Syarat Wajib dan Rukun Puasa Ramadhan

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harus dipenuhi oleh seseorang sebelum melaksanakan suatu ibadah. Seseorang yang"> <section class="m-t-10"> <div class="container arsip"> <div class="content-710"> <div class="s-title"><h1>Syarat Wajib dan Rukun Puasa Ramadhan</h1></div> <div class="s-info"> Sabtu, 11 Mei 2019 20:45 <span class="right"><a href="/web/20190514055138/http://www.nu.or.id/post/85/ramadhan/" class="cat"><i class=""></i> Ramadhan</a></span> <p class="sosmed"> <strong>Bagikan </strong> <input type="hidden" name="realURL" id="realURL" value="http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/45696/syarat-wajib-dan-rukun-puasa-ramadhan"/> <input type="hidden" name="shortURL" id="shortURL" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="sosDesc" id="sosDesc" value="Syarat wajib adalah syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh seseorang sebelum melaksanakan suatu ibadah. Seseorang yang"/> <input type="hidden" name="sosName" id="sosName" value="Syarat Wajib dan Rukun Puasa Ramadhan"/> <input type="hidden" name="sosPic" id="sosPic" value="http://www.nu.or.id/o-client/nu_or_id/pictures/post/mid/15575826395cd6d32fd40fd.jpg"/> <input type="hidden" name="sosCap" id="sosCap" value=" "/> <a href="javascript:share_fb()" class="af-icon farounded fb"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a> <a href="javascript:share_tw()" class="af-icon farounded tw"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a> <a href="" class="af-icon farounded gp"><i class="fa fa-google-plus"></i></a> </p> </div> <div id="konten_detil" style="z-index:2;"> <div> <div class="s-foto" style="position: relative;"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514055138im_/http://www.nu.or.id/o-client/nu_or_id/pictures/post/big/15575826395cd6d32fd40fd.jpg" alt="Syarat Wajib dan Rukun Puasa Ramadhan" style="width:100%;"> </div> <div class="s-post"><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Syarat Wajib Puasa</span></p><p>Syarat wajib adalah syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh seseorang sebelum melaksanakan suatu ibadah. Seseorang yang tidak memenuhi syarat wajib, maka gugurlah tuntutan kewajiban kepadanya. Sedangkan rukun adalah hal-hal yang harus dilakukan dalam sebuah ibadah.</p><p>Adapun syarat <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">pertama</span> seseorang itu diwajibkan menjalankan ibadah puasa, khususnya puasa Ramadhan, yaitu ia seorang muslim atau muslimah. Karena puasa adalah ibadah yang menjadi keharusan atau rukun keislamannya, sebagaimana termaktub dalam hadits yang diriwayat kan oleh Imam Turmudzi dan Imam Muslim:</p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;">عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ : سَمِعْتُ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ صلى الله وسلم يَقُوْلُ : بُنِيَ اْلإِسْلاَمُ عَلَى خَمْسٍ : شَهَادَةُ أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّداً رَسُوْلُ اللهِ وَإِقَامُ الصَّلاَةِ وَإِيْتَاءُ الزَّكَاةِ وَحَجُّ الْبَيْتِ وَصَوْمُ رَمَضَانَ</span></p><p>“Dari Abi Abdurrahman, yaitu Abdullah Ibn Umar Ibn Khattab r.a, berkata: saya mendengar Rasulullah <span style="font-style: italic;">shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam </span>bersabda: Islam didirikan dengan lima hal, yaitu persaksian tiada Tuhan selain Allah dan Muhammad adalah utusan-Nya, didirikannya shalat, dikeluarkannya zakat, dikerjakannya hajji di Baitullah (Ka’bah), dan dikerjakannya puasa di bulan Ramadhan.” (Hadits Shahih, riwayat al-Bukhari: 7 dan Muslim: 19)<br></p><p>Syarat yang <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">kedua </span>seseorang itu berkewajiban menjalankan ibadah puasa Ramadhan, yaitu ia sudah baligh, dengan ketentuan ia pernah keluar mani dari kemaluannya baik dalam keadaan tidur atau terjaga, dan khusus bagi perempuan sudah keluar haid. Dan syarat keluar mani dan haid pada batas usia minimal 9 tahun.</p><p>Dan bagi yang belum keluar mani dan haid, maka batas minimal ia dikatakan baligh pada usia 15 tahun dari usia kelahirannya. Syarat ketentuan baligh ini menegaskan bahwa ibadah puasa Ramadhan tidak diwajibkan bagi seorang anak yang belum memenuhi ciri-ciri kebalighan yang telah disebutkan di atas.</p><p>Syarat yang <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">ketiga </span>bagi seorang muslim dan baligh itu terkena kewajiban menjalankan ibadah puasa, apabila ia memiliki akal yang sempurna atau tidak gila, baik gila karena cacat mental atau gila disebabkan mabuk.</p><p>Seseorang yang dalam keadaan tidak sadar karena mabuk atau cacat mental, maka tidak terkena hukum kewajiban menjalankan ibadah puasa, terkecuali orang yang mabuk dengan sengaja, maka ia diwajibkan menjalankan ibadah puasa di kemudian hari (mengganti di hari selain bulan Ramadhan alias qadha).</p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;">رُفِعَ اْلقَلَمُ عَنْ ثَلَاثٍ عَنْ النّائِمِ حَتّى يَسْتَيْقِظُ وَعَنِ اْلمَجْنُوْنِ حَتّى يُفِيْقَ وَعَنِ الصَّبِىِّ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ</span></p><p>“Tiga golongan yang tidak terkena hukum syar’i: orang yang tidur sapai ia terbagngun, orang yang gila sampai ia sembuh, dan anak-anak sampai ia baligh.” (Hadits Shahih, riwayat Abu Daud: 3822, dan Ahmad: 910. Teks hadits riwayat al-Nasa’i)<br></p><p>Syarat <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">keempat </span>adalah kuat menjalankan ibadah puasa. Selain Islam, baligh, dan berakal, seseorang harus mampu dan kuat untuk menjalankan ibadah puasa. Apabila tidak mampu maka diwajibkan mengganti di bulan berikutnya atau membayar fidyah. Untuk keterangan lebih detailnya akan dijelaskan pada fasal selanjutnya yang insyaallah akan diterangkan pada pasal permasalahan-permasalahan yang berkenaan dengan ibadah puasa.</p><p>Syarat <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">kelima </span>Mengetahui Awal Bulan Ramadhan. Puasa Ramadhan diwajibkan bagi muslim yang memenuhi persyaratan yang telah diuraikan di atas, apabila ada salah satu orang terpercaya (adil) yang mengetahui awal bulan Ramadhan dengan cara melihat hilal secara langsung dengan mata biasa tanpa peralatan alat-alat bantu. Dan persaksian orang tersebut dapat dipercaya dengan terlebih dahulu diambil sumpah, maka muslim yang ada dalam satu wilayah dengannya berkewajiban menjalankan ibadah puasa. Dan apabila hilal tidak dapat dilihat karena tebalnya awan, maka untuk menentukan awal bulan Ramadlon dengan menyempurnakan hitungan tanggal bulan Sya’ban menjadi 30 hari.</p><p>Sebagaimana hadits Nabi Muhammad yang diriwayatkan oleh Imam Bukhari:</p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;">صُومُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ وَأَفْطِرُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ فَإِنْ غُمَّ عَلَيْكُمْ فَأَكْمِلُواعِدَّةَ شَعْبَانَ ثَلَاثِينَ</span> </p><p>“Berpuasa dan berbukalah karena melihat hilal, dan apabila hilal tertutup awan maka sempurnakanlah hitungannya bulan menjadi 30 hari.” (HR. Imam Bukhari)<br></p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;">عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: جَاءَ اَعْرَبِيُّ اِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ: اِنِّي رَاَيْتُ اْلهِلَالَ فَقَالَ: اَتَشْهَدُ اَنْ لَا اِلَهَ اِلّاَ اللهَ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، قَالَ: اَتَشْهَدُ اَنْ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُوْلُ اللهِ؟ قَالَ: يَا بِلَالُ اَذِّنْ فِى النَّاسِ فَلْيَصُوْمُوْا غَدًا</span> </p><p>“Dari ‘Ikrimah, ia dapatkan dari Ibnu Abbas, berkata: datanglah orang Arab Badui menghadap Nabi <span style="font-style: italic;">shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam </span>ia berkata: sesungguhnya aku telah melihat hilal. Nabi menjawab: apakah kamu akan bersaksi (bersumpah) “sesungguhnya tiada Tuhan selain Allah”, orang Arab Badui tadi menjawab; “ia”. Lalu Nabi bertanya lagi: apakah kamu akan bersaksi (bersumpah) “ sesungguhnya Muhammad itu utusan Allah”, dan Orang Arab Badui menjawab “ia”. Lalu Nabi bersabda; “wahai Bilal perdengarkanlah adzan ditengah-tengah kerumunan manusia, dan perintahkanlah mereka untuk mengerjakan puasa pada esok hari,” (Hadits Shahih diriwayatkan oleh lima Imam, kecuali Ahmad).<br></p><blockquote><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Baca juga:</span><br></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514055138/https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/53006/10-amalan-sunnah-dalam-berpuasa " target="_blank">10 Amalan Sunnah dalam Berpuasa</a></span><br></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12px;">• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514055138/http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/45698/delapan-hal-yang-membatalkan-puasa " target="_blank">Delapan Hal yang Membatalkan Puasa</a></span></blockquote><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rukun Puasa</span><br></div><p>Adapun rukun puasa hanya dua, <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">pertama </span>niat. Niat puasa Ramadhan merupakan pekerjaan ibadah yang diucapkan dalam hati dengan persyaratan dilakukan pada malam hari dan wajib menjelaskan kefardhuannya didalam niat tersebut, contoh; saya berniat untuk melakukan puasa fardlu bulan Ramadhan, atau lengkapnya dalam bahasa Arab, sebagai berikut:</p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;">نـَوَيْتُ صَوْمَ غـَدٍ عَـنْ ا َدَاءِ فـَرْضِ شـَهْرِ رَمـَضَانِ هـَذِهِ السَّـنـَةِ لِلـّهِ تـَعَالىَ</span></p><p>“Saya niat mengerjakan ibadah puasa untuk menunaikan keajiban bulan Ramadhan pada tahun ini, karena Allah s.w.t, semata.”</p><p>Sedangkan dalil yang menjelaskan niat puasa Ramadhan dilakukan pada malam hari adalah sabda Nabi Muhammad <span style="font-style: italic;">shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam</span> sebagai berikut:<br></p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;"> مَنْ لَمْ يَجْمَعِ الصِّيَامَ قَبْلَ اْلفَجْرِ فَلَا صِيَامَ لَهُ </span></p><p style="text-align: left;">“Siapa yang tidak membulatkan niat mengerjakan puasa sebelum waktu hajar, maka ia tidak berpuasa,” (Hadits Shahih riwayat Abu Daud: 2098, al-Tirmidz: 662, dan al-Nasa’i: 2293).<br></p><p>Adapun dalil yang menjelaskan waktu mengucapkan niat untuk puasa sunnah, bisa dilakukan setelah terbit fajar, yaitu:<br></p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;">عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ : دَخَلَ عَلَّيَّ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلِّي اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ سَلّمَ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ فَقَالَ: هَلْ عِنْدَكُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ ؟ فَقُلْنَا لَا فَقَالَ: فَاِنِّي اِذًنْ صَائِمٌ. ثُمَّ اَتَانَا يَوْمًا اَخَرَ، فَقُلْنَا: يَارَسُوْلَ اللهِ اُهْدِيَ لَنَا حَيْسٌ فَقَالَ: اَرِيْنِيْهِ فَلَقَدْ اَصْبَحْتُ صَائِمًا فَاَكَلَ </span></p><p style="text-align: left;">“Dari Aisyah r.a, ia menuturkan, suatu hari Nabi <span style="font-style: italic;">shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam </span>datang kepadaku dan bertanya, “apakah kamu punya sesuatu untuk dimakan?”. Aku menjawab, “Tidak”. Maka Belaiu bersabda, “hari ini aku puasa”. Kemudian pada hari yang lain Beliau dating lagi kepadaku, lalu aku katakana kepadanya, “wahai Rasulullah, kami diberi hadiah makanan (<span style="font-style: italic;">haisun</span>)”. Maka dijawab Rasulullah, “tunjukkan makanan itu padaku, sesungguhnya sejak pagi aku sudah berpuasa” lalu Beliau memekannya.” (Hadits Shahih, riwayat Muslim: 1952, Abu Daud: 2099, al-Tirmidzi; 666, al-Nasa’i: 2283, dan Ahmad: 24549)<br></p><p>Dan rukun <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">kedua </span>adalah menahan diri dari segala sesuatu yang membatalkan puasa. Untuk detailnya apa-apa yang membatalkan puasa akan dijelaskan pada <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514055138/http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/45696/syarat-wajib-dan-rukun-puasa-ramadhan " target="_blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold;">pasal sesuatu yang membatalkan puasa</a>.<br></p><p style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: 18px;">فَاْلئَنَ باَشِرُوْهُنَّ وَابْتَغُوْا مَا كَتَبَ اللهُ لَكُمْ وَكُلُوْا وَاشْرَبُوْا حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ اْلخَيْطُ اْلاَبْيَضُ مِنَ اْلخَيْطِ اْلاَسْوَدِ مِنَ اْلفَجْرِ ثُمَّ اَتِّمُوْا الصِّيَامَ اِلَى اللَّيْلِ</span><br></p><p style="text-align: left;">“…maka sekarang campurilah, dan carilah apa yang telah ditetapkan oleh Allah untukmu, serta makan dan minumlah sampai waktu fajar tiba dengan dapat membedakan antara benang putih dan hitam. Kemudian sempurnakanlah puasa itu sampai waktu malam tiba...(QS. al-Baqarah, 2: 187) </p><p><span style="font-style: italic;">Wallahu a’lam</span></p><p><br></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">(Ustadz Syaifullah Amin)</span></p><p><br></p><p><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Helvetica;">:::</span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: " courier="" new";"="">Catatan: Naskah ini terbit pertama kali pada 10 Juli 2013. 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