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3.2 Wet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_process_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_process_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Manufacturing process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_process_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-moist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-moist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Semi-moist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-moist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dehydrated_and_freeze-dried" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dehydrated_and_freeze-dried"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dehydrated and freeze-dried </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dehydrated_and_freeze-dried-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Contents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality,_digestibility_and_energy_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality,_digestibility_and_energy_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Quality, digestibility and energy density </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality,_digestibility_and_energy_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Labeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_diets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_diets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Types of diets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_diets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of diets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_diets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Raw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Senior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-protein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-protein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Low-protein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-protein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Disadvantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Advantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypoallergenic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypoallergenic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hypoallergenic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypoallergenic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grain-free_and_low-carbohydrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grain-free_and_low-carbohydrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Grain-free and low-carbohydrate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grain-free_and_low-carbohydrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarian_and_vegan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarian_and_vegan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Vegetarian and vegan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarian_and_vegan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrients_and_supplements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients_and_supplements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Nutrients and supplements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrients_and_supplements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nutrients and supplements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrients_and_supplements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dangers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dangers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dangers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Recalls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contaminants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contaminants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Contaminants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contaminants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mycotoxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mycotoxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Mycotoxins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mycotoxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salmonella_and_copper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salmonella_and_copper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Salmonella and copper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salmonella_and_copper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dog food</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundefoder" title="Hundefoder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hundefoder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundefutter" title="Hundefutter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hundefutter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Σκυλοτροφή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκυλοτροφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comida_para_perros" title="Comida para perros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comida para perros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txakur-jan" title="Txakur-jan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txakur-jan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DA%AF" title="غذای سگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غذای سگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nourriture_pour_chien" title="Nourriture pour chien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nourriture pour chien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C_%EB%A8%B9%EC%9D%B4" title="개 먹이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개 먹이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="कुत्ते का भोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुत्ते का भोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan_anjing" title="Makanan anjing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makanan anjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibo_per_cani" title="Cibo per cani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cibo per cani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מזון כלבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזון כלבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakan_asu" title="Pakan asu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pakan asu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%86u_bar%C4%ABba" title="Suņu barība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suņu barība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutyaeledel" title="Kutyaeledel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kutyaeledel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan_anjing" title="Makanan anjing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makanan anjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ドッグフード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドッグフード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundemat" title="Hundemat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hundemat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Собачий корм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собачий корм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dog food" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Исхрана паса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исхрана паса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiranruoka" title="Koiranruoka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koiranruoka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundmat" title="Hundmat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hundmat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%82" title="อาหารสุนัข – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหารสุนัข" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pek_mamas%C4%B1" title="Köpek maması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köpek maması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Собачий корм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Собачий корм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%97%E7%B3%A7" title="狗糧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="狗糧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%B2%AE" title="犬粮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犬粮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38420#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food intended for consumption by dogs usually made from meat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about food that is produced to feed dogs. For the human consumption of dog flesh and parts, see <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dog_food_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dog food (disambiguation)">Dog food (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_food&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dog_food" title="Talk:Dog food">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (November 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_food_in_a_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dog_food_in_a_bowl.jpg/220px-Dog_food_in_a_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dog_food_in_a_bowl.jpg/330px-Dog_food_in_a_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dog_food_in_a_bowl.jpg/440px-Dog_food_in_a_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>Dry dog food in a bowl</figcaption></figure> Dog food is specifically formulated food intended for consumption by <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> and other related canines. Dogs are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> bias. They have the sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances, yet also have ten genes that are responsible for <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> digestion, as well as the ability to produce <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a>, an enzyme that functions to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars – something that <a href="/wiki/Obligate_carnivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Obligate carnivores">obligate carnivores</a> like cats lack.<a href="#cite_note-axelssonetal2013-1">[1]</a> Dogs evolved the ability living alongside humans in agricultural societies, as they managed on scrap <a href="/wiki/Leftover" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftover">leftovers</a> and excrement from humans.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pajic2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Dogs have managed to adapt over thousands of years to survive on the meat and non-meat scraps and <a href="/wiki/Leftovers" title="Leftovers">leftovers</a> of human existence and thrive on a variety of foods, with studies suggesting dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves.<a href="#cite_note-axelssonetal2013-1">[1]</a> The dog food recommendation should be based on nutrient suitability instead of dog's preferences. Pet owners should consider their dog's breed, size, age, and health condition and choose food that is appropriate for their dog's nutritional needs.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In the United States alone, the dog food market was expected to reach $23.3 billion by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> Prior to being domesticated, dogs, being <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">canines</a>, fended for themselves and survived on a <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> diet. After adapting them for protection, work, and companionship, people began to care at least in part for their nutritional needs. The historic record of this changing approach dates back at least 2,000 years. In 37 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> talks about the feeding of dogs in his Bucolics: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema; sed una Veloces Spartae catulos, acremque Molossum, Pasce sero pingui:<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> "Do not let the care of dogs be last; but the swift Spartan hounds, and fierce Mastiff, Feed the whey"</blockquote> Around 70 CE, <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> wrote his book On Agriculture in which he addresses the feeding of dogs: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Cibaria fere eadem sunt utrique generi praebenda. Nam si tam laxa rura sunt, ut sustineant pecorum greges, omnis sine discrimine hordeacea farina cum sero commode pascit. Sin autem surculo consitus ager sine pascuo est, farreo vel triticeo pane satiandi sunt, admixto tamen liquore coctae fabae, sed tepido, nam fervens rabiem creat.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> "Provisions of victuals are almost the same for both [types of dog]. If the fields are so large as to sustain herds of animals, barley meal mixed with whey is a convenient food. But if it is an orchard without grain, spelt or wheat bread is fed mixed with the liquid from cooked beans, but warm, for boiling creates rabies."</blockquote> In the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, written from 224 to 651 CE, Ahura Mazda advises: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Bring ye unto him milk and fat with meat; this is the right food for the dog.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></blockquote> By Medieval times, dogs were more seen as pets rather than just companions and workers which affected their quality of the diet to include "Besides being fed bran bread, the dogs would also get some of the meat from the hunt. If a dog was sick, he would get better food, such as goat's milk, bean broth, chopped meat, or buttered eggs." In France, the word pâtée began to appear in the 18th century and referred to a paste originally given to poultry. In 1756, a dictionary indicates it was made of a mixture of bread crumbs and little pieces of meat given to pets.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1781, an encyclopedia mentioned an earlier practice of removing the liver, heart, and blood of a downed stag and mixing it with milk, cheese, and bread, and then giving it to dogs.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1844, the French writer, Nicolas Boyard, warned against even giving tallow <a href="/wiki/Graves_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graves (food)">graves</a> (the dregs of the <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> pot) to dogs, though the English favored them (see below), and suggested a meat-flavored soup: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">By a misguided economy dogs are given meat scraps and tallow graves; one must avoid this, because these foods make them heavy and sick; give them twice a day a soup of coarse bread made with water, fat and the bottom of the stew pot; put a half-kilogram of bread at least in each soup.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></blockquote> In England, care to give dogs particular food dates at least from the late eighteenth century, when The Sportsman's dictionary (1785) described the best diet for a dog's health in its article "Dog": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A dog is of a very hot nature: he should therefore never be without clean water by him, that he may drink when he is thirsty. In regard to their food, carrion is by no means proper for them. It must hurt their sense of smelling, on which the excellence of these dogs greatly depends. Barley meal, the dross of wheatflour, or both mixed together, with broth or skim'd milk, is very proper food. For change, a small quantity of <a href="/wiki/Greaves_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greaves (food)">greaves</a> from which the tallow is pressed by the <a href="/wiki/Candlemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Candlemaker">chandlers</a>, mixed with their flour; or sheep's feet well baked or boiled, are a very good diet, and when you indulge them with flesh it should always be boiled. In the season of hunting your dogs, it is proper to feed them in the evening before, and give them nothing in the morning you take them out, except a little milk. If you stop for your own refreshment in the day, you should also refresh your dogs with a little milk and bread.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></blockquote> In 1833, The Complete Farrier gave similar but far more extensive advice on feeding dogs:<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The dog is neither wholly carnivorous nor wholly herbivorous, but of a mixed kind, and can receive nourishment from either flesh or vegetables. A mixture of both is therefore his proper food,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> but of the former he requires a greater portion, and this portion should be always determined by his bodily exertions.</blockquote> It was not until the mid-1800s that the world saw its first food made specifically for dogs. An American electrician, <a href="/wiki/Spratt%27s" title="Spratt's">James Spratt</a>, concocted the first dog treat. Living in London at the time, he witnessed dogs around a shipyard eating scraps of discarded biscuits. Shortly thereafter he introduced his dog food, made up of wheat meals, vegetables and meat. By 1890 production had begun in the United States and became known as "Spratt's Patent Limited". In later years, <a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">dog biscuit</a> was sometimes treated as synonymous with dog food: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The first three prize winners at the late coursing meeting at Great Bend were trained on Spratt's Patent Dog Biscuit. This same dog food won no less than three awards, including a gold medal, at the Exposition in Paris which has just closed. It would seem that the decision of the judges is more than backed up by the result in the kennel. Another good dog food is that manufactured by Austin & Graves, of Boston. They, too, seem to be meeting with great success in their line.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></blockquote> Canned <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse meat</a> was introduced in the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Ken-L_Ration" title="Ken-L Ration">Ken-L Ration</a> brand after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a means to dispose of <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">excess horses</a> no longer needed for the war.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The 1930s saw the introduction of canned cat food and dry meat-meal dog food by the Gaines Food Co. By the time World War II ended, pet food sales had reached $200 million. In the 1950s Spratt's became part of General Mills. For companies such as Nabisco, Quaker Oats, and General Foods, pet food represented an opportunity to market by-products as a profitable source of income.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_sustainability">Impact and sustainability</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Pet_food#Impact_and_sustainability" title="Pet food">Pet food § Impact and sustainability</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pet_food&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> As of 2018, there are around 470 million pet dogs and around 370 million pet cats.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Given the <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> diets fed to many pets (especially cats and dogs), involving the consumption of an estimated fifth of the world's meat and fish, the impact of pet-food production on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, land-use and other environmental impacts becomes an issue.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.010-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41598-022-22631-0-21">[21]</a> Pet food production is responsible for 20-30% of the environmental impacts from <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It has been estimated that global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from dog and cat dry food represents around 1.1%−2.9% of global emissions, an amount close to the total emissions of countries such as <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Like humans, dogs are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> There is research on alternative protein sources for pet food including <a href="/wiki/Insect-based_pet_food" title="Insect-based pet food">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Although cats are obligate carnivores, they digest plant proteins well.<a href="#cite_note-Pet_food_golder-29">[29]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle analysis">life-cycle analysis</a> of contemporary pet foods suggests wet foods for cats and dogs tend to have a larger impact than dry foods.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.010-20">[20]</a> It also suggests there are substantial opportunities for improvement in "all phases of the pet food life cycle, including formulation, ingredient selection, manufacturing processes" and so on.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.010-20">[20]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_varieties">Commercial varieties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kibbles_How_Others_See_Me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kibbles_How_Others_See_Me.jpg/220px-Kibbles_How_Others_See_Me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kibbles_How_Others_See_Me.jpg/330px-Kibbles_How_Others_See_Me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kibbles_How_Others_See_Me.jpg/440px-Kibbles_How_Others_See_Me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>Dog kibble</figcaption></figure> Most commercially produced dog food is made with animal feed grade ingredients and comes dry in bags (also known in the US as kibble) or wet in cans. Dry food contains 6–10% moisture by volume, as compared to 60–90% in canned food. Semi-moist products typically run 25–35%. Isotopic analysis of dog food in the Brazilian market have found that they are basically made of maize and poultry by-products.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry">Dry</h3></div> Dry dog food usually consists of bagged pellets that contain 3-11% water.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> It makes up the vast majority of pet foods.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manufacturing_process">Manufacturing process</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">Food extrusion</a></div> Dry food processing is popular in the pet food industry, as it is an efficient way to supply continuous production of feed in many varieties. It is energy efficient, allows for large amounts of feed to be used, and is cost effective.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> To make dog kibble, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">extrusion</a> is done. A simple extruder consists of a barrel, helical screws, and a die (tool to cut and shape food). Feed ingredients are solid at room temperature; therefore, the extrusion process of these ingredients requires a temperature above 150 degrees Celsius, achieved by the use of steam, hot water, or other heat sources in order to soften or melt the mixture and allow for fluidity through the barrel. During the extrusion process, the high amounts of pressure applied to the mixture forces it to enter through the die before exiting the extruder completely, where it is cut to its desired size by a rotating fly knife.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Unfortunately, the extrusion process actually denatures some of nutritional elements of the food. Taurine deficiency has been found in dogs<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and cats<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> fed extruded commercial diets. Not usually considered an essential nutrient for dogs, taurine is plentiful in most whole meats, whether raw or cooked,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> but is reduced in extruded diets. Taurine deficiency could also be due to the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Regardless of the cause, taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial pet food. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wet">Wet</h3></div> Wet or canned dog food usually is packaged in a solid or soft-sided container. Wet food contains roughly 60-78% water,<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> which is significantly higher in moisture than dry or semi-moist food.<a href="#cite_note-NHB-38">[38]</a> Canned food is commercially sterile (cooked during canning); other wet foods may not be sterile. Sterilizing is done through the process of retorting, which involves steam sterilization at 121 degrees Celsius.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> A given wet food will often be higher in protein or fat compared to a similar dry food on a dry matter basis (a measure which ignores moisture); given the canned food's high moisture content. A larger amount of canned food must be fed in order to meet the dog's required needs. Grain gluten and other protein gels may be used in wet dog food to create artificial meaty chunks, which look like real meat. This food is usually used for old dogs or puppies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manufacturing_process_2">Manufacturing process</h4></div> After ingredients are combined, they are placed in a tank at the end of a canning machine.<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> From there, the mixture is forced through an opening and onto a metal sheet, forming a thickness of 8 to 12mm.<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> Next, the mixture is heated to thoroughly cook the ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> Heating can be done through the means of ovens, microwaves or steam heating.<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> The sheet containing a layer of feed is passed through the heat source that displays heat to the top and bottom of the tray, allowing the internal temperature to reach 77 degrees Celsius at a minimum.<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> Once cooked, this mixture can be directly placed into cans to form a loaf or it can be cut into "meaty" pieces for chunks and gravy formulas.<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-moist">Semi-moist</h3></div> Semi-moist dog food is packaged in vacuum-sealed pouches or packets. It contains about 20-45% water by weight, making it more expensive per energy calorie than dry food. Most semi-moist food does not require refrigeration. They are lightly cooked and then quickly sealed in a vacuum package. This type of dog food is extremely vulnerable to spoiling if not kept at a cool temperature and has a shelf life of 2–4 months, unopened. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dehydrated_and_freeze-dried">Dehydrated and freeze-dried</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Dehydrated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-dried</a> meals come in raw and cooked forms. Products are usually air-dried or frozen, then dehydrated (freeze-dried) to reduce moisture to the level where bacterial growths are inhibited. The appearance is very similar to dry dog pellets. The typical feeding methods include adding warm water before serving. There is some concern of nutrients, such as vitamins, being lost during the dehydration process. Specialty small batches sold through specialty or online stores generally consist of some form of cooked meat, ground bone, pureed vegetables, taurine supplements, and other multivitamin supplements. Some pet owners use human vitamin supplements, and others use vitamin supplements specifically engineered for dogs.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3></div> Many commercial dog foods are made from materials considered by some authorities and dog owners to be unusable or undesirable.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> These may include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_bone_meal" title="Meat and bone meal">Meat and bone meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a> (wild canines eat offal as a vital part of their diets)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_digest" title="Animal digest">Animal digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_by-products" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal by-products">Animal by-products</a></li></ul> Less expensive dog foods generally include less meat and more <a href="/wiki/Animal_by-products" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal by-products">animal by-products</a> and grain <a href="/wiki/Fillers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fillers">fillers</a>. Proponents of a natural diet criticize the use of such ingredients, and point out that regulations allow for packaging that might lead a consumer to believe that they are buying natural food, when, in reality, the food might be composed mostly of ingredients such as those listed above.<a href="#cite_note-Wysong1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foods_Pets_Die_For-45">[45]</a> More expensive dog foods may be made of ingredients suitable for organic products or free range meats. <a href="/wiki/Lamb_meal" title="Lamb meal">Lamb meal</a> is a popular ingredient. According to the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Feed_Control_Officials" title="Association of American Feed Control Officials">Association of American Feed Control Officials</a> (AAFCO), animal by-products in pet food may include parts obtained from any animals that have died from sickness or disease, provided they are rendered in accordance to law. Cow brains and spinal cords not allowed for human consumption under federal regulation 21CFR589.2000 due to the possibility of transmission of <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">BSE</a> are allowed to be included in pet food intended for non-ruminant animals.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2003, the AVMA speculated changes might be made to animal feed regulations to ban materials from "4-D" animals – those who enter the food chain as dead, dying, diseased or disabled.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chatuchak_Weekend_Market_P1100759.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market_P1100759.JPG/220px-Chatuchak_Weekend_Market_P1100759.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market_P1100759.JPG/330px-Chatuchak_Weekend_Market_P1100759.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market_P1100759.JPG/440px-Chatuchak_Weekend_Market_P1100759.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Dog treats are special types of dog food given as a reward, not as a staple food source.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality,_digestibility_and_energy_density">Quality, digestibility and energy density</h3></div> There are a few key components to consider when evaluating dietary needs. These factors include the <a href="/wiki/Protein_quality" title="Protein quality">quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_digestibility" title="Protein digestibility">digestibility</a> of the protein provided in the diet, as well as the composition of the amino acids included, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> provided in the diet.<a href="#cite_note-:22-48">[48]</a> Diets containing proteins that are high in quality, composition, and digestibility require less of that protein to be present. The same can be said in regards to the energy density.<a href="#cite_note-:22-48">[48]</a> In contrast, high-protein diets will provide excess protein content after meeting maintenance demands; this can therefore lead to the protein being utilized in <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_homeostasis" title="Energy homeostasis">energy storage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-48">[48]</a> This ultimately increases the risk for developing <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_pets" title="Obesity in pets">obesity</a> and other health related issues.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[49]</a> Higher protein in the diet helps reduce <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> loss,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> but will not lead to an increase in size of muscle<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> unless paired with <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">resistance exercises</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> under maintenance conditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeling">Labeling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pet_food#Labeling_and_regulation" title="Pet food">Pet food § Labeling and regulation</a></div> In the United States, dog foods labelled as "complete and balanced" must meet standards established by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Feed_Control_Officials" title="Association of American Feed Control Officials">Association of American Feed Control Officials</a> (AAFCO), either by meeting a nutrient profile or by passing a feeding trial. The Dog Food Nutrient Profiles were last updated in 2016 by the AAFCO's Canine Nutrition Expert Subcommittee.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Critics argue that due to the limitations of the trial and the gaps in knowledge within animal nutrition science, the term "complete and balanced" is inaccurate and even deceptive. An AAFCO panel expert has stated that "although the AAFCO profiles are better than nothing, they provide false securities."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Certain manufacturers label their products with terms such as "premium", "ultra premium", "natural", and "holistic". Such terms currently have no legal definitions and are not regulated. There are also varieties of dog food labeled as "human-grade food." Although no official definition of this term exists, the assumption is that other brands use foods that would not pass US Food and Drug Administration inspection according to the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Meat_Inspection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The ingredients on the label must be listed in descending order by weight before cooking. This means before all of the moisture is removed from the meat, fruits, vegetables and other ingredients used.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_diets">Types of diets</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw">Raw</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raw_feeding" title="Raw feeding">Raw feeding</a></div> Raw feeding is the practice of feeding domestic <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and other animals a <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">uncooked meat</a>, edible bones, and organs. The ingredients used to formulate raw diets can vary. Some pet owners choose to make homemade raw diets to feed their animals but commercial raw food diets are also available.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_2011_50–54-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Frozen, or fresh-prepared, meals come in raw or cooked form, some of which is made with ingredients that are inspected, approved, and certified by the USDA for human consumption, but formulated for pets.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Part of this growing trend is the commercialization of home-made dog food for pet owners who want the same quality, but do not have the time or expertise to make it themselves.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The advantage is forgoing the processing stage that traditional dog food undergoes. This causes less destruction of its nutritional integrity. The practice of feeding raw diets has raised some concerns due to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonosis</a> and nutritional imbalances.<a href="#cite_note-:52-61">[61]</a> People who feed their dogs raw food do so for a multitude of reasons, including but not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> surrounding <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> and what is perceived to be more natural for their <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-62">[62]</a> Feeding raw food can be perceived as allowing the pet to stay in touch with their wild, carnivorous ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-:10-62">[62]</a> The raw food movement has occurred in parallel to the change in human food trends for more natural and <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic products</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_2011_50–54-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior">Senior</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senior_dog_diet" title="Senior dog diet">Senior dog diet</a></div> Aging dogs require specialized catering. Commercially available <a href="/wiki/Senior_dog_diet" title="Senior dog diet">senior dog diets</a> address their physiological changes through various ingredients and nutrients. When looking for a senior dog food, one of the first things that should be taken into consideration is the energy content of the diet. The maintenance energy requirements decrease as a dog ages due to the loss in lean body mass that occurs.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Therefore, senior dogs will require a diet with a lowered energy content compared to non senior diets. Although senior dogs require lower energy content diets, they will also require diets that are higher in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_digestibility" title="Protein digestibility">protein digestibility</a>. This is due to the fact that dogs have a reduced ability to synthesize proteins as they age.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> health is an important factor to be considered when purchasing a senior dog food. The addition of <a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">glucosamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">chondroitin sulfate</a> has been shown to improve <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> formation, the composition of <a href="/wiki/Synovial_fluid" title="Synovial fluid">synovial fluid</a>, as well as improve signs of osteoarthritis.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> ratio of senior dog foods is also important. Calcium and phosphorus are considered essential nutrients, according to AAFCO. <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal</a> health is another important factor to consider in the aging dog. Sources of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fiber</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Beet_pulp" title="Beet pulp">beet pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flaxseed</a> should be included within senior dog foods to help improve stool quality and prevent <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A current technology that is being used to improve gastrointestinal health of aging dogs is the addition of <a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Fructooligosaccharides">fructooligosaccharides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannan-oligosaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannan-oligosaccharides">mannanoligosaccharides</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> are used in combination to improve the beneficial gut <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> while eliminating the harmful gut bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The aging dog goes through changes in <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> health.<a href="#cite_note-:4-69">[69]</a> There are two highly important ingredients that can be included in senior dog foods to help prevent cognitive decline and improve brain health. These ingredients are <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">L-carnitine</a>. Vitamin E acts as an <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a>, which can prevent oxidative damage that occurs during aging.<a href="#cite_note-:4-69">[69]</a> L-carnitine is used to improve <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>l function, which can also help to prevent and lower rates of <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative damage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">Skin</a> and coat health is important in all dogs, but especially becomes important as dogs age. An important <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> to look for in senior dog foods to support coat health is <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>, which can be found in <a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Another important nutrient is <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, which helps with keratinization of hair.<a href="#cite_note-:143-71">[71]</a> Good sources of vitamin A for skin and coat health include <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">egg yolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a> health has been shown to decline in aging dogs. The ratio of <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega-6</a> to <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3</a> fatty acids plays an important role in providing optimal health.<a href="#cite_note-:5-73">[73]</a> Vitamin E can be used as an antioxidant in senior dog foods.<a href="#cite_note-:5-73">[73]</a> Pre- and probiotics can also be added to senior dog foods to help improve the beneficial bacteria in the gut, providing support for the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-protein">Low-protein</h3></div> According to The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) nutrient guideline for cats and dogs, the minimum <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> requirement for dogs during adult maintenance is 18% on a <a href="/wiki/Dry_matter" title="Dry matter">dry matter</a> (DM) basis.<a href="#cite_note-:12-75">[75]</a> Other parts of the world would have a guideline similar to AAFCO. The European Pet Food Federation (FEDIAF) also stated a minimum of 18%.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> AAFCO only provided a minimum, but majority of the diets found on the market contain a protein level exceeding the minimum. Some diets have a protein level lower than others (such as 18-20%). These low-protein diets would not be seen with growth and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproductive</a> life stages because of their higher demand for protein, as such, these diets are for dogs meeting maintenance levels.<a href="#cite_note-:12-75">[75]</a> They can be purchased, such as <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian/Vegan_Dog_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian/Vegan Dog Diet">vegetarian, vegan</a>, weight control, and <a href="/wiki/Senior_dog_diet" title="Senior dog diet">senior</a> diets. Furthermore, this protein requirement varies from species to species. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h4></div> There is an increasing risk of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">coprophagy</a> when providing low-protein diets to dogs; a <a href="/wiki/Negative_relationship" title="Negative relationship">negative correlation</a> exists between the amount of protein fed and the occurrence of coprophagy.<a href="#cite_note-:32-77">[77]</a> Maintenance needs should still be met by low-protein diets, and the <a href="/wiki/Protein_turnover" title="Protein turnover">muscle turnover</a> (i.e. synthesis and breakdown) will also remain at an optimal rate, as long as the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> intake remains balanced and there are no <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">limiting amino acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-77">[77]</a> There is a greater opportunity for amino acids to balance in diets containing more protein.<a href="#cite_note-:22-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantages">Advantages</h4></div> The dog's simple <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> contains a vast array of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbial populations</a>; some members of this very diversified community include <a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-78">[78]</a> The gut microbiota of the dog will be comparable to that of the owners due to similar environmental impacts. Not only are the microbes influenced by the dog's environment, but they are also affected by the macronutrient content of the dog's diet.<a href="#cite_note-:42-78">[78]</a> The populations present and health status of the microbiota found within the gut can alter the physiological and metabolic functions of the dog, which then subsequently affects susceptibility to disease development.<a href="#cite_note-:42-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a> and digestion in the <a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a> of a dog can potentially be improved depending on the source and the concentration of protein provide in a diet. Greater <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestibility</a> due to higher quality ingredients, in addition to lower protein concentrations within a diet, will help promote beneficial outcomes in assisting the health of a dog's gastrointestinal tract.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Higher protein entering the gut will lead to more <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a> that give rise to various <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> including <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> and increase the chances of many bowel diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The age of dogs and cats is inversely proportional to protein consumption.<a href="#cite_note-:53-81">[81]</a> As they age, the protein requirement decreases due to lower level of <a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a> in their stomachs.<a href="#cite_note-:53-81">[81]</a> There has also been discussion about higher protein content in diets being inversely related with lifespan (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Negative_relationship" title="Negative relationship">negative relationship</a>), where lower protein content diets were related to longer lifespans.<a href="#cite_note-:32-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypoallergenic">Hypoallergenic</h3></div> Dogs are prone to have adverse allergic reactions to food similar to human beings. The most common symptoms of food allergies in dogs include rashes, swelling, itchy or tender skin, and gastrointestinal upsets such as uncontrollable bowel movements and soft stools.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Certain ingredients in dog food can elicit these allergic reactions. Specifically, the reactions are understood to be initiated by the protein ingredients in dog food, with sources such as beef, chicken, soy, and turkey being common causes of these allergic reactions.<a href="#cite_note-:7-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A number of "novel protein" dog foods are available that claim to alleviate such allergies in dogs.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic_dog_food" title="Hypoallergenic dog food">Hypoallergenic</a> diets for dogs with food allergies consist of either limited ingredients,<a href="#cite_note-:6-86">[86]</a> novel proteins,<a href="#cite_note-:7-83">[83]</a> or hydrolyzed proteins.<a href="#cite_note-:8-87">[87]</a> Limited ingredients make it possible to identify the suspected allergens causing these allergic reactions, as well as making it easy to avoid multiple ingredients if a canine is allergic to more than one.<a href="#cite_note-:6-86">[86]</a> In novel protein recipes, manufacturers use ingredients which are less likely to cause allergic reactions in dogs such as lamb, fish, and rice.<a href="#cite_note-:7-83">[83]</a> Hydrolyzed proteins do not come from a novel source; they could originate from chicken or soy for example. Hydrolyzed proteins become novel when they are broken apart into unrecognizable versions of themselves, making them novel to allergic gastrointestinal tracts.<a href="#cite_note-:8-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grain-free_and_low-carbohydrate">Grain-free and low-carbohydrate</h3></div> Some dog food products differentiate themselves as grain- or carbohydrate-free to offer the consumer an alternative, claiming carbohydrates in pet foods to be fillers with little or no nutritional value. A study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> suggests that domestic dogs' ability to easily metabolize carbohydrates may be a key difference between wolves and dogs.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Some consumers and manufacturers say dogs perform better on grain-free diets, while some veterinarians doubt this for a lack of scientific evidence.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 2019, a study comparing dry dog food that was manufactured in the United States found that 75% of food containing feed grade grains also contained measurable levels of various mycotoxins (discussed below), while none of the grain-free dry diets tested had any detectable levels of mycotoxins. Feed grade (lower quality grade) grains that are allowed to spoil and become moldy are the suspected source of the mycotoxins.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This is the first published study to show a potential health benefit to feeding grain-free commercial dry pet foods. In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration identified 16 dog food brands linked to canine heart disease. The FDA has investigated more than 500 cases of <a href="/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)</a> in dogs eating food marketed as grain-free. The 16 brands are: Acana, Zignature, Taste of the Wild, 4Health, Earthborn Holistic, Blue Buffalo, Nature's Domain, Fromm, Merrick, California Natural, Natural Balance, Orijen, <a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Variety" title="Nature's Variety">Nature's Variety</a>, NutriSource, Nutro, and Rachael Ray Nutrish. These brands are labeled as "grain-free" and list peas, lentils, or potatoes as the main ingredient. The top three brands associated with reports of cardiomyopathy are Acana with 67 reports, Zignature with 64, and Taste of the Wild with 53 reports.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 2022, the FDA released a follow-up report which superseded the 2019 research. The follow-up report stated the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Most of the diets associated with the reports of non-hereditary DCM have legume seed ingredients, also called "pulses" (e.g., peas, lentils, etc.), high in their ingredient lists ... these include both "grain-free" and grain-containing formulations. Legumes, including pulse ingredients, have been used in pet foods for many years, with no evidence to indicate they are inherently dangerous, but analysis of data reported to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Center for Veterinary Medicine">Center for Veterinary Medicine</a> indicates that pulse ingredients are used in many "grain-free" diets in greater proportion than in most grain-containing formulas. FDA has asked pet food manufacturers to provide diet formulations so we can further understand the proportions of ingredients in commercially-available diets and possible relationships with non-hereditary DCM. The FDA does not know the specific connection between these diets and cases of non-hereditary DCM and is continuing to explore the role of genetics, underlying medical conditions, and/or other factors.<a href="#cite_note-fdacau-93">[93]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarian_and_vegan">Vegetarian and vegan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></div> Like the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>, vegan dog foods are those formulated with the exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a> that contain or were processed with any part of an <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a>, or any <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal byproduct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A 2023 systematic review found no evidence of serious impacts on animal health from vegetarian cat and dog diets; however, the authors noted that the studies suffered from issues such as selection bias, low sample size, and short feeding periods and recommended further research.<a href="#cite_note-10.3390/vetsci10010052-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">domestic canine</a> has evolved to metabolize <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and thrive on a diet lower in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and a vegan diet may be adequate if properly formulated and balanced.<a href="#cite_note-:9-96">[96]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Popularity of this diet has grown with a corresponding increase in people practicing <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a> as well as with growing concerns about environmental issues such as climate change or awareness of the large <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">environmental impacts of animal agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10.3390/vetsci10010052-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian/Vegan_Dog_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian/Vegan Dog Diet">Vegetarian dog foods</a> are produced to either assuage a pet owner's ethical concerns or for animals with extreme allergies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.3390/vetsci10010052-95">[95]</a> Due to the exclusion of animal products and by-products, which are primary ingredients of conventional dog food, many nutrients that would otherwise be provided by animal products need to be provided by replacement, plant-based ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-:9-96">[96]</a> While both animal and plant products offer a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">micronutrients</a>, strategic formulation of plant ingredients should be considered to meet nutritional requirements, as different nutrients are more abundant in different plant sources.<a href="#cite_note-:11-97">[97]</a> Despite the large differences in ingredient sourcing, studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can be just as edible and <a href="/wiki/Palatability" title="Palatability">palatable</a> as animal-based diets for dogs.<a href="#cite_note-:11-97">[97]</a> There are now various commercial vegetarian and vegan diets available on the market.<a href="#cite_note-:9-96">[96]</a> <dl><dt>Special considerations</dt></dl> Some nutrients that require special consideration include protein, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, taurine, L-carnitine, and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Although their sources are more limited without animal products, it is possible to formulate a diet adequate in these nutrients through plant and synthetic sources.<a href="#cite_note-:11-97">[97]</a> A review recommends a cautious approach to vegan dog food given "the lack of large population-based studies" as of 2023 and that commercial foods are used if guardians wish to implement a vegan diet.<a href="#cite_note-10.3390/vetsci10010052-95">[95]</a> Potential risks in feeding a plant-based diet include alkaline urine and nutrient inadequacy, especially in homemade diets.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-97">[97]</a> Adherence to recommendations by reliable sources is strongly advised. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrients_and_supplements">Nutrients and supplements</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cat_food#Nutrients_and_supplements" title="Cat food">Cat food § Nutrients and supplements</a></div> The requirements and functions of nutrients in dogs are largely similar to those in cats, with many requirements relaxed: <ul><li>The requirement of <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a> is reduced, as dogs have a functional <a href="/wiki/Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase">pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>Dogs have a functional <a href="/wiki/Delta_6_desaturase" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 6 desaturase">delta 6 desaturase</a>, hence no specific need for <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:143-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Dogs have a functional <a href="/wiki/Sulfinoalanine_decarboxylase" title="Sulfinoalanine decarboxylase">sulfinoalanine decarboxylase</a>, hence no need for <a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">taurine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Unlike cats, dogs and humans can use <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D2">Vitamin D2</a> nearly as efficiently as they use <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">Vitamin D3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chart">Chart</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unfocused plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lack focus or may be about more than one topic. In particular, need to replace cat functions and symptoms with dog information. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_food&action=edit">help improve this article</a>, possibly by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> the section, or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dog_food" title="Talk:Dog food">talk page</a>. (November 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Feed_Control_Officials" title="Association of American Feed Control Officials">Association of American Feed Control Officials</a> (AAFCO) Dog Food Nutrient Profiles,<a href="#cite_note-a-102">[a]</a> 2014<a href="#cite_note-aafco2014-103">[102]</a> with Role of Vitamins & Minerals <a href="#cite_note-CFNPFD-104">[103]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">Nutrient</a></th> <th>Units (dry matter basis)</th> <th>Growth and reproduction minimum</th> <th>Adult maintenance minimum<a href="#cite_note-105">[b]</a> </th> <th>Maximum </th> <th class="unsortable" width="200">Functions </th> <th width="300">Signs of deficiency/Excess </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> and amino acids </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFDD"> <td>Total protein</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>22.5</td> <td>18.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>0.51</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperammonemia" title="Hyperammonemia">Hyperammonemia</a></li> <li>Symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">hyperesthesia</a> and can be serious enough to induce death and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.44</td> <td>0.19</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.71</td> <td>0.38</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>1.29</td> <td>0.68</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.90</td> <td>0.63</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a> + <a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">cystine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.70</td> <td>0.65</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.35</td> <td>0.33</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a> + <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>1.30</td> <td>0.74</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.83</td> <td>0.45</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>1.04</td> <td>0.48</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.16</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.68</td> <td>0.49</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFDD"> <td>Total fats<a href="#cite_note-b-107">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>8.5</td> <td>5.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">alpha-Linolenic acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a> </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td><abbr title="not determined">ND</abbr> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">EPA</a> + <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">DHA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a> </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td><abbr title="not determined">ND</abbr> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_ratio_in_food" title="Fatty acid ratio in food"><abbr title="Linoleic + Arachidonic">ω-6</abbr>:<abbr title="alphaLinolenic + Eicosapentaenoic + Docosahexaenoic">ω-3</abbr> ratio</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>30:1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFDD"> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">Minerals</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.8 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Formation of bones and teeth</li> <li>Blood coagulation</li> <li>Nerve impulse transmission</li> <li>Muscle contraction</li> <li>Cell signaling</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism</li> <li>loss of bone mineral content, which can lead to collapse and curvature of lumbar vertebrae and pelvic bones</li> <li>bone pain, which can progress to pathological fractures</li></ul></li> <li>Excess <ul><li>Depressed food intake</li> <li>Decreased growth</li> <li>Increased bone mineral density</li> <li>Increased need for magnesium</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>1.6 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Skeletal structure</li> <li>DNA and RNA structure</li> <li>Energy metabolism</li> <li>Locomotion</li> <li>Acid-base balance</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Hemolytic anemia</li> <li>Locomotor disturbances</li> <li>Metabolic acidosis</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ca:P ratio </td> <td> </td> <td>1:1 </td> <td>1:1 </td> <td>2:1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.6</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Acid-base balance</li> <li>Nerve-impulse transmission</li> <li>Enzymatic reactions</li> <li>Transport functions</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Anorexia</li> <li>Retarded growth</li> <li>Neurological disorders, including ataxia and severe muscle weakness</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.08</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Acid-base balance</li> <li>Regulation of osmotic pressure</li> <li>Nerve impulse generation and transmission</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Anorexia</li> <li>Impaired growth</li> <li>Excessive thirst and drinking</li> <li>Excessive urination</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.45</td> <td>0.12</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Acid-base balance</li> <li>Osmolarity of extracellular fluids</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Increased sodium concentration in renal fluid</li> <li>Excess potassium excretion</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a></td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.06</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Enzyme functions</li> <li>Muscle and nerve-cell membrane stability</li> <li>Hormone secretion and function</li> <li>Mineral structure of bones and teeth</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Poor growth</li> <li>Overextension of the carpal joints</li> <li>Muscle twitching</li> <li>Convulsions</li></ul></li> <li>Excess <ul><li>Urinary tract stone formation in the presence of high pH</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> <a href="#cite_note-d-108">[d]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>88</td> <td>40</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Hemoglobin and myoglobin synthesis</li> <li>Energy metabolism</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Poor growth</li> <li>Pale mucous membranes</li> <li>Lethargy</li> <li>Weakness</li> <li>Diarrhea</li></ul></li> <li>Excess <ul><li>Vomiting and diarrhea</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> <a href="#cite_note-e-109">[e]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>7.3</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Connective tissue formation</li> <li>Iron metabolism</li> <li>Blood cell formation</li> <li>Melanin pigment formation</li> <li>Myelin formation</li> <li>Defense against oxidative damage</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Reduced weight gain</li> <li>Longer time to conceive</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>5.0</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Enzyme functions</li> <li>Bone development</li> <li>Neurological function</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> No studies of deficiency in cats </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>100</td> <td>80</td> <td>1000 (removed in 2014)<a href="#cite_note-CFNPNP-110">[105]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Enzyme reactions</li> <li>Cell replication</li> <li>Protein and carbohydrate metabolism</li> <li>Skin function</li> <li>Wound healing</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Skin lesions</li> <li>Growth retardation</li> <li>Testicular damage</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>11 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Thyroid hormone synthesis</li> <li>Cell differentiation</li> <li>Growth and development of puppies</li> <li>Regulation of metabolic rate</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Enlargement of thyroid glands</li></ul></li> <li>Excess <ul><li>Excessive tearing, salivation, and nasal discharge</li> <li>Dandruff</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>0.35</td> <td>0.35</td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Defense against oxidative damage</li> <li>Immune response</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> No studies of deficiency in cats </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFDD"> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamins">Vitamins</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_units" class="mw-redirect" title="International units">IU</a>/kg</td> <td>5000</td> <td>5000</td> <td>250,000</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Vision</li> <li>Growth</li> <li>Immune function</li> <li>Fetal development</li> <li>Cellular differentiation</li> <li>Transmembrane protein transfer</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Conjunctivitis</li> <li>Cataracts, retinal degeneration, and other eye problems</li> <li>Weight loss</li> <li>Muscle weakness</li> <li>Reproductive and developmental disorders</li></ul></li> <li>Excess <ul><li>Skeletal lesions in kittens, particularly outgrowths of the cervical vertebrae</li> <li>Osteoporosis</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_units" class="mw-redirect" title="International units">IU</a>/kg</td> <td>500</td> <td>500</td> <td>3,000</td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Maintenance of mineral status</li> <li>Skeletal structure</li> <li>Muscle contraction</li> <li>Blood clotting</li> <li>Nerve conduction</li> <li>Cell signaling</li> <li>Phosphorus balance</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Rickets</li> <li>Abnormalities in skeletal development</li> <li>Progressive paralysis</li> <li>Ataxia</li> <li>Lack of grooming</li> <li>Reduction in body weight and food intake</li></ul></li> <li>Excess <ul><li>Anorexia</li> <li>Vomiting</li> <li>Lethargy</li> <li>Calcification of soft tissues</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a> <a href="#cite_note-f-111">[f]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_units" class="mw-redirect" title="International units">IU</a>/kg</td> <td>50</td> <td>50</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Defense against oxidative damage via free radical scavenging</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Anorexia</li> <li>Depression</li> <li>Pain sensitivity in abdomen</li> <li>Fat tissue pathology</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">Vitamin B1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine</a> <a href="#cite_note-h-112">[g]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>2.25</td> <td>2.25</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Energy and carbohydrate metabolism</li> <li>Activation of ion channels in neural tissue</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Neurological impairments including altered reflexes and convulsive seizures</li> <li>Heart-rate disorders</li> <li>Pathological changes in the central nervous system</li> <li>Severe learning deficits</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>5.2</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Enzyme functions</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Cataracts</li> <li>Fatty livers</li> <li>Testicular atrophy</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Energy metabolism</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Stunted growth</li> <li>Fatty changes in liver</li> <li>Small bowel lesions</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>13.6</td> <td>13.6</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Enzyme functions</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Anorexia</li> <li>Weight loss</li> <li>Elevated body temperature</li> <li>Fiery red tongue, with ulceration and congestion</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">Pyridoxine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.5</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Glucose generation</li> <li>Red blood cell function</li> <li>Niacin synthesis</li> <li>Nervous system function</li> <li>Immune response</li> <li>Hormone regulation</li> <li>Gene activation</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Stunted growth</li> <li>Convulsive seizures</li> <li>Kidney lesions</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Folic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic Acid">Folic Acid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>0.216</td> <td>0.216</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Amino acid and nucleotide metabolism</li> <li>Mitochondrial protein synthesis</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Decreased growth rate</li> <li>increased iron levels in blood</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>0.028</td> <td>0.028</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Enzyme functions</li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Weight loss</li> <li>Vomiting</li> <li>Diarrhea</li> <li>Intestinal disorders</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kg#SI_multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">mg</a>/kg</td> <td>1360</td> <td>1360</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <ul><li>Deficiency <ul><li>Fatty liver in kittens<a href="#cite_note-SRM-113">[106]</a></li> <li>Lower motivation to eat in kittens<a href="#cite_note-SRM-113">[106]</a></li> <li>Decreased growth rate in kittens<a href="#cite_note-SRM-113">[106]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-102"><a href="#cite_ref-a_102-0">^</a> Presumes an <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of 4.0 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kcal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gram_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram (unit)">g</a> ME, based on the modified <a href="/wiki/Atwater_system" title="Atwater system">Atwater</a> values of 3.5, 8.5, and 3.5 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kcal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gram_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram (unit)">g</a> for <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> (nitrogen-free extract, NFE), respectively [Regulation PF9]. Rations greater than 4.5 kcal/g should be corrected for <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a>; rations less than 4.0 kcal/g should not be corrected for energy. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Recommended concentrations for maintenance of body weight at an average caloric intake for dogs of a given optimal weight. </li> <li id="cite_note-b-107"><a href="#cite_ref-b_107-0">^</a> Although a true requirement for <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> per se has not been established, the minimum level was based on recognition of fat as a source of <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential fatty acids">essential fatty acids</a>, as a carrier of <a href="/wiki/Fat-soluble_vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat-soluble vitamins">fat-soluble vitamins</a>, to enhance palatability, and to supply an adequate <a href="/wiki/Caloric_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Caloric density">caloric density</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-d-108"><a href="#cite_ref-d_108-0">^</a> Average apparent digestibility for iron associated with recommended minimums is 20% of that consumed. Because of very poor <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_carbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous carbonate">carbonate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous oxide">oxide</a> sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level. </li> <li id="cite_note-e-109"><a href="#cite_ref-e_109-0">^</a> Because of very poor bioavailability, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cupric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupric oxide">oxide</a> sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level. </li> <li id="cite_note-f-111"><a href="#cite_ref-f_111-0">^</a> It is recommended that the ratio of IU of vitamin E to grams of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) be >0.6:1. A diet containing 50 IU of vitamin E will have a ratio of >0.6:1 when the PUFA content is 83 grams or less. Diets containing more than 83 grams of PUFA should contain an additional 0.6 IU of vitamin E for every gram of PUFA. </li> <li id="cite_note-h-112"><a href="#cite_ref-h_112-0">^</a> Because processing may destroy up to 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> in the diet, allowance in formulation should be made to ensure the minimum nutrient level is met after processing. </li> </ol></div></div> The European Union does not use a unified nutrient requirement.<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> A manufacturer committee called FEDIAF (European Pet Food Industry Federation) makes recommendations for cats and dogs that members follow.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> Both AAFCO and FEDIAF publish in two formats: one in the amount-per-kilogram form above, another in an energy-ratio format.<a href="#cite_note-aafco2014-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dangers">Dangers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_health#Dangerous_foods" title="Dog health">Dog health § Dangerous foods</a></div> A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">toxic</a> to dogs, including <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate solids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theobromine_poisoning" title="Theobromine poisoning">theobromine poisoning</a>), <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliin" title="Alliin">alliin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allyl_propyl_disulfide" title="Allyl propyl disulfide">allyl propyl disulfide</a> poisoning<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a> (cause <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> in dogs), <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> (some dogs are lactose intolerant and suffer diarrhea; goats' milk can be beneficial to dogs), <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a>, fatty foods, <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylitol" title="Xylitol">xylitol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macadamia_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Macadamia nut">macadamia nuts</a>, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> A full list of poison/toxic substances can be found on the ASPCA's website.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recalls">Recalls</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg/220px-Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg/330px-Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg/440px-Pet_Food_Aisle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Dog food at a supermarket in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 pet food recalls</a></div> The 2007 pet food recalls involved the massive <a href="/wiki/Product_recall" title="Product recall">recall</a> of many brands of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic cat">cat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic dog">dog</a> foods beginning in March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> The recalls came in response to reports of <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal failure</a> in pets consuming mostly wet pet foods made with <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">wheat gluten</a> from a single <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Chinese</a> company, beginning in February 2007. After more than three weeks of complaints from consumers, the recall began voluntarily with the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> company <a href="/wiki/Menu_Foods" title="Menu Foods">Menu Foods</a> on March 16, 2007, when a company test showed sickness and death in some of the test animals. Overall, several major companies recalled more than 100 brands of pet foods, with most of the recalled product coming from Menu Foods. The contaminant was identified as <a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">melamine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> which had been added as an adulterant to simulate a higher protein content. In the United States, there has been extensive media coverage of the recall. There have been calls for <a href="/wiki/Government_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government regulation">government regulation</a> of pet foods[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>], which had previously been self-regulated by pet food manufacturers. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods losing roughly $30 million alone from the recall. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contaminants">Contaminants</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mycotoxins">Mycotoxins</h4></div> In April 2014, <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin_B1" title="Aflatoxin B1">aflatoxin B1</a>, a known carcinogenic toxin, melamine, and <a href="/wiki/Cyanuric_acid" title="Cyanuric acid">cyanuric acid</a> were all found in various brands of USA pet food imported into Hong Kong. Since 1993, the FDA has confirmed concerns of toxins in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients, yet to date no comprehensive federal regulation exists on mycotoxin testing in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients used to make pet food.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> In 1997, the Journal of Food Additives and Contaminants established that low levels of various mycotoxins could cause health concerns in pets, and was found in feed grade ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> A study published in the Journal of Food Protection in 2001 cited concerns regarding fungi (the source of mycotoxins) in commercial pet foods and warned about the "risk for animal health".<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> In 2006, a study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry confirmed mycotoxins in pet foods around the world and concluded that contamination of mycotoxins in pet foods can lead to chronic effects on the health of pets.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> In 2007, the International Journal of Food Microbiology published a study that claimed "mycotoxin contamination in pet food poses a serious health threat to pets", and listed them: aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, <a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">zearalenone</a>, fumonisins and fusaric acid.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> A 2008 study published in the Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition found high levels of mycotoxins in the raw ingredients used for pet food in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> A 2010 study in the Journal of Mycotoxin Research tested 26 commercial dog foods and found mycotoxins at concerning sub-lethal levels. It was determined that long-term exposure to low levels of confirmed mycotoxins could pose chronic health risks.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> For all the above reasons, a trend away from feed ingredients and toward USDA-certified ingredients fit for human consumption has developed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> In 1999, another fungal toxin triggered the recall of dry dog food made by Doane Pet Care at one of its plants, including Ol' Roy, <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a>'s brand, as well as 53 other brands. This time the toxin killed 25 dogs.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> A 2005 consumer alert was released for contaminated Diamond Pet Foods for dogs and cats. Over 100 canine deaths and at least one feline fatality have been linked to Diamond Pet Foods contaminated by potentially deadly aflatoxin, according to Cornell University veterinarians.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salmonella_and_copper">Salmonella and copper</h4></div> The FDA released a video focusing on another major threat in commercial pet food: Salmonella bacterial contamination. They also cite other major toxins of concern.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> The video references the case of a specific commercial pet food plant that was also the subject of a March 2014 study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. It details how at least 53 known human illnesses were linked to commercial pet foods made at that plant in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> A class action lawsuit linked to this outbreak was settled in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-April_2014-139">[132]</a> The video also cites the dangers of over supplementation of nutrients in pet food. A study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association in February 2013 suggested a correlation between liver disease and the amount of copper supplementation in AAFCO diets.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Eating_your_own_dog_food" title="Eating your own dog food">Eating your own dog food</a> or dogfooding is the practice of using your own products or services.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-dvorak-143">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">Cat food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_health_diets_for_dogs" title="Dental health diets for dogs">Dental health diets for dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dog_food_brands" title="Category:Dog food brands">Dog food brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">Dog biscuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_odor" title="Dog odor">Dog odor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic_dog_food" title="Hypoallergenic dog food">Hypoallergenic dog food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_store" title="Pet store">Pet store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_nutrition" title="Puppy nutrition">Puppy nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_dog_diet" title="Senior dog diet">Senior dog diet</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-axelssonetal2013-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-axelssonetal2013_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-axelssonetal2013_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAxelssonRatnakumarArendtMaqbool2013" class="citation journal cs1">Axelsson, E.; Ratnakumar, A.; Arendt, M.L.; Maqbool, K.; Webster, M.T.; Perloski, M.; Liberg, O.; Arnemo, J.M.; Hedhammar, Å.; Lindblad-Toh, K. 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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 244 (5): 545–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.244.5.545">10.2460/javma.244.5.545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11292585">11292585</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24548229">24548229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Veterinary+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Outbreak+of+Salmonella+enterica+serotype+Infantis+infection+in+humans+linked+to+dry+dog+food+in+the+United+States+and+Canada%2C+2012&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E545-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11292585%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24548229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2460%2Fjavma.244.5.545&rft.aulast=Imanishi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rotstein%2C+DS&rft.au=Reimschuessel%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11292585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-April_2014-139"><a href="#cite_ref-April_2014_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legalnewsline.com/issues/class-action/248371-diamond-pet-foods-agrees-to-class-action-settlement">"Diamond Pet Foods Agrees to Class Action Settlement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406044950/http://legalnewsline.com/issues/class-action/248371-diamond-pet-foods-agrees-to-class-action-settlement">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-06. Retrieved 2014-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diamond+Pet+Foods+Agrees+to+Class+Action+Settlement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegalnewsline.com%2Fissues%2Fclass-action%2F248371-diamond-pet-foods-agrees-to-class-action-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, Andrea (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.242.3.372">"DVM"</a>. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 242 (3): 372–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.242.3.372">10.2460/javma.242.3.372</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23327181">23327181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Veterinary+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=DVM&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2460%2Fjavma.242.3.372&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23327181&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2460%252Fjavma.242.3.372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelft2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Helft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Helft (page does not exist)">Helft, Miguel</a> (12 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/google-appears-closer-to-releasing-its-own-phone/">"Google Appears Closer to Releasing Its Own Phone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309114034/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/google-appears-closer-to-releasing-its-own-phone/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2009. <q>On Saturday morning, Google confirmed that it was testing a new concept in mobile phones, writing in a blog post that it was 'dogfooding' the devices, an expression that comes from the idea that companies should "eat their own dog food", or use their own products.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Google+Appears+Closer+to+Releasing+Its+Own+Phone&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft.aulast=Helft&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F12%2Fgoogle-appears-closer-to-releasing-its-own-phone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621080007/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-5047467.html">"Microsoft tests its own 'dog food'"</a>. Tech News on ZDNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-5047467.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+News+on+ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+tests+its+own+%27dog+food%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.zdnet.com%2F2100-3513_22-5047467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dvorak-143"><a href="#cite_ref-dvorak_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Dvorak" title="John C. Dvorak">Dvorak, John C.</a> (15 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628161803/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2217007,00.asp">"The Problem with Eating Your Own Dog Food"</a>. PC Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2217007,00.asp">the original</a> on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Eating+Your+Own+Dog+Food&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2217007%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog+food" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dog_food" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dog food">Dog food</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-food-feeds/pet-food">Interpreting pet food labels</a> – Pet food labeling according to <a href="/wiki/AAFCO" class="mw-redirect" title="AAFCO">AAFCO</a> regulations</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Subcommittee_on_Dog_Nutrition1974" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezArAAAAYAAJ">Nutrient requirements of dogs</a>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-02315-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-02315-3"><bdi>978-0-309-02315-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutrient+requirements+of+dogs&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-309-02315-3&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Subcommittee+on+Dog+Nutrition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezArAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog+food" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_dog" title="Template:Domestic dog"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_dog" title="Template talk:Domestic dog"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_dog" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic dog"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dogs357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_type" title="Dog type">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_village_dog" title="African village dog">African village dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">Free-ranging dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pye-dog" title="Pye-dog">Pye-dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Street dog">Street dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairless_dog" title="Hairless dog">Hairless dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collie" title="Collie">Collie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog">Livestock guardian dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_dog" title="Sheep dog">Sheep dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cur" title="Cur">Cur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feist_(dog_breed)" title="Feist (dog breed)">Feist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurcher" title="Lurcher">Lurcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_dog" title="Pointing dog">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retriever" title="Retriever">Retriever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setter" title="Setter">Setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniel" title="Spaniel">Spaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dog" title="Water dog">Water dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound" title="Hound">Hound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scent_hound" title="Scent hound">Scenthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basset" title="Basset">Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonhound" title="Coonhound">Coonhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxhound" title="Foxhound">Foxhound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighthound" title="Sighthound">Sighthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdog" title="Longdog">Longdog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrier" title="Terrier">Terrier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_and_terrier" title="Bull and terrier">Bull-type terrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscher" title="Pinscher">Pinscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnauzer" title="Schnauzer">Schnauzer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">Mastiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_type" title="Bulldog type">Bulldog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitz" title="Spitz">Spitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">Husky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika_(dog_type)" title="Laika (dog type)">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugou" title="Tugou">Tugou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_dog" title="Toy dog">Toy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichon" title="Bichon">Bichon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnspit_dog" title="Turnspit dog">Turnspit dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_crossbreeds" title="List of dog crossbreeds">List of crossbreeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongrel" title="Mongrel">Mixed-breed dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_crossbreed" title="Dog crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_dog_breeds" title="List of extinct dog breeds">Extinct breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_dog_breeds_in_the_United_States" title="List of most popular dog breeds in the United States">Most popular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_assistance_dog" title="Autism assistance dog">Autism dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_dog" title="Hearing dog">Hearing dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_response_dog" title="Medical response dog">Medical response dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_response_dog" title="Seizure response dog">Seizure dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_assistance_dog" title="Mobility assistance dog">Mobility assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assistance_dog" title="Psychiatric assistance dog">Psychiatric assistance dog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">Attack dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_dog" title="Bay dog">Bay dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dog" title="Carriage dog">Carriage dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_dog" title="Catch dog">Catch dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_dog" title="Companion dog">Companion dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Fighting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dog" title="Lap dog">Lap dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Meat dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_usage_of_police_dogs" title="Worldwide usage of police dogs">usage by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">War dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language_of_dogs" title="Body language of dogs">Body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">Howling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_intelligence" title="Dog intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Dog–cat relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Human–dog interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal testing on dogs">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiting_(blood_sport)" title="Baiting (blood sport)">Baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed-specific_legislation" title="Breed-specific legislation">Breed-specific legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynanthropy" title="Cynanthropy">Cynanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_beach" title="Dog beach">Dog beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_daycare" title="Dog daycare">Dog daycare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Dog fighting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dog food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">dog biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_grooming" title="Dog grooming">Dog grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_religion" title="Dogs in religion">Dogs in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_licence" title="Dog licence">Dog licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_park" title="Dog park">Dog park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_show" title="Dog show">Dog show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_theft" title="Dog theft">Dog theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_sports" title="List of dog sports">Dog sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_walking" title="Dog walking">Dog walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynophobia" title="Cynophobia">Fear of dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93canine_bond" title="Human–canine bond">Human–canine bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_health" title="Dog health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_dogs" title="Aging in dogs">Aging</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_dogs" title="List of longest-living dogs">List of longest-living dogs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_coat" title="Dog coat">Coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformation_(dog)" title="Conformation (dog)">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_diseases" title="List of dog diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dog food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_odor" title="Dog odor">Odor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_syndrome" title="Rage syndrome">Rage syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_skin_disorders" title="Dog skin disorders">Skin disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_of_dogs" title="Vaccination of dogs">Vaccination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_training" title="Dog training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clicker_training" title="Clicker training">Clicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate_training" title="Crate training">Crate training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housebreaking" title="Housebreaking">Housebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_of_animals" title="Socialization of animals">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">Domesticated silver fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dogs" title="List of individual dogs">List of individual dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_dogs" title="List of fictional dogs">List of fictional dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dogs" title="Lists of dogs">Lists of dogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" 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