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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Weather and climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sport and recreation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport_and_recreation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport and recreation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Golf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Sands_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Sands_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 West Sands Beach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Sands_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Places of interest </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Places of interest subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byre_Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byre_Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Byre Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byre_Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lade_Braes_Walk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lade_Braes_Walk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Lade Braes Walk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lade_Braes_Walk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 University Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botanic_Garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botanic_Garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Botanic Garden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botanic_Garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquarium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquarium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Aquarium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquarium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Military units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">St Andrews</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سنت أندروز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنت أندروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent-Endryus" title="Sent-Endryus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sent-Endryus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سنت اندروز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنت اندروز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Сейнт Андрюс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сейнт Андрюс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cill_R%C3%ACmhinn" title="Cill Rìmhinn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cill Rìmhinn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrews" title="Saint Andrews – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saint Andrews" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews,_Scotland" title="St Andrews, Scotland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="St Andrews, Scotland" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrews" title="Saint Andrews – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint Andrews" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrews" title="Saint Andrews – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saint Andrews" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سنت اندروز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت اندروز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_(%C3%89cosse)" title="St Andrews (Écosse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="St Andrews (Écosse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cill_R%C3%ACmhinn" title="Cill Rìmhinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cill Rìmhinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cill_R%C3%ACmhinn" title="Cill Rìmhinn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cill Rìmhinn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cill_R%C3%ACmhinn" title="Cill Rìmhinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cill Rìmhinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="세인트앤드루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트앤드루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrews" title="Saint Andrews – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saint Andrews" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სენტ-ენდრიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენტ-ენდრიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сент-Андрус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сент-Андрус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_Andrusas" title="Sent Andrusas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sent Andrusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews_(Sk%C3%B3cia)" title="St. Andrews (Skócia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="St. Andrews (Skócia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сент Ендрус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сент Ендрус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سنت اندروز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سنت اندروز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_(Schotland)" title="St Andrews (Schotland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="St Andrews (Schotland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="セント・アンドルーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セント・アンドルーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews" title="St. Andrews – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Andrews" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews" title="St. Andrews – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="St. Andrews" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews" title="St. Andrews – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="St. Andrews" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сент-Андрус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сент-Андрус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aundraes" title="St Aundraes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="St Aundraes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qyteti_i_Sh%C3%ABn_Andreut" title="Qyteti i Shën Andreut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qyteti i Shën Andreut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews,_%C5%A0kotska" title="St Andrews, Škotska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="St Andrews, Škotska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Сент Ендруз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сент Ендруз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Andrews&params=56.3404_N_2.7955_W_region:GB_type:city(18410)">56°20′25″N 2°47′44″W / 56.3404°N 2.7955°W / 56.3404; -2.7955</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Fife, Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St Andrews (disambiguation)">St Andrews (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human settlement in Scotland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">St Andrews<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist ib-uk-place-other-names"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Cill Rìmhinn</li><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: Saunt Aundraes</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_from_Regulus_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_254003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/St_Andrews_from_Regulus_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_254003.jpg/280px-St_Andrews_from_Regulus_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_254003.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/St_Andrews_from_Regulus_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_254003.jpg/420px-St_Andrews_from_Regulus_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_254003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/St_Andrews_from_Regulus_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_254003.jpg/560px-St_Andrews_from_Regulus_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_254003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><div>St Andrews, seen from the top of St Rule's Tower</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Fife_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Andrews is located in Fife"><img alt="St Andrews is located in Fife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fife_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Fife_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fife_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Fife_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fife_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Fife_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1152" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.6%;left:77.269%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="St Andrews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>St Andrews</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">18,410 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=56.340978~-2.799089&lvl=13&sp=Point.56.340978_-2.799089_St+Andrews&sty=s&style=s">NO507168</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 mi (48 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></th><td class="infobox-data">351 mi (565 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Community_council" title="Community council">Community council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Royal Burgh of St Andrews<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council area</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland" title="Lieutenancy areas of Scotland">Lieutenancy area</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ST. ANDREWS</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/KY_postcode_area" title="KY postcode area">KY16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01334</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Scottish Fire and Rescue Service">Scottish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Ambulance_Service" title="Scottish Ambulance Service">Scottish</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Fife_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)">North East Fife</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions">Scottish Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Fife_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="North East Fife (Scottish Parliament constituency)">North East Fife</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>List of places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Scotland" title="List of places in Scotland">Scotland</a></dd> <dd></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Andrews&params=56.3404_N_2.7955_W_region:GB_type:city(18410)">56°20′25″N 2°47′44″W / 56.3404°N 2.7955°W / 56.3404; -2.7955</a></td></tr></tbody></table> St Andrews (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: S. Andrea(s);<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: Saunt Aundraes;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Cill Rìmhinn, pronounced [kʰʲɪʎˈrˠiː.ɪɲ])<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> is a town on the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> in Scotland, 10 miles (16 kilometres) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> and 30 miles (50 kilometres) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit">[update]</a>, making it Fife's fourth-largest settlement and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">45th most populous settlement in Scotland</a>. The town is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, the third oldest university in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> and the oldest in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It was ranked as the best university in the UK by the 2022 Good University Guide, which is published by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> According to other rankings, it is ranked as one of the best universities in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The town is named after <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a> the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">Apostle</a>. The settlement grew to the west of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, St Andrews">St Andrews Cathedral</a>, with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Kinness_Burn" title="Kinness Burn">Kinness Burn</a> to the south. The burgh soon became the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>. The famous <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a>, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins. St Andrews is also known globally as the "<a href="/wiki/Home_of_golf" class="mw-redirect" title="Home of golf">home of golf</a>". This is in part because of <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews" title="The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews">The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews</a>, founded in 1754, which until 2004 exercised legislative authority over the game worldwide (except in the United States and Mexico). It is also because the famous <a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Links" title="St Andrews Links">St Andrews Links</a> (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">The Open Championship</a>, the oldest of <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>'s four <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Men's major golf championships">major championships</a>. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches. The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart">George Wishart</a>, and other martyrs of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> epoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea. The civil parish has a population of 18,421 (in 2011).<a href="#cite_note-KS101SC-11">[11]</a> The town also contains numerous museums, a botanic garden and an aquarium. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology">edit</a>]</div> The earliest recorded name of the area is Cennrígmonaid. This is <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Gaelic</a> and composed of the elements cenn (head, peninsula), ríg (king) and monaid (moor). This became Cell Rígmonaid (cell meaning church) and was Scoticised to Kilrymont. The modern Gaelic spelling is Cill Rìmhinn. It is likely that the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a> name represents an adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a> form *Penrimond.<a href="#cite_note-pp-12">[12]</a> The name St Andrews derives from the town's claim to be the resting place of bones of the apostle <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a>. According to legend, <a href="/wiki/St_Regulus" class="mw-redirect" title="St Regulus">St Regulus</a> (or Rule) brought the relics to Kilrymont, where a shrine was established for their safekeeping and veneration while Kilrymont was renamed in honour of the saint.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This is the origin of a third name for the town Kilrule. Its name may also be notable for the lack of <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>; this is due to the fact that the name of the town predates the introduction of the apostrophe into the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> from French in the 16th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hill_%26_Adamson_(Scottish,_active_1843_-_1848)_-_St._Regulus_Tower_and_the_East_Gable_of_St._Andrews_from_the_Northwest._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hill_%26_Adamson_%28Scottish%2C_active_1843_-_1848%29_-_St._Regulus_Tower_and_the_East_Gable_of_St._Andrews_from_the_Northwest._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hill_%26_Adamson_%28Scottish%2C_active_1843_-_1848%29_-_St._Regulus_Tower_and_the_East_Gable_of_St._Andrews_from_the_Northwest._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hill_%26_Adamson_%28Scottish%2C_active_1843_-_1848%29_-_St._Regulus_Tower_and_the_East_Gable_of_St._Andrews_from_the_Northwest._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hill_%26_Adamson_%28Scottish%2C_active_1843_-_1848%29_-_St._Regulus_Tower_and_the_East_Gable_of_St._Andrews_from_the_Northwest._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hill_%26_Adamson_%28Scottish%2C_active_1843_-_1848%29_-_St._Regulus_Tower_and_the_East_Gable_of_St._Andrews_from_the_Northwest._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hill_%26_Adamson_%28Scottish%2C_active_1843_-_1848%29_-_St._Regulus_Tower_and_the_East_Gable_of_St._Andrews_from_the_Northwest._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4205" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>St Andrews Cathedral in 1845<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews,_North_Street,_Fishergate,_Women_and_Children_Baiting_the_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/St_Andrews%2C_North_Street%2C_Fishergate%2C_Women_and_Children_Baiting_the_Line.jpg/220px-St_Andrews%2C_North_Street%2C_Fishergate%2C_Women_and_Children_Baiting_the_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/St_Andrews%2C_North_Street%2C_Fishergate%2C_Women_and_Children_Baiting_the_Line.jpg/330px-St_Andrews%2C_North_Street%2C_Fishergate%2C_Women_and_Children_Baiting_the_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/St_Andrews%2C_North_Street%2C_Fishergate%2C_Women_and_Children_Baiting_the_Line.jpg/440px-St_Andrews%2C_North_Street%2C_Fishergate%2C_Women_and_Children_Baiting_the_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>St Andrews, North Street, Fishergate, Women and Children Baiting the Line. Robert Adamson, David Octavius Hill, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1845</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_-_%27The_Prospect_of_the_Town_of_St_Andrews%27_(5372742538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St_Andrews_-_%27The_Prospect_of_the_Town_of_St_Andrews%27_%285372742538%29.jpg/220px-St_Andrews_-_%27The_Prospect_of_the_Town_of_St_Andrews%27_%285372742538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St_Andrews_-_%27The_Prospect_of_the_Town_of_St_Andrews%27_%285372742538%29.jpg/330px-St_Andrews_-_%27The_Prospect_of_the_Town_of_St_Andrews%27_%285372742538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St_Andrews_-_%27The_Prospect_of_the_Town_of_St_Andrews%27_%285372742538%29.jpg/440px-St_Andrews_-_%27The_Prospect_of_the_Town_of_St_Andrews%27_%285372742538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5246" data-file-height="3373" /></a><figcaption>St Andrews, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1693.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Martyrs_Memorial,_the_Scores,_St._Andrews_Scotland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Martyrs_Memorial%2C_the_Scores%2C_St._Andrews_Scotland.JPG/220px-The_Martyrs_Memorial%2C_the_Scores%2C_St._Andrews_Scotland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Martyrs_Memorial%2C_the_Scores%2C_St._Andrews_Scotland.JPG/330px-The_Martyrs_Memorial%2C_the_Scores%2C_St._Andrews_Scotland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Martyrs_Memorial%2C_the_Scores%2C_St._Andrews_Scotland.JPG/440px-The_Martyrs_Memorial%2C_the_Scores%2C_St._Andrews_Scotland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Martyrs' Monument<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_on_the_Martyrs%27_Monument_(geograph_2678849).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Inscription_on_the_Martyrs%27_Monument_%28geograph_2678849%29.jpg/220px-Inscription_on_the_Martyrs%27_Monument_%28geograph_2678849%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Inscription_on_the_Martyrs%27_Monument_%28geograph_2678849%29.jpg/330px-Inscription_on_the_Martyrs%27_Monument_%28geograph_2678849%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Inscription_on_the_Martyrs%27_Monument_%28geograph_2678849%29.jpg/440px-Inscription_on_the_Martyrs%27_Monument_%28geograph_2678849%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>In Memory of the Martyrs <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Forrest_(martyr)" title="Henry Forrest (martyr)">Henry Forrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart">George Wishart</a> And <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Mill">Walter Mill</a>, Who in Support of the Protestant Faith Suffered Death By Fire at St Andrews, Between The Years MDXXVIII AND MDLVIII. The Righteous shall be in Everlasting Remembrance.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> The first inhabitants who settled on the estuary fringes of the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">Tay</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Eden,_Fife" title="River Eden, Fife">Eden</a> during the mesolithic (middle Stone Age) came from the plains in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp1–2-18">[18]</a> This was followed by the nomadic people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BCE as farmers clearing the area of woodland and building monuments.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp1–2-18">[18]</a> During the Iron Age/Early Middle ages, a fortified enclosure, potentially a hillfort, was established on East Balrymonth hill, a mile to the south of the town. Today, the outline of the defences are visible on some aerial images. It marks the oldest still extant structure in St Andrews. In the mid-eighth century a monastery was established by the Pictish king <a href="/wiki/Oengus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Oengus I">Oengus I</a>, traditionally associated with the relics of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a>, a number of bones supposed to be the saint's arm, kneecap, three fingers and a tooth believed to have been brought to the town by St Regulus.<a href="#cite_note-Gifford_p357-19">[19]</a> In AD 877, king <a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Causantín mac Cináeda</a> (Constantine I) built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed (or perhaps killed in battle) after defending against Viking raiders.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In AD 906, the town became the seat of the bishop of Alba, with the boundaries of the see being extended to include land between the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p16-21">[21]</a> In 943 <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a> abdicated and took the position of abbot of the monastery of St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The establishment of the present town began around 1140 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Scone" title="Robert of Scone">Bishop Robert</a> on an L-shaped hill, possibly on the site of the ruined <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p71-23">[23]</a> According to a charter of 1170, the new burgh was built to the west of the Cathedral precinct, along Castle Street and possibly as far as what is now known as North Street.<a href="#cite_note-Gifford_p357-19">[19]</a> This means that the lay-out may have led to the creation of two new streets (North Street and South Street) from the foundations of the new <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a> filling the area inside a two-sided triangle at its apex.<a href="#cite_note-Gifford_p357-19">[19]</a> The northern boundary of the burgh was the southern side of the Scores (the street between North Street and the sea) with the southern by the Kinness Burn and the western by the West Port.<a href="#cite_note-Gifford_p359-24">[24]</a> The burgh of St Andrews was first represented at the great council at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Palace" title="Scone Palace">Scone Palace</a> in 1357.<a href="#cite_note-Gifford_p359-24">[24]</a> St Andrews, in particular the large cathedral built in 1160, was the most important centre of pilgrimage in medieval Scotland and one of the most important in Europe. Pilgrims from all over Scotland came in large numbers hoping to be blessed, and in many cases to be cured, at the shrine of Saint Andrew. The presence of the pilgrims brought about increased trade and development.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Recognised as the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, the town now had vast economic and political influence within Europe as a cosmopolitan town.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_p3-26">[26]</a> The Scottish Parliament met in the town in 1304, when King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>, in his capacity as overlord of Scotland, came to be received by <a href="/wiki/Bishop_William_de_Lamberton" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop William de Lamberton">Bishop William de Lamberton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> As many as 130 landowners turned up to witness the event ranging from Sir John of Cambo to Sir William Murray of Fort.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p188-28">[28]</a> In 1559, the town fell into decay after the violent <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> losing the status of ecclesiastical capital of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p76-29">[29]</a> Even the University of St Andrews was considering relocating to <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> around 1697 and 1698.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_p3-26">[26]</a> Under the authorisation of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of St Andrews">bishop of St Andrews</a>, the town was made a burgh of barony in 1614. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Burgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Burgh">Royal Burgh</a> was then granted as a charter by King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James VI</a> in 1620.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p19-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Omand_p109-31">[31]</a> In the 18th century, the town was still in decline, but despite this the town was becoming known for having links 'well known to golfers'.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_p3-26">[26]</a> By the 19th century, the town began to expand beyond the original medieval boundaries with streets of new houses and town villas being built.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_p3-26">[26]</a> Today, St Andrews is served by education, golf and the tourist and conference industry.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_p3-26">[26]</a> In 1951, The Masque of St. Andrews, which dramatised important events in the town's history, was staged in the Cathedral grounds as part of the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History of local government in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Town_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/St_Andrews_Town_Hall.jpg/170px-St_Andrews_Town_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/St_Andrews_Town_Hall.jpg/255px-St_Andrews_Town_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/St_Andrews_Town_Hall.jpg/340px-St_Andrews_Town_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Town_Hall" title="St Andrews Town Hall">St Andrews Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> St Andrews is represented by several tiers of elected government. Prior to 1975 the town was governed by a burgh council, a <a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">provost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baillie" class="mw-redirect" title="Baillie">baillies</a>. From 1975, St Andrews was administered by <a href="/wiki/North-East_Fife_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East Fife (district)">North East Fife District Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fife_Regional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fife Regional Council">Fife Regional Council</a>. North East Fife District was abolished in 1996 when Fife Council became the unitary authority. Fife Council, based in <a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a>, is now the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">deliberative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> body responsible for <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">local governance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-devolvedmatters-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved matters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Scotland" title="Health in Scotland">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">justice</a> while <a href="/wiki/Reserved_and_excepted_matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved and excepted matters">reserved matters</a> are dealt with by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-devolvedmatters-33">[33]</a> The Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council, meeting on the first Monday of the month in the Council Chamber of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Town_Hall" title="St Andrews Town Hall">St Andrews Town Hall</a>, forms the lowest tier of governance whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. The current chair is Mrs Penelope Fraser. The chair uses the honorary title of Provost of St Andrews on official and ceremonial occasions, this ancient title having been revived to mark the 400th Anniversary of the granting of Royal Burgh status to St Andrews in 1620 by King James VI & I. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_Parliament">UK Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: UK Parliament">edit</a>]</div> In the early days of the United Kingdom, following implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">union of 1707</a>, St Andrews elected one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) to the United Kingdom Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p190-34">[34]</a> Following the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> St Andrews Burgh merged with <a href="/wiki/Anstruther" title="Anstruther">Anstruther</a> for the purposes of electing one MP to the United Kingdom Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p190-34">[34]</a> Following implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885" title="Redistribution of Seats Act 1885">Redistribution of Seats Act 1885</a>, there was one MP sitting for St Andrews Burgh (which would include Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, <a href="/wiki/Crail" title="Crail">Crail</a>, Cupar, <a href="/wiki/Kilrenny" title="Kilrenny">Kilrenny</a> and Pittenweem).<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p190-34">[34]</a> St Andrews now forms part of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Fife_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)">North East Fife</a> constituency, electing one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system. The constituency is represented by <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Chamberlain" title="Wendy Chamberlain">Wendy Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a>. For the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, St Andrews forms part of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Fife_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="North East Fife (Scottish Parliament constituency)">North East Fife</a> constituency. The North East Fife Scottish Parliament (or Holyrood) constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a> (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The seat was won at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016 Scottish Parliament Election</a> by <a href="/wiki/Willie_Rennie" title="Willie Rennie">Willie Rennie</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roderick_Campbell_MSP-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-North_East_Fife_results-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"> <caption>St Andrews compared according to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">UK Census 2001</a><a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_population-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FifePopulation-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_Employment-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FifeEmployment-40">[40]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding:2px;">St Andrews </th> <th style="padding:2px;">Fife </th> <th style="padding:2px;">Scotland </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Total population </th> <td>14,209</td> <td>349,429</td> <td>5,062,011 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Foreign born</a> </th> <td>11.60%</td> <td>1.18%</td> <td>1.10% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Over 75 years old </th> <td>10.51%</td> <td>7.46%</td> <td>7.09% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Unemployed </th> <td>1.94%</td> <td>3.97%</td> <td>4.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the 2001 census, St Andrews had a total population of 14,209.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_population-37">[37]</a> The population increased to around 16,680 in 2008<a href="#cite_note-Population_Estimate-41">[41]</a> and 16,800 in 2012<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a> The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 16 to 29 forms the largest portion of the population (37%).<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_population-37">[37]</a> The median age of males and females living in St Andrews was 29 and 34 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for those in the whole of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_population-37">[37]</a> The place of birth of the town's residents was 87.78% United Kingdom (including 61.80% from Scotland), 0.63% Republic of Ireland, 4.18% from other European Union countries, and 7.42% from elsewhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_population-37">[37]</a> The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 23.94% in full-time employment, 8.52% in part-time employment, 4.73% self-employed, 1.94% unemployed, 31.14% students with jobs, 9.08% students without jobs, 13.24% retired, 2.91% looking after home or family, 2.84% permanently sick or disabled, and 1.67% economically inactive for other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_Employment-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> St Andrews, whose economy stands at £660 million, relies heavily on tourism and education. In 2016, one out of every five jobs in St Andrews is related to tourism.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> St Andrews is often considered as an expensive destination. In 2016, St Andrews was reported to be home to the "Most Expensive Street in Scotland", with average house prices in The Scores in excess of 2 million pounds.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weather_and_climate">Weather and climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weather and climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset,_St._Andrews_by_Sam_Bough,_1856.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sunset%2C_St._Andrews_by_Sam_Bough%2C_1856.JPG/220px-Sunset%2C_St._Andrews_by_Sam_Bough%2C_1856.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sunset%2C_St._Andrews_by_Sam_Bough%2C_1856.JPG/330px-Sunset%2C_St._Andrews_by_Sam_Bough%2C_1856.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sunset%2C_St._Andrews_by_Sam_Bough%2C_1856.JPG/440px-Sunset%2C_St._Andrews_by_Sam_Bough%2C_1856.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Sunset, St. Andrews by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bough" title="Sam Bough">Sam Bough</a>, 1856</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_St_Salvator%27s_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/View_from_St_Salvator%27s_Tower.jpg/220px-View_from_St_Salvator%27s_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/View_from_St_Salvator%27s_Tower.jpg/330px-View_from_St_Salvator%27s_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/View_from_St_Salvator%27s_Tower.jpg/440px-View_from_St_Salvator%27s_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>View from St Salvator's Tower</figcaption></figure> St Andrews has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a>, which is relatively mild despite its northerly <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. Winters are not as cold as one might expect, considering that <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> lie on the same latitude. Daytime temperatures can fall below freezing and average around 4 °C (39 °F). However, the town is subject to strong winds. Night-time frosts are common; however, snowfall is more rare. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which data are available is at Leuchars, about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3+1⁄4 miles (5.2 kilometres) northwest of St Andrews town centre. The absolute maximum temperature is 31.3 °C (88.3 °F), recorded in July 2022. In a typical year, the warmest day<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> should reach 26.1 °C (79.0 °F) and a total of 2 days<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> should record a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above. The warmest calendar month (since 1960) was July 2006,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> with a mean temperature of 16.8 °C (62.2 °F) (mean maximum of 21.6 °C (70.9 °F), mean minimum of 11.9 °C (53.4 °F)) The absolute minimum temperature (since 1960) stands at −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) recorded during February 1972,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> although in an 'average' year, the coldest night should only fall to −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Typically, just short of 60 nights a year will experience an air frost. The coldest calendar month (since 1960) was December 2010,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> with a mean temperature of −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) (mean maximum 1.9 °C (35.4 °F), mean minimum −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) ) Rainfall, at little more than 650 mm per year makes St Andrews one of the driest parts of Scotland, shielded from Atlantic weather systems by several mountain ranges. Over 1 mm of rain is recorded on just under 117 days of the year. Sunshine, averaging in excess of 1,500 hours a year is amongst the highest for Scotland, and comparable to inland parts of Southern England. St Andrews is about the furthest north annual levels of above 1500 hours are encountered. All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Leuchars, elevation 10 m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960– </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.7 (7.3) </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.5 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3 (27) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.2 (13.6) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.1 (8.4) </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.5 (5.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.6 (2.70) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8 (1.80) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9 (1.73) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1 (2.01) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8 (1.84) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2 (1.86) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7 (2.43) </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4 (2.61) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.3 (2.26) </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2 (2.61) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">653.9 (25.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.9 </td> <td style="background: #999999; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.6 </td> <td style="background: #B5B562; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.0 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.1 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.7 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.9 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.2 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.4 </td> <td style="background: #929292; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.4 </td> <td style="background: #5B5B5B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.9 </td> <td style="background: #BABA46; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,523.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Met Office<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Railway" title="St Andrews Railway">St Andrews Railway</a> provided a connection to the main <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_to_Aberdeen_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line">Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leuchars_railway_station" title="Leuchars railway station">Leuchars railway station</a>. This service was ended in 1969. The <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Rail_Link" title="St Andrews Rail Link">St Andrews Rail Link</a> project aims at realising a new high-speed twin-cord mainline rail link via Cupar to the south and west and via Leuchars to the north.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Nowadays, the only public transport to reach trains at Leuchars or to connect other towns in <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Group" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach</a> bus station located near the town centre. Stagecoach's Route 99 (and its alternate routes 99A, 99B, 99C, 99D) connects St Andrews to <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> via <a href="/wiki/Leuchars" title="Leuchars">Leuchars</a> with buses up to every ten minutes. Moffat & Williamson operates Route 92 (and 92A, 92B, 92C) on a lesser frequency from Balmullo via Leuchars station to St Andrews before looping the town.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> There are also some local bus service that links the town centre to <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Community_Hospital" title="St Andrews Community Hospital">St Andrews Community Hospital</a> in the south. St Andrews Bus Station provides frequent bus services to most towns in <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> and the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> via Leuchars, and less frequent services to further destinations like <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>. Travellers from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh International Airport">Edinburgh Airport</a> may take Route 747 to Halbeath Park & Ride then take X59/X24 to St Andrews. Otherwise, they have to travel to central Edinburgh for train or bus services. <a href="/wiki/Dundee_Airport" title="Dundee Airport">Dundee Airport</a>, about 15 miles north of the town, has flights that connect with <a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London-City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast-City_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast-City Airport">Belfast-City</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/Loganair" title="Loganair">Loganair</a>. Roads <a href="/wiki/A91_road" title="A91 road">A91</a>, <a href="/wiki/A915_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A915 road">A915</a>, <a href="/wiki/A917" class="mw-redirect" title="A917">A917</a>, <a href="/wiki/A918_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A918 road (Great Britain)">A918</a> and <a href="/wiki/B939_road" class="mw-redirect" title="B939 road">B939</a> traverse the town at different locations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Local news and television programmes are provided by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland" title="BBC Scotland">BBC Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/STV_North" class="mw-redirect" title="STV North">STV North</a>. Television signals are received from either the <a href="/wiki/Angus_transmitting_station" title="Angus transmitting station">Angus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Durris_transmitting_station" title="Durris transmitting station">Durris</a> TV transmitters.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_FM" title="Kingdom FM">Kingdom FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forth_1" title="Forth 1">Forth 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forth_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Forth 2">Greatest Hits Radio Edinburgh, Lothians, Fife and Falkirk</a>, and St Andrews Radio, a community based station which broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The St Andrews Citizen is the town's local newspaper <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> including student newspapers which are published from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, The Saint and The Stand.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Chapel" title="St Salvator's Chapel">St Salvator's Chapel</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Port_in_St_Andrews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/West_Port_in_St_Andrews.jpg/300px-West_Port_in_St_Andrews.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/West_Port_in_St_Andrews.jpg/450px-West_Port_in_St_Andrews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/West_Port_in_St_Andrews.jpg/600px-West_Port_in_St_Andrews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>West Port</figcaption></figure> St Andrews was once bounded by several "ports" (the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Lowland Scots</a> word for a town gate). Two are still extant: So'gait port (South Street, now called West Port) and the Sea Yett (as The Pends terminates to the harbour). The West Port is one of few surviving town "Ports" in Scotland<a href="#cite_note-Walker_and_Ritchie_p79-59">[59]</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The towers were influenced by those seen at the base of the Netherbow Port in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_pp124–126-61">[61]</a> The central archway which displays semi-octagonal "rownds" and "battling" is supported by corbelling and neatly moulded passageways. Side arches and relief panels were added to the port, during the reconstruction between 1843 and 1845.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_pp124–126-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Salvator%27s_Chapel_on_10_October_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/St._Salvator%27s_Chapel_on_10_October_2022.jpg/300px-St._Salvator%27s_Chapel_on_10_October_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/St._Salvator%27s_Chapel_on_10_October_2022.jpg/450px-St._Salvator%27s_Chapel_on_10_October_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/St._Salvator%27s_Chapel_on_10_October_2022.jpg/600px-St._Salvator%27s_Chapel_on_10_October_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Chapel" title="St Salvator's Chapel">St Salvator's Chapel</a> viewed from inside the Lower College Lawn, featuring the nave and the steeple, on 10 October 2022.</figcaption></figure> The Category A listed<a href="#cite_note-Holy_Trinity_listing-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_St_Andrews" title="Holy Trinity Church, St Andrews">Holy Trinity</a> (also known as the Holy Trinity Parish Church or "town kirk") is the most historic church in St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p171-63">[63]</a> The church was initially built on land, close to the south-east gable of the cathedral, around 1144, and was dedicated in 1234 by Bishop <a href="/wiki/David_de_Bernham" title="David de Bernham">David de Bernham</a>. It then moved to a new site on the north side of South Street between 1410 and 1412 by bishop Warlock.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_pp124–126-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p171-63">[63]</a> Much of the architecture feature of the church was lost in the re-building by Robert Balfour between 1798 and 1800.<a href="#cite_note-Fife_Regional_Council_p46-64">[64]</a> The church was later restored to a (more elaborately decorated) approximation of its medieval appearance between 1907 and 1909 by MacGregor Chambers.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_pp124–126-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook_p14-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Andrews_Cathedral_Ruins_on_10_October_2022_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/St._Andrews_Cathedral_Ruins_on_10_October_2022_I.jpg/300px-St._Andrews_Cathedral_Ruins_on_10_October_2022_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/St._Andrews_Cathedral_Ruins_on_10_October_2022_I.jpg/450px-St._Andrews_Cathedral_Ruins_on_10_October_2022_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/St._Andrews_Cathedral_Ruins_on_10_October_2022_I.jpg/600px-St._Andrews_Cathedral_Ruins_on_10_October_2022_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Recent view of the east tower, St. Rule's Tower and graveyard beneath, 10 October 2022.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_andrews_cathedral_ojk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_andrews_cathedral_ojk.JPG/300px-St_andrews_cathedral_ojk.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_andrews_cathedral_ojk.JPG/450px-St_andrews_cathedral_ojk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_andrews_cathedral_ojk.JPG/600px-St_andrews_cathedral_ojk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the nave of St. Andrews Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ViewFromTheTop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ViewFromTheTop.JPG/300px-ViewFromTheTop.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ViewFromTheTop.JPG/450px-ViewFromTheTop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ViewFromTheTop.JPG/600px-ViewFromTheTop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of the cathedral grounds from the top of St Rule's Tower.</figcaption></figure> To the east of the town centre, lie the ruins of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fife_Regional_Council_p22-66">[66]</a> This was at one time Scotland's largest building, originated in the priory of Canons Regular founded by Bishop Robert Kennedy. St Rule's Church, to the south-east of the medieval cathedral is said to date from around 1120 and 1150, being the predecessor of the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_and_Ritchie_pp130–132-67">[67]</a> The tall square tower, part of the church, was built to hold the relics of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew">St Andrew</a> and became known as the first cathedral in the town.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_and_Ritchie_pp130–132-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp70–72-68">[68]</a> After the death of Bishop Robert Kennedy, a new cathedral was begun in 1160 by Bishop Arnold (his successor) on a site adjacent to St Rule's Church.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_and_Ritchie_pp130–132-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp70–72-68">[68]</a> Work on the cathedral was finally completed and consecrated in 1318 by <a href="/wiki/Bishop_William_de_Lamberton" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop William de Lamberton">Bishop William de Lamberton</a> with <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Brus" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Brus">Robert the Bruce</a> (1306–29) present at the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_and_Ritchie_pp130–132-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp70–72-68">[68]</a> The cathedral and associated buildings, including St Rule's Church, are protected as a scheduled monument.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ruins_of_St_Andrews_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_ruins_of_St_Andrews_Castle.jpg/400px-The_ruins_of_St_Andrews_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_ruins_of_St_Andrews_Castle.jpg/600px-The_ruins_of_St_Andrews_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_ruins_of_St_Andrews_Castle.jpg/800px-The_ruins_of_St_Andrews_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a></figcaption></figure> The ruins of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a> are situated on a cliff-top to the north of the town.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_and_Ritchie_pp115–116-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pride_p121-71">[71]</a> The castle was first erected around 1200 as the residence, prison and fortress of the bishops of the diocese. Several reconstructions occurred in subsequent centuries, most notably due to damage incurred in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Bandstand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Andrews_Bandstand.jpg/300px-St_Andrews_Bandstand.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Andrews_Bandstand.jpg/450px-St_Andrews_Bandstand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Andrews_Bandstand.jpg/600px-St_Andrews_Bandstand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> St Andrews bandstand</figcaption></figure> The castle was occupied, besieged and stormed during <a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Wooing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rough Wooing">The Rough Wooing</a> and was severely damaged in the process. The majority of the castle seen today dates to between 1549 and 1571. The work was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)">John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)</a> in a renaissance style which made the building a comfortable, palatial residence while still remaining well-fortified.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_and_Ritchie_pp115–116-70">[70]</a> After the Reformation, the castle passed to several owners, who could not maintain its structure and the building deteriorated into a ruin. The castle is now a scheduled monument administered by <a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Friary" class="mw-redirect" title="Friary">friary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_St_Andrews" title="Blackfriars, St Andrews">Blackfriars</a>, can still be seen on South Street (between Madras College and Bell Street).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Other defunct religious houses that existed in the medieval town, though less visible, have left traces, as for instance the <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Hospital,_St_Andrews" title="St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews">leper hospital</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Hospital,_St_Andrews" title="St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews">St Nicholas farmhouse</a> (The Steading) between Albany Park and the East Sands leisure centre.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_College.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Madras_College.JPG/220px-Madras_College.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Madras_College.JPG/330px-Madras_College.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Madras_College.JPG/440px-Madras_College.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Original building of <a href="/wiki/Madras_College" title="Madras College">Madras College</a> on South Street</figcaption></figure> Today, St Andrews is home to one secondary school, one private school and three primary schools.<a href="#cite_note-list_of_primary_schools-75">[75]</a> Canongate Primary School, which opened in 1972 is located off the Canongate, beside the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Botanic_Garden" title="St Andrews Botanic Garden">St Andrews Botanic Garden</a>. The school roll was recorded in February 2008 as 215.<a href="#cite_note-Cannongate_Primary_School-76">[76]</a> Lawhead Primary School, which opened in 1974 is on the western edge of the town. The school roll was recorded in September 2009 as 181.<a href="#cite_note-Lawhead_Primary_School-77">[77]</a> Greyfriars Primary School is a Roman Catholic school located in the southern part of the town. <a href="/wiki/Madras_College" title="Madras College">Madras College</a> is the sole secondary school in the town. The school which opened to pupils in 1833 was based on a Madras system – founded and endowed by Andrew Bell (1755–1832), a native of the town.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp177–178-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook_p13-79">[79]</a> Prior to the opening, Bell was interested in the demand for a school which was able to teach both poor and privileged children on one site.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp177–178-78">[78]</a> The high reputation of the school meant that many children came from throughout Britain to be taught there, often lodging with masters or residents in the town.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp177–178-78">[78]</a> The school was located on two campuses – Kilrymont, (which opened in 1967) and South Street (incorporating the original 1833 building). Pupils in S1-S3 are served by Kilrymont and S4-S6 by South Street.<a href="#cite_note-Madras_College-80">[80]</a> Plans to build a replacement for Madras College on a single site have been ongoing since 2006. Originally, the school was in negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> for a joint new build at Lang Lands on land owned by the university. The plans, which were scrapped in August 2011, would have seen the school share the university's playing fields.<a href="#cite_note-Council's_Madras_Plan-81">[81]</a> In October 2011, a scoring exercise drawn up by the council to decide the best location for the new Madras College was put before parents, staff and the local community to ask for their views. A £40-million redevelopment of the Kilrymont building proved to be most popular and was officially given the go-ahead in November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-New_Madras_College-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madras_decision_spark_outrage-83">[83]</a> This decision was met with controversy from parents, staff and the local community.<a href="#cite_note-Madras_decision_spark_outrage-83">[83]</a> Following a decision from a group of senior councillors to analyse the other potential sites than push ahead with the controversial redevelopment, The new Building was finished in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Madras_decision_spark_outrage-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kilrymont_plan_on_ice-84">[84]</a> In August 2020, it was reported that the college will sell its Kilrymont site and built a replacement school at Langlands.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg/220px-St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg/330px-St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg/440px-St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> Classics Building, Swallowgate</figcaption></figure> The private school known as <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_School" title="St Leonards School">St Leonards School</a> was initially established as the St Andrews School for girls company in 1877. The present name was taken in 1882 when a move to St Leonards House was made.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp183–185-86">[86]</a> The school is now spread across thirty acres between Pends Road and Kinnesburn.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp183–185-86">[86]</a> A private school for boys was also set up in 1933 as <a href="/wiki/New_Park_School" title="New Park School">New Park</a>. The operations of the school merged with the middle and junior sections of St Leonards to become St Leonards-New Park in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp183–185-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">third oldest English-speaking university</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">oldest university in Scotland</a>, was founded between 1410 and 1413.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p83-87">[87]</a> A charter for the university was issued by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wardlaw" title="Henry Wardlaw">Henry Wardlaw</a> between 1411 and 1412 and this was followed by <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Pope_Benedict_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon Pope Benedict XIII">Avignon Pope Benedict XIII</a> granting university status to award degrees to students in 1413.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_pp124–126-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p83-87">[87]</a> The school initially started out as a society for learned men in the fields of canon law, the arts and divinity.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p83-87">[87]</a> The chapel and college of St John the Evangelist became the first building to have ties with the university in 1415.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_pp124–126-61">[61]</a> The two original colleges to be associated with the university were St Salvator in 1450 by Bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(bishop)" title="James Kennedy (bishop)">James Kennedy</a> and St Leonard in 1512 by archbishop <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(Archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stewart (Archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a> and prior <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn_(bishop)" title="James Hepburn (bishop)">James Hepburn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_pp124–126-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_and_recreation">Sport and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sport and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Golf">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course at St Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golf_in_Scotland" title="Golf in Scotland">Golf in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg/220px-18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg/330px-18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg/440px-18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews" title="The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews">The Royal and Ancient Golf Club</a></figcaption></figure> St Andrews is known widely as the "home of golf".<a href="#cite_note-Pride_p118-88">[88]</a> According to the earliest surviving document from 1552, the "playing at golf" on the links adjacent to the "water of eden" was granted permission by Archbishop Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-Pride_p118-88">[88]</a> The most famous golf course in the town is the Old Course, purchased by the town council in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p85-89">[89]</a> The course which dates back to medieval times, is an <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">Open Championship</a> course – which was first staged in 1873 and will host the 2022 Open Championship.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook_p3-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp224–227-91">[91]</a> Famous winners at St Andrews have included: <a href="/wiki/Old_Tom_Morris" title="Old Tom Morris">Old Tom Morris</a> (1861, 1862, 1867 and 1874), <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)" title="Bobby Jones (golfer)">Bobby Jones</a> (1927 and 1930 <a href="/wiki/British_Amateur" class="mw-redirect" title="British Amateur">British Amateur</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus" title="Jack Nicklaus">Jack Nicklaus</a> (1970 and 1978) and <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> (2000 and 2005).<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp224–227-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook_p39-92">[92]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus" title="Jack Nicklaus">Jack Nicklaus</a>, "if a golfer is going to be remembered, he must win at St Andrews".<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp224–227-91">[91]</a> There are seven golf courses in total – Old, New, Jubilee, Eden, Strathtyrum, Balgove and the Castle – surrounding the western approaches of the town.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_p85-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp224–227-91">[91]</a> The seventh golf course (the Castle) was added in 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Kinkell_Braes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinkell Braes">Kinkell Braes</a>, designed by David McLay Kidd.<a href="#cite_note-Lamont-Brown_pp224–227-91">[91]</a> Other leisure facilities in the town include a canoe club, a senior football club (<a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_United_F.C." title="St Andrews United F.C.">St Andrews United</a>), a rugby club (known as <a href="/wiki/Madras_College_FP_RFC" title="Madras College FP RFC">Madras Rugby Club</a>), tennis club, university sports centre, and a links golf driving range. The East Sands Leisure Centre, which opened in 1988, sits on the outskirts of the town as the town's swimming pool with gym facilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Sands_Beach">West Sands Beach</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: West Sands Beach">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Sands_Beach,_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/West_Sands_Beach%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803950.jpg/220px-West_Sands_Beach%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/West_Sands_Beach%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803950.jpg/330px-West_Sands_Beach%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/West_Sands_Beach%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803950.jpg/440px-West_Sands_Beach%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>West Sands, looking towards St Andrews</figcaption></figure> West Sands Beach in St Andrews, Scotland,<a href="#cite_note-British_Beaches-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trip_Advisor-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keep_Scotland_Beautiful-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fife.gov-96">[96]</a> served as the set for the opening scene in the movie <a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keep_Scotland_Beautiful-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fife.gov-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-YouTube_CoF-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Cof-98">[98]</a> This scene was reenacted during the <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympics">2012 Olympics</a> torch relay.<a href="#cite_note-Mirrow_Torch_Relay-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metro_Torch_Relay-100">[100]</a> The beach was also featured in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_Opening_Ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony">2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony</a><a href="#cite_note-High_Speed_Dirt_–_West_Sands_St_Andrews-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-You_Tube_OG-102">[102]</a> The 2-mile-long (3 km) beach is adjacent to the famous St Andrews Links golf course.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Sand dunes on the beach, which have long protected the golf course, are themselves in danger of eroding away, and are the subject of a restoration project.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Places of interest">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byre_Theatre">Byre Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Byre Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byre_Theatre,_St_Andrews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Byre_Theatre%2C_St_Andrews.jpg/220px-Byre_Theatre%2C_St_Andrews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Byre_Theatre%2C_St_Andrews.jpg/330px-Byre_Theatre%2C_St_Andrews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Byre_Theatre%2C_St_Andrews.jpg/440px-Byre_Theatre%2C_St_Andrews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Byre Theatre from Abbey Street</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Byre_Theatre" title="Byre Theatre">Byre Theatre</a> was founded in 1933 by Charles Marford, an actor (found in the Who's Who of 1921) and Alexander B. Paterson, a local journalist and playwright, with help from a theatre group made up from members of Hope Park Church, St Andrews. The third and current building was opened in 2001 by Sir <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>. Its main auditorium is named after A.B. Paterson. There is also a second 60-seat performance space named after the late golf photographer, Lawrence Levy. The theatre is said to be haunted by the benevolent ghost of Charles Marford, one of its founders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lade_Braes_Walk">Lade Braes Walk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lade Braes Walk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_Mill,_Lade_Braes,_St_Andrews,_Fife.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Law_Mill%2C_Lade_Braes%2C_St_Andrews%2C_Fife.JPG/220px-Law_Mill%2C_Lade_Braes%2C_St_Andrews%2C_Fife.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Law_Mill%2C_Lade_Braes%2C_St_Andrews%2C_Fife.JPG/330px-Law_Mill%2C_Lade_Braes%2C_St_Andrews%2C_Fife.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Law_Mill%2C_Lade_Braes%2C_St_Andrews%2C_Fife.JPG/440px-Law_Mill%2C_Lade_Braes%2C_St_Andrews%2C_Fife.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Remains of Law Mill at the head of the Lade Braes Walk in St Andrews, Fife</figcaption></figure> The Lade Braes Walk is a scenic public footpath of about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometres) that follows the route of a medieval mill <a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">lade</a> through St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-Lade_Braes-105">[105]</a> The walk starts in the town centre near Madras College and runs roughly westward, through Cockshaugh Park to Law Mill.<a href="#cite_note-Lade_Braes_Walk_-_The_Sinner's_Guide_to_St_Andrews-106">[106]</a> The lade's function was to transport water from a higher upstream point on the Kinness Burn to the <a href="/wiki/Water_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mill">water mill</a> in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral_Priory" title="St Andrews Cathedral Priory">St Andrews Cathedral Priory</a> where it arrived at an elevated level simply by following the contours of the land. It may have been built before 1144.<a href="#cite_note-Smart_p179-107">[107]</a> In the late 19th century, the lade was covered over and the area from Cockshaugh Park to Law Mill was landscaped and planted with trees.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Lade_Braes-108">[108]</a> The remains of Law Mill, its grain drying kiln and <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a> are a category C <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed buildings">listed building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buildings_at_Risk_Register,_Law_Mill-109">[109]</a> A Brae is an old Scots word for the high ground adjoining a river bank.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum">Museum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Museum">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Museum" title="St Andrews Museum">St Andrews Museum</a> is a municipal museum focusing on the history of the town of St Andrews in St Andrews established in 1991 it is located in Kinburn Park. It holds a collection of objects of historical value that are related to the town from the earliest times up to the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> It is located in the historic Kinburn house named after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1855)" title="Battle of Kinburn (1855)">Battle of Kinburn</a> during the Crimean War. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_Museum">University Museum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: University Museum">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Museum of the University of St Andrews">Museum of the University of St Andrews</a> is a small museum dedicated to the history of the University of St Andrews. The museum, which is free to enter, looks at the university's foundation, student life at the university, and innovative ideas and inventions associated with staff, students, and alumni. The museum also shows a range of temporary exhibitions on different themes. Highlights of the displays include the university's three medieval maces, which are rare examples of ornate ceremonial University maces from the 15th century, and a large astrolabe dating from 1575.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botanic_Garden">Botanic Garden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Botanic Garden">edit</a>]</div> See <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Botanic_Garden" title="St Andrews Botanic Garden">main article</a> The <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Botanic_Garden" title="St Andrews Botanic Garden">St Andrews Botanic Garden</a> is an 18-acre <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> in the Canongate suburb to the south of the town. It contains more than 8000 species of native and exotic plants. These are laid out in zones of woodland, meadow, shrubbery, herbaceous bedding, a large rockery and a series of ponds. There are also vegetable and herb gardens, and several large greenhouses, one of which contains a <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">butterfly house</a>. There is an entrance fee for most visitors with some exceptions (e.g. juniors, students or faculties of the University of St Andrews).<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquarium">Aquarium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aquarium">edit</a>]</div> The St Andrews Aquarium is located on the cliff foot of the Scores overlooking West Sands. The family-owned establishment features a variety of tropical and native fish species, alongside penguins, marmosets, meerkats, and seals, which have multiple daily feeding sessions.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> As of St. Andrew's Day 2015, the town is formally twinned with the French medieval town of <a href="/wiki/Loches" title="Loches">Loches</a>, with which it had previously shared a cultural exchange for over two decades.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of St Andrews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg/500px-A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg/750px-A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg/1000px-A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="760" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_St_Andrews_8515359035_d7fb968324_o.jpg" title="File:A view of St Andrews 8515359035 d7fb968324 o.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of St Andrews</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City and Royal Burgh</a> of St Andrews. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (December 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>: 1759.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin</a>: 19 July 1902.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> (later Edward VIII).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)" title="Bobby Jones (golfer)">Robert Tyre Jones Jr.</a>: 1958.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus" title="Jack Nicklaus">Jack Nicklaus</a>: 11 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_units">Military units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Military units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Army_Leuchars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army Leuchars (page does not exist)">Army Leuchars</a>: 2015</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Church, St Andrews">All Saints Church, St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of St Andrews">Bishop of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> – Pictish stones at St Andrews.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Picture_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Picture House">The New Picture House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Hospital,_St_Andrews" title="St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews">St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Community_Hospital" title="St Andrews Community Hospital">St Andrews Community Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Botanic_Garden" title="St Andrews Botanic Garden">St Andrews Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_defences_in_Scotland" title="List of town defences in Scotland">List of town defences in Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020">"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a>. 31 March 2022. 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Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=movingimage.nls.uk&rft.atitle=Full+record+for+%27Bobby+Jones+Receives+Freedom+of+St.+Andrews+%27+%280311%29+-+Moving+Image+Archive+catalogue&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovingimage.nls.uk%2Ffilm%2F0311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2022" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Steve (11 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/sport/golf/3480742/magic-st-andrews-old-course-nicklaus/">"The magic of St Andrews and the Old Course will always endure, believes Jack Nicklaus"</a>. The Courier Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Courier+Evening+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+magic+of+St+Andrews+and+the+Old+Course+will+always+endure%2C+believes+Jack+Nicklaus&rft.date=2022-07-11&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecourier.co.uk%2Ffp%2Fsport%2Fgolf%2F3480742%2Fmagic-st-andrews-old-course-nicklaus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Andrews">St Andrews</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Andrews&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Andrews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ash, Marinell. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25529179">The diocese of St. Andrews under its 'Norman' bishops</a>". Scottish Historical Review 55.160 (1976): 105–126.</li> <li>Brooks, Nicholas P., and Whittington, Graeme. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/621832">Planning and growth in the medieval Scottish burgh: the example of St Andrews</a>". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (1977): 278–295.</li> <li>Browne, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstract/23/1/100/1664552">"'A Veritable Hotbed of Feminism': Women's Liberation in St Andrews, Scotland, c. 1968–c. 1979"</a>. Twentieth Century British History 23.1 (2012): 100–123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwq058">10.1093/tcbh/hwq058</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2005" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223054037/http://www.microlinkcolleges.net/elib/files/undergraduate/Tourism%20&%20Hotel%20Management/Sports%20Tourism%20Destinations%20(2005).pdf">"The Influence of Sport on Destination Development: the Example of Golf at St. Andrews"</a> (PDF). Sport tourism destinations. Routledge. pp. 274–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5937-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5937-8"><bdi>0-7506-5937-8</bdi></a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9501/9468">St Rule's Church, St Andrews, and early stone-built churches in Scotland</a>". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Vol. 124. (1994).</li> <li>Clifford, Ben P., and Charles R. Warren. "Development and the environment: Perception and opinion in St Andrews, Scotland". Scottish Geographical Journal 121.4 (2005): 355–384.</li> <li>Dawson, Jane E. A. "'The Face of Ane Perfyt Reformed Kyrk': St Andrews and the Early Scottish Reformation". Studies in Church History Subsidia 8 (1991): 413–435.</li> <li>Duncan, Archibald A. M. "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, 1140". Scottish Historical Review 84.1 (2005): 1–37.</li> <li>Emerson, Roger L. Academic Patronage in the Scottish Enlightenment: Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (Edinburgh University Press, 2008).</li> <li>Herkless, John, and Robert Kerr Hannay. The Archbishops of St. Andrews (W. Blackwood, 1907) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCANAAAAYAAJ&dq=St+Andrews++scotland&pg=IA4">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont-Brown2002" class="citation book cs1">Lamont-Brown, Raymond (2002). Fife in History and Legend. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-567-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-567-9"><bdi>0-85976-567-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fife+in+History+and+Legend&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85976-567-9&rft.aulast=Lamont-Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Andrews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont-Brown2006" class="citation book cs1">Lamont-Brown, Raymond (2006). St Andrews:city by the northern sea. Edinburgh: Birlinn Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84158-450-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84158-450-9"><bdi>1-84158-450-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Andrews%3Acity+by+the+northern+sea&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84158-450-9&rft.aulast=Lamont-Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Andrews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kirk, Russell. "St. Andrews: The Haunted Town" History Today (Jan 1953) 3#1 pp 22–30. online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmand2000" class="citation book cs1">Omand, Donald (2000). The Fife Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fife+Book&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Omand&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Andrews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPride1999" class="citation book cs1">Pride, Glen L. (1999). The Kingdom of Fife (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Rutland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873190-49-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-873190-49-2"><bdi>1-873190-49-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Fife&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rutland+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-873190-49-2&rft.aulast=Pride&rft.aufirst=Glen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Andrews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rhodes, Bess. Riches and Reform: Ecclesiastical Wealth in St Andrews, c. 1520–1580 (Brill, 2019).</li> <li>Skene, William. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/4795/4773">Notice of the Early Ecclesiastical Settlements at St Andrews</a>". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Vol. 4. (1860).</li> <li>Swanson, Robert. "The University of St. Andrews and the Great Schism, 1410–1419". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26.3 (1975): 223–245.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> St Andrews at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/St Andrews">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="c:St Andrews">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/St Andrews">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/St Andrews">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/St Andrews">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/St Andrews">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/St Andrews">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="voy:St Andrews">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsearch.uk/st-andrews-attractions.html">List of Attractions around St Andrews in order to walk round with Maps and Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standrewscc.net/">Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standrews.org.uk/">St Andrews Links</a></li> <li>Engraving of a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.nls.uk/74582368">view of St Andrews</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Fittler" title="James Fittler">James Fittler</a> in the digitised copy of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/">Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland</a>, 1804 at <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ladebraes.net/">The Lade Braes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurowalks.scot/st-andrews/">St Andrews EuroWalk - online self-guided walking tour of the town</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="St_Andrews" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St_Andrews" title="Template:St Andrews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St_Andrews" title="Template talk:St Andrews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St_Andrews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St Andrews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="St_Andrews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:St_Andrews" title="Category:St Andrews">St Andrews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatres and public houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barron_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron Theatre">Barron Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byre_Theatre" title="Byre Theatre">Byre Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Picture_House" title="New Picture House">New Picture House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigger_Inn" title="Jigger Inn">Jigger Inn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Golf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Links" title="St Andrews Links">St Andrews Links</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swilcan_Bridge" title="Swilcan Bridge">Swilcan Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Golf clubs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Golf_Club" title="The New Golf Club">The New Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews" title="The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews">The Royal and Ancient Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Golf_Club" title="St Andrews Golf Club">St Andrews Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Ladies%27_Putting_Club" title="St Andrews Ladies' Putting Club">St Andrews Ladies' Putting Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_St_Rule_Club" title="The St Rule Club">The St Rule Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_R%26A" title="The R&A">The R&A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Golf_Union" title="Ladies' Golf Union">Ladies' Golf Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews" title="Forgan of St Andrews">Forgan of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morris_Golf_Shop" title="Tom Morris Golf Shop">Tom Morris Golf Shop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels and apartment buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Grand" title="Hamilton Grand">Hamilton Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Course_Hotel" title="Old Course Hotel">Old Course Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufflets_Hotel" title="Rufflets Hotel">Rufflets Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmont_St_Andrews" title="Fairmont St Andrews">Fairmont St Andrews resort hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusacks_Hotel" title="Rusacks Hotel">Rusacks Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Sarcophagus" title="St Andrews Sarcophagus">St Andrews Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%26A_World_Golf_Museum" title="R&A World Golf Museum">R&A World Golf Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Museum of the University of St Andrews">Museum of the University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Museum" title="St Andrews Museum">St Andrews Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious houses, past and present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_St_Andrews" title="All Saints' Church, St Andrews">All Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_St_Andrews" title="Blackfriars, St Andrews">Blackfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars,_St_Andrews" title="Greyfriars, St Andrews">Greyfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_St_Andrews" title="Holy Trinity Church, St Andrews">Holy Trinity Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Leonards_Hospital,_St_Andrews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Leonards Hospital, St Andrews (page does not exist)">Hospital of St Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Hospital,_St_Andrews" title="St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews">Hospital of St Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral_Priory" title="St Andrews Cathedral Priory">St Andrews Cathedral Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Leonard%27s_Chapel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Leonard's Chapel (page does not exist)">St Leonard's Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rock" title="Church of St Mary on the Rock">St Mary's Collegiate Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Chapel" title="St Salvator's Chapel">St Salvator's Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_College" title="Madras College">Madras College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_School" title="St Leonards School">St Leonards School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Park_School" title="New Park School">New Park School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University colleges, past and present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St John's College, St Andrews">The Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Salvator's College, St Andrews">St Salvator's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Botanic_Garden" title="St Andrews Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_(Fife_ward)" title="St Andrews (Fife ward)">Council ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St_Andrews_Castle" title="Siege of St Andrews Castle">Siege of St Andrews Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Town_Hall" title="St Andrews Town Hall">St Andrews Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathtyrum" title="Strathtyrum">Strathtyrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_College_FP_RFC" title="Madras College FP RFC">Madras College FP RFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_United_F.C." title="St Andrews United F.C.">St Andrews United F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_RFC" title="University of St Andrews RFC">University of St Andrews RFC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_and_archbishops_of_St_Andrews" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_St_Andrews" title="Template:Bishops and Archbishops of St Andrews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_St_Andrews" title="Template talk:Bishops and Archbishops of St Andrews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_St_Andrews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and Archbishops of St Andrews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_archbishops_of_St_Andrews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" title="Archbishop of St Andrews">Bishops and archbishops of St Andrews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Known pre-Norman era bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellach_I" title="Cellach I">Cellach I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fothad_I" title="Fothad I">Fothad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_%C3%8Dsu_I_(bishop_of_the_Scots)" title="Máel Ísu I (bishop of the Scots)">Máel Ísu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellach_II" title="Cellach II">Cellach II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire_(bishop_of_the_Scots)" title="Máel Muire (bishop of the Scots)">Máel Muire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_%C3%8Dsu_II_(bishop_of_the_Scots)" title="Máel Ísu II (bishop of the Scots)">Máel Ísu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ail%C3%ADn_(bishop)" title="Ailín (bishop)">Ailín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_D%C3%BAin_(bishop_of_the_Scots)" title="Máel Dúin (bishop of the Scots)">Máel Dúin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAathal_(bishop_of_the_Scots)" title="Túathal (bishop of the Scots)">Túathal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fothad_II" title="Fothad II">Fothad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric_(bishop_of_the_Scots)" title="Giric (bishop of the Scots)">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathr%C3%B3e_(bishop_of_the_Scots)" title="Cathróe (bishop of the Scots)">Cathróe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Diocese_of_St_Andrews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Diocese_of_St_Andrews.jpg/150px-Diocese_of_St_Andrews.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Diocese_of_St_Andrews.jpg/225px-Diocese_of_St_Andrews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Diocese_of_St_Andrews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="252" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoto-Norman era bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgot_of_Durham" title="Turgot of Durham">Turgot of Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Scone" title="Robert of Scone">Robert of Scone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernald" title="Ernald">Ernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Chaplain" title="Richard the Chaplain">Richard the Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Chaplain" title="Hugh the Chaplain">Hugh the Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_(bishop_of_Dunkeld)" title="John Scotus (bishop of Dunkeld)">John Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Beaumont_(bishop)" title="Roger de Beaumont (bishop)">Roger de Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Liberatione" title="Geoffrey de Liberatione">Geoffrey de Liberatione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Malveisin" title="William de Malveisin">William de Malveisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_de_Bernham" title="David de Bernham">David de Bernham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stuteville" title="Robert de Stuteville">Robert de Stuteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_de_Gullane" title="Abel de Gullane">Abel de Gullane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelin_(bishop)" title="Gamelin (bishop)">Gamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wishart" title="William Wishart">William Wishart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_(bishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="William Fraser (bishop of St Andrews)">William Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Lamberton" title="William de Lamberton">William de Lamberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bane" title="James Bane">James Bane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_(bishop)" title="William Bell (bishop)">William Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Landallis" title="William de Landallis">William de Landallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_de_Pa" title="Stephen de Pa">Stephen de Pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trail" title="Walter Trail">Walter Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stewart_(bishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Thomas Stewart (bishop of St Andrews)">Thomas Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Danielston" title="Walter de Danielston">Walter de Danielston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Greenlaw" title="Gilbert de Greenlaw">Gilbert de Greenlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wardlaw" title="Henry Wardlaw">Henry Wardlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(bishop)" title="James Kennedy (bishop)">James Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Graham_(bishop)" title="Patrick Graham (bishop)">Patrick Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Reformation archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Graham_(bishop)" title="Patrick Graham (bishop)">Patrick Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scheves" title="William Scheves">William Scheves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James Stewart, Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hepburn_(prior)" title="John Hepburn (prior)">John Hepburn</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Cybo" title="Innocenzo Cybo">Innocenzo Cybo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Forman" title="Andrew Forman">Andrew Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Beaton" title="James Beaton">James Beaton</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/David_Beaton" title="David Beaton">David Beaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)">John Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Gavin Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)">Gavin Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="John Douglas (archbishop of St Andrews)">John Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Adamson" title="Patrick Adamson">Patrick Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gledstanes" title="George Gledstanes">George Gledstanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spottiswoode" title="John Spottiswoode">John Spottiswoode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sharp_(bishop)" title="James Sharp (bishop)">James Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Burnet" title="Alexander Burnet">Alexander Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rose" title="Arthur Rose">Arthur Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Afterwards, see also: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Episcopal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews,_Dunkeld_and_Dunblane" title="Bishop of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane">Archbishops of St Andrews, Bishops of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane</a> (etc.) & <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Scotland">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St._Andrews_and_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh">Archbishops of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a> (etc.)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Site_&#039;Tentative_List&#039;_applicants_in_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Site_%27Tentative_List%27_applicants_in_Scotland" title="Template:World Heritage Site 'Tentative List' applicants in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Site_%27Tentative_List%27_applicants_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:World Heritage Site 'Tentative List' applicants in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Site_%27Tentative_List%27_applicants_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Site 'Tentative List' applicants in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Site_&#039;Tentative_List&#039;_applicants_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Site 'Tentative List' applicants in Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006 applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorm Mountains</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mousa_Broch_20080821_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mousa_Broch_20080821_02.jpg/100px-Mousa_Broch_20080821_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mousa_Broch_20080821_02.jpg/150px-Mousa_Broch_20080821_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mousa_Broch_20080821_02.jpg/200px-Mousa_Broch_20080821_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010 applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mousa,_Old_Scatness_and_Jarlshof:_The_Zenith_of_Iron_Age_Shetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof: The Zenith of Iron Age Shetland">Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof: The Zenith of Iron Age Shetland</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Arbroath_Abbey" title="Arbroath Abbey">Arbroath Abbey</a>)</li> <li>(Buildings of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>)</li> <li>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Andrews</a>, Medieval Burgh and <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Links" title="St Andrews Links">Links</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Names in brackets have not been placed on the Tentative List</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207736#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207736#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207736#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146613604">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1223840/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcHtvRrYKtJKPQCpQyVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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