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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2021 decision on the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Heartbeat_Act" title="Texas Heartbeat Act">Texas Heartbeat Act</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Jackson" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson">Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2016 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued March 2, 2016<br />Decided June 27, 2016</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Whole Woman's Health; Austin Women's Health Center; Killeen Women's Health Center; Nova Health Systems d/b/a Reproductive Services; Sherwood C. Lynn, Jr., M.D.; Pamela J. Richter, D.O.; and Lendol L. Davis, M.D., on behalf of themselves and their patients, petitioners v. John Hellerstedt, M.D., Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_State_Health_Services" title="Texas Department of State Health Services">Texas Department of State Health Services</a>; Mari Robinson, Executive Director of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Board" title="Texas Medical Board">Texas Medical Board</a>, in their official capacities</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/15-274.htm">15-274</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">579 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 582 (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_579" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 579">more</a></i>)<div>136 S. Ct. 2292; 195 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 665</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2015/15-274">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opinion announcement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2015/15-274">Opinion announcement</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Injunction granted</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16984873954220059412&hl=en&as_sdt=2006,">46 F. Supp. 3d 673</a>, (W.D. Tex. 2014), <i>staying injunction</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3575825538574664485&hl=en&as_sdt=2006">769 F.3d 285</a> (5th Cir.), <i>vacated in part</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=18174212808257184075&hl=en&as_sdt=2006">135 S. Ct. 399</a> (2014), <i>aff’d in part, vacated in part, rev’d in part</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14192682821420050675&hl=en&as_sdt=2006">790 F.3d 563 (5th Cir.)</a>, <i>mandate stayed pending judgment</i> 135 S. Ct. 2923 (2015), <i>cert. granted</i>, 136 S. Ct. 499 (2015).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Both the admitting-privileges and the surgical-center requirements place a substantial obstacle in the path of women seeking a pre-viability <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, constitute an <a href="/wiki/Undue_burden_standard" title="Undue burden standard">undue burden</a> on abortion access, and thus violate the Constitution.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Breyer, joined by Kennedy, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Ginsburg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Alito, joined by Roberts, Thomas</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. XIV</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Texas_House_Bill_2" title="Texas House Bill 2">Texas House Bill 2</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color: #B60000; color: white; font-weight: bold">Superseded by</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</b></i>, 579 U.S. 582 (2016), was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States" title="List of landmark court decisions in the United States">landmark decision</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> announced on June 27, 2016. The Court ruled 5–3 that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an undue burden for women seeking an abortion. On June 28, 2016, the Supreme Court refused to hear challenges from Wisconsin and Mississippi where federal appeals courts had enjoined the enforcement of similar laws. </p><p>The decision in <i>Hellerstedt</i> was overruled when the Supreme Court repudiated <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> and the court-created right to abortion in <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i>, 597 U.S. 215 (2022). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_Bill_2" title="Texas House Bill 2">Texas House Bill 2</a></div> <p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> passed a law, H.B. 2, placing a series of <a href="/wiki/Types_of_abortion_restrictions_in_the_United_States" title="Types of abortion restrictions in the United States">restrictions</a> on <a href="/wiki/Abortion_clinics" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion clinics">abortion clinics</a> within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-US_News_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2013, one of H.B. 2's requirements that abortion providers have <a href="/wiki/Admitting_privileges" title="Admitting privileges">admitting privileges</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> within 30 miles took effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the time since the admitting privileges requirement took effect, the number of abortion clinics in Texas declined from 42 to 19.<sup id="cite_ref-US_News_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law also required abortion providers to meet the same standards as <a href="/wiki/Outpatient_surgery" title="Outpatient surgery">ambulatory surgical centers</a><sup id="cite_ref-ACS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to upgrade their building, safety, parking, and staffing to meet the standards of a hospital room.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whole Woman's Health, however, has deemed these requirements unnecessary and expensive as well as an attempt to limit abortion access rather than provide safety to women.<sup id="cite_ref-US_News_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This part of the law was enforced in Texas in the beginning of October 2014, but its enforcement was suspended pending the outcome of this case.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas had waived some or all of the surgical-center requirements for 336 of the 433 (78%) licensed ambulatory surgical centers in Texas,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but had not waived any part of the surgical-center requirements for any of the abortion clinics in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_lawsuit">First lawsuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of plaintiffs including Whole Woman's Health sued, bringing a <a href="/wiki/Facial_challenge" title="Facial challenge">facial challenge</a> to the admitting-privileges provision. On October 28, 2013, the day before the law was to take effect, Judge <a href="/wiki/Earl_Leroy_Yeakel_III" title="Earl Leroy Yeakel III">Earl Leroy Yeakel III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Texas">United States District Court for the Western District of Texas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a> granted the plaintiffs an injunction invalidating the provision.<sup id="cite_ref-YaleLJ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleLJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three days later, a motions panel of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</a> made of Circuit Judges <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Richman" title="Priscilla Richman">Priscilla Richman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Walker_Elrod" title="Jennifer Walker Elrod">Jennifer Walker Elrod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catharina_Haynes" title="Catharina Haynes">Catharina Haynes</a>, granted an emergency stay of the injunction, allowing the law to go into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-YaleLJ_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleLJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 19, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to vacate the stay, with Justice Scalia, joined by Justices Thomas and Alito, writing a concurrence and Justice Breyer, joined by Justices Ginsburg, Sotomayor and Kagan, writing a dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 27, 2014, Circuit Judge <a href="/wiki/Edith_Jones" title="Edith Jones">Edith Jones</a>, joined by Judges Elrod and Haynes, upheld the challenged provision.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YaleLJ_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleLJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whole Woman's Health did not petition the U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_lawsuit">Second lawsuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 6, 2014, Whole Woman's Health filled a new lawsuit, now seeking to block the admitting-privileges provision as applied to the Whole Woman's Health in <a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen, Texas</a> and the Nova Health Systems in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>, as well as to block the surgical centre provision throughout Texas. The court held a four-day <a href="/wiki/Bench_trial" title="Bench trial">bench trial</a> and on August 29, 2014, Judge Yeakel issued a state-wide injunction barring enforcement of both provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YaleLJ_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleLJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 2, 2014, Circuit Judge Elrod, joined by Judge <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Edwin_Smith" title="Jerry Edwin Smith">Jerry Edwin Smith</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Higginson" title="Stephen A. Higginson">Stephen A. Higginson</a> dissenting in part, stayed the lower court's injunction pending appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YaleLJ_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleLJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 14, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court vacated the Fifth Circuit, reimposing the injunction blocking the law, over a dissent by Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Alito.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YaleLJ_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleLJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 9, 2015, Circuit Judges <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prado" title="Edward C. Prado">Edward C. Prado</a>, Elrod, and Haynes, in an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam_decision" title="Per curiam decision"><i>per curiam</i> decision</a>, found on the merits that the two provisions were constitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fifth Circuit reversed the court order protecting the El Paso clinic but upheld the order protecting the McAllen clinic. The three-judge panel upheld the majority of the Texas law.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>fn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel held that the law was constitutional under <i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>'</i>s undue burden standard because the law "does not place a substantial obstacle in path of those women seeking an abortion".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before H.B. 2 could take effect, the petitioners requested a stay from the Supreme Court. On June 29, 2015, the court granted a temporary stay by a 5–4 vote, and it later granted an indefinite stay. Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Justices <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> would have denied the stay. On November 13, 2015, the court granted a writ of certiorari to review the Fifth Circuit's holding. Over eighty amicus curiae briefs were filed with the Court,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one signed by prominent female lawyers stating that they had each had an abortion and the decision had paved the way for their legal careers.<sup id="cite_ref-EyesOnKennedy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EyesOnKennedy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A competing brief in support of the Texas law was filed on behalf of women who said they suffered psychological or physical harm due to their abortions. <sup id="cite_ref-EyesOnKennedy_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EyesOnKennedy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 13, 2016, Justice Scalia died, leaving eight justices to hear the case. Ninety minutes of oral arguments were heard on March 2, 2016, with <a href="/wiki/Scott_A._Keller" title="Scott A. Keller">Scott A. Keller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Texas" title="Solicitor General of Texas">Solicitor General of Texas</a>, appearing for the state, Stephanie Toti of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights" title="Center for Reproductive Rights">Center for Reproductive Rights</a> appearing for Whole Woman's Health,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Verrilli_Jr." title="Donald B. Verrilli Jr.">Donald B. Verrilli Jr.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a>, appearing as a friend of the court in support of the clinic.<sup id="cite_ref-US_News_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the questioning phase of the oral arguments, the liberal side of the court, including Justices <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, questioned the true intention of the law<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Texas's justification for it. Texas Solicitor General Scott Keller argued that women living far from Texas abortion clinics––due to the closure of many abortion clinics struggling to comply with the requirement's standards––were not unduly burdened in gaining access to abortions because they could access clinics in New Mexico, a state with more lenient standards. In response, Justice Ginsburg noted: "So if your argument is right, then New Mexico is not an available way out for Texas, because Texas says: To protect our women, we need these things. But send them off to New Mexico... and that's perfectly all right."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Breyer,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/200px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/300px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/400px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> was the author of the Court's opinion.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 27, 2016, the Court ruled by a 5–3 vote that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an <a href="/wiki/Undue_burden_standard" title="Undue burden standard">undue burden</a> for women seeking an abortion, and therefore the sections of Texas law H.B. 2 challenged here are invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an opinion written by Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, the court struck down key provisions of the law––those requiring doctors who perform abortions to have difficult-to-obtain "admitting privileges" at a local hospital and requiring clinics to have costly hospital-grade facilities––as violating a woman's right to an abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observing that these provisions do not offer medical benefits sufficient to justify the burdens upon access that each imposes, the majority concluded: "Each places a substantial obstacle in the path of women seeking a pre-viability abortion, each constitutes an undue burden on abortion access, and each violates the federal Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-20160627Reuters_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160627Reuters-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority opinion struck down both provisions "facially", that is, the very words of the provisions are invalid, irrespective of how they might be implemented or applied.<sup id="cite_ref-20160627SCOTUSDenniston_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160627SCOTUSDenniston-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ruling, the task of judging whether a law puts an unconstitutional burden on a woman's right to abortion rests with the courts and not the legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-20160627SCOTUSDenniston_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160627SCOTUSDenniston-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice Breyer wrote, "We have found nothing in Texas’ record evidence that shows that, compared to prior law (which required a “working arrangement” with a doctor with admitting privileges), the new law advanced Texas’ legitimate interest in protecting women's health." He noted that, when asked at oral argument whether Texas knew of a single instance in which the new requirement would have helped even one woman obtain better treatment, Texas admitted that there was no evidence in the record of such a case.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found that, if H.B. 2 were allowed to take full effect, the number of Texan women living more than 200 miles from the nearest abortion clinic would increase from 10,000 to 750,000.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice Breyer dismissed the state's claim that the Pennsylvania case of <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Gosnell" title="Kermit Gosnell">Kermit Gosnell</a> justified additional regulation: "Gosnell's behavior was terribly wrong. But there is no reason to believe that an extra layer of regulation would have affected that behavior. Determined wrongdoers, already ignoring existing statutes and safety measures, are unlikely to be convinced to adopt safe practices by a new overlay of regulations. Regardless, Gosnell's deplorable crimes could escape detection only because his facility went un-inspected for more than 15 years. Pre-existing Texas law already contained numerous detailed regulations covering abortion facilities, including a requirement that facilities be inspected at least annually."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurrence">Concurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a two-page concurrence, Justice Ginsburg wrote, "Many medical procedures, including childbirth, are far more dangerous to patients, yet are not subject to ambulatory surgical-center or hospital admitting-privileges requirements. ... Given those realities, it is beyond rational belief that H. B. 2 could genuinely protect the health of women, and certain that the law 'would simply make it more difficult for them to obtain abortions.' ... When a State severely limits access to safe and legal procedures, women in desperate circumstances may resort to unlicensed rogue practitioners. ... [L]aws like H. B. 2 that 'do little or nothing for health, but rather strew impediments to abortion' cannot survive judicial inspection."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissents">Dissents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dissents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justice Thomas filed a dissenting opinion, stating that the majority "reimagines the undue-burden standard" for abortion access, creating a "benefits-and-burdens balancing test" that courts should have instead deferred to the legislatures to resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Alito, joined by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Thomas, filed a second dissenting opinion, arguing that there is no direct causal link between the Texas law and the closings of abortion clinics, and they may have also been affected by the withdrawal of state funds, declining demand for abortions, and retirements of doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alito also stated that Texas might well have been motivated to protect women by the <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Gosnell" title="Kermit Gosnell">Kermit Gosnell</a> case in Pennsylvania, in which a doctor had been convicted on three charges of murder and one of manslaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> praised the decision as a victory for women, saying "By striking down politically motivated restrictions that made it nearly impossible for Texans to exercise their full reproductive rights, the Court upheld every woman’s right to safe, legal abortion, no matter where she lives."<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian0627_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian0627-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama">Obama</a> issued a statement applauding the Court's decision and reiterating his commitment to "women's health, including protecting a woman's access to safe, affordable health care and her right to determine her own future."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> applauded the decision, calling it a "decisive victory for women across the country."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> expressed disappointment with the ruling, saying "the Supreme Court sided with abortion extremists who care more about providing abortion-on-demand than they do protecting women’s health." He also vowed to fight for "unborn life."<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian0627_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian0627-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statement issued on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> bishops in Texas said the decision "puts women at grave risk" because "Surgical abortion is an invasive procedure that poses numerous and serious medical complications. The state has a legitimate interest in ensuring the maximum level of safety for the woman subjected to the procedure and that viable emergency care is available if complications such as hemorrhage, infection, uterine perforation, blood clots, cervical tears, or allergic reactions occur. It is irresponsible for physicians to perform this procedure without being able to provide follow-up treatment for the associated complications."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The decision may impact similar restrictions on abortion access in other states.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPo_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20160627SCOTUSGans_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160627SCOTUSGans-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Vladeck" title="Steve Vladeck">Steve Vladeck</a>, a professor of law at <a href="/wiki/Washington_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington College of Law">American University Washington College of Law</a>, stated:<sup id="cite_ref-20160627CNN_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160627CNN-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By clarifying exactly what <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey#Undue_burden_standard" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">the 'undue burden' test</a><sup id="cite_ref-20160627SCOTUSGans_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160627SCOTUSGans-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires, I suspect the majority was hoping to dissuade states like Oklahoma from continuing to pass laws that so directly challenge the central premise of <i>Roe v. Wade</i> -- that the Constitution protects a pregnant woman's right to an abortion in a meaningful percentage of cases,</p></blockquote><p> Vladeck also added that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>in the process, the Court today has called into question everything from categorical bans on abortions to so-called 'fetal heartbeat' restrictions, and perhaps plenty of other laws in between,</p></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-20160627CNN_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160627CNN-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cases">Other cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the decision, five states required abortion clinics to operate under "hospital-like" standards: Michigan, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Tennessee, though in the last of these<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> a court order prevented enforcement. Nine states required doctors to have hospital admitting privileges, of which three were enforcing that requirement (North Dakota, Missouri, and Tennessee) and six were not (Wisconsin, Kansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few hours after the Supreme Court announced its ruling, Alabama Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Luther_Strange" title="Luther Strange">Luther Strange</a> announced he would drop his appeal of a U.S. District Court ruling that had invalidated the state's hospital admitting privileges requirement for abortion providers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 28, 2016, the Supreme Court declined appeals in related cases from Wisconsin and Mississippi. It let stand a ruling that the state of Washington can require pharmacists to fill prescriptions for contraceptives to which they have religious objections.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Alito, in a dissent joined by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Thomas, wrote: "If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court also rejected appeals by Mississippi and Wisconsin that sought to require abortion providers to have hospital admitting privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louisiana had passed Act 620 in 2014, modeled after Texas' law that would require doctors to have admission privileges at a hospital within 30 miles, effectively reducing the number of legal clinics to one at the time of passage. The law was challenged by abortion clinics and doctors in <i><a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo" title="June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo">June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo</a></i>, and while the District Court ordered an injunction to prevent the law going into effect, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">Fifth Circuit</a> reversed the injunction. The plaintiffs obtained an emergency stay of the Fifth Circuit's decision from the Supreme Court while <i>Whole Woman's Health</i> was under litigation. Following this case's decision, the Louisiana law was declared unconstitutional by the District Court on rehearing on the basis of <i>Whole Woman's Health</i>, but the Fifth Circuit again reversed the decision. Plaintiffs have again sought an emergency stay order from the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 7, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> granted a stay and temporarily enjoined the state of Louisiana from enforcing the law while the plaintiffs appeal the decision of the Fifth Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court ruled on June 29, 2020 that the Louisiana law was similarly unconstitutional, with Roberts as the deciding vote. Roberts maintained his position of dissent in the opinion of the court but upheld the judgement of unconstitutionality as found in <i>Whole Woman's Health</i> as a matter of past court precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_opinion_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday_opinion-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_decision_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_decision-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo" title="June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo">June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Amendment" title="Hyde Amendment">Hyde Amendment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When the Fifth Circuit issued its decision, the caption of the case was <i>Whole Woman's Health v. Cole</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the defendants was later changed to "John Hellerstedt, Commissioner, Texas Department of State Health Services, et al." when Hellerstedt assumed the role of Commissioner of the Texas Department of State Health Services.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJane_S._Schacter_(William_Nelson_Cromwell_Professor_of_Law_at_Stanford_Law_School)2016" class="citation web cs1">Jane S. Schacter (William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Stanford Law School) (June 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523164700/https://law.stanford.edu/2016/06/27/scotus-whole-womans-health-decision-casey-endures/">"SCOTUS Whole Woman's Health Decision: Casey Endures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.stanford.edu/2016/06/27/scotus-whole-womans-health-decision-casey-endures/">the original</a> on May 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2023</span>. <q>In a landmark opinion, Whole Women's Health v. Hellerstedt, the Supreme Court weighed in and took some important steps toward better aligning its decisions ("the law on the books") with the reality of what is going on in the country ("law in action"). [...] Justice Breyer's opinion for a 5-justice majority in Whole Women's Health is an explicit course correction. The forgiving rational basis test, the Court said, has no role in Casey's undue burden inquiry. To opponents of abortion who had found support for that deferential approach in Gonzales v. Carhart, the Supreme Court's 2007 decision upholding the federal ban on "partial birth" abortion, the Court said: such a conclusion misreads Gonzales. Further, states like Texas that say they are regulating abortion to protect women's health must be able to point to actual health benefits for women, and courts should independently assess this evidence—and not simply accept unsupported assertions—as part of the undue burden inquiry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCOTUS+Whole+Woman%27s+Health+Decision%3A+Casey+Endures&rft.pub=Stanford+Law+School&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft.au=Jane+S.+Schacter+%28William+Nelson+Cromwell+Professor+of+Law+at+Stanford+Law+School%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.stanford.edu%2F2016%2F06%2F27%2Fscotus-whole-womans-health-decision-casey-endures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhole+Woman%27s+Health+v.+Hellerstedt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_News-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_News_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_News_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_News_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_News_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2016" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Lindsey (January 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2016/01/11/supreme-court-and-abortion-why-whole-womans-health-v-cole-matters">"Explaining the Whole Woman's Health v. Cole Abortion Case"</a>. <i>U.S. News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Whole+Woman%27s+Health+v.+Cole+Abortion+Case&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fdata-mine%2F2016%2F01%2F11%2Fsupreme-court-and-abortion-why-whole-womans-health-v-cole-matters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhole+Woman%27s+Health+v.+Hellerstedt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2015" class="citation news cs1">Green, Emma (November 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/a-new-supreme-court-challenge-the-erosion-of-abortion-access-in-texas/415929/">"A New Supreme Court Challenge: The Erosion of Abortion Access in Texas"</a>. <i>Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-louisiana-abortion-law-john-roberts/2020/06/29/6f42067e-ba00-11ea-8cf5-9c1b8d7f84c6_story.html">the original</a> on June 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Courts+%26+Law%3A+Supreme+Court+strikes+down+restrictive+Louisiana+abortion+law+that+would+have+closed+clinics&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcourts_law%2Fsupreme-court-louisiana-abortion-law-john-roberts%2F2020%2F06%2F29%2F6f42067e-ba00-11ea-8cf5-9c1b8d7f84c6_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhole+Woman%27s+Health+v.+Hellerstedt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouseSiegel2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Greenhouse, Linda</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reva_Siegel" title="Reva Siegel">Siegel, Reva</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/casey-and-the-clinic-closings">"<i>Casey</i> and the Clinic Closings: When 'Protecting Health' Obstructs Choice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i>. <b>125</b> (5): 1428–1480. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2621839">2621839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Casey+and+the+Clinic+Closings%3A+When+%27Protecting+Health%27+Obstructs+Choice&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1428-1480&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2621839%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Reva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Farticle%2Fcasey-and-the-clinic-closings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhole+Woman%27s+Health+v.+Hellerstedt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReingoldGostin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Reingold, Rebecca B.; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Gostin" title="Larry Gostin">Gostin, Lawrence O.</a> (2016). "Women's Health and Abortion Rights : <i>Whole Woman's Health v Hellerstedt</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a></i>. <b>316</b> (9): 925–926. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.11074">10.1001/jama.2016.11074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27441893">27441893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Health+and+Abortion+Rights+%3A+Whole+Woman%27s+Health+v+Hellerstedt&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=925-926&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2016.11074&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27441893&rft.aulast=Reingold&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+B.&rft.au=Gostin%2C+Lawrence+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhole+Woman%27s+Health+v.+Hellerstedt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ziegler, Mary (2016). "Substantial Uncertainty: <i>Whole Woman's Health v Hellerstedt</i> and the Future of Abortion Law". <i>The Supreme Court Review</i>. <b>2016</b>: 77–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F691549">10.1086/691549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148615698">148615698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Supreme+Court+Review&rft.atitle=Substantial+Uncertainty%3A+Whole+Woman%27s+Health+v+Hellerstedt+and+the+Future+of+Abortion+Law&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=77-116&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F691549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148615698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhole+Woman%27s+Health+v.+Hellerstedt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_579" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 579">579</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2016) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/579/15-274/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2015/15-274">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/15-274_new_e18f.pdf">Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303002036/https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/15-274_l53m.pdf">Transcript of oral arguments</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US14thAmendment" title="Template:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US14thAmendment" title="Template talk:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US14thAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fourteenth Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Citizenship_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_v._Wilkins" title="Elk v. Wilkins">Elk v. Wilkins</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_v._Hare" title="Mackenzie v. Hare">Mackenzie v. Hare</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Brownell" title="Perez v. Brownell">Perez v. Brownell</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afroyim_v._Rusk" title="Afroyim v. Rusk">Afroyim v. Rusk</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei" title="Rogers v. Bellei">Rogers v. Bellei</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saenz_v._Roe" title="Saenz v. Roe">Saenz v. Roe</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Due_Process_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Economic substantive<br />due process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mugler_v._Kansas" title="Mugler v. Kansas">Mugler v. Kansas</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allgeyer_v._Louisiana" title="Allgeyer v. Louisiana">Allgeyer v. Louisiana</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holden_v._Hardy" title="Holden v. Hardy">Holden v. Hardy</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York">Lochner v. New York</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muller_v._Oregon" title="Muller v. Oregon">Muller v. Oregon</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coppage_v._Kansas" title="Coppage v. Kansas">Coppage v. Kansas</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adams_v._Tanner" title="Adams v. Tanner">Adams v. Tanner</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Gorman_%26_Young,_Inc._v._Hartford_Fire_Insurance_Co." title="O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.">O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Hotel_Co._v._Parrish" title="West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish">West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish</a></i> (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Right to privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Vuitch" title="United States v. Vuitch">United States v. Vuitch</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_of_Central_Missouri_v._Danforth" title="Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth">Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1976)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1976)">Bellotti v. Baird I</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colautti_v._Franklin" title="Colautti v. Franklin">Colautti v. Franklin</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1979)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1979)">Bellotti v. Baird II</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H._L._v._Matheson" title="H. L. v. Matheson">H. L. v. Matheson</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Akron_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health" title="City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health">City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornburgh_v._American_College_of_Obstetricians_%26_Gynecologists" title="Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists">Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_v._Minnesota" title="Hodgson v. Minnesota">Hodgson v. Minnesota</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (page does not exist)">Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leavitt_v._Jane_L.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leavitt v. Jane L. (page does not exist)">Leavitt v. Jane L.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_v._Wicklund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert v. Wicklund (page does not exist)">Lambert v. Wicklund</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazurek_v._Armstrong" title="Mazurek v. Armstrong">Mazurek v. Armstrong</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayotte_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Northern_New_England" title="Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England">Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azar_v._Garza" title="Azar v. Garza">Azar v. Garza</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Box_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Indiana_and_Kentucky,_Inc." title="Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.">Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo" title="June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo">June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation under<br /><a href="/wiki/Revised_Statutes_of_the_United_States" title="Revised Statutes of the United States">R.S. </a><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Enforcement Act of 1871">§ 1979 (42 U.S.C. 1983)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monroe_v._Pape" title="Monroe v. Pape">Monroe v. Pape</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i>McNeese v. Board of Education</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Pierson v. Ray</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Jenkins v. McKeithen</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Scheuer v. Rhodes</i> (1974)</li> <li><i>Wood v. Strickland</i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Donaldson" title="O'Connor v. Donaldson">O'Connor v. Donaldson</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v._Davis" title="Paul v. Davis">Paul v. Davis</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imbler_v._Pachtman" title="Imbler v. Pachtman">Imbler v. Pachtman</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monell_v._Department_of_Social_Services_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York">Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Procunier v. Navarette</i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_v._City_of_Independence" title="Owen v. City of Independence">Owen v. City of Independence</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlow_v._Fitzgerald" title="Harlow v. Fitzgerald">Harlow v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felder_v._Casey" title="Felder v. Casey">Felder v. Casey</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Will_v._Michigan_Department_of_State_Police" title="Will v. Michigan Department of State Police">Will v. Michigan Department of State Police</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_University_v._Doe" title="Gonzaga University v. Doe">Gonzaga University v. Doe</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Rancho_Palos_Verdes_v._Abrams" title="City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams">City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_v._Barnstable_School_Committee" title="Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee">Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Iqbal" title="Ashcroft v. Iqbal">Ashcroft v. Iqbal</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_v._Humphries" title="Los Angeles County v. Humphries">Los Angeles County v. Humphries</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Thompson" title="Connick v. Thompson">Connick v. Thompson</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobson_v._Massachusetts" title="Jacobson v. Massachusetts">Jacobson v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zucht_v._King" title="Zucht v. King">Zucht v. King</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powell_v._Alabama" title="Powell v. Alabama">Powell v. Alabama</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullane_v._Central_Hanover_Bank_%26_Trust_Co." title="Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.">Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_v._Florida" title="Hoyt v. Florida">Hoyt v. Florida</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Winship" title="In re Winship">In re Winship</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._LaFleur" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur">Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._Louisiana" title="Taylor v. Louisiana">Taylor v. Louisiana</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goss_v._Lopez" title="Goss v. Lopez">Goss v. Lopez</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews_v._Eldridge" title="Mathews v. Eldridge">Mathews v. Eldridge</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._City_of_East_Cleveland" title="Moore v. City of East Cleveland">Moore v. City of East Cleveland</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duren_v._Missouri" title="Duren v. Missouri">Duren v. Missouri</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._J.R." title="Parham v. J.R.">Parham v. J.R.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parratt_v._Taylor" title="Parratt v. Taylor">Parratt v. Taylor</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logan_v._Zimmerman_Brush_Co." title="Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.">Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kolender_v._Lawson" title="Kolender v. Lawson">Kolender v. Lawson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Palmer" title="Hudson v. Palmer">Hudson v. Palmer</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._Loudermill" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill">Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeShaney_v._Winnebago_County" title="DeShaney v. Winnebago County">DeShaney v. Winnebago County</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._v._Gerald_D." title="Michael H. v. Gerald D.">Michael H. v. Gerald D.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troxel_v._Granville" title="Troxel v. Granville">Troxel v. Granville</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caperton_v._A.T._Massey_Coal_Co." title="Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.">Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Pennsylvania" title="Williams v. Pennsylvania">Williams v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Equal_Protection_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Race</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pace_v._Alabama" title="Pace v. Alabama">Pace v. Alabama</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumming_v._Richmond_County_Board_of_Education" title="Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education">Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" title="Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Texas_(1940)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Texas (1940) (page does not exist)">Smith v. Texas</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirabayashi_v._United_States" title="Hirabayashi v. United States">Hirabayashi v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States" title="Korematsu v. United States">Korematsu v. United States</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sipuel_v._Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Oklahoma" title="Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma">Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Sharp" title="Perez v. Sharp">Perez v. Sharp</a></i> (Cal. 1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Adams" title="Lucy v. Adams">Lucy v. Adams</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (M.D. Ala. 1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Martin" title="Anderson v. Martin">Anderson v. Martin</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_v._Florida" title="McLaughlin v. Florida">McLaughlin v. Florida</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reitman_v._Mulkey" title="Reitman v. Mulkey">Reitman v. Mulkey</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Washington" title="Lee v. Washington">Lee v. Washington</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Erickson" title="Hunter v. Erickson">Hunter v. Erickson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadnott_v._Amos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadnott v. Amos (page does not exist)">Hadnott v. Amos</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Montgomery_County_Board_of_Education" title="United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education">United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education" title="Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education">Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education" title="Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDaniel_v._Barresi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDaniel v. Barresi (page does not exist)">McDaniel v. Barresi</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmer_v._Thompson" title="Palmer v. Thompson">Palmer v. Thompson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coit_v._Green" title="Coit v. Green">Coit v. Green</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guey_Heung_Lee_v._Johnson" title="Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson">Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_v._Hackney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jefferson v. Hackney (page does not exist)">Jefferson v. Hackney</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyes_v._School_District_No._1,_Denver" title="Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver">Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norwood_v._Harrison" title="Norwood v. Harrison">Norwood v. Harrison</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" title="Milliken v. Bradley">Milliken v. Bradley</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Arlington_Heights_v._Metropolitan_Housing_Development_Corp." title="Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.">Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayton_Bd._of_Ed._v._Brinkman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman (page does not exist)">Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke" title="Regents of the University of California v. Bakke">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_v._Seattle_School_Dist._No._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 (page does not exist)">Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crawford_v._Los_Angeles_Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (page does not exist)">Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmore_v._Sidoti" title="Palmore v. Sidoti">Palmore v. Sidoti</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Underwood" title="Hunter v. Underwood">Hunter v. Underwood</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wygant_v._Jackson_Board_of_Education" title="Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education">Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Richmond_v._J.A._Croson_Co." title="City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.">City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Oklahoma_City_v._Dowell" title="Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell">Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_v._Pitts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeman v. Pitts (page does not exist)">Freeman v. Pitts</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Fordice" title="United States v. Fordice">United States v. Fordice</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeastern_Fla._Chapter,_Associated_Gen._Contractors_of_America_v._Jacksonville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville (page does not exist)">Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Jenkins" title="Missouri v. Jenkins">Missouri v. Jenkins</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Lesage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas v. Lesage (page does not exist)">Texas v. Lesage</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_v._California_(2005)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson v. California (2005) (page does not exist)">Johnson v. California</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1" title="Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1">Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2013)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2013)">Fisher v. University of Texas I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action">Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2016)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)">Fisher v. University of Texas II</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College">Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goesaert_v._Cleary" title="Goesaert v. Cleary">Goesaert v. Cleary</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Reed" title="Reed v. Reed">Reed v. Reed</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moritz_v._Commissioner" title="Moritz v. Commissioner">Moritz v. Commissioner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kahn_v._Shevin" title="Kahn v. Shevin">Kahn v. Shevin</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geduldig_v._Aiello" title="Geduldig v. Aiello">Geduldig v. Aiello</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanton_v._Stanton" title="Stanton v. Stanton">Stanton v. Stanton</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwards v. Healy">Edwards v. Healy</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Craig_v._Boren" title="Craig v. Boren">Craig v. Boren</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orr_v._Orr" title="Orr v. Orr">Orr v. Orr</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._Hughes" title="Parham v. Hughes">Parham v. Hughes</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caban_v._Mohammed" title="Caban v. Mohammed">Caban v. Mohammed</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Administrator_of_Massachusetts_v._Feeney" title="Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney">Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wengler_v._Druggists_Mut._Ins._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co. (page does not exist)">Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirchberg_v._Feenstra" title="Kirchberg v. Feenstra">Kirchberg v. Feenstra</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._v._Superior_Court_of_Sonoma_County" title="Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County">Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_University_for_Women_v._Hogan" title="Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan">Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehr_v._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehr v. Robertson (page does not exist)">Lehr v. Robertson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._v._Alabama_ex_rel._T.B." title="J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.">J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Skrmetti" title="United States v. Skrmetti">United States v. Skrmetti</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual orientation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alienage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patsone_v._Pennsylvania" title="Patsone v. Pennsylvania">Patsone v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truax_v._Raich" title="Truax v. Raich">Truax v. Raich</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heim_v._McCall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heim v. McCall (page does not exist)">Heim v. McCall</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crane v. New York (page does not exist)">Crane v. New York</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terrace_v._Thompson" title="Terrace v. Thompson">Terrace v. Thompson</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porterfield_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porterfield v. Webb (page does not exist)">Porterfield v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webb_v._O%27Brien" title="Webb v. O'Brien">Webb v. O'Brien</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frick_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frick v. Webb (page does not exist)">Frick v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_ex_rel._Clark_v._Deckebach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach (page does not exist)">Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_v._Fish_and_Game_Comm%27n" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n">Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._Richardson" title="Graham v. Richardson">Graham v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sugarman_v._Dougall" title="Sugarman v. Dougall">Sugarman v. Dougall</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re Griffiths (page does not exist)">In re Griffiths</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Examining_Board_v._Flores_de_Otero" title="Examining Board v. Flores de Otero">Examining Board v. Flores de Otero</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyquist_v._Mauclet" title="Nyquist v. Mauclet">Nyquist v. Mauclet</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foley_v._Connelie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foley v. Connelie (page does not exist)">Foley v. Connelie</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambach_v._Norwick" title="Ambach v. Norwick">Ambach v. Norwick</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabell_v._Chavez-Salido" title="Cabell v. Chavez-Salido">Cabell v. Chavez-Salido</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bernal_v._Fainter" title="Bernal v. Fainter">Bernal v. Fainter</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_v._Thompson" title="Shapiro v. Thompson">Shapiro v. Thompson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County_Board_v._Richards" title="Arlington County Board v. Richards">Arlington County Board v. Richards</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_Insurance_Co._v._Ward" title="Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward">Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_v._Southern_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.">Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_City_Cab_Co._v._Commonwealth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth (page does not exist)">Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyama_v._California" title="Oyama v. California">Oyama v. California</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinaldi_v._Yeager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinaldi v. Yeager (page does not exist)">Rinaldi v. Yeager</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levy_v._Louisiana" title="Levy v. Louisiana">Levy v. Louisiana</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes" title="Williams v. Rhodes">Williams v. Rhodes</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell" title="Oregon v. Mitchell">Oregon v. Mitchell</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boddie_v._Connecticut" title="Boddie v. Connecticut">Boddie v. Connecticut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehnhausen_v._Lake_Shore_Auto_Parts_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co. (page does not exist)">Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardson_v._Ramirez" title="Richardson v. Ramirez">Richardson v. Ramirez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Belle_Terre_v._Boraas" title="Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas">Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Board_of_Retirement_v._Murgia" title="Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia">Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimble_v._Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimble v. Gordon (page does not exist)">Trimble v. Gordon</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zablocki_v._Redhail" title="Zablocki v. Redhail">Zablocki v. Redhail</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority_v._Beazer" title="New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer">New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mills_v._Habluetzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mills v. Habluetzel (page does not exist)">Mills v. Habluetzel</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cleburne_v._Cleburne_Living_Center,_Inc." title="City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.">City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_v._Jeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark v. Jeter (page does not exist)">Clark v. Jeter</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadrmas_v._Dickinson_Public_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools (page does not exist)">Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._Ashcroft" title="Gregory v. Ashcroft">Gregory v. Ashcroft</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacco_v._Quill" title="Vacco v. Quill">Vacco v. Quill</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour_v._Indianapolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armour v. Indianapolis (page does not exist)">Armour v. Indianapolis</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Enforcement_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Enforcement Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._Morgan" title="Katzenbach v. Morgan">Katzenbach v. Morgan</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_v._Bitzer" title="Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer">Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dellmuth_v._Muth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dellmuth v. Muth (page does not exist)">Dellmuth v. Muth</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank" title="Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank">Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimel_v._Florida_Board_of_Regents" title="Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents">Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Human_Resources_v._Hibbs" title="Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs">Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Georgia" title="United States v. Georgia">United States v. Georgia</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. 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