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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall_and_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_and_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Downfall and deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall_and_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="مارتينا (إمبراطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتينا (إمبراطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мартина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina" title="Martina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(Byzanz)" title="Martina (Byzanz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martina (Byzanz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1_(%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1)" title="Μαρτίνα (αυτοκράτειρα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρτίνα (αυτοκράτειρα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(emperatriz)" title="Martina (emperatriz) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martina (emperatriz)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_(imp%C3%A9ratrice_byzantine)" title="Martine (impératrice byzantine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martine (impératrice byzantine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(imperatrice)" title="Martina (imperatrice) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martina (imperatrice)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="מרטינה (קיסרית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטינה (קיסרית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(imperatrix)" title="Martina (imperatrix) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martina (imperatrix)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98_I)" title="Мартина (сопруга на Ираклиј I) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мартина (сопруга на Ираклиј I)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%89)" title="مارتينا (امبراطور بيزنطى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتينا (امبراطور بيزنطى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(Byzantijns_keizerin)" title="Martina (Byzantijns keizerin) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martina (Byzantijns keizerin)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A_(%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E)" title="マルティナ (東ローマ皇后) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルティナ (東ローマ皇后)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਾਰਟੀਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟੀਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyna_(cesarzowa_bizanty%C5%84ska)" title="Martyna (cesarzowa bizantyńska) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martyna (cesarzowa bizantyńska)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(imperatriz)" title="Martina (imperatriz) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martina (imperatriz)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Мартина (императрица Византии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мартина (императрица Византии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Мартина (Ираклијева супруга) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартина (Ираклијева супруга)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(carica)" title="Martina (carica) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Martina (carica)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(Bysantin_keisarinna)" title="Martina (Bysantin keisarinna) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martina (Bysantin keisarinna)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(kejsarinna)" title="Martina (kejsarinna) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martina (kejsarinna)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(Herakleios%27un_e%C5%9Fi)" title="Martina (Herakleios'un eşi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martina (Herakleios'un eşi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="Мартина (імператриця) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартина (імператриця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q269941#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Martina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augusta</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Siliqua_of_Heraclius_with_Constantine_and_Martina_(reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Siliqua_of_Heraclius_with_Constantine_and_Martina_%28reverse%29.jpg/220px-Siliqua_of_Heraclius_with_Constantine_and_Martina_%28reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Siliqua_of_Heraclius_with_Constantine_and_Martina_%28reverse%29.jpg/330px-Siliqua_of_Heraclius_with_Constantine_and_Martina_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Siliqua_of_Heraclius_with_Constantine_and_Martina_%28reverse%29.jpg/440px-Siliqua_of_Heraclius_with_Constantine_and_Martina_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="719" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Half-<a href="/wiki/Siliqua" title="Siliqua">siliqua</a> <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">minted</a> under <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> depicting his son <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine</a> (left) and Martina (right)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine empresses">Empress of the Byzantine Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">613–641</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">6th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">after 641<br /><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Children">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian Dynasty">Heraclian Dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Martinus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Maria</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martina</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>: Μαρτίνα; died after 641) was an empress of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the second wife of her uncle the emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in 641 with her son. She was a daughter of Maria, Heraclius' sister, and a certain Martinus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_pp._837–8._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Bpagen40mode1upviewtheater_Martina_1"]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_pp._837–8._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Bpagen40mode1upviewtheater_Martina_1"]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria and Heraclius were children of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a> and his wife Epiphania according to the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empress">Empress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Empress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Heraclius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudokia (wife of Heraclius)">Eudokia</a>, the first wife of Heraclius, died on 13 August 612. According to the <i>Chronographikon syntomon</i> of Ecumenical Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nikephoros I of Constantinople</a>, the cause of death was <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. </p><p>According to Theophanes, Martina married her maternal uncle not long after, placing the marriage in 613 at the latest. However, Nikephoros places the marriage during the wars with the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Eurasian Avars</a> which took place in the 620s. </p><p>The marriage was considered to fall within the <a href="/wiki/Prohibited_degree_of_kinship" title="Prohibited degree of kinship">prohibited degree of kinship</a>, according to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>. This particular case of marriage between an uncle and a niece had been declared illegal since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a>. Thus the marriage was disapproved by the people of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the Church. The unpopularity of the marriage was further exacerbated by the populace's adoration for the previous empress. </p><p>Despite his disapproval and attempts to convince Heraclius to repudiate Martina, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius I of Constantinople">Sergius I of Constantinople</a> performed the ceremony himself and crowned Martina in the <a href="/wiki/Augustaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustaeum">Augustaeum</a> after she was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">augusta</a> by Heraclius. Even the members of the imperial family voiced their objections, with Heraclius' brother (and Martina's uncle) <a href="/wiki/Theodore_(brother_of_Heraclius)" title="Theodore (brother of Heraclius)">Theodore</a> continually criticizing Heraclius by pointing out that his sin 'is continually before him' in reference to Martina and their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199963_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199963-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emperor and the empress were, however, clearly a close couple: Martina accompanied her husband in his most difficult campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>. She was also at his side at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> when the news was received of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">serious defeat</a> by the Arabs at the river <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmuk</a> in August 636. These defeats would haunt Martina through her regency and make her increasingly unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her unpopularity with the people of Constantinople may have possibly led to her removal from coinage in 629.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199963_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199963-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars advise caution against such a view, as her disappearance in coinage came at the same time as Heraclius' major monetary reform.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regent">Regent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaplesBibVittEmanIIIMS1B18Fol4vLotAndDaughters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/NaplesBibVittEmanIIIMS1B18Fol4vLotAndDaughters.jpg/249px-NaplesBibVittEmanIIIMS1B18Fol4vLotAndDaughters.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/NaplesBibVittEmanIIIMS1B18Fol4vLotAndDaughters.jpg/374px-NaplesBibVittEmanIIIMS1B18Fol4vLotAndDaughters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/NaplesBibVittEmanIIIMS1B18Fol4vLotAndDaughters.jpg/499px-NaplesBibVittEmanIIIMS1B18Fol4vLotAndDaughters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>An early 7th-century drawing depicting <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> and his family represented as Heraclius (left), Martina (far right), his sister Epiphania, and his daughter Eudoxia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On his deathbed in 641, Heraclius left the empire to both his son from the first marriage, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Byzantine_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)">Heraclius Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a>, his sons with Martina, granting them equal rank. Martina was to be honoured as empress and mother of both of them, as well as insofar as she might have influence at court as well. </p><p>Heraclius died on 11 February 641 of an <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> which Nikephoros considered a divine punishment for his sinful marriage. Three days later Martina took the initiative in announcing the contents of Heraclius' <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a> in a public ceremony. The authority for such a ceremony typically belonged to the succeeding emperor, not to the empress. Martina was attempting to establish her own authority over the two co-emperors. </p><p>The ceremony took place in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a>. Present were members of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Byzantine Senate</a>, other dignitaries and the crowds of Constantinople. Absent were both Constantine and Heraclonas. Martina read the contents of the will and claimed the senior authority in the Empire for herself. However the crowd instead acclaimed the names of the two emperors and not her own, thus objecting to her assumption of imperial authority. She was forced to return to the palace in defeat. </p><p>Relations of Martina and her stepson were always difficult. Because of Heraclonas' young age, Martina ruled through him, consistently opposing the policies of Constantine, leading to the creation of two different political factions. When Heraclius Constantine died suddenly of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> only four months later, the common belief was that the empress poisoned him to leave Heraclonas as sole ruler. However historians like Herren and Garland have stated that this is most likely not true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199972_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his death and her son becoming sole ruler, Martina gained complete and uncontested control over the government. Martina began immediately to exile the prominent supporters of Constantine and with the help of Patriarch Pyrrhus, one of her primary advisors, revived the policy of <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">monothelitism</a>. She recalled Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_of_Alexandria" title="Cyrus of Alexandria">Cyrus of Alexandria</a> and sent him to Egypt after his exile, showing her dedication to the policy of monothelitism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199967_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall_and_deposition">Downfall and deposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Downfall and deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her actions and the rumors of poisoning Constantine caused the people and the Senate to turn against Martina and her son. The Armenian <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(usurper)" title="Valentinus (usurper)">Valentinus</a> with the troops from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, marched to <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> and a frightened Heraclonas named <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(Byzantine_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II (Byzantine Empire)">Constans II</a>, son of late Constantine, a co-emperor. </p><p>After September 641 there was a huge revolt and the army ransacked the harvest on the Asiatic side of the Bosphoros. That month, Martina lost the support of one of her devout followers, Pyrrhus of Constantinople, who abandoned the city after being repeatedly assaulted and followed. This left her vulnerable to the Senate who despised her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199968_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 641, their downfall was completed as the army marched on Constantinople and captured Martina and her three sons, Heraclonas, David and Marinos. Martina's tongue was slit, her sons had their noses cut off, and her youngest sons were castrated. Eventually they were sent to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199970_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lynda Garland completed a comprehensive study of Byzantine empresses, covering Martina extensively. She summarised that Empress Martina was a 'scapegoat' for the failure against Arab expansion as well as the continuation of her husband's policies of monothelitism. Martina's ambition for her family did cause resentment amongst the people of Constantinople. However, she continued the legacy of providing and fighting for her heirs, similarly to many other Byzantine empresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199971_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199971-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martina and Heraclius had at several children, though the names and order of these children are questions for debate: </p> <ul><li>Constantine. Died young.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fabius, who had a <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzed</a> neck. Died young.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Heraclius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius (son of Heraclius)">Theodosius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_(filho_de_Her%C3%A1clio)" class="extiw" title="pt:Teodósio (filho de Heráclio)">pt</a>]</span>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Deaf-mute" title="Deaf-mute">deaf-mute</a>, married Nike, daughter of Persian general <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrbaraz of Persia">Shahrbaraz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicephorus19905ff,_53_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicephorus19905ff,_53-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a>, emperor 638–641.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">David Tiberios</a> (born on 7 November 630), proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> in 638. He was briefly proclaimed augustus and co-emperor with Heraclonas and Constans in 641. Deposed, <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">mutilated</a> and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="Martinus (son of Heraclius)">Martinus</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a>. Possibly the youngest son that died after being emasculated according to <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nikiu" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Nikiu">John of Nikiu</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustina_(filha_de_Her%C3%A1clio)" class="extiw" title="pt:Augustina (filha de Heráclio)">Augustina</a>. Proclaimed an augusta in 638.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._154_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._154-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_(filha_de_Her%C3%A1clio)" class="extiw" title="pt:Martina (filha de Heráclio)">Martina</a> and/or Anastasia. Proclaimed augusta in 638.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._838_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._838-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Of these at least two were <a href="/wiki/Disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled">disabled</a>, which was seen as punishment for the illegality of the marriage and may have been a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_pp._837–8._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Bpagen40mode1upviewtheater_Martina_1"]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_pp._837–8._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Bpagen40mode1upviewtheater_Martina_1"]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. 3, pp. 837–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-III-B/page/n40/mode/1up?view=theater">Martina 1"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199963-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199963_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199963_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrubakerTobler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brubaker, Leslie; Tobler, Helen (2000). "The Gender of Money: Byzantine Empresses on Coins (324–802)". <i>Gender & History</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 587, 594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0424.00201">10.1111/1468-0424.00201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54713911">54713911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+%26+History&rft.atitle=The+Gender+of+Money%3A+Byzantine+Empresses+on+Coins+%28324%E2%80%93802%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=587%2C+594&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0424.00201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54713911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Tobler%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpatharakis1976" class="citation book cs1">Spatharakis, Iohannis (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14"><i>The portrait in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts</i></a>. Brill. pp. 14–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04783-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04783-2"><bdi>90-04-04783-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+portrait+in+Byzantine+illuminated+manuscripts&rft.pages=14-20&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=90-04-04783-2&rft.aulast=Spatharakis&rft.aufirst=Iohannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BEVAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/477154">"Drawing of Job and His Family Represented as Heraclius and His Family"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Drawing+of+Job+and+His+Family+Represented+as+Heraclius+and+His+Family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F477154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199972-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199972_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199967-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199967_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199968-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199968_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199970-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199970_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199971-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199971_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._348._"[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Apagen196mode1up_Constantinus_34]"-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._348._"[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Apagen196mode1up_Constantinus_34]"_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. 3, p. 348. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-III-A/page/n196/mode/1up">Constantinus 34</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Grierson, Philip</a> (1992) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIbav7CP4P4C&pg=PA389"><i>Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-884-02024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-884-02024-0"><bdi>978-0-884-02024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Byzantine+Coins+in+the+Dumbarton+Oaks+Collection+and+in+the+Whittemore+Collection&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-884-02024-0&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIbav7CP4P4C%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> states that "the other Constantine" was named <i>caesar</i> in 617.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._348._"[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Apagen196mode1up_Constantinus_34]"_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._348._"[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-III-Apagen196mode1up_Constantinus_34]"-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is most likely a confusion caused by misdating the <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indiction</a>. The event must refer to the elevation of Heraclonas as <i>caesar</i> in 632.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicephorus19905ff,_53-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicephorus19905ff,_53_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicephorus19905ff,_53_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicephorus1990">Nicephorus 1990</a>, pp. 5ff, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._477-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._477_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. 3, p. 477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His name is given in the history of <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus I of Constantinople">Nicephorus I of Constantinople</a>. The earliest known manuscript calls him "Fabius", while a latter version calls him "Flavius".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicephorus19905ff,_53_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicephorus19905ff,_53-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He's not mentioned ever again, hence why it is assumed he died young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._477_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._477-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._154-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._154_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. 3, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._838-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._3,_p._838_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. 3, p. 838.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999/page/n81/mode/2up">"Martina (?615/16–41)"</a>. <i>Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium</i>. Routledge. pp. 61–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14688-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14688-7"><bdi>0-415-14688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martina+%28%3F615%2F16%E2%80%9341%29&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Empresses%3A+Women+and+Power+in+Byzantium&rft.pages=61-72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-14688-7&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999%2Fpage%2Fn81%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC"><i>The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</i></a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicephorus1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nicephorus</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cfhb-11.1-nicetae-choniatae-historia"><i>Short history</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-184-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-184-X"><bdi>0-88402-184-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+history&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-88402-184-X&rft.au=Nicephorus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcfhb-11.1-nicetae-choniatae-historia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPLRE" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">Martindale, J. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a>, eds. (1971–1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire"><i>Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971%2F1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartina+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/martina.htm">An article on Martina by Lynda Garland</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Eudokia</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_Empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine Empresses">Byzantine Empress consort</a> </b><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 613</span>–641 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_empresses" title="Template talk:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Roman and Byzantine</a> empresses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia_Orestilla" title="Livia Orestilla">Livia Orestilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Milonia Caesonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statilia_Messalina" title="Statilia Messalina">Statilia Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Fundana" title="Galeria Fundana">Galeria Fundana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruttia_Crispina" title="Bruttia Crispina">Bruttia Crispina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Titiana" title="Flavia Titiana">Flavia Titiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlia_Scantilla" title="Manlia Scantilla">Manlia Scantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Paulina" title="Caecilia Paulina">Caecilia Paulina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Tranquillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Otacilia_Severa" title="Marcia Otacilia Severa">Marcia Otacilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herennia_Etruscilla" title="Herennia Etruscilla">Herennia Etruscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Supera" title="Cornelia Supera">Cornelia Supera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Salonina" title="Cornelia Salonina">Cornelia Salonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Severina" title="Ulpia Severina">Ulpia Severina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnia_Urbica" title="Magnia Urbica">Magnia Urbica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisca_(empress)" title="Prisca (empress)">Prisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Galeria Valeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Maximilla" title="Valeria Maximilla">Valeria Maximilla</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebia_(empress)" title="Eusebia (empress)">Eusebia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charito" title="Charito">Charito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnica" title="Domnica">Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos%27s_wife" title="Julius Nepos's wife">Julius Nepos's wife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenonis" title="Zenonis">Zenonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_(empress)" title="Euphemia (empress)">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(empress)" title="Sophia (empress)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_Anastasia" title="Ino Anastasia">Ino Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia" title="Leontia">Leontia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta_(wife_of_Constans_II)" title="Fausta (wife of Constans II)">Fausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Justinian_II)" title="Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Leo_III)" title="Maria (wife of Leo III)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzak" title="Tzitzak">Tzitzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Maria (wife of Constantine V)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Eudokia (wife of Constantine V)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens"><b>Irene</b> of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodote_(empress)" title="Theodote (empress)">Theodote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_of_Athens" title="Theophano of Athens">Theophano of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_(wife_of_Leo_V)" title="Theodosia (wife of Leo V)">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(wife_of_Michael_II)" title="Thekla (wife of Michael II)">Thekla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_Martinakia" title="Theophano Martinakia">Theophano Martinakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Zaoutzaina" title="Zoe Zaoutzaina">Zoe Zaoutzaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ba%C3%AFana" title="Eudokia Baïana">Eudokia Baïana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Romanos_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Romanos I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(daughter_of_Constantine_VII)" title="Theodora (daughter of Constantine VII)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(daughter_of_Alypius)" title="Helena (daughter of Alypius)">Helena</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoë</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bulgaria" title="Catherine of Bulgaria">Catherine of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Dobrodeia_of_Kiev" title="Dobrodeia of Kiev">Dobrodeia of Kiev</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach" title="Bertha of Sulzbach">Bertha of Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary" title="Margaret of Hungary">Margaret of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Angelina" title="Eudokia Angelina">Eudokia Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Armenia" title="Philippa of Armenia">Philippa of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Courtenay" title="Maria of Courtenay">Maria of Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Anna of Hohenstaufen">Anna of Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Elena Asenina of Bulgaria">Elena Asenina of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Theodora Palaiologina</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Brunswick" title="Irene of Brunswick">Irene of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene" title="Helena Kantakouzene">Helena Kantakouzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene Asanina</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Irene Palaiologina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria" title="Keratsa of Bulgaria">Keratsa of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gattilusio" title="Irene Gattilusio">Irene Gattilusio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Moscow" title="Anna of Moscow">Anna of Moscow</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Montferrat" title="Sophia of Montferrat">Sophia of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_IV)" title="Maria Komnene (daughter of Alexios IV)">Maria of Trebizond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, <u>underlining</u> indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and <b>bold</b> incidates an empress regnant.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&oldid=1254516246">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martina_(empress)&oldid=1254516246</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_births" title="Category:6th-century births">6th-century births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_deaths" title="Category:7th-century deaths">7th-century deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraclian_dynasty" title="Category:Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian 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