CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dalton (unit) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3cc164ce-9508-4c1a-ba62-de6f66ea6742","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dalton_(unit)","wgTitle":"Dalton (unit)","wgCurRevisionId":1258410274,"wgRevisionId":1258410274,"wgArticleId":42445,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Metrology","Nuclear chemistry","Units of chemical measurement","Units of mass"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dalton_(unit)","wgRelevantArticleId":42445,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q483261","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dalton (unit) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dalton_unit rootpage-Dalton_unit skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dalton+%28unit%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dalton+%28unit%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dalton+%28unit%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dalton+%28unit%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_equivalents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_equivalents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Energy equivalents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_equivalents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopic_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopic_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Isotopic variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopic_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_by_IUPAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_by_IUPAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Definition by IUPAC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_by_IUPAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_by_BIPM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_by_BIPM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Adoption by BIPM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_by_BIPM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Unit name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_revision_of_the_SI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_revision_of_the_SI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>2019 revision of the SI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_revision_of_the_SI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Josef_Loschmidt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josef_Loschmidt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Josef Loschmidt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josef_Loschmidt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jean_Perrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean_Perrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jean Perrin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean_Perrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coulometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coulometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Coulometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coulometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electron_mass_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_mass_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Electron mass measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_mass_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-ray_crystal_density_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray_crystal_density_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>X-ray crystal density methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray_crystal_density_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dalton (unit)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(eenheid)" title="Dalton (eenheid) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dalton (eenheid)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة كتل ذرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة كتل ذرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unid%C3%A1_de_masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Unidá de masa atómica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unidá de masa atómica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95)" title="ডাল্টন (একক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাল্টন (একক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Массаның атом берәмеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Массаның атом берәмеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Атамная адзінка масы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атамная адзінка масы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Единица за атомна маса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Единица за атомна маса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="རྡུལ་ཕྲན་སྤུས་ཚད་རྩི་གཞི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྡུལ་ཕྲན་སྤུས་ཚད་རྩི་གཞི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedinica_atomske_mase" title="Jedinica atomske mase – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jedinica atomske mase" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanenn_vas_atomek" title="Unanenn vas atomek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unanenn vas atomek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitat_de_massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Unitat de massa atòmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unitat de massa atòmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Массăн атомла пĕрчи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Массăн атомла пĕрчи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uned_Dalton" title="Uned Dalton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uned Dalton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasseenhed" title="Atommasseenhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atommasseenhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomare Masseneinheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatommassi%C3%BChik" title="Aatommassiühik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aatommassiühik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ατομική μονάδα μάζας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομική μονάδα μάζας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Unidad de masa atómica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad de masa atómica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasa_unuo" title="Atommasa unuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atommasa unuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_atomikoaren_unitate" title="Masa atomikoaren unitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Masa atomikoaren unitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یکای جرم اتمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یکای جرم اتمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_masse_atomique_unifi%C3%A9e" title="Unité de masse atomique unifiée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unité de masse atomique unifiée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom%C3%AAre_massa-ienheid" title="Atomêre massa-ienheid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atomêre massa-ienheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonad_maise_adamha%C3%AD" title="Aonad maise adamhaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aonad maise adamhaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Unidade de masa atómica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unidade de masa atómica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84" title="원자 질량 단위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자 질량 단위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Զանգվածի ատոմական միավոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգվածի ատոմական միավոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="एकीकृत परमाण्वीय द्रव्यमान मात्रक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकीकृत परमाण्वीय द्रव्यमान मात्रक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_jedinica_mase" title="Atomska jedinica mase – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atomska jedinica mase" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(satuan)" title="Dalton (satuan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dalton (satuan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unità di massa atomica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="יחידת מסה אטומית מאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחידת מסה אטומית מאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მასის ატომური ერთეული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასის ატომური ერთეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Массаның атомдық бірлігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Массаның атомдық бірлігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasas_vien%C4%ABba" title="Atommasas vienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atommasas vienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomin%C4%97s_mas%C4%97s_vienetas" title="Atominės masės vienetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atominės masės vienetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi_t%C3%B6megegys%C3%A9g" title="Atomi tömegegység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atomi tömegegység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомска единица за маса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атомска единица за маса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="അറ്റോമിക് മാസ്സ് യൂണിറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറ്റോമിക് മാസ്സ് യൂണിറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Сталмость атомонь единицац – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сталмость атомонь единицац" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B6" title="Атомын жингийн нэгж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атомын жингийн нэгж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomaire_massa-eenheid" title="Atomaire massa-eenheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atomaire massa-eenheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D" title="統一原子質量単位 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統一原子質量単位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_e%27_massa_atomeca" title="Unità e' massa atomeca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Unità e' massa atomeca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomaar_masenianhaid" title="Atomaar masenianhaid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atomaar masenianhaid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasseenhet" title="Atommasseenhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atommasseenhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasseeining" title="Atommasseeining – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atommasseeining" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitat_de_massa_atomica" title="Unitat de massa atomica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Unitat de massa atomica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaning_atom_birligi" title="Massaning atom birligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Massaning atom birligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F" title="ਅਟਾਮਿਕ ਮਾਸ ਯੂਨਿਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਟਾਮਿਕ ਮਾਸ ਯੂਨਿਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="جوہری کمیتی اکائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوہری کمیتی اکائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Unità ëd massa atòmica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Unità ëd massa atòmica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomare_Masseneenheit" title="Atomare Masseneenheit – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atomare Masseneenheit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednostka_masy_atomowej" title="Jednostka masy atomowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jednostka masy atomowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_massa_at%C3%B4mica" title="Unidade de massa atômica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade de massa atômica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitate_atomic%C4%83_de_mas%C4%83" title="Unitate atomică de masă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Unitate atomică de masă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Атомная единица массы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомная единица массы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitati_di_massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Unitati di massa atòmica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Unitati di massa atòmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dalton (unit)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3mov%C3%A1_hmotnostn%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Atómová hmotnostná jednotka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atómová hmotnostná jednotka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enota_atomske_mase" title="Enota atomske mase – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enota atomske mase" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Јединица атомске масе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јединица атомске масе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedinica_atomske_mase" title="Jedinica atomske mase – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jedinica atomske mase" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomimassayksikk%C3%B6" title="Atomimassayksikkö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomimassayksikkö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommassenhet" title="Atommassenhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atommassenhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="அணு நிறை அலகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணு நிறை அலகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="หน่วยมวลอะตอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยมวลอะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Воҳиди атомии масса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Воҳиди атомии масса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomik_k%C3%BCtle_birimi" title="Atomik kütle birimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atomik kütle birimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Атомна одиниця маси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атомна одиниця маси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="جوہری کمیتی اکائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہری کمیتی اکائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(%C4%91%C6%A1n_v%E1%BB%8B)" title="Dalton (đơn vị) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dalton (đơn vị)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunit_masa_atomiko" title="Yunit masa atomiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yunit masa atomiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="原子质量单位 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子质量单位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="原子質量單位 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原子質量單位" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="道尔顿 (单位) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="道尔顿 (单位)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dalton_(unit)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dalton_(unit)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dalton_(unit)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&oldid=1258410274" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dalton_%28unit%29&id=1258410274&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDalton_%28unit%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDalton_%28unit%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dalton_%28unit%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483261" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale chemical species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">atomic units</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">dalton<br />(unified atomic mass unit)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Da or u</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 Da or u <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span>kg</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6973166053906892000♠"></span>1.660<span style="margin-left:.25em;">539</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">068</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">92</span>(52)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−27</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><i>m</i><sub>u</sub></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span>MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002931494103720000♠"></span>931.494<span style="margin-left:.25em;">103</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">72</span>(29)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>dalton</b> or <b>unified atomic mass unit</b> (symbols: <b>Da</b> or <b>u</b>, respectively) is a unit of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> defined as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span> of the mass of an <a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">unbound</a> neutral atom of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a> in its nuclear and electronic <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">at rest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm9th_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goldbAtMaCo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldbAtMaCo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">non-SI unit accepted for use with SI</a>. The <b>atomic mass constant</b>, denoted <i>m</i><sub>u</sub>, is defined identically, giving <span class="nowrap"><i>m</i><sub>u</sub> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span> <i>m</i>(<sup>12</sup>C) = 1 Da</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This unit is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> to express the mass of atomic-scale objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>, both for discrete instances and multiple types of ensemble averages. For example, an atom of <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a> has a mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000400260000000000♠"></span>4.0026 Da</span>. This is an intrinsic property of the isotope and all helium-4 atoms have the same mass. Acetylsalicylic acid (<a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>), <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>, has an average mass of about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002180157000000000♠"></span>180.157 Da</span>. However, there are no acetylsalicylic acid molecules with this mass. The two most common masses of individual acetylsalicylic acid molecules are <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002180042300000000♠"></span>180.0423 Da</span>, having the most common isotopes, and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002181045600000000♠"></span>181.0456 Da</span>, in which one carbon is carbon-13. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular masses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, and other large <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> are often expressed with the unit <a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a>dalton (kDa) and <a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a>dalton (MDa).<sup id="cite_ref-berg2007p35_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg2007p35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Titin" title="Titin">Titin</a>, one of the largest known proteins, has a molecular mass of between 3 and 3.7 megadaltons.<sup id="cite_ref-opitz2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opitz2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNA of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1" title="Chromosome 1">chromosome 1</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> has about 249 million <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a>, each with an average mass of about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002650000000000000♠"></span>650 Da</span>, or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011156000000000000♠"></span>156 GDa</span> total.<sup id="cite_ref-molfat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molfat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> is a unit of <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a> used in chemistry and physics, such that the mass of one mole of a substance expressed in <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> is numerically equal to the average mass of one of its particles expressed in daltons. That is, the <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a> of a chemical compound expressed in g/mol or kg/kmol is numerically equal to its average molecular mass expressed in Da. For example, the average mass of one molecule of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> is about 18.0153 Da, and the mass of one mole of water is about 18.0153 g. A protein whose molecule has an average mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004640000000000000♠"></span>64 kDa</span> would have a molar mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001640000000000000♠"></span>64 kg/mol</span>. However, while this equality can be assumed for practical purposes, it is only approximate, because of the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 redefinition of the mole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berg2007p35_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg2007p35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bipm9th_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the mass in daltons of an atom is numerically close but not exactly equal to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass number">number of nucleons</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a>. It follows that the molar mass of a compound (grams per mole) is numerically close to the average number of nucleons contained in each molecule. By definition, the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is 12 daltons, which corresponds with the number of nucleons that it has (6 <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and 6 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>). However, the mass of an atomic-scale object is affected by the <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a> of the nucleons in its atomic nuclei, as well as the mass and binding energy of its <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>. Therefore, this equality holds only for the carbon-12 atom in the stated conditions, and will vary for other substances. For example, the mass of an unbound atom of the common <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-1">hydrogen-1</a>, protium) is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100782503224100♠"></span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">825</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">032</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">241</span>(94) Da</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mass of a proton is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100727646657890♠"></span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">276</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">466</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">5789</span>(83) Da</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-mpDa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-mpDa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mass of a free neutron is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100866491606000♠"></span>1.008<span style="margin-left:.25em;">664</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">916</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">06</span>(40) Da</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-mnDa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-mnDa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mass of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-2">hydrogen-2</a> (deuterium) atom is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000201410177811400♠"></span>2.014<span style="margin-left:.25em;">101</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">778</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">114</span>(122) Da</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-wang2017ii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2017ii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the difference (absolute <a href="/wiki/Mass_excess" title="Mass excess">mass excess</a>) is less than 0.1%; exceptions include hydrogen-1 (about 0.8%), <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> (0.5%), <a href="/wiki/Lithium-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-6">lithium-6</a> (0.25%) and <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> (0.14%). </p><p>The dalton differs from the unit of mass in the system of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">atomic units</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Electron_rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron rest mass">electron rest mass</a> (<i>m</i><sub>e</sub>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_equivalents">Energy equivalents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Energy equivalents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The atomic mass constant can also be expressed as its <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">energy-equivalent</a>, <i>m</i><sub>u</sub><i>c</i><sup>2</sup>. The CODATA recommended values are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><i>m</i><sub>u</sub><i>c</i><sup>2</sup> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990149241808768000♠"></span>1.492<span style="margin-left:.25em;">418</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">087</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">68</span>(46)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup> J</span><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span><sup id="cite_ref-physconst-muc2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-muc2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990149241795075932♠"></span>931.494<span style="margin-left:.25em;">103</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">72</span>(29) MeV</span><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span><sup id="cite_ref-physconst-muc2MeV_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-muc2MeV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <p>The mass-equivalent is commonly used in place of a unit of mass in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, and these values are also important for the practical determination of relative atomic masses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_concept">Origin of the concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/220px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/330px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/440px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Jean Perrin in 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>The interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions" title="Law of definite proportions">law of definite proportions</a> in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory_of_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory of matter">atomic theory of matter</a> implied that the masses of atoms of various elements had definite ratios that depended on the elements. While the actual masses were unknown, the relative masses could be deduced from that law. In 1803 <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> proposed to use the (still unknown) atomic mass of the lightest atom, hydrogen, as the natural unit of atomic mass. This was the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">atomic weight scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-petley1989_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petley1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For technical reasons, in 1898, chemist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> and others proposed to redefine the unit of atomic mass as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span> the mass of an oxygen atom.<sup id="cite_ref-hold2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hold2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That proposal was formally adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">International Committee on Atomic Weights</a> (ICAW) in 1903. That was approximately the mass of one hydrogen atom, but oxygen was more amenable to experimental determination. This suggestion was made before the discovery of isotopes in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-petley1989_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petley1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> had adopted the same definition in 1909 during his experiments to determine the atomic masses and the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perrin1909_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perrin1909-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition remained unchanged until 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-chang2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelt2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelt2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perrin also defined the "mole" as an amount of a compound that contained as many molecules as 32 grams of oxygen (<span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>). He called that number the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Avogadro number">Avogadro number</a> in honor of physicist <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopic_variation">Isotopic variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopic variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of isotopes of oxygen in 1929 required a more precise definition of the unit. Two distinct definitions came into use. Chemists choose to define the AMU as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span> of the average mass of an oxygen atom as found in nature; that is, the average of the masses of the known isotopes, weighted by their natural abundance. Physicists, on the other hand, defined it as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span> of the mass of an atom of the isotope oxygen-16 (<sup>16</sup>O).<sup id="cite_ref-hold2004_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hold2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_by_IUPAC">Definition by IUPAC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definition by IUPAC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of two distinct units with the same name was confusing, and the difference (about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100028199999999♠"></span>1.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">282</span></span> in relative terms) was large enough to affect high-precision measurements. Moreover, it was discovered that the isotopes of oxygen had different natural abundances in water and in air. For these and other reasons, in 1961 the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC), which had absorbed the ICAW, adopted a new definition of the atomic mass unit for use in both physics and chemistry; namely, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span> of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. This new value was intermediate between the two earlier definitions, but closer to the one used by chemists (who would be affected the most by the change).<sup id="cite_ref-petley1989_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petley1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hold2004_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hold2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new unit was named the "unified atomic mass unit" and given a new symbol "u", to replace the old "amu" that had been used for the oxygen-based unit.<sup id="cite_ref-goldbUnAtMaUn_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldbUnAtMaUn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the old symbol "amu" has sometimes been used, after 1961, to refer to the new unit, particularly in lay and preparatory contexts. </p><p>With this new definition, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">standard atomic weight</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> is about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120110000000000♠"></span>12.011 Da</span>, and that of oxygen is about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001159990000000000♠"></span>15.999 Da</span>. These values, generally used in chemistry, are based on averages of many samples from <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic materials">organic materials</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_by_BIPM">Adoption by BIPM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adoption by BIPM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IUPAC 1961 definition of the unified atomic mass unit, with that name and symbol "u", was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bureau for Weights and Measures">International Bureau for Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM) in 1971 as a <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_unit_accepted_for_use_with_the_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI">non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm1971_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit_name">Unit name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unit name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1993, the IUPAC proposed the shorter name "dalton" (with symbol "Da") for the unified atomic mass unit.<sup id="cite_ref-mills1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goldbDa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldbDa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other unit names such as watt and newton, "dalton" is not capitalized in English, but its symbol, "Da", is capitalized. The name was endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> (IUPAP) in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-iupap2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupap2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 the name was recommended to the BIPM by the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Committee for Units">Consultative Committee for Units</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/CIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPM">CIPM</a>, as it "is shorter and works better with [SI] prefixes".<sup id="cite_ref-bipm-ccu15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm-ccu15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the BIPM included the dalton in its 8th edition of the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> brochure of formal definitions as a <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_accepted_for_use_with_the_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI">non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm8th_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm8th-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was also listed as an alternative to "unified atomic mass unit" by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISO10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now recommended by several scientific publishers,<sup id="cite_ref-oxsty_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxsty-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of them consider "atomic mass unit" and "amu" deprecated.<sup id="cite_ref-rapsty_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapsty-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the BIPM retained the dalton in its 9th edition of the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> brochure, while dropping the unified atomic mass unit from its table of non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, but secondarily notes that the dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) are alternative names (and symbols) for the same unit.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm9th_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_revision_of_the_SI">2019 revision of the SI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2019 revision of the SI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of the dalton was not affected by the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cipm106_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cipm106-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cgpm26_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgpm26-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bipm9th_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, 1 Da in the SI is still <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span> of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, a quantity that must be determined experimentally in terms of SI units. However, the definition of a mole was changed to be the amount of substance consisting of exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214076000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">140</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">76</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup></span> entities and the definition of the kilogram was changed as well. As a consequence, the <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass_constant" title="Molar mass constant">molar mass constant</a> remains close to but no longer exactly 1 g/mol, meaning that the mass in grams of one mole of any substance remains nearly but no longer exactly numerically equal to its average molecular mass in daltons,<sup id="cite_ref-lehm2016_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehm2016-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the relative standard uncertainty of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990450000000000000♠"></span>4.5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> at the time of the redefinition is insignificant for all practical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm9th_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though relative atomic masses are defined for neutral atoms, they are measured (by <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>) for ions: hence, the measured values must be corrected for the mass of the electrons that were removed to form the ions, and also for the mass equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_binding_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron binding energy">electron binding energy</a>, <i>E</i><sub>b</sub>/<i>m</i><sub>u</sub><i>c</i><sup>2</sup>. The total binding energy of the six electrons in a carbon-12 atom is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6984165041625862943♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">030</span>.1089 eV</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6984165041630000000♠"></span>1.650<span style="margin-left:.25em;">4163</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−16</sup> J</span>: <i>E</i><sub>b</sub>/<i>m</i><sub>u</sub><i>c</i><sup>2</sup> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994110586740000000♠"></span>1.105<span style="margin-left:.25em;">8674</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span>, or about one part in 10 million of the mass of the atom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 2019 revision of the SI, experiments were aimed to determine the value of the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a> for finding the value of the unified atomic mass unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josef_Loschmidt">Josef Loschmidt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Josef Loschmidt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Josef_Loschmidt_portrait_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt_portrait_plaque.jpg/220px-Johann_Josef_Loschmidt_portrait_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt_portrait_plaque.jpg/330px-Johann_Josef_Loschmidt_portrait_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt_portrait_plaque.jpg/440px-Johann_Josef_Loschmidt_portrait_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="3248" /></a><figcaption>Josef Loschmidt</figcaption></figure> <p>A reasonably accurate value of the atomic mass unit was first obtained indirectly by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt" title="Johann Josef Loschmidt">Josef Loschmidt</a> in 1865, by estimating the number of particles in a given volume of gas.<sup id="cite_ref-losch1865_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-losch1865-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean_Perrin">Jean Perrin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jean Perrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perrin estimated the Avogadro number by a variety of methods, at the turn of the 20th century. He was awarded the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, largely for this work.<sup id="cite_ref-oseen1926_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oseen1926-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coulometry">Coulometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coulometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coulometry" title="Coulometry">Coulometry</a></div> <p>The electric charge per <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charges</a> is a constant called the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_constant" title="Faraday constant">Faraday constant</a>, <i>F</i>, whose value had been essentially known since 1834 when <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> published <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_laws_of_electrolysis" title="Faraday's laws of electrolysis">his works on electrolysis</a>. In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> obtained the first measurement of the charge on an electron, −<i>e</i>. The quotient <i>F</i>/<i>e</i> provided an estimate of the Avogadro constant.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrit1974_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrit1974-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classic experiment is that of Bower and Davis at <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relies on dissolving <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> metal away from the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> cell, while passing a constant <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> <i>I</i> for a known time <i>t</i>. If <i>m</i> is the mass of silver lost from the anode and <i>A</i><sub>r</sub> the atomic weight of silver, then the Faraday constant is given by: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}It}{m}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>I</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}It}{m}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a29b6946c853eda5ad9c434018a6687daeefc83" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.354ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}It}{m}}.}"></span></div> <p>The NIST scientists devised a method to compensate for silver lost from the anode by mechanical causes, and conducted an <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">isotope analysis</a> of the silver used to determine its atomic weight. Their value for the conventional Faraday constant was <i>F</i><sub>90</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004964853900000000♠"></span>96<span style="margin-left:.25em;">485</span>.39(13) C/mol</span>, which corresponds to a value for the Avogadro constant of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214490000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">1449</span>(78)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></span>: both values have a relative standard uncertainty of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994130000000000000♠"></span>1.3<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_mass_measurement">Electron mass measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electron mass measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In practice, the atomic mass constant is determined from the <a href="/wiki/Electron_rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron rest mass">electron rest mass</a> <i>m</i><sub>e</sub> and the <a href="/wiki/Electron_relative_atomic_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron relative atomic mass">electron relative atomic mass</a> <i>A</i><sub>r</sub>(e) (that is, the mass of electron divided by the atomic mass constant).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative atomic mass of the electron can be measured in <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> experiments, while the rest mass of the electron can be derived from other physical constants. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {m_{\rm {e}}}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}}={\frac {2R_{\infty }h}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>c</mi> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {m_{\rm {e}}}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}}={\frac {2R_{\infty }h}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc9b9568b670c4b21045b98f2a5467d1fa8e1323" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.175ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {m_{\rm {e}}}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}}={\frac {2R_{\infty }h}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}},}"></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}}{N_{\rm {A}}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}}{N_{\rm {A}}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cfc8787a9a1e57a2252403c13e621c8c2c76d735" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.168ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}}{N_{\rm {A}}}},}"></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}{m_{\rm {e}}}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}{2R_{\infty }h}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>c</mi> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}{m_{\rm {e}}}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}{2R_{\infty }h}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bad5fca17c70f6c314197cc123d7295684ca5f4d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.12ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}{m_{\rm {e}}}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}{2R_{\infty }h}},}"></span></div> <p>where <i>c</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>, <i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, <i>α</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Fine-structure_constant" title="Fine-structure constant">fine-structure constant</a>, and <i>R</i><sub>∞</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Rydberg_constant" title="Rydberg constant">Rydberg constant</a>. </p><p>As may be observed from the old values (2014 CODATA) in the table below, the main limiting factor in the precision of the Avogadro constant was the uncertainty in the value of the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, as all the other constants that contribute to the calculation were known more precisely. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:133%"> <th>Constant </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>2014 <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Data for Science and Technology">CODATA</a> values </th> <th>Relative<br />standard<br />uncertainty </th> <th>Correlation<br />coefficient<br />with <i>N</i><sub>A</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93electron_mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton–electron mass ratio">Proton–electron mass ratio</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>m</i><sub>p</sub>/<i>m</i><sub>e</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003183615267389000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">836</span>.152<span style="margin-left:.25em;">673</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">89</span>(17)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989950000000000000♠"></span>9.5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−11</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3003700000000000000♠"></span>−0.0003</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass_constant" title="Molar mass constant">Molar mass constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>M</i><sub>u</sub> </td> <td>1 g/mol </td> <td align="center"><b>0</b> (defined) </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_constant" title="Rydberg constant">Rydberg constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>R</i><sub>∞</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007109737315685079♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">973</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">731</span>.568<span style="margin-left:.25em;">508</span>(65) m<sup>−1</sup></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988590000000000000♠"></span>5.9<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−12</sup></span> </td> <td>−0.0002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>h</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6966662607004000000♠"></span>6.626<span style="margin-left:.25em;">070</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">040</span>(81)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−34</sup> J⋅s</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992120000000000000♠"></span>1.2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−8</sup></span> </td> <td>−0.9993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>c</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008299792458000000♠"></span>299<span style="margin-left:.25em;">792</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">458</span> m/s</span> </td> <td align="center"><b>0</b> (defined) </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fine_structure_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine structure constant">Fine structure constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>α</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997729735256640000♠"></span>7.297<span style="margin-left:.25em;">352</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">5664</span>(17)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990229999999999999♠"></span>2.3<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> </td> <td>0.0193 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>N</i><sub>A</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214085700000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">140</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">857</span>(74)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992120000000000000♠"></span>1.2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−8</sup></span> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The power of having defined values of <a href="/wiki/Universal_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal constant">universal constants</a> as is presently the case can be understood from the table below (2018 CODATA). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:133%"> <th>Constant </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>2018 <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Data for Science and Technology">CODATA</a> values<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Relative<br />standard<br />uncertainty </th> <th>Correlation<br />coefficient<br />with <i>N</i><sub>A</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93electron_mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton–electron mass ratio">Proton–electron mass ratio</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>m</i><sub>p</sub>/<i>m</i><sub>e</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003183615267343000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">836</span>.152<span style="margin-left:.25em;">673</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">43</span>(11)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989600000000000000♠"></span>6.0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−11</sup></span> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass_constant" title="Molar mass constant">Molar mass constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>M</i><sub>u</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996999999999650000♠"></span>0.999<span style="margin-left:.25em;">999</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">999</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">65</span>(30) g/mol</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990300000000000000♠"></span>3.0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_constant" title="Rydberg constant">Rydberg constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>R</i><sub>∞</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007109737315681600♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">973</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">731</span>.568<span style="margin-left:.25em;">160</span>(21) m<sup>−1</sup></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988190000000000000♠"></span>1.9<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−12</sup></span> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>h</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6966662607015000000♠"></span>6.626<span style="margin-left:.25em;">070</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">15</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−34</sup> J⋅s</span> </td> <td align="center"><b>0</b> (defined) </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>c</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008299792458000000♠"></span>299<span style="margin-left:.25em;">792</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">458</span> m/s</span> </td> <td align="center"><b>0</b> (defined) </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fine_structure_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine structure constant">Fine structure constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>α</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997729735256930000♠"></span>7.297<span style="margin-left:.25em;">352</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">5693</span>(11)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990150000000000000♠"></span>1.5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a> </td> <td align="center"><i>N</i><sub>A</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602214076000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">140</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">76</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></span> </td> <td align="center"><b>0</b> (defined) </td> <td>— </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-ray_crystal_density_methods">X-ray crystal density methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: X-ray crystal density methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png/200px-Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png/300px-Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png/400px-Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. X-ray diffraction measures the cell parameter, <i>a</i>, which is used to calculate a value for the Avogadro constant.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> single crystals may be produced today in commercial facilities with extremely high purity and with few lattice defects. This method defined the Avogadro constant as the ratio of the <a href="/wiki/Molar_volume" title="Molar volume">molar volume</a>, <i>V</i><sub>m</sub>, to the atomic volume <i>V</i><sub>atom</sub>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {V_{\rm {m}}}{V_{\rm {atom}}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {V_{\rm {m}}}{V_{\rm {atom}}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a77f57075a471067ce01bf764e03e4593f94abf2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.152ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {V_{\rm {m}}}{V_{\rm {atom}}}},}"></span> where <span class="nowrap"><i>V</i><sub>atom</sub> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><i>V</i><sub>cell</sub></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><i>n</i></span></span>⁠</span></span> and <i>n</i> is the number of atoms per unit cell of volume <i>V</i><sub>cell</sub>. </p><p>The unit cell of silicon has a cubic packing arrangement of 8 atoms, and the unit cell volume may be measured by determining a single unit cell parameter, the length <i>a</i> of one of the sides of the cube.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CODATA value of <i>a</i> for silicon is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990543102051100000♠"></span>5.431<span style="margin-left:.25em;">020</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">511</span>(89)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup> m</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-asil_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-asil-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, measurements are carried out on a distance known as <i>d</i><sub>220</sub>(Si), which is the distance between the planes denoted by the <a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">Miller indices</a> {220}, and is equal to <span class="nowrap"><i>a</i>/<span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">8</span></span></span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> proportional composition of the sample used must be measured and taken into account. Silicon occurs in three stable isotopes (<sup>28</sup>Si, <sup>29</sup>Si, <sup>30</sup>Si), and the natural variation in their proportions is greater than other uncertainties in the measurements. The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> <i>A</i><sub>r</sub> for the sample crystal can be calculated, as the <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">standard atomic weights</a> of the three <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a> are known with great accuracy. This, together with the measured <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> <i>ρ</i> of the sample, allows the molar volume <i>V</i><sub>m</sub> to be determined: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\rm {m}}={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}}{\rho }},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\rm {m}}={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}}{\rho }},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cc8d4783a8c3a7caa66ad1e773e8c17462ef784" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.558ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\rm {m}}={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}}{\rho }},}"></span> where <i>M</i><sub>u</sub> is the molar mass constant. The CODATA value for the molar volume of silicon is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995120588319900000♠"></span>1.205<span style="margin-left:.25em;">883</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">199</span>(60)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> m<sup>3</sup>⋅mol<sup>−1</sup></span>, with a relative standard uncertainty of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992490000000000000♠"></span>4.9<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−8</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-VmSi_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-VmSi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(mass_spectrometry)" title="Mass (mass spectrometry)">Mass (mass spectrometry)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_mass" title="Kendrick mass">Kendrick mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoisotopic_mass" title="Monoisotopic mass">Monoisotopic mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratio" title="Mass-to-charge ratio">Mass-to-charge ratio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The digits in parentheses indicate the uncertainty; see <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncertainty notation">Uncertainty notation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bipm9th-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bipm9th_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bipm9th_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bipm9th_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bipm9th_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bipm9th_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf">The International System of Units (SI)</a></i>, 9th edition, English version, page 146. Available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/">BIPM website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldbAtMaCo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldbAtMaCo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00497.html">atomic mass constant</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.A00497">10.1351/goldbook.A00497</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2009" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Barry N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=901156">"Molar mass and related quantities in the new SI"</a>. <i>Metrologia</i>. <b>46</b> (3): L16–L19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F46%2F3%2FL01">10.1088/0026-1394/46/3/L01</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115540416">115540416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metrologia&rft.atitle=Molar+mass+and+related+quantities+in+the+new+SI&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=L16-L19&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F46%2F3%2FL01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A115540416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Barry+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsapps.nist.gov%2Fpublication%2Fget_pdf.cfm%3Fpub_id%3D901156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg2007p35-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg2007p35_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg2007p35_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergTymoczkoStryer2007" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2007). "2". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistrythed00berg"><i>Biochemistry</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistrythed00berg/page/n72">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8724-2"><bdi>978-0-7167-8724-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-8724-2&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+M.&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+John+L.&rft.au=Stryer%2C+Lubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiochemistrythed00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opitz2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opitz2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpitzKulkeLeakeNeagoe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Opitz CA, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kulke" title="Matthew Kulke">Kulke M</a>, Leake MC, Neagoe C, Hinssen H, Hajjar RJ, Linke WA (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240679">"Damped elastic recoil of the titin spring in myofibrils of human myocardium"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>100</b> (22): 12688–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..10012688O">2003PNAS..10012688O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2133733100">10.1073/pnas.2133733100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240679">240679</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14563922">14563922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Damped+elastic+recoil+of+the+titin+spring+in+myofibrils+of+human+myocardium&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=12688-93&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC240679%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14563922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2133733100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..10012688O&rft.aulast=Opitz&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Kulke%2C+M&rft.au=Leake%2C+MC&rft.au=Neagoe%2C+C&rft.au=Hinssen%2C+H&rft.au=Hajjar%2C+RJ&rft.au=Linke%2C+WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC240679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-molfat-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-molfat_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Integrated DNA Technologies (2011): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfvideo.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity/docs/default-source/biotech-basics/molecular-facts-and-figures.pdf?sfvrsn=4563407_4">Molecular Facts and Figures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418202241/https://sfvideo.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity/docs/default-source/biotech-basics/molecular-facts-and-figures.pdf?sfvrsn=4563407_4">Archived</a> 2020-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Article on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idtdna.com/pages/education/biotech-basics">IDT website, Support & Education section</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119024825/https://www.idtdna.com/pages/education/biotech-basics">Archived</a> 2021-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed on 2019-07-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physconst-mpDa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physconst-mpDa_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpu">"2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>. May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=2022+CODATA+Value%3A+proton+mass+in+u&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fmpu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physconst-mnDa-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physconst-mnDa_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mnu">"2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>. May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=2022+CODATA+Value%3A+neutron+mass+in+u&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fmnu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang2017ii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wang2017ii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meng Wang, G. Audi, F.G. Kondev, W.J. Huang, S. Naimi, and Xing Xu (2017): "The Ame2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references". <i>Chinese Physics C</i>, volume 41, issue 3, article 030003, pages 1-441. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030003">10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physconst-muc2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physconst-muc2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?uj">"2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>. May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=2022+CODATA+Value%3A+atomic+mass+constant+energy+equivalent&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fuj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physconst-muc2MeV-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physconst-muc2MeV_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?muc2mev">"2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>. May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=2022+CODATA+Value%3A+atomic+mass+constant+energy+equivalent+in+MeV&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fmuc2mev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petley1989-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petley1989_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petley1989_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petley1989_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Petley, B. W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1260639">"The atomic mass unit"</a>. <i>IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 175–179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ITIM...38..175P">1989ITIM...38..175P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F19.192268">10.1109/19.192268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Trans.+Instrum.+Meas.&rft.atitle=The+atomic+mass+unit&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-179&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F19.192268&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ITIM...38..175P&rft.aulast=Petley&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1260639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hold2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hold2004_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hold2004_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hold2004_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2004" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Norman E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html">"Atomic Weights and the International Committee—A Historical Review"</a>. <i>Chemistry International</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 4–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+International&rft.atitle=Atomic+Weights+and+the+International+Committee%E2%80%94A+Historical+Review&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-7&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fci%2F2004%2F2601%2F1_holden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perrin1909-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perrin1909_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1909" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin, Jean</a> (1909). "Mouvement brownien et réalité moléculaire". <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_Chimie_et_de_Physique" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales de Chimie et de Physique">Annales de Chimie et de Physique</a></i>. 8<sup>e</sup> Série. <b>18</b>: 1–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Mouvement+brownien+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9+mol%C3%A9culaire&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=1-114&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/perrin.html">Extract in English, translation by Frederick Soddy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chang2005_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2005" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Raymond (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNH1fHj5Tw0C&pg=PA5"><i>Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences</i></a>. University Science Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-33-7"><bdi>978-1-891389-33-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry+for+the+Biosciences&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-891389-33-7&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNH1fHj5Tw0C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelt2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kelt2008_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelterMosherScott2008" class="citation book cs1">Kelter, Paul B.; Mosher, Michael D.; Scott, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfcKIManfkUC&pg=PA60"><i>Chemistry: The Practical Science</i></a>. Vol. 10. Cengage Learning. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05393-6"><bdi>978-0-547-05393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+Practical+Science&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-547-05393-6&rft.aulast=Kelter&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft.au=Mosher%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfcKIManfkUC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldbUnAtMaUn-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldbUnAtMaUn_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/U06554.html">unified atomic mass unit</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.U06554">10.1351/goldbook.U06554</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm1971-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm1971_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (1971): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ListCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=14">14th Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923114009/https://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ListCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=14">Archived</a> 2020-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/">BIPM website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mills1993-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mills1993_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsCvitašHomannKallay1993" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Ian; Cvitaš, Tomislav; Homann, Klaus; Kallay, Nikola; Kuchitsu, Kozo (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quantitiesunitss0000unse"><i>Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; Physical Chemistry Division</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and published for them by Blackwell Science Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03583-0"><bdi>978-0-632-03583-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantities%2C+Units+and+Symbols+in+Physical+Chemistry+International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry%3B+Physical+Chemistry+Division&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+and+published+for+them+by+Blackwell+Science+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03583-0&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Cvita%C5%A1%2C+Tomislav&rft.au=Homann%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Kallay%2C+Nikola&rft.au=Kuchitsu%2C+Kozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquantitiesunitss0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldbDa-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldbDa_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/D01514.html">dalton</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.D01514">10.1351/goldbook.D01514</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iupap2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iupap2005_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.iupap.org/commissions/c2/reports/ga-05.html">"IUPAP: C2: Report 2005"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUPAP%3A+C2%3A+Report+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.iupap.org%2Fcommissions%2Fc2%2Freports%2Fga-05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm-ccu15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm-ccu15_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CC/CCU/CCU15.pdf">"Consultative Committee for Units (CCU); Report of the 15th meeting (17–18 April 2003) to the International Committee for Weights and Measures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Aug</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consultative+Committee+for+Units+%28CCU%29%3B+Report+of+the+15th+meeting+%2817%E2%80%9318+April+2003%29+to+the+International+Committee+for+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2FCC%2FCCU%2FCCU15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm8th-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm8th_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf"><i>The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.), pp. 114–15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"><bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.pages=114-15&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2Fsi_brochure_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>International Standard ISO 80000-1:2009 – Quantities and Units – Part 1: General</i>. International Organization for Standardization. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+ISO+80000-1%3A2009+%E2%80%93+Quantities+and+Units+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+General&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO10-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO10_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>International Standard ISO 80000-10:2009 – Quantities and units – Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics</i>, International Organization for Standardization, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+ISO+80000-10%3A2009+%E2%80%93+Quantities+and+units+%E2%80%93+Part+10%3A+Atomic+and+nuclear+physics&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxsty-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxsty_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103195158/https://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/aobpla/for_authors/">"Instructions to Authors"</a>. <i>AoB Plants</i>. Oxford journals; Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/aobpla/for_authors/">the original</a> on 2011-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AoB+Plants&rft.atitle=Instructions+to+Authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordjournals.org%2Four_journals%2Faobpla%2Ffor_authors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rapsty-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rapsty_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Author guidelines". <i>Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rapid+Communications+in+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=Author+guidelines&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cipm106-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cipm106_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Bureau for Weights and Measures (2017): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/CIPM/CIPM2017-EN.pdf">Proceedings of the 106th meeting of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), 16-17 and 20 October 2017</a></i>, page 23. Available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/meeting/106.html">BIPM website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221105820/https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/meeting/106.html">Archived</a> 2021-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgpm26-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cgpm26_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Bureau for Weights and Measures (2018): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM-2018/26th-CGPM-Resolutions.pdf">Resolutions Adopted - 26th Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119214326/https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM-2018/26th-CGPM-Resolutions.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/cgpm-2018/">BIPM website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehm2016-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lehm2016_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannFuentes-ArderiuBertello2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, H. P.; Fuentes-Arderiu, X.; Bertello, L. F. (2016-02-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fiupac.68.2930">"Unified Atomic Mass Unit"</a>. <i>Glossary of Terms in Quantities and Units in Clinical Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fiupac.68.2930">10.1515/iupac.68.2930</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+Terms+in+Quantities+and+Units+in+Clinical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Unified+Atomic+Mass+Unit&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fiupac.68.2930&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft.au=Fuentes-Arderiu%2C+X.&rft.au=Bertello%2C+L.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fiupac.68.2930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohrTaylor2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001121924/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pml/div684/fcdc/rmp2002-2.pdf">"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_of_Modern_Physics" title="Reviews of Modern Physics">Reviews of Modern Physics</a></i>. <b>77</b> (1): 1–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RvMP...77....1M">2005RvMP...77....1M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.77.1">10.1103/RevModPhys.77.1</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/div684/fcdc/upload/rmp2002-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=CODATA+recommended+values+of+the+fundamental+physical+constants%3A+2002&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-107&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.77.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005RvMP...77....1M&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Barry+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fdiv684%2Ffcdc%2Fupload%2Frmp2002-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-losch1865-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-losch1865_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoschmidt1865" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt" title="Johann Josef Loschmidt">Loschmidt, J.</a> (1865). "Zur Grösse der Luftmoleküle". <i>Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 395–413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Kaiserlichen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+Wien&rft.atitle=Zur+Gr%C3%B6sse+der+Luftmolek%C3%BCle&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=395-413&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Loschmidt&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207130125/https://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Loschmidt-1865.html">English translation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oseen1926-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oseen1926_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Oseen" title="Carl Wilhelm Oseen">Oseen, C.W.</a> (December 10, 1926). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/press.html">Presentation Speech for the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrit1974-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrit1974_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1974): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/historical1.html">Introduction to the constants for nonexperts, 1900–1920</a></i> From the <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, 15th edition; reproduced by <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>. Accessed on 2019-07-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This account is based on the review in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohrTaylor1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122752/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pml/div684/fcdc/rmp1998-2.pdf">"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_and_Chemical_Reference_Data" title="Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data">Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data</a></i>. <b>28</b> (6): 1713–1852. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JPCRD..28.1713M">1999JPCRD..28.1713M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.556049">10.1063/1.556049</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/div684/fcdc/upload/rmp1998-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Reference+Data&rft.atitle=CODATA+recommended+values+of+the+fundamental+physical+constants%3A+1998&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1713-1852&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.556049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JPCRD..28.1713M&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Barry+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fdiv684%2Ffcdc%2Fupload%2Frmp1998-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohrTaylor1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122752/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pml/div684/fcdc/rmp1998-2.pdf">"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_and_Chemical_Reference_Data" title="Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data">Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data</a></i>. <b>28</b> (6): 1713–1852. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JPCRD..28.1713M">1999JPCRD..28.1713M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.556049">10.1063/1.556049</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/div684/fcdc/upload/rmp1998-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Reference+Data&rft.atitle=CODATA+recommended+values+of+the+fundamental+physical+constants%3A+1998&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1713-1852&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.556049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JPCRD..28.1713M&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Barry+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fdiv684%2Ffcdc%2Fupload%2Frmp1998-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/bibliography.html">"Constants bibliography, source of the CODATA internationally recommended values"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=Constants+bibliography%2C+source+of+the+CODATA+internationally+recommended+values&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FConstants%2Fbibliography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webmineral.com/help/CellDimensions.shtml">"Unit Cell Formula"</a>. <i>Mineralogy Database</i>. 2000–2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineralogy+Database&rft.atitle=Unit+Cell+Formula&rft.date=2000%2F2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebmineral.com%2Fhelp%2FCellDimensions.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physconst-asil-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physconst-asil_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?asil">"2022 CODATA Value: lattice parameter of silicon"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>. May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=2022+CODATA+Value%3A+lattice+parameter+of+silicon&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physconst-VmSi-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physconst-VmSi_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mvolsil">"2022 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>. May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=2022+CODATA+Value%3A+molar+volume+of+silicon&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fmvolsil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Compositions/">"Atomic weights and isotopic compositions"</a>. <i>physics.nist.gov</i>. Physical Reference Data. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Standards_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Standards and Technology">National Institute for Standards and Technology</a>. 23 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=physics.nist.gov&rft.atitle=Atomic+weights+and+isotopic+compositions&rft.date=2009-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPhysRefData%2FCompositions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115211624/https://www.sizes.com/units/atomic_mass_unit.htm">"Atomic mass unit"</a>. <i>sizes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sizes.com/units/atomic_mass_unit.htm">the original</a> on 2008-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sizes.com&rft.atitle=Atomic+mass+unit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sizes.com%2Funits%2Fatomic_mass_unit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalton+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SI_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SI_units" title="Template:SI units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SI_units" title="Template talk:SI units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SI_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SI units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SI_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units <br />with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:SI_units" title="Category:SI units">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&oldid=1258410274">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&oldid=1258410274</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metrology" title="Category:Metrology">Metrology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_chemistry" title="Category:Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_chemical_measurement" title="Category:Units of chemical measurement">Units of chemical measurement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_mass" title="Category:Units of mass">Units of mass</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 15:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unit)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9bpbq","wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.842","walltime":"1.007","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9695,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":130980,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7768,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":147884,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 852.534 1 -total"," 38.15% 325.236 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.47% 131.848 54 Template:Val"," 13.88% 118.326 1 Template:Infobox_unit"," 13.30% 113.418 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.95% 110.395 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.70% 108.249 10 Template:Physconst"," 11.04% 94.162 1 Template:SI_units"," 10.79% 91.990 1 Template:Navbox"," 8.77% 74.727 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.437","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9564949,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rmmbn","timestamp":"20241122140422","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dalton (unit)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dalton_(unit)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q483261","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q483261","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-02T10:22:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T15:41:29Z","headline":"unit of mass defined as \u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom"}</script> </body> </html>