+%22Beauty%22&rft.btitle=A+Feeling+of+Belonging&rft.pages=155-188&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814765241.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6524-1&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814765241.003.0009%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hune_Nomura_2003_p.-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Hune_Nomura_2003_p._86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuneNomura2003" class="citation book cs1">Hune, S.; Nomura, G.M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1BR4NppWcC">Asian/Pacific Islander American Women: A Historical Anthology</a>. NYU Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3633-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3633-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-3633-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 June 2023. <q>The dawning of the new millennium may signal a shift in the cultural importance of racialized gendered bodies. On October 14, 2000, a Filipina American, Miss Hawaii Angela Perez Baraquio, was crowned Miss America for 2001. A few years earlier another Miss Hawaii, a mixed-race part-Asian American woman named Brook Antoinette Mahealani Lee, won not only the Miss USA competition but the title of 1997 Miss Universe. Such victories do not necessarily mean full acceptance for Asian Americans into the American body politic. However they do signal a breakdown in the hegemony of European-American cultural standards of beauty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian%2FPacific+Islander+American+Women%3A+A+Historical+Anthology&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3633-3&rft.aulast=Hune&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Nomura%2C+G.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD1BR4NppWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brand_2000_p._157-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Brand_2000_p._157_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2000" class="citation book cs1">Brand, P.Z. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7yjRlwg8agC&pg=PA157">Beauty Matters</a>. 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Positions. 14 (3): 717–747. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10679847-2006-019">10.1215/10679847-2006-019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145258485">145258485</a>. 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Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Miss+America+CEO+Sam+Haskell+resigns+with+other+top+brass+amid+leaked+email+scandal&rft.aulast=Moniuszko&rft.aufirst=Sara+M&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fpeople%2F2017%2F12%2F23%2F3-miss-america-organization-leaders-resign-amid-scandal%2F979182001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1873790_1873792_1873788,00.html">"Top 10 Beauty-Pageant Scandals: Beauties Gone Bad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 24 January 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+10+Beauty-Pageant+Scandals%3A+Beauties+Gone+Bad&rft.date=2009-01-24&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1873790_1873792_1873788%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TodayShow1-119"><a href="#cite_ref-TodayShow1_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelizic2007" class="citation news cs1">Celizic, Mike (28 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115221356/http://www.today.com/id/20473692/ns/today-today_news/t/miss-south-carolina-teen-usa-explains-herself">"Miss South Carolina Teen USA explains herself – Caitlin Upton botched the map question because she was 'overwhelmed'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/id/20473692/ns/today-today_news/t/miss-south-carolina-teen-usa-explains-herself/">the original</a> on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Miss+South+Carolina+Teen+USA+explains+herself+%E2%80%93+Caitlin+Upton+botched+the+map+question+because+she+was+%27overwhelmed%27&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.aulast=Celizic&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fid%2F20473692%2Fns%2Ftoday-today_news%2Ft%2Fmiss-south-carolina-teen-usa-explains-herself%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHT-120"><a href="#cite_ref-IHT_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831084800/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/28/america/NA-GEN-US-Beauty-Queen-Geography.php">"Miss Teen South Carolina makes her mark with flubbed response to geography question"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 28 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/28/america/NA-GEN-US-Beauty-Queen-Geography.php">the original</a> on 31 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Miss+Teen+South+Carolina+makes+her+mark+with+flubbed+response+to+geography+question&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2007%2F08%2F28%2Famerica%2FNA-GEN-US-Beauty-Queen-Geography.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2007" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Richard (27 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830144453/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2007/08/27/now_where_is_america_anyway.html">"Now, where is America anyway?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2007/08/27/now_where_is_america_anyway.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Now%2C+where+is+America+anyway%3F&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.guardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2007%2F08%2F27%2Fnow_where_is_america_anyway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAToday-122"><a href="#cite_ref-USAToday_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Karen (29 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-08-28-miss-south-carolina_N.htm">"That wasn't Miss South Carolina's final answer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=That+wasn%27t+Miss+South+Carolina%27s+final+answer&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fpeople%2F2007-08-28-miss-south-carolina_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-today.com-123"><a href="#cite_ref-today.com_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624021924/http://www.today.com/id/20473692#.V1WhIuMrJGM">"Miss South Carolina Teen USA explains herself"</a>. 28 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/id/20473692#.V1WhIuMrJGM">the original</a> on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miss+South+Carolina+Teen+USA+explains+herself&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fid%2F20473692%23.V1WhIuMrJGM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeauty+pageant" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauty_pageant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Banet-Weiser" title="Sarah Banet-Weiser">Banet-Weiser, Sarah</a>. "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World: Beauty Pageants and National Identity". (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999)</li> <li>Bell, Myrtle P., Mary E. McLaughlin, and Jennifer M. Sequeira. "Discrimination, Harassment, and the Glass Ceiling: Women Executives as Change Agents". Journal of Business Ethics. 37.1 (2002): 65–76. Print.</li> <li>Burgess, Zena, and Phyllis Tharenou. "Women Board Directors: Characteristics of the Few". Journal of Business Ethics. 37.1 (2002): 39–49. Print.</li> <li>Ciborra, Claudio U. "The Platform Organization: Recombining Strategies, Structures, and Surprises". Organization Science. 7.2 (1996): 103–118. Print.</li> <li>Harvey, Adia M. "Becoming Entrepreneurs: Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender at the Black Beauty Salon". Gender and Society. 19.6 (2005): 789–808. Print.</li> <li>Huffman, Matt L., and Philip N. Cohen. "Occupational Segregation and the Gender Gap in Workplace Authority: National versus Local Labor Markets". Sociological Forum. 19.1 (2004): 121–147. Print.</li> <li>Lamsa, Anna-Maija, and Teppo Sintonen. "A Discursive Approach to Understanding Women Leaders in Working Life". Journal of Business Ethics. 34.3/4 (2001): 255–267. Print.</li> <li>Liben, Lynn S., <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Bigler" title="Rebecca Bigler">Rebecca Bigler</a>, Diane N Ruble, Carol Lynn Martin, and Kimberly K. Powlishta. "Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Evaluating Constructs and Pathways". Developmental Course of Gender Differentiation. 67.2 i-183. Print.</li> <li>Sones, Michael. "History of the Beauty Pageant". Beauty Worlds: The Culture of Beauty (2003): n. pag. Web. 4 November 2009.</li> <li>Wilk, Richard. "The Local and the Global in the Political Economy of Beauty: From Miss Belize to Miss World". Review of International Political Economy. 2.1 (1995): 117–134. Print.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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