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<li id="toc-Ashokan_Pillar_from_Kaushambi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashokan_Pillar_from_Kaushambi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ashokan Pillar from Kaushambi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashokan_Pillar_from_Kaushambi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashokan_Pillar,_in_situ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashokan_Pillar,_in_situ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ashokan Pillar, in situ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashokan_Pillar,_in_situ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Ashokan,_Prayāga_bull-pillar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Ashokan,_Prayāga_bull-pillar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pre-Ashokan, Prayāga bull-pillar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Ashokan,_Prayāga_bull-pillar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inscriptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashoka_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashoka_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ashoka inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashoka_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Major Pillar Edicts 1-6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schism_edict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schism_edict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Schism edict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schism_edict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen's_edict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen's_edict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Queen's edict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen's_edict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samudragupta_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samudragupta_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Samudragupta inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samudragupta_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birbal_Magh_Mela_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birbal_Magh_Mela_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Birbal Magh Mela inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birbal_Magh_Mela_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jahangir_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jahangir_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jahangir inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रयाग प्रशस्ति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रयाग प्रशस्ति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilier_d%27Allahabad" title="Pilier d'Allahabad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pilier d'Allahabad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रयाग प्रशस्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रयाग प्रशस्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Allahabad" title="Pilar Allahabad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pilar Allahabad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="அலகாபாத் தூண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allahabad_Pillar&params=25_25_52_N_81_52_30_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°25′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°52′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.43111°N 81.87500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.43111; 81.87500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_pillar&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the Pillars of Ashoka</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Allahabad Pillar</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_Pillar_in_Allahabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ashoka_Pillar_in_Allahabad.jpg/220px-Ashoka_Pillar_in_Allahabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ashoka_Pillar_in_Allahabad.jpg/330px-Ashoka_Pillar_in_Allahabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ashoka_Pillar_in_Allahabad.jpg/440px-Ashoka_Pillar_in_Allahabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Allahabad Pillar.<sup id="cite_ref-RT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="25.431111111111" data-lon="81.875" data-overlays="["_ce83879dad23fb0f50ac419c49e29a554c6ceb01"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/25.431111111111/81.875/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,25.431111111111,81.875,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Allahabad_Pillar&revid=1258914046&groups=_ce83879dad23fb0f50ac419c49e29a554c6ceb01" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,25.431111111111,81.875,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Allahabad_Pillar&revid=1258914046&groups=_ce83879dad23fb0f50ac419c49e29a554c6ceb01 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allahabad_Pillar&params=25_25_52_N_81_52_30_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°25′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°52′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.43111°N 81.87500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.43111; 81.87500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> (Allahabad), <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Pillar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">35 inches (0.9 m)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">35 feet (10.7 m)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completion date</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century BCE</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Allahabad Pillar</b> is a <i>stambha</i>, containing one of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">pillar edicts of Ashoka</a>, erected by <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> dynasty, who reigned in the 3rd century BCE. While it is one of the few extant pillars that carry Ashokan <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">edicts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham18793_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham18793-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is particularly notable for containing later inscriptions attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> (4th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also engraved on the stone are inscriptions by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, from the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some scholars, the pillar was moved from its original location and installed within <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Fort" title="Allahabad Fort">Allahabad Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> (formerly Allahabad), <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> by Emperor Akbar himself, but this theory is disputed by other scholars who point out the absence of any confirmatory evidence that the pillar was moved, and pre-Mughal inscriptions that indicate that it was already present in its current location. As the fort is now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, the public are only allowed limited access to the premises and special permission is required to view the pillar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allahabad_pillar_abacus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Allahabad_pillar_abacus.jpg/220px-Allahabad_pillar_abacus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Allahabad_pillar_abacus.jpg/330px-Allahabad_pillar_abacus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Allahabad_pillar_abacus.jpg/440px-Allahabad_pillar_abacus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Frieze of the lost <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> of the Allahabad Pillar, with <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotuses</a> framing a <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">"flame palmette"</a> surrounded by small <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a> flowers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Allahabad Pillar is a single shaft of polished sandstone standing 35 feet (10.7 m) high. It has a lower diameter of 35 inches (0.9 m) and an upper diameter of 26 inches (0.7 m). The customary lotiform bell-shaped capital seen in the other Ashoka Pillars is lost, as is whichever statue mounted it. However the <a href="/wiki/Abacus_(architecture)" title="Abacus (architecture)">abacus</a>, adorned by a "graceful scroll of alternate lotus and honeysuckle" that the statue must have rested upon, was found nearby. Cunningham believed that the capital must have been mounted by a single lion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe201039_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe201039-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abacus is almost identical to the one found on the pillar at <a href="/wiki/Sankasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankasya">Sankasya</a> suggesting proximate erection dates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe201039_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe201039-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_Pillar,_Allahabad,_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ashoka_Pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_1870.jpg/220px-Ashoka_Pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ashoka_Pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_1870.jpg/330px-Ashoka_Pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ashoka_Pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_1870.jpg/440px-Ashoka_Pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>The ancient Ashoka Pillar at Allahabad topped with a colonial-era lion capital (photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span>). The lion capital was possibly designed by Captain Edward Smith in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashokan_Pillar_from_Kaushambi">Ashokan Pillar from Kaushambi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ashokan Pillar from Kaushambi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the theory proposed by 19th-century archaeologists, and supported by Indian scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a>, the Allahabad Pillar came from somewhere else, probably <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kaushambi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ashokan inscriptions suggest that the pillar was first erected at Kaushambi, an ancient town some 30 miles (50 kilometres) west of its current location which was then the capital of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a>. It was moved to Allahabad much later when the region came under Muslim rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of another broken pillar at Kaushambi near the ruins of the Ghoshitarama monastery<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has led some to believe that the Allahabad Pillar might have been one of a pair, not unlike the ones discovered at <a href="/wiki/Rampurva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampurva">Rampurva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe201039_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe201039-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allahabad_Pillar_by_Joseph_Tiefenthaler,_18th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Allahabad_Pillar_by_Joseph_Tiefenthaler%2C_18th_Century.jpg/220px-Allahabad_Pillar_by_Joseph_Tiefenthaler%2C_18th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Allahabad_Pillar_by_Joseph_Tiefenthaler%2C_18th_Century.jpg/330px-Allahabad_Pillar_by_Joseph_Tiefenthaler%2C_18th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Allahabad_Pillar_by_Joseph_Tiefenthaler%2C_18th_Century.jpg/440px-Allahabad_Pillar_by_Joseph_Tiefenthaler%2C_18th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Allahabad Pillar as seen by the missionary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tiefenthaler" title="Joseph Tiefenthaler">Joseph Tiefenthaler</a> in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The pillar has been taken down and re-erected a number of times since the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-asia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 968">: 968 </span></sup> It was once re-erected during the time of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> in 1605,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit crowned by a globe surmounted by a cone, and was later sketched by the Jesuit missionary, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tiefenthaler" title="Joseph Tiefenthaler">Joseph Tiefenthaler</a>, in the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Kyd pulled the pillar down in 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, Captain Edward Smith "of the Engineers" set up the pillar once again, this time with a new lion capital of his own design. Cunningham criticised this effort at restoration as "a signal failure" as he thought the statue was "small and recumbent". He summed up the design with the following remark,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, it looks to me not unlike a stuffed poodle stuck on the top of an inverted flower pot.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashokan_Pillar,_in_situ"><span id="Ashokan_Pillar.2C_in_situ"></span>Ashokan Pillar, in situ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ashokan Pillar, in situ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternate theory proposed by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh in 1935 states that the Allahabad Pillar was never moved. They dismissed the theory that Muslim Sultans, anyone from the Mughal empire, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> before the arrival of Islam, or any private individual may have moved the pillar from Kaushambi to the current location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their arguments are based on the dates of the numerous inscriptions on the pillar, the lack of textual evidence in any historical texts, or of a reason for anyone to move the pillar from Kaushambi to Allahabad, since there is no evidence that these were significant cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also dismiss the possibility that a private individual may have moved it because the pillar is too big and heavy, and required a very large amount of resources to move it. Ashoka may have installed it at <a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" title="Triveni Sangam">Prayag</a> because the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> rivers was already a major pilgrimage site during his time, thus a location that gave more access and visibility to his edicts. The Ashokan inscription is merely a copy of the Kausambi inscription, state Krishnaswamy and Ghosh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–7063_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–7063-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface damage and the addition of numerous new inscriptions happened while the pillar stood in Allahabad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Ashokan,_Prayāga_bull-pillar"><span id="Pre-Ashokan.2C_Pray.C4.81ga_bull-pillar"></span>Pre-Ashokan, Prayāga bull-pillar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Ashokan, Prayāga bull-pillar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A third theory was proposed in 1979 by John Irwin, who concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad Pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna. He further stated that the pillar's origins were undoubtedly pre-Ashokan based on all the evidence at the site, the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence, taken together.<sup id="cite_ref-irwin1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irwin2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Irwin, an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham, also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, reveals that these included years and months, and the latter "always turns out to be Magha, which also gives it name to the <a href="/wiki/Magh_Mela" title="Magh Mela">Magh Mela</a>", the bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-irwin2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s, states Irwin, have revealed that the rivers – particularly Ganges – have a different course now than in distant past. The original path of river Ganges had settlements dating from 8th-century BCE onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-irwin2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ancient path of the river placed the pillar more directly on the banks of the confluence. Further, east from the pillar is the remains of an ancient massive well (<i>samudra-kup</i> in early Sanskrit texts), in the direction of the remains of <i>Pratisthan</i> (now Jhusi). The Vasuki temple and Alarkapuri, which pilgrims visit after ritual bathing as a part of their traditional <i>parikrama</i> (circumambulation, Magha Mela walking circuit), are also ancient and consistent with early Sanskrit texts.<sup id="cite_ref-irwin1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irwin2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Irwin, the pillar itself is pre-Buddhist, to which Ashoka added the Brahmi script inscription to advertise his edicts to the masses of pilgrims and the extant Buddhist monasteries there. He adds, "we also know with certainty that its original emblem had been – not a lion, as previously supposed – but the bull of pre-Buddhist, Brahmanical religion".<sup id="cite_ref-irwin1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irwin2_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irwin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> – an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism, Irwin work "showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi", but had been at Prayaga from pre-Buddhist time as a center of a very ancient pillar cult and that in fact, this was incorrectly attributed to Ashoka.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">James Prinsep</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a> came across the broken pillar just inside the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Fort" title="Allahabad Fort">Allahabad Fort</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1834</span>, its inscriptions were being eroded by the rain and sun. He remarked,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2012Chapter_7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2012Chapter_7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1834114–123_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1834114–123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I could not see the highly curious column lying at Allahabad, falling to rapid decay, without wishing to preserve a complete copy of its several inscriptions …</p></blockquote> <p>There are three sets of inscriptions on the column from the three emperors, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka Maurya">Ashoka Maurya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>. They are accompanied by some minor inscriptions by pilgrims and others, which were derided as a mass of modern scribblings by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a>. Some of these are, however, dated and coupled with the style of scripts used, are useful to establish the periods when the pillar was in an erect position, and when it was lying prone on the ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashoka_inscriptions">Ashoka inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ashoka inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/390px-Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/585px-Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/780px-Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption>Major Pillar Edicts 1-6 on the Allahabad Pillar of Ashoka</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ashokan inscriptions on the Allahabad Pillar (along with inscriptions elsewhere) were pivotal to the decipherment of the Brahmi script by <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">The Asiatic Society</a>'s James Prinsep. It led to the rediscovery of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan emperor</a> and the unearthing of the full extent of his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-asia_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kang_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kang-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charry_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription is engraved in continuous lines around the column in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> and contains the same six <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">edicts</a> that can be seen on the other <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">pillars</a>. The surviving inscriptions from the Ashoka period are "uniform in size, neat and deeply engraved" observed Cunningham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_Pillar_Edicts_1-6">Major Pillar Edicts 1-6</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major Pillar Edicts 1-6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pillar contains the <a href="/wiki/Major_Pillar_Edicts" title="Major Pillar Edicts">Major Pillar Edicts</a> of Ashoka, from 1 to 6. The first and second edicts have survived in full. However, much of the third and fourth edicts were "ruthlessly destroyed by the cutting of the vain-glorious inscription of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, recording the names of his ancestors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two lines of the fifth edict have survived, the others lost by surface peel off. The sixth is almost complete, with a loss of about half a line. These edits are the same as found at other Ashokan pillars. Besides the six edicts, the Allahabad pillar also includes what are known as the <i>Schism edict</i>, the <i>Queen's edict</i> and the <i>Birbal Magha Mela inscription</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schism_edict">Schism edict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schism edict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schism_and_Queen_Edict_inscriptions_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Schism_and_Queen_Edict_inscriptions_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/390px-Schism_and_Queen_Edict_inscriptions_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Schism_and_Queen_Edict_inscriptions_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/585px-Schism_and_Queen_Edict_inscriptions_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Schism_and_Queen_Edict_inscriptions_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/780px-Schism_and_Queen_Edict_inscriptions_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7934" data-file-height="3812" /></a><figcaption>Schism and Queen Edict inscriptions on the Allahabad Pillar of Ashoka</figcaption></figure> <p>The Schism Edict, referred to as the <i>Kaushambi edict</i> by Cunningham, is a command from the emperor addressing the senior officials (<i><a href="/wiki/Mahamatra" title="Mahamatra">Mahamatras</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kaushambi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> urging them to avoid dissension and stay united. The following is a conflation of various fragmented versions of the edict: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Devanampriya" title="Devanampriya">Beloved of the Gods</a> orders the officers of <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kauśāmbī</a>/<a href="/wiki/Patliputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Patliputra">Pāṭa(liputra)</a> thus: No one is to cause dissention in the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Order</a>. The Order of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">nuns</a> has been united, and this unity should last for as long as my sons and great grandsons, and the moon and the sun. Whoever creates a schism in the Order, whether monk or nun, is to be dressed in white garments, and to be put in a place not inhabited by monks or nuns. For it is my wish that the Order should remain united and endure for long. This is to be made known to the Order of monks and the Order of nuns. Thus says the Beloved of the Gods: You must keep one copy of this document and place it in your meeting hall, and give one copy to the <a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">laity</a>. The laymen must come on every <a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a> day [day of confession and penance] to endorse this order. The same applies to special officers who must also regularly attend the Uposatha, and endorse this order, and make it known. Throughout your district you must circulate it exactly according to this text. You must also have this precise text circulated in all the fortress districts [under military control].<sup id="cite_ref-thapar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thapar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Queen's_edict"><span id="Queen.27s_edict"></span>Queen's edict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Queen's edict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajrasana_front_frieze_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vajrasana_front_frieze_design.jpg/300px-Vajrasana_front_frieze_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vajrasana_front_frieze_design.jpg/450px-Vajrasana_front_frieze_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vajrasana_front_frieze_design.jpg/600px-Vajrasana_front_frieze_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Similar decorative friezes can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond throne">Diamond throne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, also built by Ashoka.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Queen's Edict refers to the charitable deeds of Ashoka's second queen, <a href="/wiki/Karuvaki" title="Karuvaki">Karuvaki</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Tivala" title="Tivala">Prince Tivala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1925336_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1925336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920215–219_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920215–219-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen … the second queen, the mother of Tīvala, Kāruvākī.<sup id="cite_ref-thapar_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thapar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samudragupta_inscription">Samudragupta inscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Samudragupta inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A later inscription, also known as the <i>Prayag <a href="/wiki/Prashasti" title="Prashasti">Prashasti</a></i>, is attributed to the 4th century CE <a href="/wiki/Gupta_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta empire">Gupta kings</a> <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, and follows immediately below the edicts of Ashoka.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered "the most important historical document of the classical Gupta age".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in excellent <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in the more refined <a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a> (a later version of <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a>) by the poet and minister, <a href="/wiki/Harisena" title="Harisena">Harishena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-majumdar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription is a panegyric praising Samudragupta and lists the political and military achievements of his reign including his expeditions to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-singh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides a unique snapshot of the Gupta Empire and its neighbours and is the source of much of what is known of the geopolitical landscape of that era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-majumdar_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following is from the translation of the inscription by <a href="/wiki/D._R._Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. R. Bhandarkar">D. R. Bhandarkar</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cci81_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cci81-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ganguly_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganguly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Samudragupta inscription</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allahabad_pillar_relative_sizes_and_position_of_the_inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Allahabad_pillar_relative_sizes_and_position_of_the_inscriptions.jpg/148px-Allahabad_pillar_relative_sizes_and_position_of_the_inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Allahabad_pillar_relative_sizes_and_position_of_the_inscriptions.jpg/222px-Allahabad_pillar_relative_sizes_and_position_of_the_inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Allahabad_pillar_relative_sizes_and_position_of_the_inscriptions.jpg/296px-Allahabad_pillar_relative_sizes_and_position_of_the_inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Samudragupta inscription relative to the Edicts of Ashoka.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg/286px-Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg/429px-Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg/572px-Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="3348" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta. It almost completely circles the pillar, and is written around the Minor Edicts of Ashoka.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg/220px-Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg/330px-Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg/440px-Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a> inscription "Maharaja Sri Gupta" (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/11px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/11px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg" decoding="async" width="11" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="336" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/11px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="11" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/21px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></sub> Great King, Lord Gupta"), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty king <a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Gupta</a>. Inscription by <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> on the Allahabad pillar, where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>(Verse 3)</b> Whose mind is surcharged with happiness in consequence of his association with the wise, who is thus accustomed to retain the truth and purpose of (any) science . . . . . . fixed . . . . . . upraised . . . . . . who, removing impediments to the grace of good poetry through the very injunction (<i>ājñā</i>) of (poetic) excellence (<i><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">guṇa</a></i>) clustered together (<i>guṇita</i>) by the experts, enjoys, in the literate world, in an attractive fashion, sovereignty, in consequence of fame for copious lucid poetry.</li> <li><b>(Verse 4)</b> (Exclaiming) "Come, oh worthy (one)", and embracing (him) with hair standing on end and indicating (his) feeling, (his) father, perceiving (him) with the eye, overcome with affection, (and) laden with tears (of joy), (but) discerning the true state (of things) said to him "so protect (thou) the whole earth", while he was being looked up with sad faces by others of equal birth, (but) while the courtiers were breathing cheerfully.</li> <li><b>(Verse 5)</b> Beholding whose many super-human actions, some felt the thrill of marvel and burst into horripilation, some relishing with feeling . . . . . ., some afflicted with his prowess sought (whose) protection after performing obeisance;. . . . . .</li> <li><b>(Verse 6)</b> (Whose enemies), whose offence was always great, being conquered by his arm in battles . . . . . . day by day . . . . . . pride . . . . . . (develop) repentance with their minds filled with delight and expanding with much and evident pleasure and affection.</li> <li><b>(Verse 7)</b> By whom, with the impetuosity of the prowess of (his) arm, which grew to overflowing, having singly and in a moment uprooted Achyuta and Nāgāsēna and Gaṇapati come together in a battle (against him) thereafter, causing, indeed, the scion of the Kōta family to be captured by (his) forces, (while) amusing himself at (the city) named Pushpa, while the sun . . . . . . the banks . . . . . .</li> <li><b>(Verse 8)</b> (Being) the enclosing structure of Dharma (Sacred Law), (his) multifarious sprouting fame is as bright as the rays of the moon; (his) erudition pierces down to Truth . . . . . . quiescence . . . . . ., the course of (his) wise utterances is worthy of study; (his) again is poetry which outdistances the greatness of the genius of (other) poets. What excellence is there which does not belong to him ? So has he alone become a fit subject of contemplation with the learned.?</li> <li><b>(Lines 17–18)</b> Of him (who) was skillful in engaging in hundreds of battles of various kinds, whose only ally was valour (<i>parākrama</i>) through the might of his own arm, and who (has thus) the epithet <i>Parākrama</i>, whose body was most charming, being covered over with the plenteous beauty of the marks of hundreds of promiscuous scars, caused by battle-axes, arrows, spikes (<i>śaṅku</i>), spears (<i>śakti</i>), barbed darts (<i>prāsa</i>), swords, iron clubs (<i>tōmara</i>), javelins for throwing (<i>bhindipāla</i>), barbed arrows (<i>nārācha</i>), span-long arrows (<i>vaitastika</i>) and many other weapons.</li> <li><b>(Lines 19–20)</b> Whose magnanimity blended with valour was caused by (his) first capturing, and thereafter showing the favour of releasing, all the kings of <a href="/wiki/Dakshinapatha" title="Dakshinapatha">Dakshiṇāpatha</a> such as Mahēndra of <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Kōsala</a>, Vyāghrarāja of <i>Mahākāntāra</i>, Maṇṭarāja of Kurāḷa, Mahēndragiri of <a href="/wiki/Pithapuram" title="Pithapuram">Pishṭapura</a>, Svāmidatta of Kōṭṭūra, Damana of Ēraṇḍapalla, <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Vishṇugōpa of Kāñchī</a>, Nīlarāja of Avamukta, <a href="/wiki/Salankayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Salankayana">Hastivarman of Vēṅgī</a>, Ugrasēna of Pālakka, Kubēra of <i>Dēvarāshṭra</i>, and Dhanañjaya of Kusthalapura.<sup id="cite_ref-majumdar_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup></li> <li><b>(Line 21)</b> (Who) is great through the extraordinary valour, namely, the forcible extermination of many kings of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a> such as Rudradēva, Matila, Nāgadatta, <a href="/wiki/Chandravarman" title="Chandravarman">Chandravarman</a>, Gaṇapatināga, Nāgasēna, Āchyuta-Nandin and Balavarman; who has made all the kings of the forest regions to become his servants.</li> <li><b>(Lines 22–23)</b> (Whose) formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samataṭa</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Cav%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḍavāka">Ḍavāka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kāmarūpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Nepal" title="Licchavis of Nepal">Nēpāla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kart%E1%B9%9Bipura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartṛipura">Kartṛipura</a>, and, by the <a href="/wiki/Malavas" title="Malavas">Mālavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas">Ārjunāyanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaudheyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheyas">Yaudhēyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81drakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mādrakas">Mādrakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhiras" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhiras">Ābhīras</a>, Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other (<i>tribes</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-majumdar_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142">: 142 </span></sup></li> <li><b>(Line 23)</b> (Whose) fame has tired itself with a journey over the whole world caused by the restoration of many fallen kingdoms and overthrown royal families.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SamudraguptaCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SamudraguptaCoin.jpg/220px-SamudraguptaCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SamudraguptaCoin.jpg/330px-SamudraguptaCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SamudraguptaCoin.jpg/440px-SamudraguptaCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>A Samudragupta coin featuring the <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> banner.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>(Lines 23–24)</b> The unimpeded flow (<i>prasara</i>) of the prowess of (whose) arm (was arrested) by an earth embankment (<i>dharaṇi-bandha</i>) put up by means of service through such measures as self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the <a href="/wiki/Garu%E1%B8%8Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Garuḍa">Garuḍa</a> badge, by the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Siṁhala</a><sup id="cite_ref-majumdar_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> and others.</li> <li><b>(Lines 24–26)</b> He was without an antagonist on earth; he, by the overflowing of the multitude of (his) many good qualities adorned by hundreds of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (his) feet; (he is) <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a> (Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is) incomprehensible; (he is) one whose tender heart can be captured only by devotion and humility; (he is) possessed of compassion; (he is) the giver of many hundred-thousands of cows; (his) mind has received ceremonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering; (he is) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind; (he is) equal to (the gods) <a href="/wiki/Kub%C4%93ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubēra">Kubēra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varu%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Varuṇa">Varuṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>; (his) Āyukta officers are always engaged upon restoring wealth (titles, territories, etc.) to the many kings conquered by the might of his arms.</li> <li><b>(Lines 27–28)</b> (He) has put to shame <a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Bṛihaspati</a> by (his) sharp and polished intellect, as also <a href="/wiki/Tumburu" title="Tumburu">Tumburu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Nārada</a> and others by the graces of his musical performances; (his) title of "King of Poets" has been established through (his) many compositions in poetry which were a means of subsistence to the learned people; (his) many wonderful and noble deeds are fit to be praised for a very long time; (he is) a human being, only as far as he performs the rites and conventions of the world, (otherwise he is) God whose residence is (this) world.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/220px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/330px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/440px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>A coin of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a>, depicting Chandragupta and his Queen Kumaradevi, parents of Samudragupta described in the Allahabad inscription.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>(Lines 28–30)</b> This lofty column, (is) the raised arm of the earth, proclaiming as it were, that the fame having pervaded the entire surface of the world with (its) rise caused by the conquest of the whole earth, has acquired an easy and graceful movement in that it has repaired from here (<i>i.e.</i> from this world) to the abode of (Indra) the lord of the gods—(the fame) of that prosperous Samudragupta the <i>Mahārājādhirāja</i>, son of the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta (I)</a>, the <i>Mahārājādhirāja</i>, born of the Mahādēvī Kumāradēvī, (and) daughter's son of the <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Nepal" title="Licchavis of Nepal">Lichchhavi</a>, son's son of the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Ghatotkacha_(king)" title="Ghatotkacha (king)">Ghaṭōtkacha</a>, the <i>Mahārāja</i> and the son of the son's son of the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Sri_Gupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Gupta">Gupta</a>, the <i>Mahārāja</i>. Whose</li> <li><b>(Verse 9)</b> fame, ever ascending higher and higher masses, and travelling by many paths, (namely) by liberality, prowess of arm, sobriety and utterance of scriptural texts, purifies the three worlds, like the white water of the (holy river) <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Gaṅgā</a>, dashing forth rapidly when liberated from the confinement in the inner hollow of the matted hair of <a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Paśupati</a>, (which rises up in ever higher and higher masses and flows through many paths).</li> <li><b>(Lines 31–32)</b> And may this poetic composition (<i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vya" title="Kāvya">kāvya</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Harisena" title="Harisena">Harishēṇa</a>, the servant of the very same venerable <i>Bhaṭṭāraka</i>, whose mind has been enlightened through the favour of dwelling near (him), who is the <i>Sāndhivigrahika</i>, <i>Kumārāmātya</i> (and) <i>Mahādaṇḍanāyaka</i>, (and who is) a native of Khādyaṭapāka, and son of the <i>Mahādaṇḍanāyaka</i> Dhruvabhūti, lead to the welfare and happiness of all beings!</li> <li><b>(Lines 33)</b> and (it) was executed by the <i>Mahādaṇḍanāyaka</i> Tilabhaṭṭaka who meditates on the feet of the <i>Paramabhaṭṭāraka.</i></li></ul> </blockquote> <p>Earlier translations, including one by <a href="/wiki/John_Faithfull_Fleet" title="John Faithfull Fleet">J. F. Fleet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birbal_Magh_Mela_inscription">Birbal Magh Mela inscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Birbal Magh Mela inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Birbal Magh Mela inscription is from the second half of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Samvat year 1632, Saka 1493, in Magha, the 5th of the waning moon, on Monday, Gangadas's son <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Birbal" title="Birbal">Birbal</a> made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag. Saphal scripsit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>This inscription is significant because it confirms that Prayag was a significant pilgrimage center – Tirth Raj – for the Hindus in the 16th century, and that the festival was held in the month of Magha. The Samvat year 1632 is equivalent to 1575 CE, while Saka 1493 equals 1571 CE. One of these is a scribal error, but the decade is accurate because Allahabad was under Akbar's control at the time and where built a major fort. Historical documents also confirm that Birbal did visit Akbar and Allahabad often.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935698–699_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935698–699-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cunningham noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time. Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1397 CE, and most of these include the month Magha. According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, these dates are likely related to the <a href="/wiki/Magh_Mela" title="Magh Mela">Magh Mela</a> pilgrimage at Prayag, as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935702–703_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935702–703-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jahangir_inscription">Jahangir inscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jahangir inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jahangir_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/220px-Jahangir_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jahangir_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/330px-Jahangir_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jahangir_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/440px-Jahangir_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Jahangir inscription on the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.<sup id="cite_ref-RT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A still later inscription in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> traces the ancestry of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>. It was carved by Mir Abdullah Mushkin Qalam, shortly before his accession to the throne when he was still <i>Shah Salim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-asherc_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asherc-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jahangir inscription overwrote and "ruthlessly destroyed" the significant portion of the ancient Ashoka inscription, states Cunningham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1834114–123_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1834114–123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allahabad_Pillar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Allahabad Pillar">Allahabad Pillar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy" title="Early Indian epigraphy">Early Indian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashasti" title="Prashasti">Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahaum_pillar" title="Kahaum pillar">Kahaum pillar</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Description and recent photograph in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThapar2018" class="citation web cs1">Thapar, Romila (13 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guftugu.in/2018/06/pillar-of-ashokamaurya-romila-thapar/">"India and the World as Viewed from a Pillar of Ashoka Maurya"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930204907/https://guftugu.in/2018/06/pillar-of-ashokamaurya-romila-thapar/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+and+the+World+as+Viewed+from+a+Pillar+of+Ashoka+Maurya&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguftugu.in%2F2018%2F06%2Fpillar-of-ashokamaurya-romila-thapar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187937–38_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1879">Cunningham 1879</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham18793-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham18793_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1879">Cunningham 1879</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2010_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2010">Kulke & Rothermund 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2012" class="citation web cs1">Kumar, Arjun (13 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HiddenHeritage/allahabad-s-hidden-treasure/">"Allahabad's hidden treasure"</a>. Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006172405/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HiddenHeritage/allahabad-s-hidden-treasure/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allahabad%27s+hidden+treasure&rft.pub=Times+of+India&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FHiddenHeritage%2Fallahabad-s-hidden-treasure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/inner.aspx?status=3&menu_id=36&id=1">"Indian Army, SCE Allahabad, Places of Interest"</a>. Indian Army. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611083911/http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/inner.aspx?status=3&menu_id=36&id=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Army%2C+SCE+Allahabad%2C+Places+of+Interest&rft.pub=Indian+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoinindianarmy.nic.in%2Finner.aspx%3Fstatus%3D3%26menu_id%3D36%26id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe201039-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe201039_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe201039_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe201039_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe2010">Le 2010</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–706_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnaswamyGhosh1935">Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935</a>, pp. 697–706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Upinder Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA327"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=25.344268&lon=81.386746&z=18&m=b&show=/664259/Ashoka-Pillar">"Ashoka Pillar Kaushambi (Excavation site of ancient ruins)"</a>. Wikimapia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129213056/http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=25.344268&lon=81.386746&z=18&m=b&show=/664259/Ashoka-Pillar">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashoka+Pillar+Kaushambi+%28Excavation+site+of+ancient+ruins%29&rft.pub=Wikimapia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikimapia.org%2F%23lang%3Den%26lat%3D25.344268%26lon%3D81.386746%26z%3D18%26m%3Db%26show%3D%2F664259%2FAshoka-Pillar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asia_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asia_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinsep1832" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prinsep" title="Prinsep">Prinsep, James</a> (1832). <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. Open Library. pp. 566–609, 953–980. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25456976M">25456976M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.pages=566-609%2C+953-980&rft.pub=Open+Library&rft.date=1832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25456976M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Prinsep&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham187939-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham187939_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1879">Cunningham 1879</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–703_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnaswamyGhosh1935">Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935</a>, pp. 697–703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–7063-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935697–7063_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnaswamyGhosh1935">Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935</a>, pp. 697–7063.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irwin1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irwin1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irwin1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irwin1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Irwin1979" class="citation book cs1">John Irwin (1979). Herbert Hartel (ed.). <i>South Asian Archaeology</i>. D. Reimer Verlag (Berlin). pp. 313–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-49600-1584" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-49600-1584"><bdi>978-3-49600-1584</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8500702">8500702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Archaeology&rft.pages=313-340&rft.pub=D.+Reimer+Verlag+%28Berlin%29&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8500702&rft.isbn=978-3-49600-1584&rft.au=John+Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irwin2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irwin2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irwin2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irwin2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irwin2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irwin2_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Irwin1983" class="citation journal cs1">John Irwin (1983). "The ancient pillar-cult at Prayāga (Allahabad): its pre-Aśokan origins". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> (2). Cambridge University Press: 253–280. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25211537">25211537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+ancient+pillar-cult+at+Pray%C4%81ga+%28Allahabad%29%3A+its+pre-A%C5%9Bokan+origins&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-280&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25211537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=John+Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarel_Werner1990" class="citation book cs1">Karel Werner (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95"><i>Symbols in Art and Religion: The Indian and the Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0215-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0215-6"><bdi>0-7007-0215-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+in+Art+and+Religion%3A+The+Indian+and+the+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7007-0215-6&rft.au=Karel+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSGzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2012Chapter_7-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2012Chapter_7_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2012">Allen 2012</a>, Chapter 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1834114–123-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1834114–123_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1834114–123_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1834">Prinsep 1834</a>, p. 114–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kang-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kang_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2010" class="citation news cs1">Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (28 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100328/spectrum/main2.htm">"He deciphered India's past"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071903/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100328/spectrum/main2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=He+deciphered+India%27s+past&rft.date=2010-03-28&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Kanwarjit+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2010%2F20100328%2Fspectrum%2Fmain2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charry-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charry_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharry2003" class="citation news cs1">Charry, V Shankar (14 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009051447/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep14/at4.asp">"Re-discovering an Emperor"</a>. Deccan Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep14/at4.asp">the original</a> on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Re-discovering+an+Emperor&rft.date=2003-09-14&rft.aulast=Charry&rft.aufirst=V+Shankar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Fsep14%2Fat4.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thapar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thapar_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thapar_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-appendix-5">"Appendix V: A Translation of the Edicts of Aśoka"</a></span>. <i>Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas</i> (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 388–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198077244" title="Special:BookSources/9780198077244"><bdi>9780198077244</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325113829/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-appendix-5">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+V%3A+A+Translation+of+the+Edicts+of+A%C5%9Boka&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Boka+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mauryas&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=388-390&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780198077244&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198077244.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198077244-appendix-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1925336-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1925336_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhandarkar1925">Bhandarkar 1925</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920215–219-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920215–219_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, pp. 215–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, Nandini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQXAhtyQ4PwC&pg=PA72"><i>Social Sci. (History) 6</i></a>. Ratna Sagar. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788183321600" title="Special:BookSources/9788183321600"><bdi>9788183321600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Sci.+%28History%29+6&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Ratna+Sagar&rft.isbn=9788183321600&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Nandini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQXAhtyQ4PwC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-majumdar-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-majumdar_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majumdar_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majumdar_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majumdar_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majumdar_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar,_Ramesh_ChandraAltekar,_Anant_Sadashiv1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anant_Sadashiv_Altekar" title="Anant Sadashiv Altekar">Altekar, Anant Sadashiv</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC"><i>Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D.</i></a> Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 136–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120800267" title="Special:BookSources/9788120800267"><bdi>9788120800267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vakataka+-+Gupta+Age+Circa+200-550+A.D.&rft.pages=136-155&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9788120800267&rft.au=Majumdar%2C+Ramesh+Chandra&rft.au=Altekar%2C+Anant+Sadashiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOswUZtL1_CUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singh_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 477–478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131711200" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131711200"><bdi>978-8131711200</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=477-478&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8131711200&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cci81-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cci81_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar,_D._R.Chhabra,_B._C.1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Devadatta_Ramakrishna_Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar">Bhandarkar, D. R.</a>; Chhabra, B. C. (1981). Gai, G. S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADvRMgEACAAJ"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta Kings</i></a>. Archaeological Survey of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum%3A+Inscriptions+of+the+early+Gupta+Kings&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Bhandarkar%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Chhabra%2C+B.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADvRMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ganguly-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ganguly_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly,_Dilip_Kumar1987" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C"><i>The Imperial Guptas and Their Times</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170172225" title="Special:BookSources/8170172225"><bdi>8170172225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Guptas+and+Their+Times&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=8170172225&rft.au=Ganguly%2C+Dilip+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHud2_Ie3T94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg" title="File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg">Full inscription</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1888" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, John Faithfull (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197">1</a>-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum+Vol.+3&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.49403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This expression obviously refers to the last rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniLitvinovskiĭ1999" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinovskiĭ, Boris Abramovich (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA165"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120815407" title="Special:BookSources/9788120815407"><bdi>9788120815407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%3A+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788120815407&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft.au=Litvinovski%C4%AD%2C+Boris+Abramovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcKtIPVQ6REC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1888" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, John Faithfull (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n20">8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum+Vol.+3&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.49403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935698–699-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935698–699_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnaswamyGhosh1935">Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935</a>, pp. 698–699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935702–703-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935702–703_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnaswamyGhosh1935">Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935</a>, pp. 702–703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asherc-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asherc_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1992" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC"><i>The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521267285" title="Special:BookSources/0521267285"><bdi>0521267285</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+Architecture+of+Mughal+India%2C+Part+1%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521267285&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ctLNvx68hIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Pillar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Cunningham, Alexander</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Ashoka</i></a>. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693/page/n55">37</a>–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum%3A+Inscriptions+of+Ashoka&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.35693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1992" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC"><i>The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521267285" title="Special:BookSources/0521267285"><bdi>0521267285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+Architecture+of+Mughal+India%2C+Part+1%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521267285&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ctLNvx68hIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Faithfull_Fleet" title="John Faithfull Fleet">Fleet, John F</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HON9OAAACAAJ"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III</i></a>. Government of India, Central Publications Branch, Calcutta. pp. 10–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum%3A+Inscriptions+of+the+Early+Guptas.+Vol.+III&rft.pages=10-17&rft.pub=Government+of+India%2C+Central+Publications+Branch%2C+Calcutta&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHON9OAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar,_D._R.Chhabra,_B._C.1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Devadatta_Ramakrishna_Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar">Bhandarkar, D. R.</a>; Chhabra, B. C. (1981). Gai, G. S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADvRMgEACAAJ"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta Kings</i></a>. Archaeological Survey of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum%3A+Inscriptions+of+the+early+Gupta+Kings&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Bhandarkar%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Chhabra%2C+B.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADvRMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Smith, Vincent Arthur</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4o_URem5WMcC"><i>Ashoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 215–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120613031" title="Special:BookSources/8120613031"><bdi>8120613031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka%2C+the+Buddhist+Emperor+of+India&rft.pages=215-219&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=8120613031&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4o_URem5WMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Rothermund, Dietmar</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485432/11.asp">"A History of India: Samudragupta: "a God whose residence is this world?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Routledge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India%3A+Samudragupta%3A+%22a+God+whose+residence+is+this+world%3F%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcw.routledge.com%2Ftextbooks%2F9780415485432%2F11.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe2010" class="citation book cs1">Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC"><i>Buddhist Architecture</i></a>. Grafikol. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0984404308" title="Special:BookSources/978-0984404308"><bdi>978-0984404308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Architecture&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Grafikol&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0984404308&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=Huu+Phuoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jb364g4BvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C"><i>Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor</i></a>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408703885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408703885"><bdi>978-1408703885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka%3A+The+Search+for+India%27s+Lost+Emperor&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1408703885&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4vHjbUtf_4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinsep1834" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">Prinsep, James</a> (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzwzAQAAMAAJ">"Note on Inscription on the Allahabad Column"</a>. <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. <b>3</b>: 114–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=Note+on+Inscription+on+the+Allahabad+Column&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=114-123&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Prinsep&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzwzAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinsep1832" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">Prinsep, James</a> (1832). <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. Open Library. pp. 566–609, 953–980. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25456976M">25456976M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.pages=566-609%2C+953-980&rft.pub=Open+Library&rft.date=1832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25456976M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Prinsep&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. R. Bhandarkar">Bhandarkar, D. R.</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC"><i>Ashoka</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120613333" title="Special:BookSources/8120613333"><bdi>8120613333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=8120613333&rft.aulast=Bhandarkar&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhlfSZLDjRsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnaswamyGhosh1935" class="citation journal cs1">Krishnaswamy, C.S.; <a href="/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh" title="Amalananda Ghosh">Ghosh, Amalananda</a> (October 1935). "A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 697–706. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201233">25201233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Allahabad+Pillar+of+A%C5%9Boka&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=697-706&rft.date=1935-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25201233%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Krishnaswamy&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Amalananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllahabad+Pillar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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