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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Negative impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Negative_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Negative impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Negative_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Direct impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disturbing_breeding_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disturbing_breeding_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Disturbing breeding patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disturbing_breeding_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disturbing_feeding_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disturbing_feeding_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Disturbing feeding patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disturbing_feeding_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disruption_of_parent-offspring_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disruption_of_parent-offspring_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Disruption of parent-offspring bonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disruption_of_parent-offspring_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_vulnerability_to_predators_and_competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_vulnerability_to_predators_and_competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Increased vulnerability to predators and competitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_vulnerability_to_predators_and_competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_mortality,_vanity_hunts,_and_poaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_mortality,_vanity_hunts,_and_poaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Increased mortality, vanity hunts, and poaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_mortality,_vanity_hunts,_and_poaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_tourists'_perceptions_and_behaviours_towards_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_tourists'_perceptions_and_behaviours_towards_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Impacts on tourists' perceptions and behaviours towards wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_tourists'_perceptions_and_behaviours_towards_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Positive impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Positive_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Positive impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Positive_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat_restoration_by_eco-lodges_and_other_tourism_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_restoration_by_eco-lodges_and_other_tourism_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Habitat restoration by eco-lodges and other tourism operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_restoration_by_eco-lodges_and_other_tourism_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conservation breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_donations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_donations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Financial donations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_donations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Quality interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culls_and_Population_Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culls_and_Population_Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Culls and Population Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culls_and_Population_Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_Hunting/Harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_Hunting/Harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Conservation Hunting/Harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_Hunting/Harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-poaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-poaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Anti-poaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-poaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudbath5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mudbath5.jpg/220px-Mudbath5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mudbath5.jpg/330px-Mudbath5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mudbath5.jpg/440px-Mudbath5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Animals can be viewed in their native or similar environments, from vehicles or on foot. This elephant in <a href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange National Park</a>, Zimbabwe, was quite undisturbed by the people and vehicle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinos_leofleck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rhinos_leofleck.jpg/220px-Rhinos_leofleck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rhinos_leofleck.jpg/330px-Rhinos_leofleck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rhinos_leofleck.jpg/440px-Rhinos_leofleck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Elephant safari after the One-horned Rhinoceros in Royal Chitwan National Park, Manali</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wildlife tourism</b> is an element of many nations' travel industry centered around observation and interaction with local animal and plant life in their natural habitats. While it can include <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">eco</a>- and animal-friendly tourism, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(hunting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari (hunting)">safari hunting</a> and similar high-intervention activities also fall under the umbrella of wildlife tourism. <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, in its simplest sense, is interacting with <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild animals</a> in their natural <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, either actively (e.g. hunting/collection) or passively (e.g. watching/photography). Wildlife tourism is an important part of the tourism industries in many countries including many African and <a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South American</a> countries, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> among many. It has experienced a dramatic and rapid growth in recent years worldwide and many elements are closely aligned to <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">eco-tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations World Tourism Organization">United Nations World Tourism Organization</a>, with an annual growth about 3%, 7% of world tourism industry relates to wildlife tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Gu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also estimate that the growth is much more significant in places like <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife tourism currently employs 22 million people worldwide directly or indirectly, and contributes more than $120 billion to global GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-ST_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a multimillion-dollar international industry, wildlife tourism is often characterized by the offering of customized tour packages and <a href="/wiki/Safaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaris">safaris</a> to allow close access to wildlife. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife tourism mostly encompasses non-consumptive interactions with wildlife, such as observing and photographing animals in their natural habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes viewing of and interacting with captive animals in zoos or wildlife parks, and can also include animal-riding (e.g. elephant riding) and consumptive activities such as fishing and hunting, which will generally not come under the definition of ecotourism and may compromise animal welfare. It has the recreational aspects of <a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure travel</a>, and usually supports the values of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">nature conservation</a> programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negative_impacts">Negative impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negative impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife tourism can cause significant disturbances to animals in their natural habitats. Even among the tourism practices which boast minimal-to-no direct contact with wildlife, the growing interest in traveling to developing countries has created a boom in resort and hotel construction, particularly on rain forest and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a> lands. Wildlife viewing can scare away animals, disrupt their feeding and nesting sites, or acclimate them to the presence of people. In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, for example, wildlife-observer disruption drives cheetahs off their reserves, increasing the risk of inbreeding and further endangering the species. </p><p>The practice of selling slots for tourists to participate in sanctioned hunts<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though seemingly innocent, can serve to impact populations negatively through indirect means. Though culls can and do serve a crucial role in the maintenance of several ecosystems’ health,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lucrative nature of these operations lends itself to mimicry by unofficial groups and/or groups which are not fully aware of the potential negative impact of their actions. This is especially true of big-game and highly marketable species. Such unofficial organizations can promote the hunting or collecting of wildlife for profit without participating in or being sanctioned by wildlife management authorities while mimicking organized operations to fool unwary tourists. Though not sanctioned by any authority, the fact that these operations are funded by tourists and fueled by wildlife classifies such illicit hunting activity as “wildlife tourism”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_impacts">Direct impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Direct impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impacts wildlife tourism will have on wildlife depends on the scale of tourist development and the behavior and resilience of wildlife to the presence of humans. When tourists activities occur during sensitive times of the life cycle (for example, during <a href="/wiki/Nesting_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesting season">nesting season</a>), and when they involve close approaches to wildlife for the purpose of identification or photography, the potential for disturbance is high. Not all species appear to be disturbed by tourists even within heavily visited areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disturbing_breeding_patterns">Disturbing breeding patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disturbing breeding patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pressures of tourists searching out wildlife to photograph or hunt can adversely affect hunting and feeding patterns, and the breeding success of some species. Some may even have long-term implications for behavioral and ecological relationships. For example, an increase in boat traffic has disturbed the feeding of giant otters in <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%BA_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Manú National Park">Manú National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Further disturbance to wildlife occurs when tourist guides dig up <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a> nests and chase swimming <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a> to give clients better viewing opportunities. On the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, the number of tourist boats and the noise generated has disrupted the feeding and drinking patterns of <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black rhinoceros</a> - it is feared that further increases in boat traffic will affect their reproductive success. The disturbance caused by human intervention may prevent species from their regular breeding and feeding activities. </p><p>To avoid this, tourism activities are often restricted in breeding time of some species. For instance, the tourism zone in the <a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a>, an important habitat of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahrs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghat" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ghat">Western Ghats</a>, bars visitors from entering for two months during the breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disturbing_feeding_patterns">Disturbing feeding patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disturbing feeding patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Artificial_feeding_of_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial feeding of wildlife">Artificial feeding of wildlife</a> by tourists can have severe consequences for social behavior patterns. Artificial feeding by tourists caused a breakdown of the territorial breeding system of land <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguanas</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Plaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Plaza (page does not exist)">South Plaza</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>. Territories were abandoned in favor of sites where food could be begged from tourists, and this has had a negative effect on the breeding success of iguanas. Artificial feeding can also result in a complete loss of normal feeding behaviors. In the Galápagos Islands, overfeeding by tourists was so extreme that, when stopped, some animals were unable to locate their natural food sources. Similarly, until the early 1970s, the diet of some <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bears</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> consisted, to a large extent, of food wastes left by visitors at park refuse sites. When these sites were closed, the bears showed significant decreases in body size, reproductive rate, and litter size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disruption_of_parent-offspring_bonds">Disruption of parent-offspring bonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disruption of parent-offspring bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife tourism also causes disruption to intra-specific relationships. Attendance by female <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seals</a> to their pups declined when tourists were present and those females remaining with their pups spent significantly less time nursing and more time watching the tourists. There is also a risk of the young not being recognized, and being more exposed to predator attacks. A similar concern has been expressed over <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a>, whale calves normally maintain constant body contact with their mothers but, when separated, can transfer their attachment to the side of the boat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_vulnerability_to_predators_and_competitors">Increased vulnerability to predators and competitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Increased vulnerability to predators and competitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The viewing of certain species by wildlife tourists makes the species more vulnerable to predators. Evidence of this phenomenon has been recorded in birds, reptiles and mammals. Problems have occurred in breeding colonies of pelicans . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_mortality,_vanity_hunts,_and_poaching"><span id="Increased_mortality.2C_vanity_hunts.2C_and_poaching"></span>Increased mortality, vanity hunts, and poaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Increased mortality, vanity hunts, and poaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanity hunts (also called <a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">canned hunts</a>) tend to breed their animals for specific desirable features without regard for the genetic health of the population. Breeding efforts can incorporate elements of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> as specific features are aggressively sought. Inbreeding not only reinforces the presence of desirable features but brings with it the risk of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>, which can reduce population <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>. Such operations also tend to feature other forms of animal abuse including inadequate housing and improper diet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a>, similarly to vanity hunting, selects strongly for animal <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> deemed desirable by hunters. This “harvest selection”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes termed “unnatural selection”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for specific human-desired features depletes natural populations of <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> which confer those desirable phenotypes. Often, these features (large horns, large size, specific pelts) are not only desirable to humans, but play roles in survival within the animal’s natural habitat and role within their <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. By cutting down the number of animals bearing those desired phenotypes (and thus harboring the associated alleles), the amount of genetic material necessary for conferring those phenotypes upon later generations of the population is depleted (an example of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a>). This selection changes population structure over time, and can lead to a decrease in the wild-condition fitness of the population as it is forced to adapt around hunting-condition pressures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_on_tourists'_perceptions_and_behaviours_towards_wildlife"><span id="Impacts_on_tourists.27_perceptions_and_behaviours_towards_wildlife"></span>Impacts on tourists' perceptions and behaviours towards wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impacts on tourists' perceptions and behaviours towards wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, many tourists have begun posting images online of themselves partaking in wildlife tourism experiences. These posts are not, in themselves, always negative, however they do often lead to increased visitation at wildlife tourism experiences, and can encourage behaviours that impact animal welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These behaviours, such as being too close to wildlife, can impact the behaviour, health, location and mating of some species. </p><p>In addition, photos posted from animal tourism experiences can send unintentional message to viewers, particularly when a person is in the frame. For example, across a range of species, the presence of a human in a wildlife image can increase people's perceptions that the animal would make a good pet, or experiences negative welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these impacts and animal welfare concerns, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and other social media sites now display warnings when viewers search for terms such as "#wildlifeselfie".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positive_impacts">Positive impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Positive impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_restoration_by_eco-lodges_and_other_tourism_operations">Habitat restoration by eco-lodges and other tourism operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Habitat restoration by eco-lodges and other tourism operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many owners of eco-accommodation or wildlife attractions preserve and restore native habitats on their properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ST_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a large way, the tourists and travelers visiting the wildlife destinations contribute to the conservation and improvement of the conditions for the animals. </p><p>The flow of the people keeps the poachers at bay from killing the valuable animals. </p><p>The local tribes have a decent living as the tourism flourishes as it provides opportunities of improved livelihood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_breeding">Conservation breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conservation breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many wildlife parks (e.g. <a href="/wiki/David_Fleay_Wildlife_Park" title="David Fleay Wildlife Park">David Fleay Wildlife Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Coast, Australia">Gold Coast, Australia</a>) and zoos breed rare and endangered species as a part of their activities, and release the progeny when possible into suitable habitat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_donations">Financial donations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Financial donations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some wildlife tourism contributes monetary donations to conservation efforts e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dreamworld_(Australia)" title="Dreamworld (Australia)">Dreamworld, Gold Coast</a>, has a display of <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatran tigers">Sumatran tigers</a>, and money from visitor donations and from their 'tiger walk' goes to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> to assist in-situ conservation of wild tigers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_interpretation">Quality interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quality interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A good wildlife guide will impart a deeper understanding of the local wildlife and its ecological needs, which may give visitors a more informed base on which to subsequently modify their behaviour (e.g. not throw out plastic bags that may be eaten by turtles) and decide what political moves to support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culls_and_Population_Maintenance">Culls and Population Maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culls and Population Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to provide for less invasive wildlife tourism features and maintain ecosystem health, wild populations occasionally require maintenance measures. These measures can include the aforementioned conservation breeding programs to bolster population numbers, or <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culls</a> to reduce population numbers. Population reduction via culls occurs not only through the obvious means of direct (fatal) removal of individuals, but by implementing an additional selective pressure upon the population. This “harvest selection”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can alter <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allelic</a> frequency (a measure of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, and thus related to genetic health) within a population, allowing the hunters to shape future generations by hunting the current.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_Hunting/Harvest"><span id="Conservation_Hunting.2FHarvest"></span>Conservation Hunting/Harvest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation Hunting/Harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Well monitored trophy hunting is inherently self-regulating, because modest off-take is required to ensure high trophy quality and thus marketability of the area and future seasons".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> trophy hunting was largely responsible for the conversion of 27,000 km2 of livestock ranches to game ranching and a subsequent quadrupling of wildlife populations. In South Africa there are approximately 5000 game ranches and 4000 mixed livestock/game ranches with a population of >1.7 million wild animals, presently 15-25% of ranches are used for wildlife production <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-poaching">Anti-poaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anti-poaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bringing tourists regularly into some areas may make it more difficult for poachers of large animals or those who collect smaller species for the black market.<sup id="cite_ref-ST_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of tourism having a positive effect towards anti-poaching, are that of non-consumptive wildlife tourism services which in turn provide for economic benefit of rural communities, and also by providing these same local communities with game meat harvested through tourist activities such as hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrett and Arcese (1998) show that generating money sources from these non-consumptive practices of tourism generate a positive income effect and decrease game meat consumption while lowering illegal hunting (poaching) <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildlife Tourism Australia Inc. held a workshop on this theme in June 2017: Illegal Wildlife Trafficking: Attacking on All Fronts. There is a report on discussions, plus links to further references, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wildlifetourism.org.au/blog/events/illegal-wildlife-trafficking-attacking-on-all-fronts/">http://www.wildlifetourism.org.au/blog/events/illegal-wildlife-trafficking-attacking-on-all-fronts/</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScanlon2017" class="citation news cs1">Scanlon, John (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/22/the-world-needs-wildlife-tourism-but-that-wont-work-without-wildlife">"The world needs wildlife tourism. 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J. 2015. Wildlife Tourism: A Handbook for Guides, Tour Operators, Job-seekers and Business Start-ups Kindle: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.com.au/Wildlife-Tourism-Operators-Job-seekers-Start-ups-ebook/dp/B00HE1SX1Q">https://www.amazon.com.au/Wildlife-Tourism-Operators-Job-seekers-Start-ups-ebook/dp/B00HE1SX1Q</a></li> <li>de Lima, I. and Green, R. J. (eds.) 2017. Wildlife Tourism, Environmental Learning and Ethical Encounters: Ecological and Conservation Aspects (Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism). Springer Kindle: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.com/Wildlife-Tourism-Environmental-Learning-Encounters/dp/3319555731">https://www.amazon.com/Wildlife-Tourism-Environmental-Learning-Encounters/dp/3319555731</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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tourism">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agritourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_tourism" title="Alternative tourism">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_tourism" title="Atomic tourism">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(travel)" title="Backpacking (travel)">Backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">Beachgoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism" title="Birth tourism">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_tourism" title="Business tourism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_tourism" title="Culinary tourism">Culinary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enotourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotourism">Enotourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural</a> 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title="Christian tourism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal_tourism" title="Halal tourism">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tourism" title="Kosher tourism">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_tourism" title="Science tourism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_tourism" title="Sensory tourism">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_tourism" title="Slum tourism">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_tourism" title="Smart tourism">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Lunar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_tourism" title="Sports tourism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_tourism" title="Urban tourism">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_friends_and_relatives" title="Visiting friends and relatives">Visiting friends and relatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_tourism" title="Wellness tourism">Wellness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">Bed and breakfast</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motel" title="Motel">Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_(lodging)" title="Pension (lodging)">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referral_chain" title="Referral chain">Referral chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">Resort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resort_hotel" title="Resort hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_island" title="Resort island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">Seaside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_tour" title="College tour">College tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Convention (meeting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_marketing_organization" title="Destination marketing organization">Destination marketing organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorted_tour" title="Escorted tour">Escorted tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excursion" title="Excursion">Excursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_tour" title="Factory tour">Factory tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_shop" title="Gift shop">Gift shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_planner" title="Journey planner">Journey planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tour" 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