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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਫੋਂਟ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ, ਚੌਡ਼ਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲੋ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8.+%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8.+%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8.+%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8.+%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ਜੀਵਨੀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਜੀਵਨੀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ਜੀਵਨੀ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ਜੀਵਨੀ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ਜੀਵਨੀ ਉਪਭਾਗ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ਜੀਵਨੀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ਅਰੰਭ_ਦਾ_ਜੀਵਨ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਅਰੰਭ_ਦਾ_ਜੀਵਨ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ਅਰੰਭ ਦਾ ਜੀਵਨ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਅਰੰਭ_ਦਾ_ਜੀਵਨ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਨਿੱਜੀ_ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਨਿੱਜੀ_ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ਨਿੱਜੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਨਿੱਜੀ_ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਹਵਾਲੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਗਿਲਬਰਟ ਐਨ. ਲੇਵਿਸ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 58 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس – ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Nyuton_Lyuis" title="Gilbert Nyuton Lyuis – ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gilbert Nyuton Lyuis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="قیلبرت لوییس – ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیلبرت لوییس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81" title="Гілберт Ньютан Льюіс – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гілберт Ньютан Льюіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гилбърт Люис – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гилбърт Люис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="গিলবার্ট নিউটন লুইস – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গিলবার্ট নিউটন লুইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਜਰਮਨ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Γκίλμπερτ Λιούις – ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκίλμπερτ Λιούις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گیلبرت لوییس – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیلبرت لوییس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਆਇਰਸ਼" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ਆਇਰਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="גילברט ניוטון לואיס – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גילברט ניוטון לואיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8" title="गिल्बर्ट न्यूटन ल्यूइस – ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिल्बर्ट न्यूटन ल्यूइस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਇਡੂ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ਇਡੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ギルバート・ルイス – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギルバート・ルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გილბერტ ნიუტონი – ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გილბერტ ნიუტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="길버트 뉴턴 루이스 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="길버트 뉴턴 루이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਮਲਯ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਯ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis_(scheikundige)" title="Gilbert Lewis (scheikundige) – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gilbert Lewis (scheikundige)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਨੋਵੀਅਲ" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="ਨੋਵੀਅਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="گلبرٹ لیوس – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلبرٹ لیوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Льюис, Гилберт Ньютон – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис, Гилберт Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гилберт Њутон Луис – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гилберт Њутон Луис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கில்பர்த்து நியூட்டன் இலூயிசு – ਤਮਿਲ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கில்பர்த்து நியூட்டன் இலூயிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ਤਮਿਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – ਤੁਰਕੀ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97%D1%81" title="Гілберт Ньютон Льюїс – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гілберт Ньютон Льюїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გილბერტ ნიუტონ ლუისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გილბერტ ნიუტონ ლუისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="吉爾伯特·路易斯 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉爾伯特·路易斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%A3%AB" title="吉爾伯特·牛頓·路易士 – ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吉爾伯特·牛頓·路易士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208858#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ਅੰਤਰਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਕੜੀਆਂ ਸੋਧੋ" class="wbc-editpage">ਜੋੜ ਸੋਧੋ</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ਨਾਂ-ਥਾਂ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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.infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn">ਗਿਲਬਰਟ ਐਨ. ਲੇਵਿਸ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Gilbert_N_Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/pa/thumb/2/21/Gilbert_N_Lewis.jpg/220px-Gilbert_N_Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/pa/2/21/Gilbert_N_Lewis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਜਨਮ</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1875-10-25</span>)</span>ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 25, 1875<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A5,_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵਾਈਮਉਥ, ਮੈਸੇਚਿਉਸੇਟਸ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵਾਈਮਉਥ, ਮੈਸੇਚਿਉਸੇਟਸ</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਮੌਤ</th><td class="infobox-data">ਮਾਰਚ 23, 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-03-23)</span> (ਉਮਰ 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">ਬਰਕਲੇ, ਕੈਲੀਫੋਰਨੀਆ</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀਅਤਾ</th><td class="infobox-data category">ਅਮਰੀਕੀ</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ਗਿਲਬਰਟ ਨਿਊਟਨ ਲੇਵੀਸ<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> (ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 25 (ਜਾਂ 23)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 1875 - 23 ਮਾਰਚ, 1946)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇੱਕ ਅਮਰੀਕੀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ">ਭੌਤਿਕ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ</a> ਸਨ ਜੋ ਸਹਿਕਰਮੰਦ ਬਾਂਡ ਦੀ ਖੋਜ ਅਤੇ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਨ ਜੋੜੇ ਦੇ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਲਈ ਜਾਣੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਸਨ; ਉਸ ਦੇ ਲੇਵਿਸ ਡੌਟ ਢਾਂਚੇ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਲੈਂਸ ਬੌਡ ਥਿਊਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਰ ਯੋਗਦਾਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਬੰਧਨ ਦੇ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਨੂੰ ਰਚਿਆ ਹੈ। ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੇ ਸਫਲਤਾਪੂਰਵਕ ਥਰਮੋਨੀਅਮਿਕਸ, ਫੋਟੋ-ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ, ਅਤੇ ਆਈਸੋਟੋਪ ਵਿਭਾਜਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ ਪਾਇਆ, ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਐਸਿਡ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਸ ਦੇ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਲਈ ਵੀ ਜਾਣਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। </p><p>ਜੀ. ਐਨ. ਲੇਵਿਸ ਦਾ ਜਨਮ 1875 ਵਿੱਚ ਵਾਈਮਊਥ, ਮੈਸੇਚਿਉਸੇਟਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ। ਹਾਰਵਰਡ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਤੋਂ ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੀਐਚਡੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਅਤੇ ਜਰਮਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ, ਲੈਵੀਸ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80,_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਰਨੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ, ਬਰਕਲੀ">ਕੈਲੀਫੋਰਨੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ</a>, ਬਰਕਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ ਸਿਖਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ। ਕਈ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਬਾਅਦ, ਉਹ ਬਰਕਲੇ ਵਿਖੇ ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ ਦੇ ਕਾਲਜ ਦਾ ਡੀਨ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ, ਜਿਥੇ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਬਾਕੀ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰ ਲਈ। ਇੱਕ ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ ਦੇ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ, ਉਸਨੇ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੇ ਪਾਠਕ੍ਰਮ ਅਤੇ ਸੋਧੇ ਹੋਏ ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਊਰਜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਨੂੰ ਗਣਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਖ਼ਤ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਆਮ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀਆਂ ਲਈ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਵਿੱਚ ਥਰੌਡੋਨਾਇਮਿਕ ਸਿਧਾਂਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਕੀਤਾ। ਉਸ ਨੇ ਕਈ ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਪ੍ਰਕ੍ਰਿਆਵਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਮੁਫਤ ਊਰਜਾ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਪਣਾ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕੀਤਾ, ਜੋ ਜੈਵਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਅਕਾਰਿਕ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਸਨ। </p><p>1916 ਵਿਚ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਬੌਡਿੰਗ ਦੀ ਥਿਊਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਰਸਾਇਣਿਕ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਆਵਰਤੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਨਜ਼ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਸਤੁਤ ਕੀਤੀ। 1933 ਵਿਚ, ਉਸ ਨੇ ਆਈਸੋਟੋਪ ਵਿਭਾਜਨ ਤੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਖੋਜ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕੀਤੀ। ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੇ ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ ਨਾਲ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਭਾਰੀ ਪਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਨਮੂਨੇ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੁੱਧ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਕੀਤਾ। ਫਿਰ ਉਹ ਐਸਿਡ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਸ ਦੇ ਥਿਊਰੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਆਇਆ, ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੇ ਆਖਰੀ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਉਸਨੇ photochemistry ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ। 1926 ਵਿੱਚ, ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੇ ਦਿਮਾਗੀ ਊਰਜਾ ਦੀ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਛੋਟੀ ਇਕਾਈ ਲਈ "ਫ਼ੋਟੋਨ" ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕੀਤੀ। ਉਹ ਅਲਫ਼ਾ ਚੀ ਸਿਗਮਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਭਰਾ ਸੀ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਪੇਸ਼ੇਵਰ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ ਸੀ। </p><p>ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ 41 ਵਾਰ ਨਾਮਜ਼ਦ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ਜੀ. ਐਨ. ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ</a> ਨਹੀਂ ਜਿੱਤਿਆ। 23 ਮਾਰਚ, 1946 ਨੂੰ ਲੇਵਿਸ ਆਪਣੇ ਬਰਕਲੇ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗਸ਼ਾਲਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਉਹ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਹਾਈਡ੍ਰੋਜਨ ਸਾਇਨਾਈਡ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਹਾਈਡ੍ਰੋਜਨ ਸਾਇਨਾਈਡ</a> ਨਾਲ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ; ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਕਿਹਾ ਕਿ ਉਸਦੀ ਮੌਤ ਦਾ ਕਾਰਣ ਖੁਦਕੁਸ਼ੀ ਹੈ। ਲੇਵਿਸ ਦੀ ਮੌਤ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ, ਉਸਦੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨੇ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਪਿਤਾ ਦੇ ਕਰੀਅਰ ਦਾ ਅਨੁਸਰਣ ਕੀਤਾ। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਜੀਵਨੀ"><span id=".E0.A8.9C.E0.A9.80.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.A8.E0.A9.80"></span>ਜੀਵਨੀ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8._%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਜੀਵਨੀ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਅਰੰਭ_ਦਾ_ਜੀਵਨ"><span id=".E0.A8.85.E0.A8.B0.E0.A9.B0.E0.A8.AD_.E0.A8.A6.E0.A8.BE_.E0.A8.9C.E0.A9.80.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.A8"></span>ਅਰੰਭ ਦਾ ਜੀਵਨ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8._%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਅਰੰਭ ਦਾ ਜੀਵਨ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਲੇਵਿਸ ਦਾ ਜਨਮ 1875 ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਇਆ ਅਤੇ ਵੇਮਉਥ, ਮੈਸੇਚਿਉਸੇਟਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਇਆ, ਜਿੱਥੇ ਉਸ ਲਈ ਨਾਮ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਸੜਕ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਹੈ, ਜੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ. ਲੇਵੀਸ ਵੇ, ਸਮਾਰਕ ਸਟ੍ਰੀਟ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ, ਨਵੇਂ ਵੇਅਮੌਤ ਹਾਈ ਸਕੂਲ ਦੇ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਦੇ ਵਿੰਗ ਨੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਨਮਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਮਾਤਾ-ਪਿਤਾ, ਸੁਤੰਤਰ ਚਾਚੇ ਦੇ ਵਕੀਲ ਫ੍ਰੈਂਕ ਵੇਸਲੀ ਲੇਵਿਸ ਅਤੇ ਮੈਰੀ ਬੂਰ ਵ੍ਹਾਈਟ ਲੂਈਸ ਤੋਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਇਮਰੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੋਈ। ਉਹ ਤਿੰਨ ਸਾਲ ਦੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੜ੍ਹਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਬੌਧਿਕ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਅਕਾਦਮਈ ਸੀ। 1884 ਵਿੱਚ ਉਸ ਦਾ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਲਿੰਕਨ, ਨੈਬਰਾਸਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿਣ ਲੱਗ ਪਿਆ ਅਤੇ 188 ਵਿੱਚ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਦੀ ਤਿਆਰੀ ਸਕੂਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੀ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਰਸਮੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕੀਤੀ। </p><p>1893 ਵਿੱਚ, ਨੈਬਰਾਸਕਾ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਦੋ ਸਾਲ ਬਾਅਦ, ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਹਾਰਵਰਡ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਭੇਜਿਆ ਗਿਆ, ਜਿੱਥੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਬੀ.ਐੱਸ. ਅੰਬੇਦਕਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਫਿਲੀਪਸ ਅਕੈਡਮੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਲ ਦੇ ਬਾਅਦ, ਲੈਵਿਸ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਟੀ. ਡਬਲਯੂ. ਰਿਚਰਡਸ ਨਾਲ ਸਟੱਡੀ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਹਾਰਵਰਡ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਪੀਐਚ.ਡੀ. 1899 ਵਿੱਚ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋ-ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਸੰਭਾਵਨਾਵਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਇੱਕ ਖੋਜ ਨਾਲ ਵਾਪਸ ਪਰਤਿਆ। ਹਾਰਵਰਡ ਵਿਖੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਲ ਦੇ ਬਾਅਦ, ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੇ ਇੱਕ ਸਫਰ ਫੈਲੋਸ਼ਿਪ ਲੈ ਲਈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਦਾ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਗੋਟਿੰਗਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਾਲਟਰ ਨੇਨਰਸਟ ਅਤੇ ਲੀਪਸਿਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਲਹੇਲਮ ਆਸਟਵਾਲਡ ਨਾਲ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਕੀਤਾ। ਨੇਨਰਸਟ ਦੀ ਲੈਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋਏ, ਨੇਨਰਸਟ ਅਤੇ ਲੈਵੀਸ ਨੇ ਜ਼ੁਬਾਨੀ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਭਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣੀ ਪੈਦਾ ਕੀਤੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਅਗਲੇ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ, ਲੇਵਿਸ ਨੇ ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਅਧਿਆਪਕ ਦੀ ਨੁਕਤਾਚੀਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਨਿੰਦਾ ਕਰਨੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੀ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੇਨਰਸਟ ਦੇ ਗਰਮੀ ਪ੍ਰਮੇਏ ਵਿੱਚ "ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ ਦੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਅਫਸੋਸਜਨਕ ਘਟਨਾ" ਨੂੰ ਬੁਲਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ। ਨੈਨਰਸਟ ਦੇ ਦੋਸਤ ਵਿਲਹੈਲਮ ਪਾਮਾਮ (ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼), ਨੋਬਲ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਕਮੇਟੀ ਦੇ ਮੈਂਬਰ ਸਨ। ਇਸ ਗੱਲ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਸਬੂਤ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਵਾਰ ਇਨਾਮ ਲਈ ਲੂਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਮਜ਼ਦ ਕਰਕੇ ਥਰਮੌਨਾਇਨਾਮਿਕਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਵੀਸ ਲਈ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਰੋਕਣ ਲਈ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ ਦਾ ਵਰਣਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਰਿਪੋਰਟਿੰਗ ਕੀਤੀ, ਅਤੇ ਫਿਰ ਉਹ ਨਕਾਰਾਤਮਕ ਰਿਪੋਰਟਾਂ ਲਿਖਣ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਕਮੇਟੀ ਦੇ ਮੈਂਬਰ ਵਜੋਂ ਆਪਣੀ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋਏ।<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ਹਾਰਵਰਡ, ਮਨੀਲਾ ਅਤੇ ਐਮ.ਆਈ.ਟੀ</li> <li>ਥਰਮੌਡਾਇਨਾਮਿਕਸ</li> <li>ਵੈਲੇਨਸ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ</li> <li>ਰੀਲੇਟਿਵਟੀ</li> <li>ਐਸਿਡ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਸ</li> <li>ਭਾਰੀ ਪਾਣੀ</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਨਿੱਜੀ_ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ"><span id=".E0.A8.A8.E0.A8.BF.E0.A9.B1.E0.A8.9C.E0.A9.80_.E0.A8.9C.E0.A8.BC.E0.A8.BF.E0.A9.B0.E0.A8.A6.E0.A8.97.E0.A9.80"></span>ਨਿੱਜੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8._%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਨਿੱਜੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>21 ਜੂਨ, 1912 ਨੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਰੋਮਾਂਸ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਹਾਰਵਰਡ ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ ਦੀ ਧੀ ਮਰਿਯਮ ਹਿੰਕਲਲੀ ਸ਼ੇਲਡਨ ਨਾਲ ਵਿਆਹ ਕਰਵਾ ਲਿਆ। ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਬੇਟੇ ਸਨ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੋਨੋਂ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ ਬਣੇ ਸਨ, ਅਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਧੀ ਹੈ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span id=".E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.87"></span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8._%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r636460">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r765793">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHildebrand1947" class="citation journal cs1">Hildebrand, J. H. (1947). "Gilbert Newton Lewis. 1875-1946". <i>Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>5</b> (15): 491. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1947.0014">10.1098/rsbm.1947.0014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Gilbert+Newton+Lewis.+1875-1946&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=491&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1947.0014&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8.+%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gilbert-N-Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis, American chemist</a> William B. Jensen in Encyclopedia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/lewis-gilbert-n.pdf">GILBERT NEWTON LEWIS 1875—1946 A Biographical Memoir by</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_H._Hildebrand">Joel H. Hildebrand</a> National Academy of Sciences 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/gilbert-newton-lewis">Lewis, Gilbert Newton</a> R. E. Kohler in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Encyclopedia.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelPrize-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5441">"Nomination Database Gilbert N. Lewis"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Nomination+Database+Gilbert+N.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D5441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8.+%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFEdsall1974" class="citation journal cs1">Edsall, J. T. (November 1974). "Some notes and queries on the development of bioenergetics. Notes on some "founding fathers" of physical chemistry: J. Willard Gibbs, Wilhelm Ostwald, Walther Nernst, Gilbert Newton Lewis". <i>Mol. Cell. Biochem</i>. <b>5</b> (1–2): 103–12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01874179">10.1007/BF01874179</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4610355">4610355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Some+notes+and+queries+on+the+development+of+bioenergetics.+Notes+on+some+%22founding+fathers%22+of+physical+chemistry%3A+J.+Willard+Gibbs%2C+Wilhelm+Ostwald%2C+Walther+Nernst%2C+Gilbert+Newton+Lewis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=103-12&rft.date=1974-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01874179&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4610355&rft.aulast=Edsall&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F+%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8.+%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listverse.com/2015/04/07/10-fierce-but-productive-rivalries-between-dueling-scientists/"><i>10 Fierce (But Productive) Rivalries Between Dueling Scientists</i></a> Radu Alexander. Website of Listverse Ltd. April 7th 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coffey (2008): 195-207.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਗਿਲਬਰਟ_ਐਨ._ਲੇਵਿਸ&oldid=530618">https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਗਿਲਬਰਟ_ਐਨ._ਲੇਵਿਸ&oldid=530618</a>" ਤੋਂ ਲਿਆ</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ">ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE_1875" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਜਨਮ 1875">ਜਨਮ 1875</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4_1946" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਮੌਤ 1946">ਮੌਤ 1946</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ">ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਲੋਕ">ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਲੋਕ</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">ਲੁਕਵੀਂਆਂ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:Articles_with_hCards" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਸੋਧ 15 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2020 ਨੂੰ 11:28 ਵਜੇ ਹੋਈ।</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">ਇਹ ਲਿਖਤ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0</a> ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ; 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