CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Reservation in India - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d28e346a-3504-41bc-8883-ab7424ac98f7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Reservation_in_India","wgTitle":"Reservation in India","wgCurRevisionId":1257648360,"wgRevisionId":1257648360,"wgArticleId":4856850,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2023","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use Indian English from January 2019", "All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from September 2016","Articles needing additional references from December 2020","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Affirmative action","Reservation in India","Social justice","Majority–minority relations","Law of India","Politics of India"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Reservation_in_India","wgRelevantArticleId":4856850,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q68104","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Reservation in India - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Reservation_in_India rootpage-Reservation_in_India skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Reservation+in+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Reservation+in+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Reservation+in+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Reservation+in+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Reservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Reservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of Reservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Reservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of Reservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Reservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>After independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservation_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservation_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reservation schemes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reservation_schemes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reservation schemes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reservation_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cisgender_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cisgender_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cisgender women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cisgender_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_and_non-binary_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_and_non-binary_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transgender and non-binary people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_and_non-binary_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism,_controversies_and_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism,_controversies_and_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism, controversies and protests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism,_controversies_and_protests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism, controversies and protests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism,_controversies_and_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mandal Commission protests of 1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2006 Indian anti-reservation protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agitations_demanding_more_reservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agitations_demanding_more_reservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Agitations demanding more reservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agitations_demanding_more_reservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economic status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exclusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creamy_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creamy_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Creamy layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creamy_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservation_in_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservation_in_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reservation in states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservation_in_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reservation in India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাৰতৰ সংৰক্ষণ ব্যৱস্থা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতৰ সংৰক্ষণ ব্যৱস্থা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="आरक्षण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आरक्षण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9servations_en_Inde" title="Réservations en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réservations en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="भारत में आरक्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में आरक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೀಸಲಾತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೀಸಲಾತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="സംവരണം ഇന്ത്യയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംവരണം ഇന്ത്യയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਾਖਵਾਂਕਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਖਵਾਂਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="இந்தியாவில் இட ஒதுக்கீடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியாவில் இட ஒதுக்கீடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="భారతదేశంలో రిజర్వేషన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశంలో రిజర్వేషన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q68104#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Reservation_in_India" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Reservation_in_India" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Reservation_in_India" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&oldid=1257648360" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Reservation_in_India&id=1257648360&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReservation_in_India"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReservation_in_India"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Reservation_in_India&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reservation_in_India" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q68104" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of affirmative action</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a> of Native Americans (dubbed "Indians") in the United States or <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a> of First Nations (dubbed "Indians") in Canada.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Reservation</b> is a controversial system of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> in India created during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>. Based on provisions in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a>, it allows the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/States_and_Territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Territories of India">States and Territories of India</a> to set a high percentage of <i><b>reserved quotas</b> or <b>seats</b></i>, in higher education admissions, employment, political bodies, etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Reservation">History of Reservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_independence">Before independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British raj">British raj</a>. Demands for various forms of positive discrimination has been made, for example, in 1882 and 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-ILI_Law_Review_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILI_Law_Review-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Chatrapati Shahu</a>, the Maharaja of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_State" title="Kolhapur State">Kolhapur</a>, introduced reservation in favor of non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and backward classes, much of which came into effect in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for a class-free India and the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>. His 1902 measures created 50 percent reservation for backward communities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, at the behest of several non-Brahmin organizations criticizing Brahmin domination of administration, the Mysore Raja <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Wadiyar_IV" title="Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV">Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar</a> created a committee to implement reservations for non-Brahmins in government jobs and education over the opposition of his Diwan <a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Viswesvaraya</a>, who resigned in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 September 1921, the first <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a> government passed the first Communal Government Order (G. O. # 613), thereby becoming the first elected body in the Indian legislative history to legislate reservations, which have since become standard across the country. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Imperial parliament at Westminster</a> introduced elements of reservation in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Government of India Act of 1909</a> and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence.<sup id="cite_ref-ILI_Law_Review_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILI_Law_Review-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depressed classes were provided some seats in 1919 before seeing further increase in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-q721_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q721-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> provided 44% reservation to Non-Brahmin Hindus, 16% to Brahmins, Muslims, Christians, and Anglo-Indians, and 8% to Scheduled Castes.<sup id="cite_ref-e289_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e289-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-m317_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conference of June 1932</a>, the Prime Minister of Britain, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>, proposed the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a>, according to which separate representation was to be provided for <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Christians">Indian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>. The depressed classes, roughly corresponding to the STs and SCs, were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote, although they could also vote in other seats. The proposal was controversial: <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes, including <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, had to favor it. After negotiations, Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have a single Hindu electorate, with backward classes having more seats reserved within it. Electorates for other religions, such as Islam and Sikhism, remained separate. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, the Scheduled Castes gained 8.5% reservation in central services and other facilities for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-g301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_independence">After independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</a> (SCs and STs) and after the 1980s in favour of OBCs (Other Backward Castes) and in 2019 for poor in the general category. The country's affirmative action program was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 percent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 percent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 percent and 7.5 percent of vacancies in <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for the SC and ST candidates, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant change began in 1979 when the <a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission" title="Mandal Commission">Mandal Commission</a> or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharya_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India_prior_to_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Census of India prior to independence">1931 census</a>, thus estimating the group's population at 52 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaiah_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaiah-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the commission's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government. It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education, except where states already had more generous requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharya_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the Union government extended reservations for Other Backward Classes in institutes of higher education it substantially funded.<sup id="cite_ref-edu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 the government announces the 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for economically weaker section of the general category. </p><p>The Constitution of India states in article 15(4): "Nothing in [article 15] or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially, and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 46 of the Constitution states that "The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 percent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by the Constitution. It thus put a cap on reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-sawhney_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawhney-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the recent amendment of the constitution exceeds 50% and also there are state laws that exceed this 50 percent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, in the State of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, the caste-based reservation stands at 69 percent and applies to about 87 percent of the population. </p><p>On 7 November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> by a 3:2 verdict in Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India Writ Petition (Civil) No(S). 55 OF 2019, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide legal sanction carve out 10% reservation for the economically weaker sections from <a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">unreserved classes</a> for admission in educational institutions and government jobs<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go a long way in eradicating caste-based reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constitutional amendment pushed the total reservation to 59.50% in central institutions. </p><p>On 1 August 2024, the Supreme Court of India ruled 6:1 in favor of permitting states to create sub-quotas for Scheduled Castes and Tribes within their reservation schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Dhananjaya_Y._Chandrachud" title="Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud">D.Y. Chandrachud</a> stated that Article 14 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> should be interpreted to mean "that the same law should apply to those who are similarly situated.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" Justice <a href="/wiki/Bela_Trivedi" title="Bela Trivedi">Bela Trivedi</a> provided the lone dissent, saying that states did not have the power to "tinker" with the 1950 Presidential List and that the sub-quotas violated Article 14. Justice <a href="/wiki/Bhushan_Ramkrishna_Gavai" title="Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai">B.R. Gavai</a> concurred with Chief Justice Chandrachud, but added that the 'creamy layer' concept that applied to OBCs should apply to SC/ST groups as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservation_schemes">Reservation schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reservation schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reservation_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Reservation in India">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caste_reservations_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Caste_reservations_in_India.png/220px-Caste_reservations_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Caste_reservations_in_India.png/330px-Caste_reservations_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Caste_reservations_in_India.png/440px-Caste_reservations_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Caste reservations in universities and jobs of the <a href="/wiki/Central_govt_of_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Central govt of india">Central Govt.</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_employment">In employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government and public sector will hire job seekers based on reservation percentage from two different categories : </p> <ol><li>Reservation category (SC, ST, OBC, EWS and other minorities)</li> <li>Open category (General, SC, ST, OBC, EWS and other minorities).</li></ol> <p>While hiring, major priority is given to reservation category including 33% reservation for Women, priority in hiring is given by : </p> <ul><li>Other Minorities Women</li> <li>ST Women</li> <li>SC Women</li> <li>ST Men</li> <li>SC Men</li> <li>OBC Women</li> <li>OBC Men</li> <li>EWS Women</li> <li>EWS Men</li></ul> <p>and then after Open category will be considered. </p><p>Government and public sector hiring based on merit in open category and one more anomaly here i.e., priority in hiring is the same as for the reserved category. </p><p>The landmark initiative of Special Recruitment for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe in Government jobs was started in Kerala in 1972 by Vella Eacharan. The 1993 Supreme Court ruling in the <a href="/wiki/Indra_Sawhney_%26_Others_v._Union_of_India" title="Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India">Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India</a> case said that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" or not in accordance with the political constitution but allowed its continuation for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sawhney_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawhney-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">77th amendment</a> to the Constitution was made to amend <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III#Article_16_.7BEquality_of_opportunity_in_matters_of_public_employment._7D" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Article 16</a> before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of <i>consequential seniority</i> to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The validity of all the above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in <i>M. Nagaraj & Others Vs. Union of India & Others</i>, mainly on the ground that these altered the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic Structure of the Constitution</a>. In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of "compelling reasons" - which include "backwardness", "inadequacy of representation" and overall "administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely <a href="/wiki/Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling provisions</a>. If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in the promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class.<sup id="cite_ref-M.Nagaraj_&_Others_vs_Union_Of_India_&_Others_on_19_October_2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M.Nagaraj_&_Others_vs_Union_Of_India_&_Others_on_19_October_2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a> introduced reservation in job promotions. However, citing the Supreme Court decision, the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court, which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_education">In education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Universities allot seats based on reservation percentage from the same two categories, that is : </p> <ol><li>Reservation category</li> <li>Open category</li></ol> <p>Government Universities will allot based on the same priority as previously mentioned, along with, reservation percentage under consideration for entrance exams fees, for cut off marks, for allotment of seats and also applicable to other government schemes. </p><p>In India student aids are available for—SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.7% of student aids in India is based on merit.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In central-government funded higher education institutions, 22.5% of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (7.5% for STs, 15% for SCs).<sup id="cite_ref-AAPE_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAPE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5%<sup id="cite_ref-AAPE_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAPE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which will next rotate in 2026 per the <a href="/wiki/Delimitation_Commission_of_India" title="Delimitation Commission of India">Delimitation Commission</a>). Some states and UTs have reservations for females which varies from 5% to 33.33%. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Percentages of reservation for each state<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State/UT </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes">SC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Tribes">ST</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">OBC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section" title="Economically Weaker Section">EWS</a> </th> <th>Other Reservations </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>15 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>38 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> </td> <td>80 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> </th> <td>7 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>16 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>27 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </th> <td>13 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>27 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> </th> <td>15 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> </th> <td>2 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </th> <td>7 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </th> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td>23 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> </th> <td>25 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </th> <td>10 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </th> <td>17 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </th> <td>8 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>100 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </th> <td>16 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>13 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1(Orphan) </td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>17 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>80 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>80 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>80 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </th> <td>16 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </th> <td>16 </td> <td> </td> <td>34 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> </th> <td>29 </td> <td> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </th> <td>16 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>5 for MBC </td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>7 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>40 </td> <td> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </th> <td>18 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>50 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>15 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> </th> <td>17 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </th> <td>21 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>19 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </th> <td>22 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>55 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The exact percentages vary from state to state: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, OBC reservation is divided into 26.5% Backward Caste, 3.5 Backward Caste (M) and 20% Most Backward Caste and 10.5% sub quota for Vanniyars, introduced by AIADMK in 2020,7% for DNT. The 7.5% for Vanniyars was quashed void by Madras High Court. The SC quota has 3% sub-quota for <a href="/wiki/Arunthathiyar" title="Arunthathiyar">Arunthatiyars</a>, introduced by DMK in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in addition to the reservation for SC/ST/OBC, there is 2% for SBCs, 3% for Nomadic Tribes – NT-A (<a href="/wiki/Denotified_Tribes" title="Denotified Tribes">Vimukta jati</a>), 2.5% for NT-B, 3.5% for NT-C (<a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a>), 2% for NT-D (<a href="/wiki/Vanjari_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanjari (caste)">Vanjari</a>), 10% for SEBC (<a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>) and 1% for <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphan</a>.</li> <li>In Northeast India, e.g. in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram, reservation for ST in State Govt. jobs is 80% with only 20% unreserved. In the Central Universities of <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Hill_University" title="North-Eastern Hill University">NEHU</a> (Shillong) and <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_University" title="Rajiv Gandhi University">Rajiv Gandhi University</a>, 60% of seats are reserved for ST students.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, the OBC community is divided into OBC A & B.<sup id="cite_ref-anagrasarkalyan.gov.in_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anagrasarkalyan.gov.in-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In West Bengal there is no reservation on religious basis but some economically and educationally backward Muslim castes (basis surnames pertaining to different profession e.g. cobbler, weaver etc.) have been included along with their Hindu counterparts in the OBC list namely OBC A and OBC B, in both lists caste from both communities are there. But in higher educational institutes, till now there is no reservation for the OBC community but there is reservation in regard to admission in primary, secondary and higher secondary studies.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anagrasarkalyan.gov.in_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anagrasarkalyan.gov.in-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender">Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cisgender_women">Cisgender women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cisgender women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reservation_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Reservation Bill">Women's Reservation Bill</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favor and 1 against. As of March 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as a basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidates especially when applying reservation for educated women. The criticism points that the policy benefits women that have access to political capital through family circles and are faced with the burden of a huge learning curve. Again, women are divided among caste and class lines with this dichotomy playing an important role in deciding how the presence of women in the lowest tier of governance impact the problems faced by the women of the constituency<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, 32% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Deccan_Herald_2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deccan_Herald_2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dnax2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnax2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2015 onwards Kerala has implemented a 55% reservation for all posts of its local self governing bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 September 2023, the <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India</a> was given ascension after having been introduced during the Special Session of the Parliament of India. The amendment seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the Lok Sabha and elected state legislative assemblies for women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender_and_non-binary_people">Transgender and non-binary people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transgender and non-binary people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, a drafting committee in Karnataka crafted the a policy to create a 1% reservation for <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">transgender people</a> in education and employment.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 July 2021, Karnataka implemented the policy, making the state the first in the country to provide one percent reservation for the transgender community in all government services. The government submitted a report to the High Court in this regard, informing that a notification had already been issued after amending the Karnataka Civil Service. The job could be given to males or females, from the same category, in case of the non-availability of transgender candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 6, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> government's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Backward_Classes,_Most_Backward_Classes_and_Minorities_Welfare_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)">BCC Department</a> issued a government order classifying transgender persons under <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a> status as a caste identity if lacking a community certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> struck down the order and directed the Tamil Nadu government to provide 1% horizontal reservations to the transgender community in education and employment, ruling that the GO violated Articles 14, 15, 16, 19 and 21 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Legal_Services_Authority_v._Union_of_India" title="National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India">National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India</a> verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a> ordered the government of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to establish a 1% quota in public employment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While courts have ruled that reservations on the basis of religion are unconstitutional, several state governments have allotted reservations to religious minorities or backward classes among religious minorities on the basis of socio-educational backwardness and representation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians).<sup id="cite_ref-Viswanathan_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswanathan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 percent reservations for Muslims in 2004. This law was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Public_Service_Commission" title="Kerala Public Service Commission">Kerala Public Service Commission</a> has a quota of 12% for Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious minority (Muslim or Christian) educational institutes also have 50% reservation for Muslim or Christian religions. The Central government has listed a number of Muslim communities as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Other_Backward_Classes_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities">backward Muslims</a>, making them eligible for reservation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism,_controversies_and_protests"><span id="Criticism.2C_controversies_and_protests"></span>Criticism, controversies and protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism, controversies and protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced the establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for religious minorities within the existing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> OBC communities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was alleged that the decision was announced as the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission</a> announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission</a> stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_Commission_stalls_4.5%_sub-quota_in_poll_states_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_Commission_stalls_4.5%_sub-quota_in_poll_states-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Justice Sachar, head of the <a href="/wiki/Sachar_Committee" title="Sachar Committee">Sachar Committee</a> that was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Muslim community of India</a>, criticised the government decision, saying "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance.<sup id="cite_ref-Govt_trying_to_befool_minorities_with_quota:_Sachar_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Govt_trying_to_befool_minorities_with_quota:_Sachar-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 May 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_High_Court" title="Andhra Pradesh High Court">Andhra Pradesh High Court</a> quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticized the decision: "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government.".<sup id="cite_ref-HC_Quashes_Center's_4.5%_Sub-Quota_for_Minorities_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC_Quashes_Center's_4.5%_Sub-Quota_for_Minorities-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990">Mandal Commission protests of 1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mandal Commission protests of 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990" title="Mandal Commission protests of 1990">Mandal Commission protests of 1990</a></div> <p>Mandal commission protests of 1990 were against reservation in government jobs based on caste in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests">2006 Indian anti-reservation protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests" title="2006 Indian anti-reservation protests">2006 Indian anti-reservation protests</a></div> <p>The 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests were a series of protests that took place in India in 2006 in opposition to the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government of India</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>-headed multiparty coalition <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a>, to implement reservations for the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Backward Classes">Other Backward Classes</a> (OBCs) in central and private institutes of higher education. This move led to massive protests, particularly from students and doctors belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">forward castes</a>, who claimed that the government's proposal was discriminatory, discarded <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a> and was driven by <i><a href="/wiki/Votebank" title="Votebank">vote-bank politics</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agitations_demanding_more_reservation">Agitations demanding more reservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agitations demanding more reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 and 2010, the Gujjar community in Rajasthan <a href="/wiki/Gurjar_agitation_in_Rajasthan" title="Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan">demanded</a> reclassification from OBC to ST (<a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Tribes</a>) for increased reservation benefits. They began violently protesting on the streets of Rajasthan and blocked several rail lines. Police firing on Gujjars began a tit-for-tat cycle of violence between Police and Gujjars. The violence ended with 37 people dead. Their move was opposed by the Meenas, the main ST community in Rajasthan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2019, the agitation restarted as Gujjars demanded 5% reservation, and began blocking trains to this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a> have been demanding OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, they began an <a href="/wiki/Jat_reservation_agitation" title="Jat reservation agitation">agitation</a> to get this status. To this effect they began protesting by blockading roads and lines, but later the protests turned violent. Riots spread to Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, and even Rajasthan. The epicentre of the violence was in <a href="/wiki/Rohtak" title="Rohtak">Rothak</a>, and almost ₹34000 crores ($4.8 billion) worth of property was damaged and 30 were killed. Bowing to the pressure, the Haryana government created a special category for Jats and other upper castes called BC, and appointed 10% reservation, but the measure was blocked in court.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Patidar" title="Patidar">Patidar</a> community (better known as Patel) began <a href="/wiki/Patidar_reservation_agitation" title="Patidar reservation agitation">agitating for OBC status</a> in Gujarat. This movement consisted of massive demonstrations across the state, led by Hardik Patel. Later many of these protests turned violent, resulting in curfews across the state and crores worth of damage. Talks with the government broke down, and the violence restarted. After the Jat agitation began in 2016, the Patidars flared up again and led a march through Gujarat, but protests in several cities turned violent and the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Force" title="Rapid Action Force">Rapid Action Force</a> was sent in.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Kapu_(caste)" title="Kapu (caste)">Kapu</a> community in Andhra Pradesh began leading protests to be classified in Backward Classes. The agitation became violent when in <a href="/wiki/Tuni" title="Tuni">Tuni</a>, Kapu protestors set trains on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a> which had just been made opposition, tabled a bill to have a 5% sub-quota for Kapus out of EWS reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Marathas</a>, the dominant caste of Maharashtra, have been agitating for OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, after the rape and murder of a 15-year old Maratha girl in Kopardi, the Maratha community organized <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Kranti_Morcha" title="Maratha Kranti Morcha">massive protests</a> throughout Maharashtra. Their demands included death for the accused as well as reservations for the Maratha community which makes up 16% of the state's population. Some road blocks turned violent in 2017 and 2018, but overall the protests were peaceful. Their demand was met when the Maharashtra government instituted a special SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes) category for them with 16% reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court of India later however, declared the SEBC reservation for Marathas as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_status">Economic status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economic status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Union Government tabled the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Constitution-One-Hundred-and-Third-Amendment-Act-2019..pdf">Constitution (One Hundred And Twenty-Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019</a> which provided 10% additional quota for the <a href="/wiki/Economically_weaker_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Economically weaker sections">economically weaker sections</a> amongst the erstwhile unreserved category students. The definition of 'economically weaker sections' will be defined by the State from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutional amendment has laid down that they will be restricted to people with household income less than 8 Lakh per annum and those who own agricultural land below five acres. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Today_(India)" title="Business Today (India)">Business Today</a></i> has commented that these criteria cover almost 100 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several petitions have been filed before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> challenging the legality of this amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclusions">Exclusions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Exclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the reservation system in India, the central government notifies castes as SC, ST, or OBC categories based on socio-historical background, while exclusion from reservation benefits is determined by an individual's socio-economic status, nativeness, and religion. For SC and ST individuals, pre-exclusion criteria are employed, while post-exclusion criteria are used for OBCs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>For ST individuals, the following categories are not entitled to benefit from the reservation system: <ul><li>Immigration from a Scheduled State/UT to a non-Scheduled State/UT.<sup id="cite_ref-SCSTlimitation_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCSTlimitation-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>For SC individuals, the following categories are not entitled to benefit from the reservation system: <ul><li>Immigration from a Scheduled State/UT to a non-Scheduled State/UT.<sup id="cite_ref-SCSTlimitation_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCSTlimitation-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Professing religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>For OBC's people the following categories are not entitled to take advantage of the reservation system: <ul><li>Children of officials in high office as per the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children of civil servants in high positions.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">armed forces</a> officers of high rank.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children of professionals and those engaged in trade and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children of property owners.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children of people with annual income exceeding <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>8,00,000<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (regarded as the "<a href="/wiki/Creamy_layer" title="Creamy layer">creamy layer</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Institutions of Excellence, research institutions, Institutions of National and Strategic Importance such as <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Advanced_Computing" title="Centre for Development of Advanced Computing">Centre for Development of Advanced Computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_National_Institute" title="Homi Bhabha National Institute">Homi Bhabha National Institute</a> and its ten constituent units, the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> (Mumbai), the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Indira_Gandhi_Regional_Institute_of_Health_and_Medical_Sciences" title="North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences">North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences</a> (Shillong), <a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a> (Ahmedabad), the <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a> (Thiruvananthapuram) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing</a> (Dehradun) do not have reservations for higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Institutes of National Importance such as <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a> (IIMs),<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a> (IITs),<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a> (NIT) and Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) have provision of reservation in admission process for undergraduate and graduate programs.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 October 2015, the Supreme Court directed the state and the Central governments to end the regional quota and to ensure that super-specialty medical courses are kept "unreserved, open and free" from any domicile status after the court had allowed petitions files by some MBBS doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Scheduled Caste (SC) </th> <th>Scheduled Tribe (ST) </th> <th>Other Backward Classes (OBC)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Economically Weaker Section (EWS)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Reservation % of Government of India. </td> <td style="text-align:center">15% </td> <td style="text-align:center">7.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center">27% </td> <td style="text-align:center">10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Is the criteria of 'Government Jobs' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility? </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Applicable. Children of governmental staff belonging to 'Group A' or equivalent categories are not eligible for OBC reservation. There are some criteria for 'Group B' staff also. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Is the criteria of 'Income Limit' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility? </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Applicable. Annual family (other) income of 8 lakhs. Only 'Other Income' is considered. Salary and agricultural income not included while calculating annual family income. </td> <td>Applicable. Those with 'Annual family income of 8 lakhs' and above are not eligible. While calculating annual family income, all types of income – (including salary and agricultural income) are included. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Is the criteria of 'Limit on agricultural land' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility? </td> <td>Not Applicable </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Applicable. Those families with '5 acres of agricultural land and above' are not eligible. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. Is the criteria of 'Limit on residential flat area' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility? </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Applicable. Those with 'Residential flat of 1000 sq. ft and above' are not eligible. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. Is the criteria of 'Limit on residential plot area' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility? </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Not Applicable. </td> <td>Applicable. Those families with 'Residential plot of 100 sq. yards and above in notified municipalities' are not eligible. Those families with 'Residential plot of 200 sq. yards and above in other areas' are not eligible. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Is this reserved category eligible for applying in the general (merit/ non-reserved) category? </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. Is the general category (non-reserved/ merit) eligible to apply in this reserved category? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-size: 80%; font-style: italic;">Note: The above table is valid as of January 31, 2023. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creamy_layer">Creamy layer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Creamy layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creamy_layer" title="Creamy layer">Creamy layer</a></div> <p>The term <i>creamy layer</i> was first coined in 1974 in the <i>State of Kerala vs N. M. Thomas</i> case when Justice VR Krishna Iyer said that the "benefits of the reservation shall be snatched away by the top creamy layer of the backward class, thus leaving the weakest among the weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole of the cake".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Indra_Sawhney_%26_Others_v._Union_of_India" title="Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India">Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India</a> judgement laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50.21 percent quotas, emphasised the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as "creamy layer".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creamy layer applies only to OBCs.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creamy layer criteria were introduced at Rs 1 lakh in 1993 and revised to Rs 2.5 lakh in 2004, ₹4.5 lakh in 2008 and ₹6 lakh in 2013, but now the ceiling has been raised to ₹8 lakh (in September 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes" title="National Commission for Backward Classes">National Commission for Backward Classes</a> (NCBC) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to ₹15 lakh should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into "backward", "more backward" and "extremely backward" groups and to divide the 27 per cent quota amongst them in proportion to their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs do not corner the quota benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservation_in_states">Reservation in states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reservation in states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reservation_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Reservation in India">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Andhra Pradesh</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Andhra Pradesh state percentage of reservation is around 50%. Including the overall 1/3 reservation for women, 66.66% of seats are reserved in Andhra Pradesh in Education and Government jobs. </p><p> •  Scheduled Castes – 15%  •  Scheduled Tribes – 6%  •  Backward Classes (A, B, C, D) – 27%  •  Physically Handicapped (Blind, Deaf & Dumb and OPH) – 3% (1% each)  •  Ex-servicemen (APMS only) – 1% (0.5% in general category)  •  Women – 33.33% (in all categories, means 16.66% in general category) </p><p>Andhra Pradesh BC quota has sub-quotas for castes, classified in A, B, C and D. Addition of disabled, ex-serviceman, women in general category 16.66% makes total reservation percentage 66.66%. </p> <dl><dt>Arunachal Pradesh</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Arunachal Pradesh has 80% reservation for Scheduled Tribes. </p> <dl><dt>Assam</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes – 7%  •  Scheduled Tribes – 15%  •  Other Backward Classes – 27%  •  Economically Weaker Sections – 10% </p><p>Assam provides sub quotas for several other communities such as Morans, <a href="/wiki/Moamoria" title="Moamoria">Mataks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea-garden_community_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea-garden community of Assam">Tea Tribes</a> in medical colleges under the OBC category. In November 2020, Assam's cabinet extended this reservation to <a href="/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Koch-Rajbongshis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chutia_people" title="Chutia people">Chutias</a>. These six communities are demanding Scheduled Tribe status.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2019, Assam approved EWS reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Bihar<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes – 20%  •  Scheduled Tribes – 2%  •  Other Backward Classes – 43%  • Economically Weaker Sections – 10% </p><p>First implemented in 1970 by <a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a>, Bihar has a sub-quota within OBC quota of 18% for Extremely Backward Castes (EBCs) and 3% for Backward Caste women in government jobs and educational institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EWS reservation was implemented in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reservation in the State of Bihar was increased on 9 November 2023.With the existing 10% quota for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), the effective quota will be 75%. The main beneficiaries are the EBCs and OBCs, whose quota is proposed to be raised from 12% to 25% and 8% to 18% respectively. According to <a href="/wiki/2022_Bihar_caste-based_survey" title="2022 Bihar caste-based survey">2022 Bihar caste-based survey</a>, 36.01% of the population are EBCs, and 27.13% are OBCs.For SCs, the proposed new quota is 20%, up from the existing 14%. The SC population is estimated at 19.65%. The quota for STs, however, is proposed to be slashed from 10% to 2%. With most of the tribal areas going to Jharkhand after the bifurcation of Bihar in 2000, the tribal population in Bihar is less than 2%. </p> <dl><dt>Chhattisgarh</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes – 12% ( now 16%)  •  Scheduled Tribes – 32% ( now 20%)  •  Other Backward Classes – 14%  •  Economically Weaker Sections – no provision </p><p>Chhattisgarh: Ordinance on OBC quota hike to 27% has lapsed, says high court.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Delhi</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes - 15%  •  Scheduled Tribes - 7%  •  Other Backward Classes - 27% </p><p>Since Delhi is a Union territory and subject to the Central government, government jobs in Delhi are designated Central Government jobs. In a 2018 Supreme Court decision, it was decided that since Delhi is the capital and no one is an "outsider" there reservations in the territory should follow the all-India pattern. Furthermore, these reserved jobs are open from reserved communities from outside Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Goa</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes – 2%  •  Scheduled Tribes – 12%  •  Other Backward Classes – 27%  •  Economically Weaker Sections – 10%  •  Physically handicapped - 3%  •  Ex-servicemen - 2%  •  Sportspersons - 3% </p><p>In 2014, the quota for OBC reservation was raised from 19.5% to 27%.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, Goa implemented EWS reservation in jobs and education.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Gujarat</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes – 7%  •  Scheduled Tribes – 15%  •  Other Backward Classes – 27%  •  Economically Weaker Sections – 10% </p><p>Gujarat also implemented a 33% reservation for general category women in government jobs. The government also banned reserved category applicants from competing for general category seats, but this was revoked in 2020. Similarly the women reservation was made cutting across all categories in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarat was one of the first states to implement EWS reservation, which applies to general category candidates with less than ₹8 lakhs income, not including other assets like land.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Haryana</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> • Scheduled Castes – 20%  •  Other Backward Classes – 23%  •  Economically Weaker Sections – 10%  • Ex-servicemen – 5%  • Sportspersons – 3%  • Physically handicapped – 3% </p><p>In Haryana OBCs are divided into A, B, C categories, each with 11%, 6% and 6% reservation respectively. Reservations in promotions are different, although still based on population.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Haryana passed a law mandating 75% reservation in private-sector jobs with incomes less than ₹25,000 for local candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Punjab and Haryana High Court has quashed this law in 2023 asserting it was unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Himachal Pradesh</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> • Scheduled Castes – 25%  • Scheduled Tribes – 4%  •  Other Backward Classes – 20%  •  Economically Weaker Sections – 10% </p><p>In the Scheduled Areas which have a very high percentage of STs, such as <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_district" title="Kinnaur district">Kinnaur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a> districts, percentage of ST reserved seats in government jobs are much higher. </p> <dl><dt>Jharkhand</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes – 10%  •  Scheduled Tribes – 26%  •  Other Backward Classes – 14% <sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  •  Economically Weaker Sections – 10% </p><p>BC are currently classified as being in Annexure 1 and Annexure 2.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Maharashtra</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes (SC) (13%)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  •  Scheduled Tribes (ST) (7%)  •  Other Backward Classes (OBC) (19%)  •  •  Special Backward Classes (SBC) (2%)  •  •  Nomadic Tribes – A (Vimukta jati) (3%)  •  •  Nomadic Tribes – B (2.5%)  •  •  Nomadic Tribes – C (<a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a>) (3.5%)  •  •  Nomadic Tribes – D (<a href="/wiki/Vanjari_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanjari (caste)">Vanjari</a>) (2%)  •  Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) – 10% </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> has 62% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Uttarakhand</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p> •  Scheduled Castes – 19%  •  Scheduled Tribes – 4%  •  Other Backward Classes – 14%  •  Economically Weaker Sections – 10% </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> has 47% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs. In addition to vertical reservation, the state gives 30% horizontal reservation to women, 5% to the ex-servicemen (ES), 4% to persons with disability (PWD), 2% to the dependants of freedom fighters (DFF), and 5% to the orphans residing in the state-run orphanages.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nari_Shakti_Vandan_Adhiniyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam">Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardism" title="Backwardism">Backwardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste:_The_Origins_of_Our_Discontents" title="Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents">Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cases_related_to_reservation_in_India" title="Court cases related to reservation in India">Court cases related to reservation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">Forward caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_policy_in_Bihar" title="Reservation policy in Bihar">Reservation policy in Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions_in_India" title="Reserved political positions in India">Reserved political positions in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_politics" title="Caste politics">Caste politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_policy_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu">Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_reservation_agitation" title="Jat reservation agitation">Jat reservation agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination#India" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCSTlimitation-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCSTlimitation_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCSTlimitation_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">a). If an individual has migrated recently and temporarily, they can't claim reservation in respect to the migrated state/UT but can claim it in respect to the state/UT of origin. b). If individuals have migrated permanently in the recent past and have a notable population of the community in the migrated state/UT, the community is mostly notified as OBC or, in some cases, as SC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SC individuals who have converted to Christianity or its progeny generally fall into OBC categories in most states.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Included among the high office holders are the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of India">Vice-President of India</a>, Judges of the Supreme Court of India, the High Courts chairman, the members of <a href="/wiki/Union_Public_Service_Commission" title="Union Public Service Commission">Union Public Service Commission</a>, members of the State Public Service Commission, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller Auditor-General of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Included among this category are Class I or Class II officers, unless dead or incapacitated.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criteria used for Group A and B are the same as the employees of the Public sector.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">High ranks include the rank of colonel and above in the army or in equivalent posts in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a>, and the Paramilitary Force. But that will hold true provided that- <ol><li>"the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">armed forces</a> (i.e., the category under consideration) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has reached the rank of Colonel."</li> <li>"the service ranks below Colonel of husband and wife shall not be clubbed together"</li> <li>"if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment, this will not be taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service category under item No.II in which case the criteria and conditions"<sup id="cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If a person has a high paying job such as physician, lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Chartered_accountant" title="Chartered accountant">chartered accountant</a>, income tax consultant, financial or <a href="/wiki/Management_consultant" class="mw-redirect" title="Management consultant">management consultant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental surgeon">dental surgeon</a>, engineer, architect, <a href="/wiki/Computer_specialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer specialist">computer specialist</a>, film artist or other film professionals, author, playwright, <a href="/wiki/Sports_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports person">sports person</a>, sports professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status. If the husband holds one of the above jobs and the wife does not then the husband's income will be taken into consideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife's income will be taken into consideration. The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the whole point of the reservation system is to raise the social status of the people that belong to the SC's, ST's and OBCs and if a family's income is high already it is considered that it raises their social status as well.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Included in this category are those who have <a href="/wiki/Irrigated_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated land">irrigated land</a> area which is equal to or more than 85% of the <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory</a> ceiling area will be excluded from the reservation. They would only be under reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated. Those with vacant buildings can use them for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, hence they are not covered under reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This income does not include salaried income and agricultural income</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Advanced_Computing" title="Centre for Development of Advanced Computing">Centre for Development of Advanced Computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_National_Institute" title="Homi Bhabha National Institute">Homi Bhabha National Institute</a> and its ten constituent units, the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> (Mumbai), the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Indira_Gandhi_Regional_Institute_of_Health_and_Medical_Sciences" title="North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences">North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences</a> (Shillong), <a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a> (Ahmedabad), the <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a> (Thiruvananthapuram) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing</a> (Dehradun).<sup id="cite_ref-pib.nic.in_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pib.nic.in-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-bench-reservation">"Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication"</a>. <i>The Wire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Reservation+Is+About+Adequate+Representation%2C+Not+Poverty+Eradication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Flaw%2Fsupreme-court-bench-reservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopal2020" class="citation news cs1">Rajagopal, Krishnadas (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/right-to-reservation-is-not-fundamental-right-observes-judge-as-tn-parties-withdraw-plea-for-obc-quota-in-medical-courses/article31807732.ece">"Right to reservation is not a fundamental right, observes SC judge as parties withdraw plea for quota"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Right+to+reservation+is+not+a+fundamental+right%2C+observes+SC+judge+as+parties+withdraw+plea+for+quota&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Rajagopal&rft.aufirst=Krishnadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fright-to-reservation-is-not-fundamental-right-observes-judge-as-tn-parties-withdraw-plea-for-obc-quota-in-medical-courses%2Farticle31807732.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILI_Law_Review-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILI_Law_Review_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILI_Law_Review_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaskar" class="citation web cs1">Laskar, Mehbubul Hassan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081633/http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf">"Rethinking Reservation in Higher EDUCATION in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ILI Law Review. pp. 29–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Reservation+in+Higher+EDUCATION+in+India&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=ILI+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Laskar&rft.aufirst=Mehbubul+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ili.ac.in%2Fpdf%2Farticle_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhadyalpatil2018" class="citation web cs1">Ghadyalpatil, Abhiram (10 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PLkr7jdpCeZepho8RMVJbN/Rajarshi-Shahu-Chhatrapati-of-Kolhapur-a-reformer-ahead-of.html">"Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati of Kolhapur, a reformer ahead of his time"</a>. <i>mint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mint&rft.atitle=Rajarshi+Shahu+Chhatrapati+of+Kolhapur%2C+a+reformer+ahead+of+his+time&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Ghadyalpatil&rft.aufirst=Abhiram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FLeisure%2FPLkr7jdpCeZepho8RMVJbN%2FRajarshi-Shahu-Chhatrapati-of-Kolhapur-a-reformer-ahead-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html">"Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. 17 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Reserved+uncertainty+or+deserved+certainty%3F+Reservation+debate+back+in+Mysuru&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2F2020%2Ffeb%2F17%2Freserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-q721-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-q721_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorisJanssens1999" class="citation book cs1">Boris, E.; Janssens, A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWPGs-KXry4C&pg=PA59"><i>Complicating Categories: Gender, Class, Race and Ethnicity</i></a>. International Review of Social History Supplements. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78641-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78641-6"><bdi>978-0-521-78641-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complicating+Categories%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.series=International+Review+of+Social+History+Supplements&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78641-6&rft.aulast=Boris&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Janssens%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWPGs-KXry4C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e289-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e289_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandasamy2009" class="citation book cs1">Kandasamy, W.B.V. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrfdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>Reservation for Other Backward Classes in Indian Central Government Institutions Like IITs, IIMs and AIIMS – A Study of the Role of Media Fuzzy Super FRM Models: A Study of the Role of Media Using Fuzzy Super Frm Models</i></a>. Editura CuArt. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59973-092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59973-092-9"><bdi>978-1-59973-092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reservation+for+Other+Backward+Classes+in+Indian+Central+Government+Institutions+Like+IITs%2C+IIMs+and+AIIMS+%E2%80%93+A+Study+of+the+Role+of+Media+Fuzzy+Super+FRM+Models%3A+A+Study+of+the+Role+of+Media+Using+Fuzzy+Super+Frm+Models&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Editura+CuArt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59973-092-9&rft.aulast=Kandasamy&rft.aufirst=W.B.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrfdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m317-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m317_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrom_our_online_archive2010" class="citation web cs1">From our online archive (14 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/Jul/14/69-percent-quota-advantage-tn-169690.html">"69 percent quota: Advantage TN"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=69+percent+quota%3A+Advantage+TN&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft.au=From+our+online+archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2010%2FJul%2F14%2F69-percent-quota-advantage-tn-169690.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1957" class="citation book cs1">Menon, V. P. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxdwpfLfEeoC&pg=PA49"><i>Transfer of Power in India</i></a> (Reprinted ed.). Orient Blackswan. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0884-2"><bdi>978-81-250-0884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transfer+of+Power+in+India&rft.pages=49-50&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0884-2&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxdwpfLfEeoC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g301-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g301_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamamotoUeda2018" class="citation book cs1">Yamamoto, T.; Ueda, T. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qj18DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>Law and Democracy in Contemporary India: Constitution, Contact Zone, and Performing Rights</i></a>. Human Rights Interventions. Springer International Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95837-8"><bdi>978-3-319-95837-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Democracy+in+Contemporary+India%3A+Constitution%2C+Contact+Zone%2C+and+Performing+Rights&rft.series=Human+Rights+Interventions&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-95837-8&rft.aulast=Yamamoto&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Ueda%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqj18DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf">"Human Development Report 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UNDP</i>. p. 119<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2016&rft.pages=119&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2016_human_development_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassin1955" class="citation journal cs1">Passin, Herbert (October 1955). "Untouchability in the Far East". <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 247–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2382914">10.2307/2382914</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2382914">2382914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=Untouchability+in+the+Far+East&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-267&rft.date=1955-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2382914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2382914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Passin&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063917/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm">"Educational Safeguards"</a>. <i>Department of Education</i>. Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education&rft.atitle=Educational+Safeguards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.nic.in%2Fcd50years%2Fg%2FS%2FI6%2F0SI60301.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharya-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2006" class="citation news cs1">Bhattacharya, Amit (8 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html">"Who are the OBCs?"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+OBCs%3F&rft.date=2006-04-08&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theotherindia.org%2Fcaste%2Fwho-are-the-obcs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramaiah-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramaiah_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaiah1992" class="citation web cs1">Ramaiah, A. (6 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230030051/http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf">"Identifying Other Backward Classes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Economic and Political Weekly. pp. 1203–1207. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identifying+Other+Backward+Classes&rft.pages=1203-1207&rft.pub=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.date=1992-06-06&rft.aulast=Ramaiah&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiss.edu%2Fdownloads%2Fppapers%2Fpp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0507089201.htm">"Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission"</a>. Parliament of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementation+of+Recommendations+of+Mandal+Commission&rft.pub=Parliament+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparliamentofindia.nic.in%2Flsdeb%2Fls10%2Fses4%2F0507089201.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edu-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edu_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/805919/the-seeds-of-todays-ferment-in-central-universities-were-sown-in-2006">"How changes in the reservation system in 2006 sowed the seeds for today's campus tumult"</a>. Scroll<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+changes+in+the+reservation+system+in+2006+sowed+the+seeds+for+today%27s+campus+tumult&rft.pub=Scroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F805919%2Fthe-seeds-of-todays-ferment-in-central-universities-were-sown-in-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">15</a>, Section 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> (1950)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(7).pdf">"Article 46, Section 0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>. 1950<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+46%2C+Section+0&rft.pub=Constitution+of+India.&rft.date=1950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawmin.nic.in%2Folwing%2Fcoi%2Fcoi-english%2FConst.Pock%25202Pg.Rom8Fsss%287%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawhney-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sawhney_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sawhney_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/">"Indra Sawhney Etc. vs Union of India And Others, Etc. on 16 November, 1992"</a>. IndianKanoon.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>(4) Reservation being an extreme form of protective measure or affirmative action it should be confined to minority of seats. Even though the Constitution does not lay down any specific bar but the constitutional philosophy being against proportional equality the principle of balancing equality ordains reservation, of any manner, not to exceed 50%.", "Reservation in promotion is constitutionally impermissible as once the advantaged and disadvantaged are made equal and are brought in one class or group then any further benefit extended for promotion on the inequality existing prior to being brought in the group would be treating equals unequally. It would not be eradicating the effects of past discrimination but perpetuating it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indra+Sawhney+Etc.+vs+Union+of+India+And+Others%2C+Etc.+on+16+November%2C+1992&rft.pub=IndianKanoon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F1363234%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/quotas-poor-forward-castes-supreme-court-rule-8254179/">"Quotas for poor among 'forward castes' upheld: Here's the case and what the SC has ruled"</a>. 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quotas+for+poor+among+%27forward+castes%27+upheld%3A+Here%27s+the+case+and+what+the+SC+has+ruled&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-law%2Fquotas-poor-forward-castes-supreme-court-rule-8254179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-ews-quota-in-3-2-split-verdict-cji-in-minority/articleshow/95365168.cms">"Supreme Court upholds EWS quota in 3-2 split verdict, CJI in minority"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+upholds+EWS+quota+in+3-2+split+verdict%2C+CJI+in+minority&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fsupreme-court-upholds-ews-quota-in-3-2-split-verdict-cji-in-minority%2Farticleshow%2F95365168.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/reservation-policy-cannot-stay-for-indefinite-period-says-supreme-court/article66108033.ece?homepage=true">"Reservation policy cannot stay for indefinite period, says Supreme Court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Reservation+policy+cannot+stay+for+indefinite+period%2C+says+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Freservation-policy-cannot-stay-for-indefinite-period-says-supreme-court%2Farticle66108033.ece%3Fhomepage%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scobserver.in/cases/punjab-davinder-singh-validity-of-sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-case-background/">"Validity of Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories"</a>. <i>Supreme Court Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Observer&rft.atitle=Validity+of+Sub-Classification+Within+Reserved+Categories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scobserver.in%2Fcases%2Fpunjab-davinder-singh-validity-of-sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-case-background%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scobserver.in/reports/sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-summary/">"Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories | Judgement Summary"</a>. <i>Supreme Court Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Observer&rft.atitle=Sub-Classification+Within+Reserved+Categories+%7C+Judgement+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scobserver.in%2Freports%2Fsub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-summary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scobserver.in/reports/sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-matrix/">"Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories | Judgement Matrix"</a>. <i>Supreme Court Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Observer&rft.atitle=Sub-Classification+Within+Reserved+Categories+%7C+Judgement+Matrix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scobserver.in%2Freports%2Fsub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-matrix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjps-obc-pitch-how-stronger-new-backward-classes-panel-will-function-4617203/">"BJP's OBC pitch: How stronger new backward classes panel will function"</a>. The Indian Express. 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BJP%27s+OBC+pitch%3A+How+stronger+new+backward+classes+panel+will+function&rft.pub=The+Indian+Express&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fbjps-obc-pitch-how-stronger-new-backward-classes-panel-will-function-4617203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend77.htm">"Seventy Seventh Amendment"</a>. Indiacode.nic.in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventy+Seventh+Amendment&rft.pub=Indiacode.nic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacode.nic.in%2Fcoiweb%2Famend%2Famend77.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend85.htm">"Eighty Fifth Amendment"</a>. Indiacode.nic.in. 4 January 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eighty+Fifth+Amendment&rft.pub=Indiacode.nic.in&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacode.nic.in%2Fcoiweb%2Famend%2Famend85.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend81.htm">"Eighty First Amendment"</a>. Indiacode.nic.in. 29 August 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eighty+First+Amendment&rft.pub=Indiacode.nic.in&rft.date=1997-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacode.nic.in%2Fcoiweb%2Famend%2Famend81.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend82.htm">"Eighty Second Amendment"</a>. Indiacode.nic.in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eighty+Second+Amendment&rft.pub=Indiacode.nic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacode.nic.in%2Fcoiweb%2Famend%2Famend82.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M.Nagaraj_&_Others_vs_Union_Of_India_&_Others_on_19_October_2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M.Nagaraj_&_Others_vs_Union_Of_India_&_Others_on_19_October_2006_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia" class="citation web cs1">Kapadia, S. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiankanoon.org/doc/102852/">"M.Nagaraj & Others vs Union of India & Others on 19 October 2006"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>We reiterate that the ceiling-limit of 50%, the concept of creamy layer and the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness, inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency are all constitutional requirements without which the structure of equality of opportunity in Article 16 would collapse.", "As stated above, the impugned provision is an enabling provision. The State is not bound to make reservation for SC/ST in matter of promotions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.Nagaraj+%26+Others+vs+Union+of+India+%26+Others+on+19+October+2006&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F102852%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Promotion-quota-not-legally-sustainable-HC/articleshow/7220180.cms">"Promotion quota not legally sustainable: HC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 5 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130126084309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-05/lucknow/28363783_1_consequential-seniority-promotion-quota-reservation">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Promotion+quota+not+legally+sustainable%3A+HC&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Flucknow%2FPromotion-quota-not-legally-sustainable-HC%2Farticleshow%2F7220180.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Supreme-Court-upholds-High-courts-decision-to-quash-quota-in-promotion/articleshow/12903017.cms">"Supreme Court upholds High court's decision to quash quota in promotion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 28 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-28/lucknow/31451487_1_consequential-seniority-due-promotions-reservation">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+upholds+High+court%27s+decision+to+quash+quota+in+promotion&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Flucknow%2FSupreme-Court-upholds-High-courts-decision-to-quash-quota-in-promotion%2Farticleshow%2F12903017.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/report/rediff-labs-can-you-guess-how-many-indians-get-merit-based-scholarships/20140901.htm">"Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarship"</a>. <i>Rediff</i>. 1 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=Guess+how+many+Indians+get+merit-based+scholarship&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Freport%2Frediff-labs-can-you-guess-how-many-indians-get-merit-based-scholarships%2F20140901.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAPE-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAPE_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAPE_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.virginia.edu/~ss5mj/Peereffects_April12_2011.pdf">"Affirmative Action and Peer Effects: Evidence from Caste Based Reservation in General Education Colleges in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Virginia University, Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affirmative+Action+and+Peer+Effects%3A+Evidence+from+Caste+Based+Reservation+in+General+Education+Colleges+in+India&rft.pub=Virginia+University%2C+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.virginia.edu%2F~ss5mj%2FPeereffects_April12_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istm.gov.in/uploads/tenders/1608195566RIS.pdf">Reservation guidelines</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240812173659/https://www.istm.gov.in/uploads/tenders/1608195566RIS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reservation+guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istm.gov.in%2Fuploads%2Ftenders%2F1608195566RIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavendra2021" class="citation news cs1">Raghavendra, V. (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-announces-10-reservation-for-ews/article35337212.ece">"A.P. govt announces 10% reservation for EWS"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A.P.+govt+announces+10%25+reservation+for+EWS&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Raghavendra&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fandhra-pradesh%2Fap-govt-announces-10-reservation-for-ews%2Farticle35337212.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-eighty-third-amendment-act#:~:text=Arunachal%20Pradesh%20is%20a%20State,any%20law%20to%20that%20effect.">"THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT 2000|Legislative Department | Ministry of Law and Justice | GoI"</a>. <i>legislative.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislative.gov.in&rft.atitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+%28EIGHTY+THIRD+AMENDMENT%29+ACT+2000%7CLegislative+Department+%7C+Ministry+of+Law+and+Justice+%7C+GoI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislative.gov.in%2Fconstitution-eighty-third-amendment-act%23%3A~%3Atext%3DArunachal%2520Pradesh%2520is%2520a%2520State%2Cany%2520law%2520to%2520that%2520effect.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/patna-high-court-strikes-down-bihar-govts-65-reservation-in-jobs-education/articleshow/111131372.cms">"Patna high court strikes down Bihar govt's 65% reservation in jobs, education"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 20 June 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Patna+high+court+strikes+down+Bihar+govt%27s+65%25+reservation+in+jobs%2C+education&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fpatna-high-court-strikes-down-bihar-govts-65-reservation-in-jobs-education%2Farticleshow%2F111131372.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-error-in-junking-maratha-quota-wont-review-it-supreme-court/articleshow/99676859.cms">"No error in junking Maratha quota, won't review it: Supreme Court"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 22 April 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=No+error+in+junking+Maratha+quota%2C+won%27t+review+it%3A+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2023-04-22&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fno-error-in-junking-maratha-quota-wont-review-it-supreme-court%2Farticleshow%2F99676859.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-quashes-maharashtra-law-granting-reservation-to-maratha-community-7302656/">"Supreme Court throws out Maratha quota law, cites 50% reservation cap"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+throws+out+Maratha+quota+law%2C+cites+50%25+reservation+cap&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fsupreme-court-quashes-maharashtra-law-granting-reservation-to-maratha-community-7302656%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/department-of-personnel-public-grievances">"Department Of Personnel | State Portal-Sikkim"</a>. <i>sikkim.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sikkim.gov.in&rft.atitle=Department+Of+Personnel+%7C+State+Portal-Sikkim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsikkim.gov.in%2Fdepartments%2Fdepartment-of-personnel-public-grievances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tspsc.gov.in/FAQ.jsp%3C/">"Telangana State Public Service Commission"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telangana+State+Public+Service+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tspsc.gov.in%2FFAQ.jsp%253C%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psc.uk.gov.in/public/uploads/importantrecruitment/981719045.pdf">"Determination of Post Based Roster Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Uttarakhand Public Service Commission</a></i> (in Hindi). 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uttarakhand+Public+Service+Commission&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Post+Based+Roster+Policy&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsc.uk.gov.in%2Fpublic%2Fuploads%2Fimportantrecruitment%2F981719045.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108754">"Status of Reservation of OBC in Various States"</a>. <i>pib.nic.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.nic.in&rft.atitle=Status+of+Reservation+of+OBC+in+Various+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D108754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anagrasarkalyan.gov.in-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anagrasarkalyan.gov.in_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anagrasarkalyan.gov.in_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in">"Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backward+Classes+Welfare+Department%2C+Government+of+West+Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/reserv-1.html">"BCW Department-Govt of West Bengal, Reservation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BCW+Department-Govt+of+West+Bengal%2C+Reservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in%2Fhtm%2Freserv-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_S" class="citation journal cs1">M S, Navaneeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344275338">"Reservations for Women in Kerala's Local Self-government Institutions: A Mere Tokenism?"</a>. <i>International Journal of Law Management and Humanities</i>. <b>3</b>: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law+Management+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=Reservations+for+Women+in+Kerala%27s+Local+Self-government+Institutions%3A+A+Mere+Tokenism%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=4&rft.aulast=M+S&rft.aufirst=Navaneeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F344275338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deccan_Herald_2014-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deccan_Herald_2014_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/435789/33-reservation-women-all-gujarat.html">"33% reservation for women in all Gujarat state government jobs"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 13 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=33%25+reservation+for+women+in+all+Gujarat+state+government+jobs&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F435789%2F33-reservation-women-all-gujarat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnax2014-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnax2014_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujarat-increases-women-s-reservation-to-33-in-government-jobs-2025919">"Gujarat increases women's reservation to 33% in government jobs"</a>. <i>dna</i>. 14 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dna&rft.atitle=Gujarat+increases+women%27s+reservation+to+33%25+in+government+jobs&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-gujarat-increases-women-s-reservation-to-33-in-government-jobs-2025919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2010" class="citation book cs1">Arora, N.D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Flb0gZ3ZkC&pg=SA5-PA19"><i>Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-009094-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-009094-1"><bdi>978-0-07-009094-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Science+for+Civil+Services+Main+Examination&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-009094-1&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=N.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8Flb0gZ3ZkC%26pg%3DSA5-PA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/11/22/kerala-local-body-polls-parties-refuse-to-field-women-in-general-seats.html">"Local body polls: Women fight on two fronts as parties reluctant to give out general seats"</a>. <i>OnManorama</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnManorama&rft.atitle=Local+body+polls%3A+Women+fight+on+two+fronts+as+parties+reluctant+to+give+out+general+seats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onmanorama.com%2Fkerala%2Ftop-news%2F2020%2F11%2F22%2Fkerala-local-body-polls-parties-refuse-to-field-women-in-general-seats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/transgender-policy-cleared-by-karnataka-cabinet-4909196/">"Transgender policy cleared by Karnataka cabinet"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 27 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Transgender+policy+cleared+by+Karnataka+cabinet&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Ftransgender-policy-cleared-by-karnataka-cabinet-4909196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/karnataka-reservation-to-transgenders-in-govt-services-545457.html">"Karnataka Is The First State To Provide 1% Reservation To Transgenders In Govt Services"</a>. <i>India Times</i>. 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Times&rft.atitle=Karnataka+Is+The+First+State+To+Provide+1%25+Reservation+To+Transgenders+In+Govt+Services&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fkarnataka-reservation-to-transgenders-in-govt-services-545457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.A2017" class="citation news cs1">B.A, Pon Vasanth (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/transwoman/article18468533.ece">"Withholding of my appointment orders unfair: transwoman"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Withholding+of+my+appointment+orders+unfair%3A+transwoman&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=B.A&rft.aufirst=Pon+Vasanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FMadurai%2Ftranswoman%2Farticle18468533.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mrb.tn.gov.in/GOs/bcmbc_e_28_2015.pdf">https://www.mrb.tn.gov.in/GOs/bcmbc_e_28_2015.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigamany2024" class="citation web cs1">Sigamany, Azeefa Fathima, Vidya (2 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-directs-tn-government-to-implement-horizontal-reservation-for-trans-persons">"Madras HC directs TN government to implement horizontal reservation for trans persons"</a>. <i>The News Minute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Madras+HC+directs+TN+government+to+implement+horizontal+reservation+for+trans+persons&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft.aulast=Sigamany&rft.aufirst=Azeefa+Fathima%2C+Vidya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fmadras-hc-directs-tn-government-to-implement-horizontal-reservation-for-trans-persons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/calcutta-high-court-directs-west-bengal-government-to-ensure-1-transgender-job-quota/articleshow/111046352.cms">"Calcutta HC orders 1% transgender quota in govt employments in West Bengal"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 17 June 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Calcutta+HC+orders+1%25+transgender+quota+in+govt+employments+in+West+Bengal&rft.date=2024-06-17&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2Fcalcutta-high-court-directs-west-bengal-government-to-ensure-1-transgender-job-quota%2Farticleshow%2F111046352.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaizee2010" class="citation news cs1">Faizee, Shameem (23 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/reservation-on-basis-of-religion/articleshow/5605613.cms?_oref=cook&from=mdr">"Reservation on basis of religion"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Reservation+on+basis+of+religion&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft.aulast=Faizee&rft.aufirst=Shameem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Freservation-on-basis-of-religion%2Farticleshow%2F5605613.cms%3F_oref%3Dcook%26from%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/expert-explains-the-muslim-quota-question-9312311/">"Expert Explains: A brief history of religion-based reservations in India; the question of Muslims' inclusion"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 7 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Expert+Explains%3A+A+brief+history+of+religion-based+reservations+in+India%3B+the+question+of+Muslims%E2%80%99+inclusion&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-law%2Fexpert-explains-the-muslim-quota-question-9312311%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viswanathan-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Viswanathan_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViswanathan2007" class="citation news cs1">Viswanathan, S. (16 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120195956/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2422/stories/20071116502203400.htm">"A step forward"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. Vol. 24, no. 22. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=A+step+forward&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=22&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft.aulast=Viswanathan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Ffline%2Ffl2422%2Fstories%2F20071116502203400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/interim-relief-to-ap-on-muslim-reservation/article304480.ece">"Interim relief to AP on Muslim reservation"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 25 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Interim+relief+to+AP+on+Muslim+reservation&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fandhra-pradesh%2Finterim-relief-to-ap-on-muslim-reservation%2Farticle304480.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-to-hear-govt-on-Muslim-quota/articleshow/15113941.cms">"Supreme Court to hear govt on Muslim quota"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130629123830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/india/32827015_1_muslim-sub-quota-central-educational-institutions-constitution-bench">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+to+hear+govt+on+Muslim+quota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FSupreme-Court-to-hear-govt-on-Muslim-quota%2Farticleshow%2F15113941.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-seeks-scs-approval-on-muslim-reservation/articleshow/30704696.cms?from=mdr">"Centre Seeks SCs approval on Muslim Reservation"</a>. <i>timesofindia-economictimes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=timesofindia-economictimes&rft.atitle=Centre+Seeks+SCs+approval+on+Muslim+Reservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fcentre-seeks-scs-approval-on-muslim-reservation%2Farticleshow%2F30704696.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php/rotation-chart">"Reservation chart by Kerala Public Service Commission"</a>. 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reservation+chart+by+Kerala+Public+Service+Commission&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralapsc.gov.in%2Findex.php%2Frotation-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/4-5-quota-fails-to-impress-Muslims-in-Uttar-Pradesh/articleshow/11213735.cms">"4.5% quota fails to impress Muslims in Uttar Pradesh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 23 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510190929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-23/lucknow/30550356_1_muslims-christian-dalits-religion-based-reservation">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=4.5%25+quota+fails+to+impress+Muslims+in+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Flucknow%2F4-5-quota-fails-to-impress-Muslims-in-Uttar-Pradesh%2Farticleshow%2F11213735.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_Commission_stalls_4.5%_sub-quota_in_poll_states-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Election_Commission_stalls_4.5%_sub-quota_in_poll_states_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Election-Commission-stalls-4-5-sub-quota-in-poll-states/articleshow/11455889.cms">"Election Commission stalls 4.5% sub-quota in poll states"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 12 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/india/30619149_1_obc-quota-muslims-hindu-obcs">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Election+Commission+stalls+4.5%25+sub-quota+in+poll+states&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FElection-Commission-stalls-4-5-sub-quota-in-poll-states%2Farticleshow%2F11455889.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Govt_trying_to_befool_minorities_with_quota:_Sachar-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Govt_trying_to_befool_minorities_with_quota:_Sachar_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/228547/govt-trying-befool-minorities-quota.html">"Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar"</a>. 19 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Govt+trying+to+befool+minorities+with+quota%3A+Sachar&rft.date=2012-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F228547%2Fgovt-trying-befool-minorities-quota.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC_Quashes_Center's_4.5%_Sub-Quota_for_Minorities-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC_Quashes_Center's_4.5%_Sub-Quota_for_Minorities_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529034931/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=763946">"HC Quashes Centre's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities"</a>. 28 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=763946">the original</a> on 29 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HC+Quashes+Centre%27s+4.5%25+Sub-Quota+for+Minorities&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.outlookindia.com%2Fitems.aspx%3Fartid%3D763946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ten-trains-affected-as-gujjar-quota-agitation-enters-day-3-1452589-2019-02-10">"10 trains affected as Gujjar quota agitation enters Day 3"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 10 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=10+trains+affected+as+Gujjar+quota+agitation+enters+Day+3&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Ften-trains-affected-as-gujjar-quota-agitation-enters-day-3-1452589-2019-02-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/engage/article/jats-patels-and-marathas-want-quotas-but-do-they-deserve-them">"Jats, Marathas, and Patels Want Quotas, But Do They Need Them?"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>: 7–8. 5 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Jats%2C+Marathas%2C+and+Patels+Want+Quotas%2C+But+Do+They+Need+Them%3F&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fengage%2Farticle%2Fjats-patels-and-marathas-want-quotas-but-do-they-deserve-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhras-caste-reservation-protests-return-garp-leaders-chalk-out-action-plan-53778">"Andhra's caste reservation protests to return? Garp leaders chalk out action plan"</a>. <i>The News Minute</i>. 3 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Andhra%27s+caste+reservation+protests+to+return%3F+Garp+leaders+chalk+out+action+plan&rft.date=2016-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fandhras-caste-reservation-protests-return-garp-leaders-chalk-out-action-plan-53778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-trouble-brewing-andhra-over-garp-reservation-once-more-105610">"Why trouble is brewing in Andhra over Garp reservation once more"</a>. <i>The News Minute</i>. 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Why+trouble+is+brewing+in+Andhra+over+Garp+reservation+once+more&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fwhy-trouble-brewing-andhra-over-garp-reservation-once-more-105610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-declares-maratha-quota-law-unconstitutional/article34487043.ece">"Supreme Court declares Maratha quota law unconstitutional"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+declares+Maratha+quota+law+unconstitutional&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fsc-declares-maratha-quota-law-unconstitutional%2Farticle34487043.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/et-explains-what-is-constitution-one-hundred-and-twenty-fourth-amendment-bill-2019/articleshow/67448343.cms">ET Explains: What is Constitution (One Hundred And third Amendment) Bill, 2019?</a>, The Economic Times, 9 January 2019. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/in-depth-who-is-eligible-for-the-new-reservation-quota-for-general-category/story/308062.html">In-depth: Who is eligible for the new reservation quota for general category?</a>, Business Today, 8 January 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onelawstreet.com/challenge-to-reservation-for-economically-poor/">"Challenge to reservation for economically poor"</a>. <i>1, Law Street</i>. 11 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1%2C+Law+Street&rft.atitle=Challenge+to+reservation+for+economically+poor&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonelawstreet.com%2Fchallenge-to-reservation-for-economically-poor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reservation_Brochure-2.pdf">Reservation Brochure</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reservation+Brochure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdpe.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FReservation_Brochure-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes_82-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/OfficeMemorandum.pdf">"Judgement Writ Petition (Civil) No.930 of 1990 – Indira Sawhney Versus Union of India And others (16.11.1992)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Commission for Backward Classes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Backward+Classes&rft.atitle=Judgement+Writ+Petition+%28Civil%29+No.930+of+1990+%E2%80%93+Indira+Sawhney+Versus+Union+of+India+And+others+%2816.11.1992%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncbc.nic.in%2FPdf%2FOfficeMemorandum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/OfficeMemorandum.pdf">Office Memorandum</a>, ncbc.nic.in, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pib.nic.in-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pib.nic.in_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=23895">"Press Information Bureau English Releases"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Information+Bureau+English+Releases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Fnewsite%2Ferelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D23895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiaresultup.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3335.pdf">"Extraordinary Part II - Section I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Gazette of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Part+II+-+Section+I&rft.pub=The+Gazette+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiaresultup.in%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2F3335.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iima.ac.in/web/pgp/apply/domestic/important-information">"Two-Year Post Graduate Programme in Management"</a>. Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two-Year+Post+Graduate+Programme+in+Management&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Management+Ahmedabad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iima.ac.in%2Fweb%2Fpgp%2Fapply%2Fdomestic%2Fimportant-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uceed.iitb.ac.in/2020/reservation.html">"Reservation of Seats"</a>. UCEED.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reservation+of+Seats&rft.pub=UCEED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uceed.iitb.ac.in%2F2020%2Freservation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitp.ac.in/php/facilities.php?pp=concession">"Concessions Provided for Students"</a>. National Institute of Technology Patna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concessions+Provided+for+Students&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Technology+Patna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitp.ac.in%2Fphp%2Ffacilities.php%3Fpp%3Dconcession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151028/jsp/nation/story_50076.jsp*.VjByp89X6KA">"No quota in higher medicine: SC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>. 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+quota+in+higher+medicine%3A+SC&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1151028%2Fjsp%2Fnation%2Fstory_50076.jsp%2A.VjByp89X6KA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/supreme-court-keeps-stated-salary-and-agriculture-out-of-creamy-layer/cid/1827992">"Supreme Court keeps stated salary and agriculture out of creamy layer"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+keeps+stated+salary+and+agriculture+out+of+creamy+layer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Findia%2Fsupreme-court-keeps-stated-salary-and-agriculture-out-of-creamy-layer%2Fcid%2F1827992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/governance/weeks-before-up-polls-modi-govt-shelves-proposal-to-change-eligibility-for-obc-creamy-layer/781628/">"Weeks before UP polls, Modi govt shelves proposal to change eligibility for OBC creamy layer"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Weeks+before+UP+polls%2C+Modi+govt+shelves+proposal+to+change+eligibility+for+OBC+creamy+layer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fgovernance%2Fweeks-before-up-polls-modi-govt-shelves-proposal-to-change-eligibility-for-obc-creamy-layer%2F781628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-takes-obc-creamy-layer-to-drawing-board/articleshow/88841003.cms">"Govt takes OBC creamy layer to drawing board"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Govt+takes+OBC+creamy+layer+to+drawing+board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fgovt-takes-obc-creamy-layer-to-drawing-board%2Farticleshow%2F88841003.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.digialm.com//per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/19/PDF/EWS_Category_2022.pdf">"Form of Certificate to be Produced by a Candidate Belonging to Ews Category"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Form+of+Certificate+to+be+Produced+by+a+Candidate+Belonging+to+Ews+Category&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.digialm.com%2F%2Fper%2Fg01%2Fpub%2F756%2FASM%2FWebPortal%2F19%2FPDF%2FEWS_Category_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nitj.ac.in/nitj_files/links/Advt_02_to_06_of_23_(Non_Faculty)_95223.pdf">"Advertisement of Non-Faculty Posts (02/2023 to 06/2023)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Institute of Technology Jalandhar</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Technology+Jalandhar&rft.atitle=Advertisement+of+Non-Faculty+Posts+%2802%2F2023+to+06%2F2023%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitj.ac.in%2Fnitj_files%2Flinks%2FAdvt_02_to_06_of_23_%28Non_Faculty%29_95223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-8-lakh-income-criterion-for-ews-more-stringent-than-one-for-obc-creamy-layer-centre-to-supreme-court/articleshow/88651219.cms">"Rs 8 lakh income criterion for EWS more stringent than one for OBC creamy layer: Centre to Supreme Court"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Rs+8+lakh+income+criterion+for+EWS+more+stringent+than+one+for+OBC+creamy+layer%3A+Centre+to+Supreme+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Frs-8-lakh-income-criterion-for-ews-more-stringent-than-one-for-obc-creamy-layer-centre-to-supreme-court%2Farticleshow%2F88651219.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/ewsf28fT.PDF">"Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) in direct recruitment in civil posts and services in the Government of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Personnel & Training</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Personnel+%26+Training&rft.atitle=Reservation+for+Economically+Weaker+Sections+%28EWSs%29+in+direct+recruitment+in+civil+posts+and+services+in+the+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdopt.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fewsf28fT.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=5862">"Supreme Court Of India – Judgement Information System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Of+India+%E2%80%93+Judgement+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudis.nic.in%2Fsupremecourt%2Fqrydisp.asp%3Ftfnm%3D5862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/scourge-of-reservation-the-invisible-creamy-layer.html">"Scourge of reservation: The invisible creamy layer"</a>. The Pioneer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scourge+of+reservation%3A+The+invisible+creamy+layer&rft.pub=The+Pioneer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fcolumnists%2Foped%2Fscourge-of-reservation-the-invisible-creamy-layer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-order-reserved/">"Explained: Order reserved"</a>. The Indian Express. 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explained%3A+Order+reserved&rft.pub=The+Indian+Express&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-order-reserved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/building-a-just-society/">"For an equitable society, reservations must be extended to private sector"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 23 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=For+an+equitable+society%2C+reservations+must+be+extended+to+private+sector&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fbuilding-a-just-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/plea-to-reconsider-judgment-in-indra-sawhney-case-of-1992/article1897463.ece">"Plea to reconsider judgement in Indra Sawhney case of 1992"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 22 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Plea+to+reconsider+judgement+in+Indra+Sawhney+case+of+1992&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Fplea-to-reconsider-judgment-in-indra-sawhney-case-of-1992%2Farticle1897463.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cant-keep-SC/ST-creamy-layer-out-of-quota-benefits/articleshow/46914401.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Can't keep SC/ST creamy layer out of quota benefits' - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 14 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Can%27t+keep+SC%2FST+creamy+layer+out+of+quota+benefits%27+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FCant-keep-SC%2FST-creamy-layer-out-of-quota-benefits%2Farticleshow%2F46914401.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Raise-creamy-layer-to-Rs-10-5-lakh-OBC-panel/articleshow/47155884.cms">"Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 5 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Raise+%27creamy+layer%27+to+Rs+10.5+lakh%3A+OBC+panel&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FRaise-creamy-layer-to-Rs-10-5-lakh-OBC-panel%2Farticleshow%2F47155884.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBC-panel-backs-off-wont-make-creamy-layer-reservation-criteria-stringent/articleshow/49545470.cms?">"OBC panel backs off, won't make 'creamy layer' reservation criteria stringent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=OBC+panel+backs+off%2C+won%27t+make+%27creamy+layer%27+reservation+criteria+stringent&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FOBC-panel-backs-off-wont-make-creamy-layer-reservation-criteria-stringent%2Farticleshow%2F49545470.cms%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBC-sub-division-relaxing-creamy-layer-is-a-must-NCBC-tells-govt/articleshow/49532421.cms">"OBC sub-division, relaxing creamy layer is a must: NCBC tells govt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 26 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=OBC+sub-division%2C+relaxing+creamy+layer+is+a+must%3A+NCBC+tells+govt&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FOBC-sub-division-relaxing-creamy-layer-is-a-must-NCBC-tells-govt%2Farticleshow%2F49532421.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Raise-creamy-layer-to-Rs-10-5-lakh-OBC-panel/articleshow/47155884.cms">"Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 5 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Raise+%27creamy+layer%27+to+Rs+10.5+lakh%3A+OBC+panel&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FRaise-creamy-layer-to-Rs-10-5-lakh-OBC-panel%2Farticleshow%2F47155884.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/poll-bound-assam-reserves-medical-seats-for-3-communities-demanding-st-status/article32996633.ece">"Poll-bound Assam reserves medical seats for 3 communities demanding ST status"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 1 November 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Poll-bound+Assam+reserves+medical+seats+for+3+communities+demanding+ST+status&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fpoll-bound-assam-reserves-medical-seats-for-3-communities-demanding-st-status%2Farticle32996633.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/assam-becomes-fourth-state-to-approve-10-quota-for-economically-weaker-sections-2010167.html">"Assam Becomes Fourth State to Approve 10% Quota for Economically Weaker Sections"</a>. <i>News18</i>. 22 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Assam+Becomes+Fourth+State+to+Approve+10%25+Quota+for+Economically+Weaker+Sections&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fassam-becomes-fourth-state-to-approve-10-quota-for-economically-weaker-sections-2010167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-assembly-clears-bill-to-hike-reservation-nitish-kumar-caste-survey-101699521752737.html">"Bihar assembly clears bill to hike reservation to 75%"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Bihar+assembly+clears+bill+to+hike+reservation+to+75%25&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fbihar-assembly-clears-bill-to-hike-reservation-nitish-kumar-caste-survey-101699521752737.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html">"203 castes in Bihar to choose from as 2nd leg of survey begins April 15"</a>. 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=203+castes+in+Bihar+to+choose+from+as+2nd+leg+of+survey+begins+April+15&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fpatna-news%2F203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2018" class="citation web cs1">Kumar, Madan (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-bats-for-ebc-quota-in-central-jobs-varsities/articleshow/62641063.cms">"EBC: Nitish bats for EBC quota in central jobs, varsities"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=EBC%3A+Nitish+bats+for+EBC+quota+in+central+jobs%2C+varsities&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2Fnitish-bats-for-ebc-quota-in-central-jobs-varsities%2Farticleshow%2F62641063.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTewary2019" class="citation news cs1">Tewary, Amarnath (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/10-reservation-for-ews-will-be-implemented-in-bihar-too-says-nitish-kumar/article26049906.ece">"10% reservation for EWS will be implemented in Bihar too, says Nitish Kumar"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=10%25+reservation+for+EWS+will+be+implemented+in+Bihar+too%2C+says+Nitish+Kumar&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Tewary&rft.aufirst=Amarnath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2F10-reservation-for-ews-will-be-implemented-in-bihar-too-says-nitish-kumar%2Farticle26049906.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_Singh_Thakur2020" class="citation web cs1">Vijay Singh Thakur (2 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-ordinance-on-obc-quota-hike-to-27-has-lapsed-says-high-court/articleshow/74437913.cms">"Chhattisgarh: Ordinance on OBC quota hike to 27% has lapsed, says high court | Raipur News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chhattisgarh%3A+Ordinance+on+OBC+quota+hike+to+27%25+has+lapsed%2C+says+high+court+%7C+Raipur+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.au=Vijay+Singh+Thakur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fraipur%2Fchhattisgarh-ordinance-on-obc-quota-hike-to-27-has-lapsed-says-high-court%2Farticleshow%2F74437913.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary2018" class="citation web cs1">Choudhary, Amit Anand (30 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-to-follow-pan-india-rule-for-sc/st-reservation-people-from-other-states-are-entitled-sc/articleshow/65611847.cms">"Delhi to follow pan India rule for SC/ST reservation, people from other states are entitled: SC"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Delhi+to+follow+pan+India+rule+for+SC%2FST+reservation%2C+people+from+other+states+are+entitled%3A+SC&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.aulast=Choudhary&rft.aufirst=Amit+Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fdelhi-to-follow-pan-india-rule-for-sc%2Fst-reservation-people-from-other-states-are-entitled-sc%2Farticleshow%2F65611847.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-govt-increases-quota-for-obcs-in-jobs-to-27/articleshow/28859873.cms">"Goa govt increases quota for OBCs in jobs to 27%"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Goa+govt+increases+quota+for+OBCs+in+jobs+to+27%25&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fgoa-govt-increases-quota-for-obcs-in-jobs-to-27%2Farticleshow%2F28859873.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/goa-and-j-k-govt-order-10-ews-quota-to-be-implemented-in-jobs-and-education-1554512-2019-06-23">"Goa and J&K govt order 10% EWS quota to be implemented in jobs and education"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 23 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Goa+and+J%26K+govt+order+10%25+EWS+quota+to+be+implemented+in+jobs+and+education&rft.date=2019-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fgoa-and-j-k-govt-order-10-ews-quota-to-be-implemented-in-jobs-and-education-1554512-2019-06-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/gujarat-government-in-fix-over-its-resolution-for-open-category-reservation-804120.html">"Gujarat government in fix over its resolution for open category reservation"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Gujarat+government+in+fix+over+its+resolution+for+open+category+reservation&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fnational%2Fwest%2Fgujarat-government-in-fix-over-its-resolution-for-open-category-reservation-804120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-government-ews-proposal-economically-weaker-sections-10-per-cent-reservation-in-colleges-to-centre-5755360/">"Gujarat govt sends EWS quota proposal to Centre to implement in colleges"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Gujarat+govt+sends+EWS+quota+proposal+to+Centre+to+implement+in+colleges&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fahmedabad%2Fgujarat-government-ews-proposal-economically-weaker-sections-10-per-cent-reservation-in-colleges-to-centre-5755360%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haryanascbc.gov.in/reservation-policy-0">"Reservation Policy | Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department, Government of Haryana"</a>. <i>haryanascbc.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haryanascbc.gov.in&rft.atitle=Reservation+Policy+%7C+Welfare+of+Scheduled+Caste+%26+Backward+Classes+Department%2C+Government+of+Haryana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharyanascbc.gov.in%2Freservation-policy-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-haryana-s-new-reservation-law-constitutionally-tenable-101615180936227.html">"Is Haryana's new reservation law constitutionally tenable?"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Is+Haryana%27s+new+reservation+law+constitutionally+tenable%3F&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fis-haryana-s-new-reservation-law-constitutionally-tenable-101615180936227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/high-court-sets-aside-haryana-law-guaranteeing-75-reservation-to-locals-in-private-sector/article67544320.ece/amp/">"High Court sets aside Haryana law guaranteeing 75% reservation to locals in private sector"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=High+Court+sets+aside+Haryana+law+guaranteeing+75%25+reservation+to+locals+in+private+sector&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fhigh-court-sets-aside-haryana-law-guaranteeing-75-reservation-to-locals-in-private-sector%2Farticle67544320.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/government/jharkhand-raises-reservations-for-sc-st-obc-ews-groups-to-77">"Jharkhand Raises Reservations for SC, ST, OBC, EWS Groups to 77%"</a>. <i>thewire.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thewire.in&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+Raises+Reservations+for+SC%2C+ST%2C+OBC%2C+EWS+Groups+to+77%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fgovernment%2Fjharkhand-raises-reservations-for-sc-st-obc-ews-groups-to-77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jharsewa.jharkhand.gov.in/resources/pdf/20/BC2.pdf">"List of Castes under Category BC (ANNEXURE -II ) in Jharkhand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Jharkhand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Castes+under+Category+BC+%28ANNEXURE+-II+%29+in+Jharkhand&rft.pub=Government+of+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjharsewa.jharkhand.gov.in%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2F20%2FBC2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panorama/political-reservation-for-obcs-now-a-maha-issue-1065998.html">"Political reservation for OBCs, now a Maha issue"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 30 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Political+reservation+for+OBCs%2C+now+a+Maha+issue&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fopinion%2Fpanorama%2Fpolitical-reservation-for-obcs-now-a-maha-issue-1065998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-bill-for-16-maratha-quota-for-pg-medical-admission-passes-maharashtra-legislature-test-key-points-to-know-103020">"Bill for 16% Maratha quota for PG Medical admission passes Maharashtra legislature test - Key points to know"</a>. <i>Zee Business</i>. 21 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zee+Business&rft.atitle=Bill+for+16%25+Maratha+quota+for+PG+Medical+admission+passes+Maharashtra+legislature+test+-+Key+points+to+know&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeebiz.com%2Findia%2Fnews-bill-for-16-maratha-quota-for-pg-medical-admission-passes-maharashtra-legislature-test-key-points-to-know-103020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cabinet-approves-10-quota-for-ews-in-general-category/article25931445.ece">"Cabinet approves 10% quota for EWS in general category"</a>. <i>@businessline</i>. 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40businessline&rft.atitle=Cabinet+approves+10%25+quota+for+EWS+in+general+category&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fcabinet-approves-10-quota-for-ews-in-general-category%2Farticle25931445.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psc.uk.gov.in/public/uploads/importantrecruitment/981719045.pdf">"Determination of Post Based Roster Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Uttarakhand Public Service Commission</a></i> (in Hindi). 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uttarakhand+Public+Service+Commission&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Post+Based+Roster+Policy&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsc.uk.gov.in%2Fpublic%2Fuploads%2Fimportantrecruitment%2F981719045.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shourie, Arun (2012). Falling over backwards: An essay on reservations and judicial populism. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-355-3">978-93-5029-355-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2004" class="citation news cs1">Joseph, Manu (23 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/what-if-reservations-had-come-to-an-end-in-1960/224881">"What If Reservations Had Come To An End In 1960?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=What+If+Reservations+Had+Come+To+An+End+In+1960%3F&rft.date=2004-08-23&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Manu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2Fwhat-if-reservations-had-come-to-an-end-in-1960%2F224881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReservation+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbc.nic.in/">National Commission for Backward Classes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsc.nic.in/">National Commission for Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncst.nic.in/">National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialjustice.gov.in/">Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://m.thewire.in/article/government/jharkhand-raises-reservations-for-sc-st-obc-ews-groups-to-77">https://m.thewire.in/article/government/jharkhand-raises-reservations-for-sc-st-obc-ews-groups-to-77</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caste_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caste_in_India" title="Template:Caste in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caste_in_India" title="Template talk:Caste in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caste_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caste in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caste_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caste and reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_politics_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste politics in India">Caste politics in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section" title="Economically Weaker Section">Economically Weaker Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_of_Ambedkar_statues" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalism of Ambedkar statues">Vandalism of Ambedkar statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Brahminism" title="Anti-Brahminism">Anti-Brahminism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reservation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Cases_Related_to_Reservation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Cases Related to Reservation in India">Court Cases related to Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_policy_in_Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Reservation policy in Indian Institutes of Technology">IIT reservation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_policy_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu">Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990" title="Mandal Commission protests of 1990">Mandal Commission protests of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namantar_Andolan" title="Namantar Andolan">Namantar Andolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests" title="2006 Indian anti-reservation protests">2006 anti-reservation protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bathani_Tola_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Bathani Tola Massacre">1996 Bathani Tola Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Dalit_protests_in_Maharashtra" title="2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra">2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjjar_agitation_in_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjjar agitation in Rajasthan">2008 Gurjar agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patidar_reservation_agitation" title="Patidar reservation agitation">Patidar agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_reservation_agitation" title="Jat reservation agitation">Jat agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Kranti_Morcha" title="Maratha Kranti Morcha">Maratha Kranti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dalit_protests_in_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Dalit protests in Maharashtra">Bhima Koregaon protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_caste_protests_in_India" title="April 2018 caste protests in India">April 2018 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</a> (SC and ST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Classes</a> (OBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">Forward classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creamy_layer" title="Creamy layer">Creamy layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramanya" title="Gramanya">Gramanya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalelkar_Commission" title="Kalelkar Commission">Kalelkar Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission" title="Mandal Commission">Mandal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes" title="National Commission for Backward Classes">National Commission for Backward Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Scheduled_Castes" title="National Commission for Scheduled Castes">National Commission for Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Scheduled_Tribes" title="National Commission for Scheduled Tribes">National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Caste_and_Scheduled_Tribe_(Prevention_of_Atrocities)_Act,_1989" title="Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989">Atrocities Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Panther" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit Panther">Dalit Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranvir_Sena" title="Ranvir Sena">Ranvir Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India" title="Republican Party of India">Republican Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karni_Sena" title="Karni Sena">Karni Sena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes" title="List of Scheduled Castes">Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Other_Backward_Classes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Other Backward Classes">Other Backward Classes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Other_Backward_Classes_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities">Including Muslim OBC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caste Census and Surveys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Socio_Economic_and_Caste_Census" title="2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census">2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Bihar_caste-based_survey" title="2022 Bihar caste-based survey">2022 Bihar caste-based survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&oldid=1257648360">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&oldid=1257648360</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Affirmative_action" title="Category:Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reservation_in_India" title="Category:Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_justice" title="Category:Social justice">Social justice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Majority%E2%80%93minority_relations" title="Category:Majority–minority relations">Majority–minority relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_India" title="Category:Law of India">Law of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_India" title="Category:Politics of India">Politics of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)" title="Category:CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)">CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2023">Articles with dead external links from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use Indian English from January 2019">Use Indian English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2016">Use dmy dates from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2020">Articles needing additional references from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 00:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reservation_in_India&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7g25x","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.129","walltime":"1.329","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7917,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":395282,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8463,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":452325,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1086.855 1 -total"," 59.46% 646.224 2 Template:Reflist"," 30.71% 333.727 79 Template:Cite_web"," 10.48% 113.878 32 Template:Cite_news"," 9.97% 108.352 1 Template:India_topics"," 9.75% 105.993 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 8.51% 92.441 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.02% 54.535 4 Template:Fix"," 4.33% 47.017 2 Template:More_citations_needed_section"," 4.25% 46.212 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.634","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6591569,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2z5zb","timestamp":"20241122141720","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Reservation in India","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reservation_in_India","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q68104","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q68104","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-04-22T20:52:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T00:31:31Z","headline":"form of affirmative action"}</script> </body> </html>